• Aucun résultat trouvé

O n t h e T ( 1 ) - t h e o r e m f o r t h e C a u c h y i n t e g r a l J o a n V e r d e r a A b s t r a c t . T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r e s e n t a n a l t e r n a t i v e , r e a l v a r i a b l e p r o o f o f t h e T (

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "O n t h e T ( 1 ) - t h e o r e m f o r t h e C a u c h y i n t e g r a l J o a n V e r d e r a A b s t r a c t . T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r e s e n t a n a l t e r n a t i v e , r e a l v a r i a b l e p r o o f o f t h e T ("

Copied!
17
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Ark. Mat., 38 (2000), 183 199

@ 2000 by Institut Mittag-Leffter. All rights reserved

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral

J o a n Verdera

A b s t r a c t . The main goal of this paper is to present an alternative, real variable proof of the T(1)-theorem for the Cauehy integral. We then prove that the estimate from below of analytic capacity in terms of total Menger curvature is a direct consequence of the T(1)-theorem.

An example shows that the L~-BMO estimate for the Cauchy integral does not follow from L 2 boundedness when the underlying measure is not doubling.

I n t r o d u c t i o n

In this p a p e r we present an alternative p r o o f of t h e T ( 1 ) - t h e o r e m for the C a u c h y integral o p e r a t o r with respect to an u n d e r l y i n g m e a s u r e which is not a s s u m e d to satisfy t h e s t a n d a r d doubling condition. This result has been proved recently in IT3]

and, independently, in [NTV1] where fairly general C a l d e r d ~ Z y g m u n d o p e r a t o r s are considered. T h e p r o o f in [T3] exploits a tool specific to the C a u c h y kernel, called M e n g e r c u r v a t u r e (see Section 1 for t h e definition) a n d is based on two m a i n ingredients: a g o o d .k inequality a n d a special a r g u m e n t , which is designed t o make the t r a n s i t i o n fl'om an L 2 e s t i m a t e to a weak (1, 1) inequality. This a r g m n e n t involves a n a l y t i c c a p a c i t y (concretely, t h e inequality (18) below) a n d consequently is of a c o m p l e x analytic nature. O u r a p p r o a c h avoids use of c o m p l e x analysis. I n fact, our s t r a t e g y consists in finding in a n y given disc a "big piece", in t h e sense of G u y D a v i d [D1], [D2], on which t h e o p e r a t o r is b o u n d e d on L 2. We t h e n plug in t h e s t a n d a r d g o o d A inequality to control t h e m a x i m a l C a u c h y integral by t h e centered m a x i m a l o p e r a t o r , as in [D1], [D2]. In this second step one only needs t o check t h a t the doubling condition is n o t really used in t h e classical a r g u m e n t s . T h u s our p r o o f is a c t u a l l y reduced to t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a "big piece", which t u r n s out t o be fairly simple because of t h e g o o d positivity properties of Menger curvature. We proceed now to state precisely t h e m a i n result.

Let # be a positive R a d o n m e a s u r e in t h e plane. O u r goal is to e s t i m a t e t h e C a u c h y integral o p e r a t o r on L 2 (p). In view of t h e singularity of t h e C a u c h y kernel

(2)

(2)

where

1 / ( z - ( ) we assume that # satisfies the growth condition (1) #(D) <_ Cr(D) for each disc D,

where r(D) stands for the radius of D and C is some positive constant independent of D. Indeed, if # has no atoms then (1) is necessary for the LZ(#) boundedness of the Cauchy integral [D2, p. 56]. We say t h a t the Cauchy integral operator is bounded on L2(p) whenever, for some positive constant C, one has

f ICr 2 d# <_ C / Ifl 2 d~, f C L2(#), e > O,

d c d e

/ ( f ( ( )

(3) C~(f#)(z)-- -z]>~ ( - z d#((), z E C .

Notice that the integral in (3) is absolutely convergent for each z, as can readily be seen applying the Schwarz inequality and then using (1).

A necessary condition for (2) is obtained by taking as f the characteristic function XD of a disc D and restricting the donlain of integration in the left-hand side of (2) to D,

(4) .It) IC~(XDP)I2d#<C#(D) for each disc D, c > 0 . The T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral can now be stated as follows.

T h e o r e m . Let p be a positive Radon measure satisfying (1). Then (2) follows

f 'om (4).

We remark that if p satisfies the doubling condition

(5) p(2D) < C#(D) for each disc D,

where 2D stands for the disc concentric with D of twice the radius, then (4) is easily seen to be equivalent to requiring that C~(#) belongs to BMO(#), uniformly in r Hence we recover the familiar condition in the standard formulation of the T(1)-theorem for the operator T : C [D2, p. 30],

C(1) - C(#) belongs to BMO - BMO(p).

In the doubling context the theorem can readily be proved using Menger curvature and interpolation between H 1 and BMO (see Section 4).

In Section 1 we gather some preliminaries including notation, terminology and background. Section 2 contains the proof of the theorem. In Section 3 we remark that the estimate from below for analytic capacity in terms of Merger curvature (inequality (18) below) follows readily from the theorem by purely real variable arguments. Section 4 shows that if the doubling condition (5) fails then L 2 bound- edness of C does not imply the L~176 estimate.

(3)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 185 1. P r e l i m i n a r i e s

Given three distinct points zl, z2, z3 E C one has the identity [Me]

1

(6) ~ (Zz(2) --Z~r(1))(Z~(3) --Z~(1)) -- C(Zl, Z2, Z3) 2,

where the sum is taken over the six permutations of {1, 2, 3} and

c(zl, z2,

z3) is the Menger curvature of the given triple, that is, the inverse of the radius of the circumference passing through zl, z2 and z3. For a positive Radon measure z / t h e quantity

c(")~ = J J L ~(~1' ~'

Z3)2 d/J(zl) d/J(z2) d/.'(z3)

is called the total Menger curvature of ~ or simply the curvature of u. Note that we have not defined C(Zl, z2, z3) for triples where at least two of the points are the same; for such triples we may set c(zl, z2, za)=0.

The first application o f (6) to the L 2 theory of the Cauchy integral operator was the author's proof of the L u boundedness of the Cauchy integral on Lipschitz graphs (see [V2] and [MV]). There we showed t h a t the arc length measure on an arc of a Lipschitz graph has finite curvature.

Later on the identity (6) was used to obtain estimates from below for analytic capacity [Me] and to describe uniform rectifiability via the mapping properties of the Cauchy integral operator [MMV 1. The results in IV2] or [MV] were explicitly mentioned in [Me, pp. 828-829] but unfortunately no reference was made to [V2]

or [MV], which already existed in preprint form. This has caused some misunder- standing of the real sequence of events and some inaccuracies in attributing the results. Impressive progress has been made, using (6), in recent work by several authors [DM], [JM], [L], [Ma], IT1], IT2], [T3], cuhninating in David's solution of Vitushkin's conjecture

[D3].

In our estimates we will use two variants of the H a r d y - L i t t l e w o o d maximal operator acting on a complex Radon measure t,, namely,

M u ( z ) = s u p lYl(D(z,r)), z e C , r>O r

and

v . . ( z ) = sup l a ( D ( z , r))

~>0 ~(D(z, ~)) ' z e s p t . ,

where

D(z,r)

is the open disc centered at z of radius r and spt # is the closed support of #.

(4)

It follows from the Besicovitch covering lemma that M , satisfies the weak type estimate [J, p. 8]

(7) , { z : > t} < ClI.I

- t

and since

Mp(z) <_ CM.•(z), z C

spt #,

because of (5), (7) also holds when M . is replaced by M.

Actually the weak type (1, 1) estimate for M is a consequence of the simplest standard covering lemma IS, L e m m a 1, p. 12] and so there is nothing deep in it.

Although we could work only with M . we prefer to keep the distinction between M and M . to emphasize those steps where the Besicovitch covering lemma necessarily comes into play. Notice t h a t (7) coupled with the obvious L ~176 estimate gives, by interpolation, the inequality

/c M~(f #)P d# < C / c lflP d#,

l < p < oc.

The letter C will denote either the Cauchy integral operator or a constant which may be different at each occurrence and that is independent of the relevant variables under consideration. The precise meaning of C will always be clear from the context.

2. T h e p r o o f Let ~ be a complex Radon measure. Set

(8) C~(z) = [ d~,(() z ~ C.

JIr zl>~ ( - z '

The integral in (8) is absolutely convergent for all z provided ~ is a finite measure or, more generally, provided

s dl r(() <

oo.

(9)

1+1(~

(5)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 187

L e m m a 1. Let uj, j = l , 2, 3, be three real Radon measures satisfying (9) with u replaced by uj, j = l , 2, 3. Then

J t J e

where the sum is taken over the permutations of {1, 2, 3},

S ~ = { ( z l , z 2 , z3) c C a : [ z x - z 2 [ > c , IZl z a ] > c a n d l z 2 - z 3 [ > c } and

IRI ~_ C E f MPa(2)(za(1))MPa(3)(za(1) )

dPa(') (za(1))' cr JC

C being an absolute constant.

Proof. Set

Tc = {(Zl, z2, z3) 9 63:Iz1 -z31 > c and Iz2-zal > c},

v~ = {(~1, ~ , za) 9 c 3 : Iz~-z~l _< ~, IZl-~31 > 2~ and I~ ~al > ~}

and

Then

V~ = { ( z l , z i , z 3 ) c c a : Izl-Z21 ~ c , ~ < Izl-z31 ~ 2 c and [z2 z31 >~}.

f f f

d.x(z~)

d.~(~) d.~(~3)

J J J s (~1 z ~ ) ( ~ - z ~ )

+ f f f d.1(~1) d.~(z~)d.~(~)

J J J u o ( ~ l - Z 3 ) ( ~ - z ~ )

+ f f f

dux(Zl) dL'2(z2)d~'3(z3) JJJv~ (~1 - ~ ) ( ~ - ~ )

= f / / ~ d-~(~l) d.~(~) d-3(~) +I~+:I~,

where the last identity is a definition of I ~ and II~. To estimate I~ and II~ we assume, without loss of generality, that the uj are positive measures. Then

c f f f

d~'l(Zl) dp2(z2)

dPa(Z3)

<

JJJ~

C f f Mp3(Zl) d~l(Zl) d~2(z2) JJl~

C [ ML,2(zl)Mu3(zx) dL,1 (zx).

<

J

(6)

For

II~

we write

1 / / / V ~

]II~[ <_ 7g dpl dp2 dp3

_< -- Mp3 (zl) db'l (zl)

dl.'2 (z2) c 1 z2l<_e

J M~'2

(Zl)Mp3 (zl) dpl (zl).

< C

Operating in a similar way for any a and then summing over a we get the conclusion of the lemma. []

We apply L e m m a 1 to Ul=V2

f#

with f a (real function) in L2(#) and /]3 =

XDP

with D a fixed disc. We then have

./r~ ]Ce(f ")12

d , + 4 Re L

C~(f #)Ce(xu#)f d,

(10) 2

: .l l .l l . )

In particular taking

f=XD

o n e gets

6s I<(x.~)l ~ d.:.//s ~(~,~,<)ev(~)~v(~)dv(C)+O(~(D)),

e N D 3

and thus

(11)

f f s c~(z, w, r dp(z) dp(w) d,(r <_ C,(D),

provided (4) holds.

It is worth pointing out that (11) was inexactly attributed in [NTV1, p. 705].

Indeed, a first version of (11) appears in [V2] and [MV] and later on in [MMV] in the form at hand.

We come now to the core of the argument that produces a "big piece" inside a given disc D.

Set

@(z)=//D2c~(z,w,r162 z 9

By Chebyshev

I ( / D @ ( Z ) d # ( z ) + / D 'C~(XDP)'2 d# )

~ { z 9 D : ~D(Z) > t or IC~(XD~)(z)I > ~} _<

< c , ( n )

-- f2

(7)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 189

Hence, given 0 < 0 < 1 (O will be chosen later), there exists a compact

EcD

such t h a t

CD(Z)< v/C-/O

and

IC~(XD#)(z)I<_ v/C/O , zEZ,

and

so that

Set, as in IT3],

#( D\ E) < O/Z( D ).

s k(~,,~) d.(~) _< ~,(~) < ~-, ~cE.

Since

k(z, w)=k(w, z),

Schur's lemma now gives t h a t

iffEL2(E)

( = L 2 ( E , d/z)) then

jjj2 C2(Z, ~,C)f(z)f(w)xD(~) d/z(z) d/z(w) d/z(()

<-/c ,f(z), s ,f(w),k(z, w) d/z(w) dp(z) <_C L f2 d/z'

where

C C(O)

does not depend on e.

Therefore from (10)

.1/2

and consequently

[D '<(s")12 d. _< c s s 2 d.,

By duality this implies

(~2) s I<(s.)l ~ ~/z_< c / o s ~ a/z,

We now need an appropriate Cotlar type inequality.

measure v satisfying (9) set, for z E C ,

%~.(z) = sup IC~.(z) I and

f ~ L ~(E).

f C L 2 (D).

For a complex Radon

c * . ( ~ ) : sup c ; . ( = ) .

c>O

(8)

L e m m a 2.

condition

Let r and 1., be positive Radon measures satisfying the growth

r ( D ) + p ( D ) _ < Cr(D), for each disc D, and such that for some c>O

So Ic (f dr)l io Ill2 dr'

Then

f ~ L2 (r).

~2 \YE

<

~ f2 dr.

We now want to have the above inequality at our disposal for a general f c L 2 ( r ) . This essentially means that, for each open disc D, Ce boundedly maps L2(D c) into L2(D) with a constant independent of e. This is clear if C~ is replaced by

C ( f r ) ( z ) = limoC~(fr)(z), z e D, f E L2(De).

The reason is that, C ( f r ) being holomorphic on D, we only need to apply Carleson's theorem twice,

s IC(fr)l 2 dr_< C LD IC(fr)12

Idzl

< C SDc If12 dr-

However we wish to have a real variable proof, which could be extended to R *~ and n 1 dimensional kernels. This can be done painlessly and in fact is implicit in David's paper [D1].

L e m m a 3. Let A be an open disc and let # and 1-, be positive Radon measures satisfying

r ( D ) + , ( D ) < Cr(D) for each disc D, and # ( A c) L,(A)=O.

(la)

C~_ ( f #)(z) <_ C[M~,(ICe(f #)I 2 d~)l/2 + M~,(Ifl 2 d#)l/2].

For a proof for the case p = ~ , which can be seen to work under our hypothesis, we refer the reader to IT1, L e m m a 3 and Theorem 4].

Combining (12) with L e m m a 2 applied to ~ = X E # and P=XD# we get, for each f e L 2 ( D ) ,

(9)

Then

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 191

/ c C * ( f u ) 2 d # < C [ IflZdu, fcL2(u).

J C

Proof.

Assume, without loss of generality, that A is centered at the origin and let r be its radius. Oivml z E A let d be the distance from z to 0A. We claim t h a t (14)

C*(fu)(z) < C*(fu)(w)+CM(fu)(w), Iw-~l <_ 2d.

Fix e > 0 . Assume first t h a t e < d . T h e n for

Iw-zl<_2d,

ICe (fu) (z) l

=

[Ca(f u)(z)[ < ICaa(fu) (z)l+ M(fu)(w).

The same inequality holds for

d<_e<4d,

so t h a t we are left with the case 4d_<e. Set

fl=XD(z,e)f, f2=f fl.

Thus, for

Iw zl<_2d,

]Ce(fu)(z)-C~(f2u)(w)i < CM(fu)(w)

and

ICe (fur)(w) - Ce (fu)(w)] <_ CM(fu)(w)

because of standard simple estimates. Therefore the claim follows.

Set

F(w) - C* (fu)(w)+CM(fu)(w).

Using (14), the simplest covering lemma [S, L e m m a 1, p. 12] and the growth con- dition on

#,

one proves that (see for example [S, pp. 59-60])

#{z 9 A : C * ( f @ ( z )

> t} < Cl{w 9 OA : F(w) > t}l ,

where I" I denotes one dimensional Lebesgue measure. Then

L C*(fu)2(z)d#(z)< C(foz x C*(fu)2(w)ldw,+ ~ozx M(fu)2(w),dw,)

<<_C /c If]2 du

by [D1, Proposition 5, p. 164] and [D1, Proposition 3, p. 161]. 5 L e m m a 3 and (13) now give

C / c f 2 d#, f 9 L2(#),

(15) #{z 9 E :

Ce*(f #)(z ) > t} < V

(10)

which shows t h a t E is indeed a "big piece".

T h e proof of the t h e o r e m is practically complete. One last step is left: we have to check t h a t (15) allows us to prove an a p p r o p r i a t e good A inequality without resorting to a doubling condition on #. For the reader's convenience we present the well-known argument, which can be found in [D2, pp. 61-62]. T h e good A inequality we need is the following.

For each ~ > 0 there exists 7 = 3 , ( r / ) > 0 small enough so t h a t

(16) # { z :

C~(f#)(z)

> ( 1 + . ) and

M~(f2#)x/2(z)

< "yt} < 89

C~(f#)(z) > t}.

Once (16) is established we deduce t h a t C~ satisfies the same

L p

inequalities as

M,(f2#) 1/2

[D2, p. 60]. T h e n

In particular

LC2(f~)~d~<C, f IflPd#,

2 < p < o c .

- - J C

/cIC (f )IPd,<C, f ]f[Pd#,

2 < p < ~ ,

- - J C

and by duality we get the same estimate for 1 < p < 2 and so for p = 2 by interpolation.

Let us prove (16). T h e set f~

{z:C~(fu)(t)>t}

is open. Given

aCSNft, S

the 1 dist(a, fU). By the support of #, let

D(a)

be the disc with center a and radius g

Besicovitch covering l e m m a f t A S can be covered by a family of discs

Dj=D(aj)

which is almost disjoint, t h a t is, such t h a t each point in the plane belongs to at most N discs

Dj, N

being an absolute constant. Notice t h a t then the family

{4Dj }

is almost disjoint too, because the discs

4Dj

are W h i t n e y discs, in the sense t h a t their radii are comparable to their distances to fU. This is one of the key facts in order to allow us to dispense with the doubling condition.

We are going to show that, given ~1>0 and 0 < a < 1, there exists 7=7(~1, a ) > 0 such that, for all j ,

(17)

#{z E SnDj: C~ (f#)(z)

> ( l + r / ) t and

M~(f21t)a/2(z)

< 7t} < ct/z(4Dj).

T h e n s u m m i n g over j ,

#{z E S: C~ (f p)(z)

> ( l + ~ ) t and

M~(f2 p)l/2(z) <_ 7t} <_ aNp(ft),

where N now stands for the constant of almost disjointness of {4Dj}. Choosing a so t h a t a N 89 we get (16).

Let us t u r n our attention to (17). Fix j and set

D=Dj, a=aj.

Assume, without loss of generality, t h a t there exists

bCS~D

such t h a t

M,(f2#)l/2(b)<_Tt.

Let w be

(11)

O n t h e T ( 1 ) - t h e o r e m for the C a u c h y integral 193

a point in fU such t h a t

Iw-al:dist(a, a ~)

and set

B : D ( w ,

9r), where r =

~l~-al

is the radius of D. Hence

DcA=--D(b, 3r)C4DcB.

Set

f l = f x B

and

f 2 = f - f l .

Then, for

zCD

and 6_>e,

a n d s o

1 fB If(01 d~(C)

1C8

(fl/~) (z) l = [Ca (xA f) (z) l§ r

<_ C~ (XA f)(Z) +CM(fp)(b) <_ C~ (xzxf)(z) +CTt,

ICa(f p)(z)l < ICa(fup)(z)l+C*(xz~f l~)(z)+C~/t.

To compare

Ca(f2#)(z)

with

Ca(f#)(w)

we use the standard arguments (see [D1]

oi" [D2]). We obtain

a n d

Therefore

I Ca ( f 2 # ) ( z ) - Ca (f2#)(w)] <

CM(fp)(b)

C*(f/~)(z) <_ C*(xAftx)(z)+(l+CT)t, z cD.

Now choose 7 so t h a t 2C~_<~] and let E be a "big piece" associated to the disc D and the n u m b e r 0. T h e n

* 1

#{z C D: C~ (f #)(z)

> ( l + r / ) t } _<

#( D\E)+ p{ z E E: C~ (xAf p)(z ) > 5rlt }

< Op(D) + ~ / A C f2 d#

< O#(D) § ~ # ( A ) M , C

(f2#)(b)

<_ (0+C('7/~1)2)#(4D) <_

o~#(4D)

provided 0 and 3' are chosen small enough so t h a t

O+C(~/rl)2<a.

3. Estimating analytic capacity from below

Let K be a c o m p a c t subset of C, G ( K ) its analytic capacity, a n d let # be a positive m e a s u r e supported in K satisfying

#(D)<_r(D)

for each disc D a n d c(#) < oc. T h e n for s o m e positive constant C one has [Me]

11~113/2

(~8) -y(K) _> C

(11~11-F- c2 (~)) 1/2"

(12)

The original proof of (18) is rather simple but relies on Garabedian's L 2 description of analytic capacity [G] and thus depends on complex analysis techniques. We give here a quick derivation of an inequality slightly better than (18) from the T(1)- theorem described in the preceding sections, using purely real variable methods.

Therefore the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral and (18) are equivalent state- ments. Similar arguments have been used independently by Tolsa in [T2] for other purposes.

Given a compactly supported positive measure #, set E ( # ) = f e

M#(z) d # ( z ) + ~ c.(z) d#(z),

where

4(z) f/o

z < c .

The quantity E(#) and the function

Mu(z)+e,(z )

seem to be appropriate candi- dates to play the roles of "energy" and "potential" associated to the kernel

1/z.

T h e o r e m .

For each compact subset K of the plane,

(19) 7 ( K ) > C sup{E(/z)-I : spttt

C K and Ibll

= 1}.

If # is a positive measure supported on K such #(D)<_r(D) for all discs D, then

( ~ ) E(l,) < II~ll+c0,)ll~ll 1/2 E ~ -i1,,112 _ ibll 2 -

and so (18) follows from (19).

Hl*lll/2+e(u) 11~113/2

Proof of the theorem.

Take a probability measure # supported on K with E(#) <oc. By Chebyshev there exists a compact subset J of K such t h a t #(J)_> ~, and

M#(z)<A

and

cu(z)<_A

fox" all

zcg,

where A = 2 E ( # ) .

Set ~'--~lJ. Then

11~11>89 u(D)<Ar(D)

for each disc D and (20) c ~ ( z ) < A , z E s p t u .

Clearly (20) gives (11) with p, replaced by u and therefore the Cauchy integral is bounded on L 2 (u) by the T(1)-theorem discussed in the previous sections. We wish now to have the weak L 1 inequality

(21) ~{z: IC~(~)l > t} _< ?11~11,

(13)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 195

w h e r e A is a n y finite m e a s u r e in the plane a n d C s o m e absolute constant.

This follows by standard C a l d e r d n - Z y g m u n d theory if p is doubling a n d by a simple a r g u m e n t found recently in [ N T V 2 ] in the general case. Dualizing the w e a k type inequality (21), as in IT3] or [VII, w e obtain that there exists a p-measurable function h, 0 _ ~ h < l , with ~(J)~_2fhd~ a n d ]C(hd~)(z)l~_CA , for each z E C \ d . Here C(h dr,) is just the locally integrable function (I/z)*h dp. Therefore, for s o n m absolute constant C

C C

7 ( K ) > A E ( # ) ' as desired. []

4. F a i l u r e o f t h e L ~ - B M O e s t i m a t e

W h e n p is a doubling measure the proof of the T ( 1 ) - t h e o r e m for the Cauchy integral is very simple, as showed in [V2] and [MV]. T h e reasoning goes as follows.

Fix a disc D and take a bounded, p - m e a s u r a b l e function f s u p p o r t e d on D. Because of (10) and (11) we get

IC~(f P)12 d# <- 2 ( f D ICe(f p)12 dp)l/2 (/C ICe(XDP)12 dp) 1/2

_}_ Ilflloo 2 / / / D 3 c2(z, w, () dp(z) dp(w) dp(()§

<_C#(D) 1/2 ICe(fp)12 d#) +Cp(D)III[IL

and so

(22)

with C independent of c.

fD lCe(f p)12 dp ~ cllfll~/z(D),

The above inequality and s t a n d a r d arguments show t h a t Cs m a p s L~

boundedly into B M O ( p ) and m a p s the atomic version of H i ( p ) boundedly into L l ( # ) (see [J, p. 49]). Interpolation between B M O and L ~ now gives t h a t C~ m a p s L 2 into L 2.

By B M O ( # ) we understand the space of locally integrable functions with re- spect to #, such t h a t for each disc D centered at a point in spt p one has

fD lf(z)-- fDI dp(z) ~ Cp(D),

(14)

C being a positive constant independent of D and fD -- p ( D ) f dp.

An a t o m is a # - m e a s u r a b l e function a, s u p p o r t e d on some disc D centered at a point in s p t p , such t h a t lal<p(D) -1 and f c adp=O. T h e atomic version H~t(# ) of H i is then the set of functions of the form

~ Ajaj, j-1

where aj is an a t o m for all j and ~ j oo i

I AjI<

oo.

W h e n the measure p is non-doubling one can still obtain (22) from the hypoth- esis of the T(1)-theorem, but we shall see t h a t (22) implies neither the L ~ - B M O nor the H~t-L i estimate. T h e example we shall describe is rather simple. In fact, the measure # will be the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure restricted to a certain subset of the real line.

Set I n 4 -2'~, n = 0 , 1, 2,..., and In : [An_l, 2 2An-l], 2

l r ~ = [1An_l, I~A n l_~An_l] , 2 1%=1, 2, 3 , . . . . Define # as the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure restricted to

( - 1 , 0 ) u L~u& .

Let Dn denote the disc of radius i gAn i centered at the point ~ An-i. T h e n the

function oo

h = ~ ( X l n --Xan)]~ n) \ /D "~--12--n n=l

lies in H~t (#). We claim t h a t

/] IC(h)(x)l

dx +oo,

1 where for f c L i ( R ) we write

[ ~ f(t) dt.

C ( f ) ( x ) = P . V .

J _ oc t--X

(15)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 197

Fix a positive integer n, and write IN = (a, b) and J~ (a,/3). Then

C(Xz,,)(x)-C(x&)(x )

=log b-~x - l o g / 3 - x > 0 for x_~ 0.

a - - x o ~ - - x

A simple computation gives

f

C ( x ~ ) ( x ) dz = jfb log 1+ ( 1-- ) t at > llog ( 1 + ~ / )

1

and

0 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

/_lC(X, )(x)ax=ff log

1+

dt<_llog I - F ~ ,

where

l=b a.

Since #(D~)NA2~_I, we conclude that

IC(h)(x)ldx>_C 2- 1og; ;11_

1 n = l

as claimed.

Thus 6" does not map Hit(#) into LI(/~), although it maps L2(#) into

L2(#).

To show that L~176 is not mapped boundedly into BMO(>) we resort to the most elementary fact concerning the duality between

H~t(i,t )

and BMO(#). Namely, given an atom a and a disc D as in the definition of atom, there exists a function b in L~(#), [tblloo=l, for which one has

lc IC(a)l d#= /c C(a)bd#= - /c aC(b) d# = - Jc a(C(b)-C(b) D) dp

<_ IC(b)-C(b).kd,.

Then the L~176 estimate would imply the

Hat-L

1 1 estimate, which fails.

Acknowledgement.

The author was partially supported by the grants DGES PB96-1183 and CIRIT 1996SGR00026.

(16)

R e f e r e n c e s

[D1] DAVID, G., Op6rateurs int6graux singuliers sur certaines courbes du plan com- plexe, Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. 17 (1984), 15~189.

[D2] DAVID, G., Wavelets and Singular Integrals on Curves and Surfaces, Lecture Notes in Math. 1465, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1991.

[D3] DAVID, G., Unrectifiable 1-sets have vanishing analytic capacity, Rev. Mat. Ibe- roarnericana 14 (1998), 369 479.

[DM] DAVID, G. and MATTILA, P., Removable sets for Lipschitz harmonic functions in the plane, Preprint, 1997.

[G] GARNETT, J., Analytic Capacity and Measure, Lecture Notes in Math. 297, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 1972.

[J] JOURNt~, J.-L., Calderdn Zygmund Operators, Pseudo-Differential Operators and the Cauchy Integral of Calderdn, Lecture Notes in Math. 994, Springer- Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1983.

[JM] JOYCE, H. and MORTERS, P., A set with finite curvature and projections of zero length, Preprint, 1997.

ILl Ls J.-C., Courbure de Menger et rectifiabilit~, P h . D . Thesis, Universitd de Paris-Sud, 1997.

[Ma] MATTILA, P., On the analytic capacity and curvature of some Cantor sets with non-or-finite length, Publ. Mat. 40 (1996), 127 136.

[MMV] MATTILA, P., MELNIKOV, M. S. and VERDERA, J., The Cauchy integral, analytic capacity and uniform rectifiability, Ann. of Math. 144 (1996), 12%136.

[Me] MELNIKOV, M. S., Analytic capacity: discrete approach and curvature of a mea- sure, Mat. Sb 186:6 (1995), 57-76 (Russian). English transl.: Russian Acad.

Sci. Sb. Math. 186 (1995), 82~846.

[MV] MELNIKOV, M. S. and VERDERA, J., A geometric proof of the L ~ boundedness of the Cauchy integral on Lipschitz graphs, Internat. Math. Res. Notices 1995, 325 331.

[NTV1] NAZAROV, F., TP~EIL, S. and VOLBERG, A., Cauchy integral and Calderdn Zygmund operators on nonhomogeneous spaces, Internat. Math. Res. Notices 1997, 703~726.

[NTV2] NAZAROV, F., TREIL, S. and VOLBERG, A., Weak type estimates and Cotlar inequalities for Calderdn-Zygmund operators on nonhomogeneous spaces, In- ternat. Math. Res. Notices 1998, 463 487.

IS] STEIN, E. M., Harmonic Analysis. Real-Variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J., 1993.

IT1] TOLSA, X., Cotlar's inequality without the doubling condition and existence of principal values for the Cauchy integral of measures, J. Reine Angew. Math.

502 (1998), 199 235.

IT2] TOLSA, X., Curvature of measures, Cauchy singular integral and analytic capac- ity, Thesis, Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona, 1998.

IT3] TOLSA, X., L2-boundedness of the Cauchy integral operator for continuous mea- sures, to appear in Duke Math. Y.

I V 1 ] VERDERA, J., A weak type inequality for Cauchy transforms of finite measures, Publ. Mat. 36 (1992), 1029-1034.

(17)

On the T(1)-theorem for the Cauchy integral 199

Iv2]

VERDERA, J., A new elementary proof of L 2 estimates for the Cauchy Integral on Lipschitz graphs, Manuscript from a lecture given at the Conference on Geometrical and Algebraical Aspects in Several Complex Variables ( Cetraro, 199~).

Received June 30, 1998 Joan Verdera

Department of Mathematics Universitat A u t 6 n o m a de Barcelona ES-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain

email: verdera@manwe.mat.uab.es

Références

Documents relatifs

For stable spaces (~hat is, for spaces isomorphic to its square) one has the following stronger result.. isomorphic for every

Last on the agenda, the Lasry-Lions approximates of functions f (defined on Hilbert space) which are locally convex up to a positive multiple of the square of

This test is related to other integral tests due to Benedicks and Chevallier, the former in the special case of a Denjoy domain.. We then generalise our test,

There exists a coarse moduli scheme M for the equivalence classes of semistable parabolic vector bundles (on an irreducible nonsingular complete curve X}.. of

We prove that, if 7 is a simple smooth curve in the unit sphere in C n, the space o pluriharmonic functions in the unit ball, continuous up to the boundary, has a

construct a reflexive sheaf from Y using the Serre construction, and then to describe this sheaf by means of a monad, where the family of monads involved

MANKIEWICZ, P., On the differentiability of Lipschitz mappings in Fr6chet spaces, Studia Math.. MANKIEWICZ, P., On spaces uniformly homeomorphic to Hilbertian Fr6chet

The following theorem implies Theorem 5 o f Rothschild--Stein [1] if one takes for Yi left invariant vector fields from the appropriate nilpotent Lie group...