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During the anthropocene, the carbon cycle is driven by fossil fuel emissions, and limited by sinks

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(1)

Hervé Le Treut

Changements climatiques: nouveaux enjeux

23/11/2012

(2)

Le climat dans lequel se sont développés nos civilisations:

10 000 ans

de « quasi-stabilité »

et quelques décennies de changement

IPCC, 2007

(3)

La combustion des combustibles fossiles: 5 milliards de tonnes par an en plus entre 1945 et 1995

International Energy Agency

(4)

Growth rate 1990-1999 1% per year

Growth rate 2000-2010 3.1% per year

Growth rate 2010 5.9% yr

Growth rate 2009 -1.3% per year

Uncertainty (6-10%)

- +

Fossil Fuel & Cement CO

2

Emissions

Et presque 3 milliards de tonne de C en plus depuis 2000 4

(5)

During the anthropocene, the carbon cycle is driven by fossil fuel emissions, and limited by sinks

The Earth without carbon cycle

Land and ocean sinks A 50 Billion € y-1

discount on climate change

5

(6)

Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget

2000-2010

(PgC y-1)

(Residual)

2.3±0.5

(5 models)

4.1±0.2 7.9±0.5

1.0±0.7 2.5±1.0

Remarkable linearity of sinks response to emissions forcing

Land sinks are sensitive to climate, at least on interannual time scale 6

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

Modèle de « processus »:

LES Nuages

Modèles fonctionnels de végétation Modèles radiatifs ligne à ligne

….

Modèles « réalistes »:

Couplés / Atmosphère seule

Equations primitives / Equations simplifiées Résolution variable

Données de campagnes (in situ, satellitaires)

Etudes en laboratoire

Mesures à grande échelle Réanalyses, données satellitaires

EVALUATION (AMIP, CMIP, …)

Systématique depuis 1990

(11)

Observed and Simulated

Cloud

Radiative

Forcing: LW

(12)

Observed and Simulated Seasona Cycle of the Sea- Surface Temperatures at

the Equator (2°N-2°S) IPSL CM4.1

Reynolds

(13)

Hadley mass transport (DJF, winter cell) and its dependence on CO2 doubling

AR4 models

(14)

La première approche des changements climatiques: la sensibilité du cliamt

DT dans fourchette de 1.5°C à 4.5°C: presque inchangé depuis Charney (1979)

(15)

New observational devices are necessary: the example of the Aqua train:

Aura, Parasol, Calipso, Cloudsat, Aqua, OCO.

Crédits : CNES octobre 2004, illustration P. Carril

(16)

Des programmes internationaux

+WGCM, ….

+ GEO/GCOS,

(17)

Les scénarios du GIEC (SRES, 1999) Une première approche des interactions sociétés-climat

(18)

Un exemple de communication mal comprise: GIEC 2001

(19)
(20)

Changements observés

(21)

International programs feed the IPCC reports

This is the case of CMIP5,

the new WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Program,

which should constitute a strong contribution to the IPCC AR5

(22)

Variabilité

naturelle et action de l’homme se

superposent

(23)
(24)

Sea-Sea-level rise throughout the 20th centurylevel rise throughout the 20th century

Altimetry from space

1.8 mm/year Conventional

data

Observed rise:

3.3 mm/year since 1993 Mesurements from space

Not uniform Yellow/red Blue

1993 2006

(25)
(26)

The response of NPP to climate

Extension of the growing season Increase in

soil aridity

Berthelot et al., 2002 26

(27)

(a) (b)

Charney sensitivity 3°C per 2x CO2

Long term climate sensitivity 6°C per 2xCO2

Fossil fuel CO2 Volcanoes Solar constant Albedo from Land use

Land and ocean carbon sinks Land ice albedo Orbital

In absence of feedback 2xCO2 -> 1°C warming

Feedbacks and climate sensitivity definition

27

(28)

L’évolution du climat pour deux modèles et deux scénarios:

les précipitations

A2

B1

CNRM IPSL

(29)

Precipitation changes AR4

(30)

Climate projections on regional and local scales

Global Global

Continental

Continental Regional Regional

Local Local

Performance of current AOGCMs (like those from CMIP3) deteriorate when looking at finer temporal and spatial scales which are needed for many

impact assessment studies.

Giorgi 2007 Giorgi 2007

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Two French zoomed climate models

LMDZ-Mediterranean

(IPSL, Paris) Arpege-Mediterranean (Météo-France, Toulouse)

(33)
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Extreme events respond to specific statistics, and their number may increase out of proportion compared with the mean climate

(37)

IPCC, WG2

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Conclusions

• Il n’y a pas de solutions que les experts peuvent imposer: il s’agit de vrais choix de sociétés (avec des aspects éthiques, des notions de justice et d’injustice) qui doivent être l’objet de débats citoyens, mais doivent s’appuyer sur une expertise multidisciplinaire

• Probable nécessité de séparer deux échelles de temps: l’horizon à quelques décennies, l’horizon plus lointain.

(39)

IPCC-GIEC / 2007

(40)

The difference between risks and vulnerability has been emphasized in the recent IPCC/SREX report on extreme events:

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