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8tH"t'",and '!ougbr.th~oughporlh""l'J~8rJl...(d~tll."-~·""" n",toprev ent.

1[8p.J~s&g...0>:";atthel".ult',""'dtfyit illflCOpe ." TkhatUok..aa

s~p~~rted

ⁱⁿ

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by.the Ch,!,"ch,

th"·C~,thOltC prl!~9.

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antl-R&pUbl~U~ r"~lonal

^{and}o\:al.•}

d.inl~trative COWl ~!'"

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th<ltthegov;rment. pcrSlu edto inco r pora tet~H:'obje c ti vcsof tileartiel e .in t o eseeuerv edecreefor~,"ft e ri thnd beenaucc c,afu ll y'foullh tand

def e at e d in the SCM! e,and "f t e.1.t-hnd arouse d8~cheeo e tc nin the

. .

~at1on.suggest"!that'thearHde . bothtoita~pOn80r9^anditseppcnen ce ,

"'as anex treee 'lyImro~ t~n trlc~eofleg1s1a 'tlo n .

Wit h

th~

lal'c,cr,.cat".,ent.'few histo rians who,hne

!l"tudt~d

.

. .

the 'P"rl od llO"ld'dh ag r ee,what e vec ·· sl" ldl!Of thepoi ftiealspeccCUIII't hey

: : .

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-. 12Alfr-edRatlbaUd-" JUlI!8 1'ecr-y

'(Parh;'L1bC~lMh ~ ;

^19'(3).'

p.109.

"

Pol ltfOUe:."d.'ia·Fn ""c.Hod~~'(P~..b:··o:.l1~.:1958):p,38.sl··:J'~t.,,""a:· ·

·Bdnd U.,nilFrenc h ltoopubU c:'181G-193.s:(Londonl Jonathan,Cap e.,·1' 40 ) ,· p.1.1l"liI.L..,!lt dd.hto o.Thernmt.hPol!U " al Snt..p(L.ondon:'ErnatlIenD..

~~::dFr;~~)18;~_m~s~~~:~~ jf~;;~:~ :::~~~;,:";~~;):l:~~i;IOI_ : ",

Frs'""o! .GoS~d ,La Pc ltdS""' "p.'226 . :I~B~'h"/I'll^..~,~he^FrenehB~p~bl1t..p": ~;.

I.Sp~·~~ae"';i-; 'J"l~:o ~ern,-~'- .'In''''

,lli(:he v.U i " r,H'i stolre, p.)85•.'

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toth~l_d1ate.nd

1 0n& -

tn i!'

"Uf'Cta

^{'o fth} Introducti on oflb••rtlc:l •• k~nv1l1eVTote

t hu

'''''r Uc:Ja7..alseda..unp;,uCdI'ntl!'<l",areof~t10"."himlef tlo..~

.,..,..i ...,",h ind,It••

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1 ,

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I ··. ..; .

wh'~~h1""I.·~d~"ch^{• •}tor'. ,",h!ch,dLv!d,,~n"t'~nl7.~r Ulllllent.butthe "

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·::::';~;;,;~:ji~.::~:(:::l;;;;>::: ,;:::~:~ :::r~~t:t: ~ F ' . :.

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l~'~i;"~l:" 't~~,

;:"l1nn:lDi 01theviol ...tetnlill .~ith eItu t decad a'ofth epr.aeD.t'cent~r,..Po..

n.o-.F:·,p- :r •.

~~., 'th~ ~":'~: ~f U7'~I~80\~.id..'.,d ·~ tO.~1

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I11

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If"".."er.i fh1;'t"ri~!I"ue In'con·s~~ "..'a..to the sins"la.

il'IlO.tanc i!whieh ArUel e7 .... "umed'andthe ""ene..ienetin motion.th"-.~

.i'"ra.l"u og."~'""nt....towh yA.Uel..7.... .. intro<l"cnJ,"hntit w....

Inc~nd"dto ..c~~"v..o'~^..hye,h,,-gove' ruiientpush~for'tj,e~..,ple1lll'nC~ t l"~

inq uiryin.tosuch"",tt"rs"" "ltpl oy"""n t. " 1 2 InIh i..se n se~A,rUeIe.7 ValijlUlt." s",iller"b}"pal H i ca ~ 'el<ped l"nt."l3

Anothe rgro upofhhturhn8.InMg",nera l

"' ''Y.

sller.i lie

".,UvaUonDl .r'eftponlllb i l itytotheFre nchFr...," o norB"n t",.. tlon,-ln

• .'. . 1;. ' . . ,

that th..y"ereth ..po...rbehl nd·~th e"c e n,,, jfo rilul.. tingIh ..poliet e..snd i>la~farthego ve rn..encr.ot.~plc",,:,ritinthei r.an.~lC}eri"l!lvar'o~'the ehurt . 'Thebes t.

r~p rescnrat,l;~ -of

^{th lo gr o u p IsMil dre d' •}

vhose', .do c,t or al

" , ;

out,wo,uld pl e aB"819113rck,and,fro",th~p<:>1ntof Yle ... of the 'Get""n

;.,goYer'-nt anY"3y"c~" :to,..~al>iCr<'1ationB.27

A varra tron of thisthe .... vi ...a thear~lclea9partof.Ii gener~educationalr,,!orll progn..·";~urdert<l ken,l>ythe,l'r-eTIchgoverm.ent ua lCesultoftheshockeffect ofthedef ea t'by.Cennany "Inthe'Ii')'of 1810, .TheFrench1~ade ra,^rOlNltllbargu~nt,^sa:-th~r~.sc:iNl^forthe del e,n offnmce1nthe~ota lsuperlorH~of theGenilan.c·~l tuic...hich ...

a~.'b,,:~ed, a,. ti: ey be~1~~ed,

^on

progr~ssin.

Sd""ce,and '.t"ch noto

gy;

and .fost';~"·d'bY .';hattheycons1de r ed , t o be,,',high17e f flc 1e~~"edUc~tiona1

, i1y~~~~:','

':I il'

i:~e': ~~~'8 ~~f : ~i~rCd,~~~~'~n;' :"th~" 'di~~9';~~ '~f,·.18

70 ...:1",j

: ~~~t~r;-:'f~;

^':tile

';';'r"1~';~ch~'i 1M".~'e:" ~;'~8 ,"'~is" ~"p~~~,,~;~~",io~tula~::

". ' .' 'th~"t 'A~~lde' . 7" ... ~/~~ti: Q i a :~~;"niF e~~~~'il'on~ {re~~i'" ~~D~ ~}~~~. U~d~';-

^'.

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t~e"CS"~~1~edaboYe;'0';1dnOdoubt be enli gIJ.ten1 n g1n .studYinS'ene ,,",t-ivat1on :

f~r

.aroithe

objeci:i~e;"

contained...

~th1n Artki:'~ 1 ~ ~ut

the authorhas C·hO·SM.tOllV~td^{eu ch1'n}e)l;MI1Mtio~,

': r""11"g

^{itto'be 'too}

'..... ," ., '." ,. 1 ; •

,pr,eir." ",pt oous,·g:Lyen.t h e ""1-nen<:e-and,1ritelIEoctud

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..': , '. .'..".2?l'rt nc'e'C~lod...ig':'f 1I0h'cnlo !' ,'-M..,;,bi r-"';,Yn l.'iI(~ndO,~; -.-:

'Wt llia mHetne """ n . 1906l. l 'p ,14-76-e o n t 0 1n9tIspeech del1ve r"ed1 n-the: . '

=;1~~:~~~r~~e ';~~~~.: ~~1~~i~5~~~8~:~~:~S~~~:~::d:~~~~8~;;:c;C~~;~~~e.s.

^..

1

th.e,p~riOd -'~~,~r'd18c~.S~"0'l",,,'':.'::~',:'..::'",:_:", ....,..:.:'.-:.... :",. .:' 'I

.,:' ",."':'" ..,12.8Alf i ...t

~Ob~.~;~:A

niB't o r ;'0;

~ern ~r~ne~, Vol~'!.I I j.

. (Brieto~::\oI,h ter,nl'r.1 l)tl~g.S"rv1ee.,1 965J, ' p'-. ,24 ".'Ot he rhis to rian s

J

..hoahatetl-re:a~'''~ll'I1nc l ud eFrederic k

te....

is,Sc huQan, War-atill; , '~'

" ~ ,~~ ;7":~r1~:"::..~~:~

^,

~9),

^{•.Q •}

;~ " :'

(Lon,don:.,1I~11l0n. ~1966);.p;,.. r ',.' •

j

":Rell1Jbl1C:,l B70- 19,40 (Prin<::eton..:..vllnNostund ,· . ' . enr .ad·..., '

W·,.S<lart ;11ie',Senseof Decade nc e1n'r;tneteentb·Ce nt ury·.fr.nce(The'

.t1a ll?e:,""J1ar.tt~~Nyhof,~,19 6~) ,.p ~'1,4,O. ..

,~."<

J.

.,hhtorianswlth1n"ho sl! wor ks theynrccon tai ned . "Inst ea dhe hll8:-set out ' totnvest:!:a tehiso~hypot he si. tholt the Republ1 c lln governllle n r in 187~.

lind its suppo r t i ng groups.introduced,~rt1c: l e7dcl1~cra tl! l ylind

conso;_ou~

^__

l~'~

^{thatth eArt1<:lor}

contn~ed~~"..CiflC

^IlIIm" ,UlIteand..long:

ran geOb~ectives.and thatitre f?~ct~ove rnlll~n tpoli cyInt.e~de dto

•" ,,.;,. 'h •."..'."..1'of

F~a .

^{" '.'.e,.sure the}

~utur~ aecu~r: .

^,yo.!

th.! epUbl~CII .'

for lll0,£gove r n~entandlIoc~e ty .andbri ngpeace.tot~l!nulon. . ou gWlit iir$lt.re a di ngit,.ppe a u

th..

t theAr tielaisoutofpla ceIn.T,d a ti \.to

t~e. CDnt~nt

^{,o f"}

;he

'o t h er.

at~lcJes. th o'·authDr 'beii~ve

^..

th at· ~he'i~publ\CIl~

- . ~i~b~:~~·h~~'.A'~~.d ^.. r~~~·~:~II'l.·,~e~.B~:;'~,·f~r ~:~~~·~{n,g.'.th~9.~~t~~d .~f' ~~~rci~

~,",c tiOll;.n,;aSDllS ...hich...111 bee)lpllliJ1edIn''t~odll ve~Dpoont:<:>fthe ar gu-

'" .:,.,,~nt:;: ^,: ~~;i.li.e.~'.:;; i\:~i'~.l.;~~~:.~h~n ~~;:~_~.\h:e:.~~o,y~r~~~'~,~~'.18?

^;.:

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,.~!~~~;ing"O~P~J;~t:U~.i.st,:',. :~~^....t?~: ~er~':~~~~lle,d . ~.Y,',t.~eivr'o~~n~~.tB^i.,(.a"'.' ... ' derilt1ve epith et·.,h lc h has;s i nc e.b e e n Ilppl1ed',to them'bygene-.:ations.o f ..;

h'ht~;1~nS)'

^.;

'~'t~e~Pt1ng

^ee

l~Pl~~n~ th~OUgh '~~~iCl~ ^{'7 .}

^an'

eccie~~D9dc~~

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PO~~C.Y 'WhiCh

^{'t hey}ll!!l'lle,ned'

~ould'

^ben..fit Fra nc e and.\epublicen··soc.:i"ty by pr ev e n ting too much'con t r ol by theCh,ur ch , all'advo c ated.by t h e'e xt r eme Right, bu t'fe l lf,,~r^{..hor t ofthe}8epa'l:lltio~Ilnd legisletlvec,ons'trainta

th~.~xtreme l;ft. ~eY~dvocIH':'dt~~!'e .

..^truesolution

.

^to

.the

c·~ur~,h.S t~~e P~O~l~1Il

^{hild t}l r ea dy been

devis~d b~ t~e R~v~lut~~n~

^..Of

':hiCh th ey 'believed thcsa etveatobe'th e trueheirs.,and expressedby ill.

'-t~~

coit cord : t.

' ~f;'1808; ~hlC.~

^{justi xd}el i nea ted the

·l't;.o~.r , a~d re~p

^e

c~~v~·

·B P~,u'.ell ~of

CtiutCh.andStat":-"and.,,hlchhad'not,been

~m~08~}

^one·onthe' oth~,^{,b ut,hJafl-;}h-~'iY;~been"\&l',~e,d,^{to''by.the'Ch ur C:h.} .l~e;'l:'Bence.'~;tl,i:l~: "

7"toth e,Republl t an gov e.rnlllent.'wh ich~ponsor~d'it;becil"',:'t h ":,r;'v:v~f1­

~a'rion and :t'~~pl1.CIlt1~n

^{'of the}

concord~'t ~t' i808.~nd ~ ~truly ~1tie,

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bec ?1lI1!8

.\

confusedby rhh enr angl" ...,nt ofrel1 g1on,eduClltJonandpol1- I

tiCiloIh i d iW~8.impli ci tin Arti clel,"ltwillbenece su r yt-o"~O\IIn 1!lOTi!\ det at l how lindwhytheRe pu b ltc BlllIevo lved Buc hIIpo U cy andwh y

'I • .- . ' ._ -

t~ey\ea .,..totheconcl ull h l1'lthllt thls j t i CUh .rpolicy,~ndthi oone .

, 1;

001Y'IIW1I8.ne cess a ry~or^tilenati~n^•._Thi-~Ulb~dOll'"pria:{ltUy~htQUgh ^.j,

anexalllina.tion of .thl!~ehdoftheRepubl1can le8der., oftheCha""'er.

^'il

.

d~~h+ed

^inthe'

~~~""'I!r.d~~in~'·_~.h~ .~l!ba~I!_" :~~.'A~~~.~~~,-.7~

^whit'eofHci-

-l,-~

.~bl_& r .Vllri~. ~un,c.t~.~nr "~_'~~. ~.~~tical?~ai~~S,;titg.- t.~~r_: .. o.~ . 1 1

:::::,\:::::::'i;:::' ,::~,::.:Pj':::::::~,:Y~::::::::::;:~.~::,.. . ... . ^{1 1}

'i;. ' O< '6rPO,",Yb<O" "h<'F ~" "'i"'~'P' """ "" "h<~""h' . ·' · 1 . :::::::\,:j.'::y:;::~:'::"::':;';::1d::~::;:::::::;:" ;:,;:::';::';' }' ^{i·· ·.}

Mi n

l~lliSlative 8.tllge~ . ^{The first} ~f·.~he,,~ ~~~}hl!'~ctual'i~;r~ion

^{/ '.j.}

';~ ~8tf

^des

~ot~f~

^.by,ene

Ki~i8,t,~t;

..Jille ll'

F~rry;'

^which

'<:~nt,dn'edth~' >,. ' I

ra.~~llj '~ehi~ '

^_t.he

.'~~? ~he ,.~ea8~n~ tor ,~~1 '.,~?tr~UCti.oR:

^{:and''7 t 8}

j. . ^{1 .· ,}

object! Vr !tOOlthel~~ti a ~ .p~i n ~.Of,,,~ewof.c be,I!:o"...r~ese- raesecond I sta'ile",a8\~ommlt t;~,st~d!snd,thc~~liV~~~,~f..t~e~e,p~.r,~I;it~e'~l'teul'

the'goverNII~nt•.'K.EugelUl~l.it" Thethi r d 8 ta ge wu·thedebate.

all~. v~te.I~~O'" ~I! ·a"~~a'~ ^.. ,~·o,~. Att~~l~.: ^{7 , :} ,~,~, ~~,e's' .. '~~.te : a;;i .be,~.n 's,t'u,di~d

.. '\

" :":i'~A ~~b~r" o~:'PUblic~t~~n9 b~' leS~~ia~~ R",puJ;llitan8;

^that

theiAufhoJ:~Kp"'C.te<r(oliev ...ryva'luabl'"to~s1dl!ring,t he ir title.!;;,'thei r

~~:hti~~:\~·~~u:~t~~~;;~t=~:in~~~~n1~~: ~;:~1~~~~io~~:::~~;~~1::1e :

J ' . lO<l~UJ ,;,::~::";;:i.;:;·;~,;:£::;:".;'i::;;,::;:::~::';:.f::,;~ '

f. . ~:e~~~:~O~~'~Th:fF~:::ii~~~~~;e~~~:;?'"C:':'l~i;~~ya:~~r(N:r;.~:~~I!I! '.

l . ~"'~'~.'''.''.'''.",.

, ~,:;::i-~~;.~~:,~ ~~:~~~'" ~ \K~~3t::S}}\:

inan;d"tail , \lince it 1a theaut ho r'..'conc l~s1onfro,"preli~inary

)nve a t1 gaU 6 ~thatauch a atud.y would.,add not h in gors1~n1fl canceto the, evid.ence gain ed fro," th", Cha.,b" rdeba te s ainceJ)twaathe ministry In theCh"llI~rWh,iChin1tla}ed.and.~ai: iled throu~the h.gb latlcn agains tt!'..opposlt lon o f't heSe nate,

Leadi'~-~rsonal1'tte_a-arequot"dthroughout the paper with

~

^..t,

.rre~uen~y,:.a

^,f.al:'teap<lcla.lly

. ~rue ~f :gDve,~~ent, ap~kea'lllen

^who,''\,

in acc01:danc.e(tth'French';p;.rl:la",enta'rytrad.i tiori .'...ragi~en,pre<:edence

',w~:n't~~~ ~o,'teqU~8_~e,;:it':,!~e.~,'o',t;~~r'- lI~8k~·ril_

^....

speak~rS ,~~~~, ,J~-l~lI

;F" r r Y.

• ;::,;';,:~::;;:::::::~r::ZJ·:~;':P;:::":h:':::::,·f:; .:::,:~7';f;'. ·

.~~.~~.t't;e~: t~~'t..'~a~:;g~~fn:.~~:'f~'~." "f~i-I~:f<'1_~: _,a~,~::~~<,_p.~~,~7~tli'.~~~~

debatesandar c dtedfr eq ue nt1 y in thts-_paper; Impotun t oppol1 tion,"

" , , .','. ,-

','

^{- ..,- '-. .}

" -. " . -- ' ,.' ,

:.,'

..., . .' '-." ," ,...,

spokes~n_app~r'f~equentlY',8.~nce,~~~c.o.llea gue a woulddef er-ee thetr

"posit io norTankwithin'the party 'wh.eni twas",th;--turn'ofthe'oppos ition ee

-i1~ak.

^{Forexample, Emil e}

Gasl,~nde,

^vhcspoke

a~inat

Ar t l c:l e_7

"6~

^a'

nu~er ~f -occ~s1<;)o,s.

",a!, a'lIle'flIbe r'of th?

~I.;enue. wi-io,

as a ..ember'of

~e

final-COrDr.¢,t,te e;,c,on/ltttut edin that.C:~lIIIIitte"th ll:qply ,opposition'vote

· ::~:::::::,~::'~:"~:::' , ::":.'::::;;: :::.::'~,:::.::'"''

<alterMt!ve,

bl1i•.

-.a nd~.~~et/lte:Rlgh'tht-,~u,ae,k,o~ Arti~'ie·_7'. '!,,~·,

·,thi nk! ng,of.

th~ .'~,xti'eme" ~ig~ ,_~~~: :;th~

^...

~~tr,:~e,-L,ei~ ;~s ~e~.rese.nt~d,.'bY,

speak euauc:hB_B~~~Iid~ ~c:~.uandKs.dier"de~~tj a"r:es~et.1velY . ~, '~epOli~iCIl1lIf.f:llia~~OD~r-the:_~or~ant"-~~ak~ra,:~ill~~~^..ii~~t~d.

'~depend~ngon,the aVBilabil1t,Yof auc hknowle~,ge"fr~lIl_th~ s o,urc es,:

~~ \: '

:-ifP

Thel'apert".d1Vld,edinto9t"venchaprera to c orre'spondto·

thevar~ousst age s'"tthe devl!lop;aentof thethes lll. InChspt"TI tthe author begiM.,,:[ h adeacrtptt:"~fthe,politica lcirCl1["!It{lncea.o fthe R'publ1cailC<>l/ernmefltin18 79 to -aettl!l!oCallefor tha lntr oduction o f Arti':le-7-.

This

is also llecess ary,to dell)O,llatr a t ethe-app.arent ' po l1t i e a l

"ccklenqeaaoftho'

gov~rn<l"nt. ~

bringthe questionsrerat ive -ro

·

.

Article7 into 'sharpu filellS. T\1@de.s"r:l pd,,~illfollowe d~y'th"

--- J

··· ' t

. . , \",:

:~

.13

;.. ..':.' .>. .

".~'''.I

.

. '

. . . . ' ....

\.

thepreparationof..h,tureal'lU -RepubUu llel.<:toreteb7't hetndo<:tri.1·

. , . . - 'il

natlol'lofFu .. eh',o...thwith~Ilti-R,,:p.'.obll.,.n^andcoun t l!trl!voJJJUonary. ' • ,S.0

·tl!.illkl l!&. Inboth'ch.opu t ri twiilbe

ah+ h;

^the.,"over_ n t..

ttriloute~ 1

the. 'erwO

d':"d~~nu

^{to the}Socie ty ofJelua.·l r t e r.VI!

th~.

^{autho,: .;}

eualnn the~U...In..hie htheRep...blt e4n8"v.r~entfo undits e lf , '

· 1 h.avln&~

of neCe.,Uyaltheyfelt. tobeIwer..-fu·dlaU Il& with'l

pa r~ j

oftheCh...-{e h whichi teonslder~dtil be IIth~.4ttotheeontln\l~

1

eXht~~c.

^ofthe

~p'ubUC "'lt~O\lt,

^{I!ngagt ns"t n'a}

e~n~rOnti tlon'W~th'

^the

, ~.

'Chll~ch .~r:al1e~_ttn& It~ lIIe~ber~htP'

^'The

'c~a~,ter, ~~nu'~

^...ea'

i:O;_~hoV 'h~':' .,";

^,"

:,,- 1 ,···:::~:~::·::';:~::)~~'~~::;,:·Zf:::::l:: ::;~:;2:::t:2' ;,'"

,'.'

..

-'

T T'

..

~

':', j'..;..}"

;: . q ",, '

... !

::,:: .v-,

"..::;: , .

"ont~'~on th-t. th~.

^hp... U,,-'n

~ll.btr:'

^{of1819po ..}

~.~d-~D

^{acu te}

.i.. •...

~.·lIeil.

^{ofth.'pOUtical}

~b,c:

^{...·tanc:n in}

~hlch t~,,'

^{(oulldtbe. :ehn.}

',.--~.

^{tha t,"••dtfU cu lt}

~~

^{i t}

.1gb~ ."';.· oi·t fi:-n~ ~i..ne~.-:·th:';'

^lien'

d~~

r,l;· _i '::~:::~7·:::::2,·~.:';:b:: .'~:~·:,,,:b::o::::.:~::.= :~:7;:,'::: "

l

, · goyemlM~ to put~...'-., . -, .,Theireeaeee of poli tical'~"""'?.~there;UiV~

..';,.; ' _",eee.. orfll1'iure~f.the'~oi iey^contained.ill ,.\tti'Cle 1I'll~at'be

j . mea .- .-8~·~~d.a,~ ~~ .·.'~~~-.;th . ~_ ^- ba~It;~.~~ .:,d . ^- ~,f) . ^{h • .} ~~;l.~t~~~

^:'_

bl;C~

^{•.ea.o..eu ..}

h1~h

. t. . . :.~<f,":" d , h ; . .. _;"~,, , ."" . • _o~

^{';:' ' ''}

OOb)":'.." 'J '"

^{or".. .}

~ ^{,: . ~ . , . " " l~r ~l}

;}::.x~ if ;~lfitti;i,~ ";"':'.. ~'.~;:;-, :'~ '::'Y>';';:~'" '. '- ' ., ^f'.'

·1_'_'-' -'

I ·..,··, · ,..·..

:.,

.

.

.

appree b U the. .ii1ttukoft!l"ioIport.AJlC~of Articl ",1totheRepubU~.D

. -

.i,

".

.,.-

,.r~'"

a , '

.-~,

^{, .,'}

"~to "i. ;,...., ... , ••",'.,;,• • i'~' ^{• . b ;".; ".:.}

'-:f,-:..· . ,\..

"ben'hesti iel"thllt,"tha,ThlrdRepub.l1<:at,l u.ori&l nl nherl te da "

::r .

^";1 r.-.ll&~oul-poUtlFal'i"llealmo8tas"sharp..1t~lI~dbtl8n'l n1792 .'~"

; ' . . _ :~:~ ,~~a:~:~~!';~~~e::r~~t~~:_~~:r:~ ~:u~~~~~.::n~:PIl~~~ea '

.:f , .'.- ",.

^{!:ii~~':~~:.~.de}.htleA~~1nc~.~o~:~"prl.n~e.~::U.~lv.nlt,.·trela ; '.'.'-'.

-'~4; 'if ,,~,,¥~~~, .{(iiii F!; .··. ~~: L i; ·;i~ · ^{. •} : ~;:

_,:"

_{. .}

.;

.

.

-.CRAPTER II

. ...

^-'.,

.... ' ....

" ".

:':

. . ...:...•,..' .' .,.:'. "' .

·genu in E!guarante etha.tlegid at1 \lr>propose dby the 1ll1nhtrywoul d" ,

~

^..

~e~iV~· aui~~d,d'9.~port ·f r~~~1~~~'d.,~r~up~;~ ,.

^In'fact;·

'~po~~~~~

^f6'r"

theadillst i:i<in1879'pubiic ly .ienouneedthe pOliticalJdeOlDgY,~f",~h~

. ; Lef'~> an~ on',o.c:~-a~iDn':~epar'ilted · th~"'~:t-;e8:: fr~mFh~,oJre~~ ant~":

..

~

^",

'cl;iii:r.~'1i~~

^which

th..:~,'~rou~e'sP<:\1Se~.,~ parli~,"entary'

democraeY,waa

·;'!t ~y~~:

^well

~st4bliShed;'

^{,no on';,}

'pnrt~ ~~~ded ~' ' ~-{ur;'l1 ty

^.0;

~i~~

· i~' ~~

Chill.b'er ,oilli

' ~h~ ~,i;ln~tAn--~lY" ch~ngir;g ~).;'list~iee'. testl~ied"~o

^.ebe

f"Rct

'th,at' " gov~r-ent:", ~ld':'no~: ~D,ld ' ;~p~o'~t':'i'\l:'tlie !=i,a~~~'

^fO;"

~~i; ·lO;~~.~

³

",

- . ::.

Vl....~~g·frDm, hindB1gh~'theIn~roduc tiDnlindpollt1 cal :...'1';'~c t'of.A~ tlcl~·7^{1n l87( cee C'ould}reas ona bly~~nClude:~t^{fir.5 t}

'

. . ::::::;:':;:~;:~:::~i::::d~:::;':f':~~i:O::::::V::::.~':':::::<i:O . .

"" '.~~,·,~;'~:~r~7~t~~n,!~I:':RQ~Ub,~l,C,~:,:p~r:e"s

^,ha.d

'lnd~e~:~,..u.n; t~,e" ~l.e~u,o.~s."

^"

'..,o.t'lS7?.b,ut::a~l_the}ep,,,!,l,~~S_n~~n1:S"e,Qr.bine~had,.rl!~~iV~d: :~lY.,"

",f if~f.ofeurper_ce·n(-Of- t!le.':r~pul~r·,vote,~~lch:lndicate~that'cl oBe

to

. . ', : 'h~l~ .~:i. 'thd', Fr~~'h: ~~i~n w,;~ ·~t~li. ,o~p~sei"~~'~

^t'he

' itJpub'l~~an. fnrin.~~""

"

~~~I!~~~t.

^1"

"~'~~i~'~~~ WI.~hi~':~e:"i~~'Ub·li'~a~ '~Dal~~i~~ p:re~~~~~':·~~~·

^.,

~"i

..',

';;"

.

.

;

.... ...

In~e'Old ut'ati on .lnl.$~ryalon<>,forOl~..mpl<!, therehadbeen t\lenty-eevell m1nls C~1'S lnsil<years .a fac tnoted bY'0lTtJe r Of~heRlghCln co".delll\lng vh.at he condd ere dto bethe verylIn...~ab le'lIy $t~..<;>fg~Yt!rrunen twhi ch.the

. , - /' .rae

o"oo"~on

,,,,,.. <0 ",

.,,,.~.

^<J'oo,o

'd ,";'.

retained'~w..rful re['rellent 3 t1 on ill ,the ChAmber , ·ondtll,"pr,is,~A _ jor l t y

" ,

.

so~fohtofllIoparch:L-eal&civern..ent shou1dthecirc=~til.ncesarise. 'The

. .

^-:'

e..: ;

. ' . "

for easy constitutionalchange,'pr~sumably'to'ef.feeten ..asytra,nsferto in't beSenate. The poUtJcol lindsocin1 group s 'whi c h dley repr e s e n t e d ..vCre:s,tiU'p:r~do..ll1ant 1!lthe civil servi ce"i~,the'o ff 1ce r CO:p ll'';:'l.' ,.th..

'a,r~~~ej;ice:: ca~~n , ~he)~~~i~s

^of

're~ionnl s~'d

1oc lil"

~~v

^..

i:·~'mi.nt.

c

~~ ~~'e ':{~,l~.i~:.~h~~d"

^{hav e}

pr'e~i~t~d

^{:t ha t}

:~h~~,r: ~leet,9;ai

^.ie{..

a~

^'-had,

',b'~~

: " :l::::';:~'-':':,:·gI:~:::j~,~,~,:,~:·:;:d~:::~i,:::::/:i~':~:~/:~::~~:::

_{1", '.':.: '", ':,:,;,'.-:'. .,' -,',: : : .',".'...:: ,.' ','~''::..-:}

'the,fr a_wor!l;"pf theCOlUl titu,ti~ n,of18! 5;'whic h:had,b een'draf t e d: b y

~redoml~~'~~l;' In~~a'r~tiht'

us e d-'iy,,'

nndc'ont!l:i.~'~·d' ,a cia~e whlch~rovlde,j

. '

, ',

.

tOllte dei::ti~lIlb'o~i1,^.ene~&i tiIll18the i r , liS9stillalive,'nnll die Royal'ia t

pre9';nce ·wa9V~~~'.evide~i"~n t~e freq'~~nt 'banq"e't~ ~eld ~'y 1JO~~C'h:i.Cal s~pp~r t';~s,

^the

~~~.~

t:"n t;

comrn~~~ation

^{''th'a t:}';'aB being

,;.8inta~~e~' ~i

^th

.

~he :co~t~

^b,y

'~is su~~,~'r:te:r~,

ⁱⁿ

r,h~ nat:i~n,

^{.and ,}

tti~'~~,U;8. of' r~y~l1at

^"

. ,ooP' W:;'~ ;iT<;'~'~ O.'~;'1o.0 "'OOg",~~"o~,"IY To, C"," of

.....' • ..':. ,.',,:

"P~~1"'L'e~gUl :" ~~utY'''for\~~te~~~6une';

^{en. Dep. ,June}

30,"187 9, JO"No. 118 ;·,)uly1,,1879,p'-'5934; . .

such .

~'brut~:~';.·t::t~~~::~~R~~~i~·,'~~~i:f;~1:~~:1:se,:a;~a:~=n~::~~

. :1&79 (Parh:,.l,tbi'lIiri e ,Am llnd Coli n ,1969),'p',155. ~ , '"

.: . ... ':. ,:'"

. 6~i~~ ~':,:h~~~,,:;~.;·;~ The"c'o~t'e:'

^:d....

Cha~ord ~'Tha" .

, ~~;,> i~::ui~~~.' s s:3~1)?:~~d~1~~e~~~~:~;~1i~:k~:~V~~:i~1~~e:~d

Faurth Rep.iJblics,(TheH.:Ig~:'i~~ t l nu.~Ny h?f ~,.1? 60), p'.~~•

r - -

I

May16,1817 hado~c u H"dl" s"tha n.two y.",rsbd ore ,andManlLa l l tLl~Mahon.thePreside n t~ftheRepubliC,"'h<:>hadu~ed^hbQ~r;ce topre·

pare"forthe returnofrhe !IIOoarchy',hddjustnsl gQed

on

^JanUary)U,

1879. 1Theelectlon.,·ofOctobH.14~18.t817 hadb~enpreclpl~'tl!db,Y .\ l'L1cMahon'adh8<>t,"uo nof theChlllnbcronJlIn~19.1817 on..mstwas,l n ef.!e eea 1llCnarehical p..-im:lpleofgover'nrnent- whet her ..inisterial

• ' . • - j

respond bll! t y ebculdbetothe,Cha mbe r orto the Pre llid ent.'Onthe

llrenaby thed~5cu5B10nof suchtopicsas a"",e s t y,for ' thecommunard~.B' Politi ci an s in 1879 sti ll reeember'ed thegr eat m:..a ofFrn~cpbehr c 1870, IIh e nthe defeatat

Se~sn

^andsubs e q uen t \!erman

diPIO~aCY

^node;ed

the natrondiplolO.ati callyiBoiated,toEu ro pe.9

In<lddttion,ast ud yofthesecondllr,SOtlrCC8 onthe 'sub ject t:evea 1&thattheWaddington sndFr",~ in",cm1nl sct:1es..ereoon-

h'ontedlIi'thse.ve r " economi cproblellllinthenatio n .Phyll oxerswas ~.."

crip pliogth ewillI!industryin'la rge &re ss ofth e <:ountl'y,Fr e n <:h'l oxu l'y

'Bruun.Cl"llletlcuu. p.l9.

,pr o g ro..ne raUl"rth a nintroducinge>:ere.."lycontrol/arllialleghloU~n.

1878-1893 induatri"a:...eralo singon theIn t e rna tio na l.8'l:k" tto'competi ti~n' frO"

Yet. tl>18is~x s" rly\/hat WII8 done. Bare l y two,yea n

., , t

aft,e l' ,h'-"ingbeen 'ele ct edto ofti"e,the Republicangover nee nt,'unde r

' .

.

cientinee.r nal and'e xte r na l pr ohl". .. sho uldhav ec~o sen,s1101''',c~U UO'U8

-'----~-'--.,-..

.

Behatiesde'Saulce~deFre yc l net ,"""o""" ,,,,, o.l,,,. ,,,.'-"'>=!2"

Lib'uir,leCb. ~1..gr nVC"19t4)'-I' .il06. --' '(Part. :

•• J,

thedire<:tioaoftheCabinetofw:!::u j _Wad41PI Um.pres ic!clltofthe

.

^.

catrorDI'tIftd~lIbu.:roffor d lll.-aff.i r•• be pll. thro",*"leg1s1a~tOfl.

anal _ t ra vo l u t l o lUlryreorcall1z atlon ofth..post-lI..eondar,...du eatlonal .,.ste.ofFeallCe.are<lrg::anhaUon

.

IIht,h.lilla_ <I poli tical..,<1""Ull o"",

.

ove rtoo lind plungedth e~UonI.ntp.ll....rio".. cD!,front3t1 onbet\l....n

~ihe80rnec etan<lthetbUr ch. Ju l...Ferry,. . . .tn i n n' of ..<lucation.

"11& th..·at tielllar.o r,Of ·8ove. rn :Dl'n t polt e'y ,.•nd htafta.ea~to be identift edwi t h thel'r ogr a _nf1"8 1&1111'10". 01'10"riter'.reter . to

. .

: . . .

lI1tb....tionoftheIDuoduetlClllearlierol",~btlloflIvbyPaul &err,

•eruwMeh " hdllt'1,nobj eerl ...itorerrf.'a,_eDlId.billron ta l lllnA

·Art.i.eleJ.12'A ber·ofthe',ndle~llef.r·an<ldeputyfro . fOllOe,.Be~t.

VB"II6on~1.,:,atreRe~I'b1tC-lln,vbo._~edde:_.,be111111pr,oH.fiewr~t.r.of·

~reh15.,181 9.

,

.

~ " . . '

llowav ar.JtheBtlldyoflrt lc.h 7"houl'pr o p e rl y beSln

. .

.

hima.,ith,;,pen6ntUc. ;':on:of,th'~""Vl'.~nt"i^"h1ie'011.,of',h~.'b101l-

. " . " :.,

.

^'. ' ".

rap h..n d.... erlbe. hI.. art iculationof&Overllllent policy... s "th'",mo.t.'

br~ll~~~t' l'~ '~~r ,IF r" .. nehl ~ .. r~l~nt~~~ Ann+'!~':~ ~

^I:

, '~~ in~r~IIC~d '~nd :'

·

^{. ' . '.';}

,.',

.. , ;",' ," ', '

gui dedtflenro.\tegtnn1ll8 biU.o f.la..thro uihthe vutou saUgeaofth•.·

·

r:e~eh 1~ii~i.t1~· ~~'~~~/"h~~ .;~.~~~ 'vl tb\ he, ~~ .~;~"' .~t;£~"'.<JII ^...:

\

' . .,.. ·.· . 1 1 ,"!

UTb~

^{f in t·f ro.}

H~":~1 B:rial!l"~.

Ilf';t ot nde

lIAll";~:IlI~lH

^.'

i

(Parb:

I' .Yot,

19,6 7). .'p;258:the,"'cQCl d

foro.

Bdo...tc1Sylvin,.

M!!- ," · .\. ·. ·. •

1".·.·..I

·~{Pub: 10..Qua n t t n.18Bl ), p.,21. Oth....biog nphi ea.tlllll. u ltell '"

'1n cl ude.- Al ~ r. d 1lIl.~b.~ .JulesFerryall~Ma...dC8 Pott echer. JulesFe rrY.

·Se e81s 11R.PUQUIt,"rcie•.Ferry ee1'f col eLa{que ,"Ro~uePolt t l g ue at ~

Par l llloon talu , CLIV

rnr»,

338-3li6. .

i

~i~~oug~

^llllt

^ail r~d,iCalll

the,bt re mc Left.pod tlo n

o n ,: 1 .·. ·.J

rela tion.with theChurch,sfre,prell ,nte~by Lou'" Bl anc. SteCogud, ~ La.·Poltt19ue.p'.3/0•.81o&rnph~t!S-inc lude.Llonnubreutl ,Pa ul '&ertI~ ^{I· .}

; Hecto rl1e~"se,~(P.~lI:'A.Q...nt~Il'.1883). · ',' , '

t ^tz ", ^{, -.' ~ .,..,} : . ..J ¹

sc1ent1'fictrea~ises,contributednUlll"r ollS books,ar ticl es andspee ches ,tot~aca de..tcattackonthepoatticn oftheCh 1J r~h1nthecducat!onlll

sys telll o f r ra nCll.

1

Berr'sh U I,ai _ datr't;ict1ng thepo!lit1onafpower

.

^{' "}

held by theCnutch In educacion , wu<lesc.ribe dus"Rdatina to ' the Freedom ofH~ahe r Edu~ation",an d IOUsubmt t ed to the Ch....be r of Deput1eaon~an","ry23,1a 7.9.D In theE;l;f('aed/3BMotif s ,Be'~t:,in accordancewi~hFranchpar l1.a.."ntaryproc ecl..r.e,··e,etforththeprb ciples andllb,j~ctiveslit the'law,after "hiellit IOUplaced ·in t,behands of a

pari1alllll~'tary 'Cll~i ~tlle-

^fo.r

at~dY ;I ~.

^';Th18

~~~tt,ee,-

^undllr:

tb~' cb~t~~v~

~bl;

^II!E.1-a":1le'ichand,''de puty

'io~ t~e' Sei~ '~-~d- ~' ..e"'-ber

^af'l;heRad:i.cal·" .

L~'f~,: ~~~"-ih r~~rt.o~ M.1;-:,iO~:-1!119 ~~d ; ;lIhiie '~lIn~ti~ni~~ f~~;:~~inci- ,.

^'.

·'~i.eB· l:antaipj,d:'~~ t~~' ~lh, ~~'C9~~'d~ '~ha~'it_

be

~t~ied"bY

the8BlTIli:

c~~t~~: whi~ti ~ll

^'st,'

t~s~.

^tllll!

'_~,tudYi;g'~~e,'~'nl IIn"bl'~er e~~';a't'lon.

·.previousl y"ulll~~~ted^j>n'Ka~ch15,-

1879 ;

~'ert^{agre e d}

to the

recolllrll!ndation ,D~d'fOlmll ywithdrewhis hillllf1~\I.l'n^favouro~,t~emlnhte:r 's,IS,

Actu1l11y ,Ju1c81'erryhad platedtwolaw9"befar~the Challlbe;,lln Harch

~',

^The

~ij.&t:'wa,,4e1JCr1b~ d U"R~~a~tng

^tothe'

li~gher

Councilllf

'Publ~C Ed~eatlon",

^alldwalleer

lrillle.diat~lY

^{read, due,'as}

~he ·

.... "-....,.,' . ,

' :

'

.. .

" ,. ,'

spea ke rofthe,Cha..b~ rpointedout,"tilits1l1Ordinate'length; although

'Hfci'r,'th~ f~l1

^textofthl!

1"w' ~~h.tiIl8 t~· ·the

^Fr....

d~~·

ofHl ghet llducaUlIn"seeAppen db III. Repdnted'frlllllJO,1'10.45, FebruaryIS, 1879,·A.m~xeNo;1083,p.'109S. · · ,.

..' . , : l ~S~-~, GoOCh;"Th~ -f~~'nch r~r118~ntary

'Com'1-tI:ee

stii~ell,

pp.141 ~1 79 fo rthero l e of tbecommit tee syetclI1n~ 'the'legis1Bt1vel proceslji.,·Theb111l1aB,f1n. thaoded ova;,aft'et its'introduction ,to~

an cll4mtntngCOllmltttl!~;whichdecided'wheth~ror',,,,,tli:wouldbe,&iven

~ollll,idention••Thllll.itW~9 6~.101ned.byth~'bw:eGlIl.l:;

, ' -15th"Dep'. ,'Ka~,"2~,'1.879:JO~.No.138;Anile1<e Na.·1335;

AprU3,187,9,p. ,4lJ2 ~ ,

21

Oneeoul dre.:r.lOon:.i.11 IIU';pec t, 81."'11thee"'<l~.lbul~d'-tel Ytran s- pired1n the CJ'8 abef.thatthis vu!Ii apl,G'....~uvr lngaction , the secooo btll,ttl ..l~Rebelncto theFr....do. ofBlaherliiduc ::at 1<l1l.bet nl de...ed 80 t_POfUIlt"tlul l- - ' "r5"",rel"'lUlen~fOTita..lib_ledo" .l~

In 1tS.",n"e.the.Ur . t."biU pro[>Os eoitorooflii nlEo1th e_ . ." ..,sh i pof FrllDl:e'.. IIlg"...tt'd~. U~alpo.lil;:J.1l3k iPRbody.C. COn:lci lS"'f'I'"Wi<l' . orCoun c U·o fHigherEducllt1<ln.b,..."...vt nlthe np!"e iientll tl ve ,lilof

. -

powerf ul l:orpora t lC1flI Buellasthe vll'l"lo UIIbrll nchnof the ";Uitu J

-

^..•

- .- -,

t·

'I ~ , 18p~~i: ~ert,: en. Oep.>Fei,~\I&rY rc,

1879.

Feb~ua'ry1.1,;18 ! 9-.,Anne.xe No~10 81,p •.~.2S• .' .

ki0~~ ;,. '\;{i'? ^{.> >.,i ' ·"}

,

" C

."

- .

" "' : "

.lIl1l t~'" clll.n:~_ca .l~ Th~y

^\/Oul.1be

.r~PlAce:.b~

^..

tO~~ll~ _

^.

pr o!e88 1 ~nal lIeo\ber~lllP.made. up,~ rthe..~el'r~Bentll_t tvc.s',o f IffvlI r l omJ.

D1~jor'

^..

d';;'.tlon.;1 ·~8encJ.e.·o{

^the

J1"~10n; 'wh~lIe" ~p~ oi~tll"'''~'~' w~uU·

^be :

d~~~~:tl~ · ?PI'~~,V~'

^by·

i~~ ' .. ~'n~s~~~: ,o~·'~.du~~~~o.~;.\'.'prA<ld~~~ .~~~'~.~.;'d~~

.~ot,applY:to tl;",:~.IIb!:~rIIJ:t~p ~f~.,th/!,~ld,^{(<'!un(.-U ,}~~lj:~.el"f:.,of'-~i..i.

·..er~'aubj.~t·t'" crl.n1a~er1al.ir.PPr~Va1,^{·o ut}~f^atOtll l·w~,,_r~ip^of

;th:1;t.,:.~ill.·UDdarthe'ta r. .~fthe'pr g pondi~III::Ia1ar1on;'the_"'~r'­

sh :1p·vouldbereduced.to t..ea-t,.-nlBe•.lin d

en

..-o uld 'ba.~j.ct-to llp pollltmentbjreh". tlllllter.

.

Me·ve1'~bem.,^{lho U3h,.} 10reba_rd~'ot.:

".

-Pll~l

^{Ber t,}

·tb~ r"prS8ftlu tt~es ~~ orcjl1dr~ re~lcfon

^.':"'uldbe

8iv~'

nOpileI'"Oft theCouncil ,":a~.t.th 0 :'8bth e,a.~Cb";'tb~""~.lJzed.t.h!l' 1P:Ipl1~at:1oo.

o f

thepro posedle g:sl,ltl o n , ""er e...

<¥

algnlU c a llt .

rea~tlon o~

^..tb..

~~r~ ~f.

^{th eChurch}

.UPPo~~;t'S

^,In'

th~ ~~1~~> 8

^{"Wit h.}

.

16~,,~ "ppen~~~I

^•.TlU!

b:1·~i

^{cont. tnd t\lelve}

,.~t.:1c"l~.

and Will;approlf:1I11JJ I;I1,.1500 wordsfnlength.Rf!prfnte.dfro~Jo, No.87,' Ha.rl:.h29,)879,4Mlll<8No.1;238. pl'-.2659- 2660. . • . .

, !?Thl! ROllan~thal1.C^cmrChvlIlIusuallyre"~ni~-"":ted'b~

fourarcllbh hops .,· /' • ' . ,.•.

'.',:

l .

\

. J

r 1

1

22

tile-exceptionofit s~en tl onintilevario",..11! ~ bla t1 vl!stage8,th..bill attraeted only pn si ngreferenceintile debateson Arti,ele 7 that followed.

niesecond billof:JulesFeny,entHhd, like Bert's,

"A BillofLaw R..ht!ngtothe-Ft eednm'o flU glI" ,F.du~B tt-e ""' ,evo ked an ....--

). .

.

ent i r e ly oppot1tereaction,'being 1_dtot"'1,.atta cked bythe opposition be-cauMof tM word'ing ,.a'Min C:r p r e te dl~tent.^of~h~&e"enth^lIrtici,,;

Thebi ll conui....d ten ar it cl ....,ttle ....jori.t y ofwh lC ~..,:,=re~l l11edat llubJe c i:!ng,tilepost-secondary, .ed~c8tion..,...te..of't he Churchto

we.

.- " '

.

^{- -} . '

schoolsfOUlldedor m..inta i ne d. by 1IldividUlils orasaoc.1a#olls.wlllc.hha"e

n~'- ;bther nYe ; tb~n .·fr~ SCh(iol~ ""

Artic.1e

~ lJt~ted .tha t ,desre~a.9nd

.•.

~~~~~f1~~.~S C.~U~d

^..

_b.~, a~8:ded

^to,

:'~~ndl~l1\1"B

.on l y after theyhadaubmi

~te~

~th.eexalll1l1"~Ona, \Ihl~h ",~(e.prescr~.b~d'\orstste111.stitu~lons.\ Ar t it:le

\.

.

^.-.

.

^{. ."}

.

. . :~:::i:;:~::::. :::':::: :::::~:: ,~:,::::',:~::'::::: ,::::'::

~"amln:ii:l~no-leadl ngto'the-"\far d in g ofdegree~. S:~udimt8:"of'the'Church :',-

'. ", :

.-", ,".:"." .

" ', :

,", ';"" :

... .

^--

-'-:;'

'-':;" ' ,

.

.system could'purs uethe 11"',g tudi C8 in-t heChureh,.rull unlvcr$i t i e ll,and

c(j~i~Gl!8. ' but' \Iould'~a~~ tQ t"k~~.~tietr' eXA~i~'t'io~g' i~ th~ lm~

univ erd ties. A.rticle2 die.tatedeqlll1lityf?tlItudt:nts~ fboth-systel:l8

in.terllll0.£theaward i ngofUnanc1ll1ho;l p , and:i~thegenf!t8.1h'l'l~~

,•Ilen t at i on.~ funiversityre8 ula t i on s . Art i cl e J prescribe dthatstudents, of.t'heCh ).n"c.h~ystell^{resiSter·in the'}sta te insti tu t i ons on the Mtne date utile 9tudenr'softhepublic. systemr(!g!s teted ,and pr e s c.-ribed an- e«usl registn tt.'onlee . Article"rec.ognhcd t",o systemsof second.Hy,"edli-:

2l

6 spedfiedthat thc offeri n gof ce c r e e stlUt ll l d ,,'o r the'presc r i b ed lII1nhteri.l eU1"riculum W<luld beinaccordance' wi thrhe 111"ofJuly 12 , 1815. Art i cle 1·st a tedtha t "no Dill!ts per..t·t t e d topar~lciPlltein pub 111: orfr e eeduca ti on ,norto dire ct any~ns t1t ul1".n.of"hat f;lver kind.U h ebe lo n gstoa non - aut hor l 7.edconi\reg.ttlon." Artl"l" S d..<;lared tllat rwfue educaU oMltris ti tuUon . oranyo rgan! za tlon

•fo~e_d,fo rthe.!~~pIls eofpubli ccduca tlon ,couldbe p.laeedinthe '~~1ie~';ic~'category(and hence eligiblefor go ve mmel\t.f1,:,ancllll eu ppo rt),unless,i teOlllpliedwi th the l8JI. At ,t i d e9,ineccee aence wi thtllc..ttlld~10nIl1Iltruc tureof'Fu lIchlegisla Uvebi lla, dted lI",a!lut~8^for eontnv enti on " f thel~it.andArt lcll!~1)^{wl1IIllllyJ:ule d}

' ..r .... . .' " ", , " ' .

t~lIt lI1~yrevi(lUll· legilllllt~on._e~ntr~ryinV<lnUngorpr:i ndpletothe pr oposed

l~glBiatiO'~

wa'lI.

, ~C!nder.ed i ~PP~

reebte• re,!"TY'

f?ll~ed '

fhe IntrooJuet i unufth.. bUlwlth-thccustomary nques t t?ha vethetwo

. ' . '

"h U h' afLavlIenttotheparlillmen tarycOllUltt<:es.forstUj!r ,andthe 8.1l..nda f orMar.c h15followed.

rJ')!'!arch'n .1879 th eDucdeFel t n ,noiod ernte Righ tist

~:poke8l:1l1n~ IIllb.,~tted

^a

cO\ln~erprop01;1

^{tofer ry's.Sl!=con d}

~11l:

^{setti. ng·}

fodh, ,i nhillopinio n,th.. sameIe.glslaUv e objec tive s sawareco ntained

,

.

in the''LawReh tingtoth ePree domofHigher lMuc4tion" inproVidi ng

"lIa h gll4rd "for theln t ere" r s of~hestlltewhUe gtlllront " e!ngt!>:he Church:he-u u rights[ineducati o nlas to oth erpe rB?na.,, 19 i.r t tcle 4 of hlsbil l oflIIwwasa eounte:r a rtic1c toArtide7ofFerry". bill in prtlvldingfort~ten81VcBt at":BUp" fYitlion,to.prote.e ttherneeeee te

.I!lFor!'ullre"'t o ftl)elawofthe' Due d;

"jd~_e,

-see Appe nd ixtV.Re prf.nted'froll,JO,No.103 ••\lIl\l!xe,No.:Il ~3 .April'15.

1879, p.,3264. ' .

./~-

of th e~t ,1. te,hut IIc to rd edUteri,:htto teach"toallritize n,,_ without : exce p tion: whoreai d.;:.1"Fnnce .'"

'0"May15, 1879M:de Cali l c.d"""tyfo rFini: t;;reand

\ J

C~" t r e.Re p ublica n in po litic alIIffilia ti o n, propaaedII bUl"R...llI.t;! nJl;

t.o th.. Fre.t.JOIII

cr

^H,lllh.erEdu-oltlon " "hi chwao """ "o t13I(1..co mpr !llllit;e lIlea sur ~be t\o.-.!M F",rly 'lllINIIn,1"thllt lIubmittedhYth"Ih1cdeF/!1trtand, :11.In di t .'le d byth e P?l1tiCd IIfftlill.t1~nOf }[.~eCllat~,to<'>k ,,'position betwcenltight ~n<lrefl-Onthe iss,:," of,th",- r i g ll tt(lteach of the noO"7

·~u.thorlled Consreg~il0n~..~O"Ar ti~le3~f

hh

,law, /o ul dfDtb~d.th":~ight

to

.,t~i1th' to-t'~ '.n6?~~lIt~~d\~:c.o~.s.r,~g~:tl;ons_!n._the State :8'eCO~da.rY

^{_' , :..-}

IIc~ool"IY,5~~e~"~nd.acc,o~a~e,what ~e.;~l!.l1e.V~d.to ,be 'aU~ Hc~:~ R~~ublican .'\lb,!e c. t~,~e$ ;but oUlet. pen ltft tl}enon-author~:ed,~on gr e ga ~;ons .th~tightI

t~'^{,t e a ch'}l~':tha^{'Ch urch}"Yste~. ^{,I t'}"ta ~~d.si^..ply

'that

ilrio o~'1~perm:1.t:ted

All ofthe1a..~'Re1ndng totheFree.do&!of Higher .E.d~cBtion'veregiven toBspec1a 1' c oOllll i tt ee under the cbaitlilll.nsbipof Paul.Bect•.

s

eOJlIll1ttee ..hieb reflec ted , in theco..posi t1oriofits .!'emb e rl hip. thevariou!! shade!lofRepublicanthinking. withthe excep tion

:,.... " . . '

of,the"htremeLe~t ,a1l

rr»:

^{by LOUia.BLJOIne«,·Of th'egrou,p.Eugene}

Spul1ec and tdouardLock r oy..er e'lDe d>e d of the Republicari Left',the Kove ";'1'IlIlen't '

pa~;y.

Bett:a.n(Kadierde,Ho'nt jauwen

R~dical ,Lef~.

^'a'nd

CharlesJ;aalonde W88 'ceni:i'Republican. The rClllaininglIe~etsof the

.

'., . " '. . .

sevenlIlemberc'!llIiL1 ttee wereJusti n Labur e '( liee r etll r y), Antoine de

I _j

1

· 1

'm ay:<

,,'..«,

• I. " , , ' ' . '

,_{on higher'}"

"

e-dues tloo·•

2Q~,~: ~ppendh:

.Reprinted^v

J:

(rOilJO.fuli ,'text:',,!No..14 6,'Hayx.29. 18 79.de

Gaat~'s

,Annell;..^law·

_~,1374•.pl'.4435-443~.' , .

· I 1 , .

r

, 1

. i

,!

1.

· ·· It

^"

;"

^''''!-'-;'.: J;'/.'~ '

~~~-r;~~

.

"':. '

;~ :~.

; s..

"

Sonnhr,8~rt1'.ndIflr,H.cedi ll oJul e"M"i &nc.llIIEti enne Drw.el.

polt tle. l .ffilb ti ollv••fl<>t asdbtin et ,and,,~p tfor ta " ttN their -.~

VOUIhie_ I n e.111f."o"" ofnt.inl n,,l,rt iel.,Inthe sec DncIbill

.

^{. .}

Dt~, the,60~tappe a r011ope.k erl 1nthe debat u . tuge'"eSpdl~t"

.va.thOllen.I,Mppcl' UW' ,alspoke.... n torth eI<'~"rnlllflllttodelive r thet~por torreeo..",d. tion.oftheeo_lttee , tod"U" erthe

"e-;:ondIt aAtofth. due1daUon of gove;n...lltpo1~e;'. 21

..., . . -J

. f

···.l·

I

'.1

i !.

."./

r.

. . '

.'"

Th.~repot"l; vasl~sthy.oee upyir1 S...en t eeD'pa SellInth e; JOUl' natOf fki,.Z" ,a.~'c:ollt dnedapprolt~"""tl!~Y)2, ~.v,0 1'd, .:Ii'U tit

dU"lrvltn'and

o tfitl~'llY'

rej"eetedthe

eounter-proj~ttJI ,rOPo'!ed ~y

th....'

.Due.

·d·~' ~~~,~.t~.:~[Wj.

^H.

' ~~'c. 's'~i~ : .~ e'~\IC,;;~":r~~i~~e'~ ~,e.~se :"J~' .:~~~,~" ^.'

r~W)vedfr ollltllasn lt _en t'.P~opo.Itl';ntob~,~ed·.'lH.~eCalti '8:' .:

bec"'",,~

^redl4

";"~; ' ~il' rhe

^eo';:'true'"

O~~·~IO~""';;"~.1'. ,e~~·:.1~ .:"w'?~~.

'of tbe_.ainh tar'. bil lt~'be incorporatod~t:i ^The_. ~~rt

.-

u.:..n:'p':""~ded^"

throu&1teneee .en>etu.raldh b idTUIto.e1lall1...the

~"'et".~

^role'of

.~~

Seat. 111educa tion,tc!provl d.ethe.e tt ing•for the~zpoata1.itI OIlofth!

bill,to eXIUIlne ,"4 lIodya e the coullter: lI1'paoen t. to d1.bill.~to .eu..ai...ueb oftn.ntlcl u of th."~11_1 11 4.t.t"1~ ftIe.i:evo:1'tvu the a

tableclwrilthebeKlntltngof~h

..

dfloate On th..proposed.1e&lt laUon,"

aDd

~ln:~ad ro~

^nad.y

t~'

^{tlie_. ,euhip0/}

th~ Cbad>e~.

^s.oththe

.<---~.~.~.~.

" . .

~IThe

eeen

illre!aUontoth.~"val,overUllllSlt. pollcyhavl ns.tak en.lnto ,ac eount InternslcrlU e ltm.ndcoaull1tte.

re.o;:U on . Itcoul dlICIdl! yor enlarge,the IItopaotIIbill,orrejeceIt c01l1ple te'!y; Hlne. ,t h.r' flott . atth1lBtage,waseonil1dered govet 1\lllent

"poU c.,. The chokeof~he.re,or t81"'h.i~HiCll nt . SeeJ.E•.C.Bodley,

The Chute httlFr.nc e(London:A.CO,Mubl.,.1906 ) , .p..18fotth e' llIIpOrt,ne-1I ofr~port llrof the_o;:oRDilldon. '"...en:,ubUahed >n:lt er onth.

tnUl> ofeh\,lreh-ltata;cll1atiolllil In franee,·!uKen e'S, uller.In hb vd tillg.end lpe.ch u,perso nell y npotilledth,ty pe,oft"e1u i vely ,. -.derate"ee leda.ei telPOU.O;:"Vh~C:hth•.Waddlngt Oll,end 1ete r•."F;,.,e~n.t

I'

odll1s ulu fonally e1!4ora ed. " , - , : - ,. ,': -""

j

."

-. _{(~ .} 'J

\ 1

---. ,

.~'~

.\

t

i>:l:poe iand r:he Repo rt"oul dbecome the(ocusofargllll<.-nt.'for lindagd lUl l:

"h e ntheCham berllI<!ttod.1"r "" "the.let:l.. 1" t1 onand.de ba temeadvanta ges •

•3nddi.ad" ..nta ge ..of thebillof law.

nlE CRAHBEll RI!IICTS

. thede~at.e'on"TheLa'" Rl!la't1ngto th~Fr e e dOlll ofHi8h~r Eduelltion"1nth~Chftnt>~ rof(}epuchsbe,gan onJune16, 1679 and, untU the vote"!')s takenOR Jll1y 9, lias marked by.tllodistinctfeatutes; the' ,v:i.~l:e~tlYeJllOuor.al ^taneofth~'debllii",a~the isoladonIlf.Art1e~~.1 frolllthe,'.a:lnbill allthefoc~

"o f

the ....t~re&'b a « ,~n111ul~.t10n·

~h!Ch

"uid be'en

~oreShad"",ed'

b<.t.h·e's,,?unt.o fti...,dey'utEd t'll th_681;t.1ei e·

in the.~PJ8 b).ndtheRepo rt-'Pte.v~o',uSlY~",Indeeii.'t hecounrarp.roje.ch.

il\ti~diic~d

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B~gn:lf1-

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eenc ein that:.theypr ovi de d alternativepol~c:ie"for treatnentof the non ':"authorh::edorders,'.pol idell' whiehrefl~ctedthe authors 'pol i t ical

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le"a·...;ing. Wh erenArticle]

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^{theright to teach}'i n any school

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systemtothe non-a uthorizedeongr.egadons:theDu e de FeltteJs bill lI(Iuld'grlJJltthe.th~,i:it!:httoteach1nbot h.yat "ms, ..hiIe deea,ti's eompro.tsewo uldgran~^t,l1e:1Ilth~^{righttilteach1n che}'Ch~rch^ayatellt, 11>0 ExtrellleLef t~ouldnot,gran~th e ri ght..toteach· jOanyr!!Ug~ou&

order,auth orizedor.'~n-aut~r1z,cd; Thu6tbe,debsteon Ferry'esecond

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b i11'bec8~~

^a,debate ·oIlAru,,:le"'7-ofth8tbill,

a

debate.!"hiehwois (

..:'.:"~" """,

28

•:. th~f<fm(>118Art.tcfe-7....hichIhas:b~eorneevn y-

th1n~'Th,~ l:%pos~du Motifsspeakson.1yof'1<:._ The~por tof . thehonorabl eMr.Spu1,lerdveU a on it,on l y,and the sp eeche", de lfveeed1I~thisros-' tn~!OC IIS.onl y onthispo:l.l'1t. ~: . .

TIlem~era,ofthe Ch3mber,eapedlllly'those 'who,played

\IlI'OTtan1'roles 1n

1'h~:I~g1"I~t i;ro "pr"c~5'

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~r'J'Orta nceof the 31'1',.10;:11',Thetvagov,er ore ntmenbera·\I!,.o.w,,~e ~8t invo,h ed19thelcglslAtt!ve.p rcees s, Fc tr y andSpul 1er ,openl ydrew a~ t'en tionto ita 1aI'<:lTtiIl:ll:,e. In theE:cpoab.Ferr ydetilTedArticle7 to be "oo e

Of ' thl:' ~St 1~o';;aot artlL le~

^{ofthe ne ...}!all."l in hi a

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1'''1'01'1'.'Spoller HatedthatA:ti~~~7"hadpro~v1dedtheba s is for the 1e~g th.ie.•~lH.~C~~0~9' 1n':,c:e,'.~o72e~•."n~ ·bl4re,,~

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thechi~e r;1n the pt'ess ~nd ·lt;tht nat lo n ." 2PauI·Bert,chair llan,ofthe~speeil11 . COrmitt:eJ

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",:~e;' o~ '''~h~'co~1Hee ~hO~St:' 1'h~one ·d1u~~·ting

^{.v? te·.}

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thati"article 7.•••

[~a~].th~· (!O tlre lJ.,,~ Baro~ 'd~ ".3cka~. leg1tim1~t

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p~Ut1c::l.a1!and leadingspnkes!O!'0~r'theRight.on theinue,a3detha

follo...tn ganal yeh:

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!Jule~ Ferr~: '

^Ch.

Dep~ . Kor~h

^15,

-l87~., JO;: N o.

90.

Afln ~,1879 ,Annue No.'12~g,p.-2707. .

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.2Eugene

SpII~i1~r. Ch. ·D"~. ,

^{MIlrch Z8.1879.-}

J~I .NO:~15~,'

JIIIU!2, 1879.AllIlexeNo.lli42,1'.50 1 11." . •

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.n,:iS79,

'p,5;;;~l.Bert,Ch.:,Dep:. JUnS:21'.1~~). 30. No.•~9,^June'

. . ' . ., ';~harle_ ~Gasionde;

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~h e.otherarticles ..ere,liIpedfic"lly",ducoC10\,,,1inna C';'fl!,for the fift".""da y R ofd,':bate,c h a t hpdJURCend.e-d,eduCllc'1\,n<hlldn'teven beeh llIent1l>ned.6"F~ed1 nandBoyer ,depucy forGar d eandIIpe a k erfor'thlll; Righ c , ata ,te!l itihi '8';ddre~_8thll e~h'~ani dehad,ar o u ll e d "c on ll!derable elllOt10n"

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IntneVOfd.of:A,ntOftiIlDebidour .·..ltwlIS.t!e. ,U lethalthr u!ltthu th e goYUMlCDteoul d

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non:"Uth~rhed eon~~I.tlons.~~.nd~

I?vi "oftheabove .a eeeteusbIIIOI,to the Ctl'5.cllqIwhl eh theywre anInteard pare,ll.

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int er F Uedthe arrtc:1e wbentheY.bell~1\th e iUuckOnth e.Ttle.~e.et'~lnll the ve r r U nt"b peninada y ofthedebate.

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·Cb3 11:'.,,12 The»pea1<:rconsideredi t necellsary[0re ces sth e debate 1n o'rder tore stolcallt

':Od

thedpba t"e

~as

^{no tre s uec auntil}

~he

^{""I([day .}

The accountof theincidentser ves. .ee 'Portraythe rec ep ti on Bccorded~he lottOd,uctlon

of

Article1by theRight~arece p tion....hi ch,tore pe a t Freycinct....asactu"llyv!olent•.

Thisviolence of reactionarosedirectly f":~T:Itheinterpre - tation whi chthe Righthad ,assignedtothear t i cle. Regardle's a ofthe aS8ur a nCeGwhich expo ne nt s of government policygavere gardin g the' limn ati on s'and..copeofthelllw, 'evl!I"ysp..cch fro..the.Ri ght, insome form,den,?uncedArticle1 D,SthebeginninG, pf anoffi d a l l;0verl\lllen c

,

.

prograanc of persecution'~ f:the Ca th oii e Chu-ccll;abeglnnin'~,"hl~hha~

aa'ltB'objeetive thedestructionof :thoChilrch.uru.ver dtysyste"•.Ily

'. . . ... .

theitco~nt, ~SSllge_

^o't.'t-he

1a~.

^{'; ould}

~'ffec tiv'ely

^{"lo se}

"~Jil reU~~D~

oomuni ~1~9^....ltcl~e6.140 tl'lIche rs fro r.l the CathoHc educll t i?n8YS t~1II~

·a ni.depd v·e61,409'studentsof'~Catholt-cedueetfcnvwhen;"inthe

opinionofthe Right,'''thereW8Sne Hherspa ce , teachersno r money to

, ..

acccaodate thcm l n th e s t8 te, s ys't c1ll,'JI! Fur' t he t;tt"ouldreducethe Church.unive'rsitysysreetoIIsecond-rateposition,ananalysisofwhi c h

, : ,

isbeatgivanbyLionBour ge ois , deputyforV~nd ee :

Ourunivet.~itli!a,our institu tions,IoIi11 be con- sidered,ghe t toes,thelrpUpils - outcasts and ,le pe rs ;~h~ir.dOc i:o~s, bachelorsan.d.Ucentia t es-

. '

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., ,12~h. De~ ;, ~.~e 16: ·.~~79, A

dllta11&d

a~count ~( the

.inc i den tcanbe obtained,from,lO.No.164, June 17 •.1679,-pp. 52}4-

5~ . ' .• .. . ". .

'JUne25,

18 ;~,1~e.~;;6~a·~:::ui:~~~s.~~~·~\~~:r~~ ~e;~~:d b:Ope~~ln;~~'

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^,

p . .

1.87.9.~,p.56 7~:. . . . ..

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