• Aucun résultat trouvé

The many ways of coping with pressure

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "The many ways of coping with pressure"

Copied!
28
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00618586

https://hal.univ-brest.fr/hal-00618586

Submitted on 5 Sep 2011

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The many ways of coping with pressure

Philippe Oger, Mohamed Jebbar

To cite this version:

Philippe Oger, Mohamed Jebbar. The many ways of coping with pressure. Research in Microbiology, Elsevier, 2010, 161 (10), pp.799-809. �10.1016/j.resmic.2010.09.017�. �hal-00618586�

(2)

!"#$%

&'()(*!)$$+( ,$-***!"

#./#$%

0')!"#$%

-$$1-23013404 25 (/+$-.3$'$&$#./6*47 #$

&'()3013404 25(/+$-.3

$'$&$#./6*47 #$

38(/+$-.3$'$&$#./6*47 #$

4 -#$

#&$9 ,

!)$$+

0$')4 4!"

: ;3

/!"$<*1#$2 .9=." 8

6 /

* 6 /

*

(3)

+$4>""$8.$"7 18?7@@2$>"$41AA2 +8>$4<484$4?>""8 7 $>$84B$1:**%!4-**6%$

**6%) **2 A>4"8>$<>>

4$$8844$>AA

+ > $4" $? " $$ $8$ ?4 $"

8>">484 $.$4>>"4$4

?".$ :$$$8$"8>"?"$

:$1C/62 3>4$4?"$88 4""0<84A" ?"$4

""4$>$48 0 +$"8$8?8$ 1D"

/62$ ?>8<84 1(4 **62 C>80">448$$

88$.$.1:+?**%C //62

+.

+>88"$$$>>*** 448**

*1$+"/62 3$<$4*

$$4.8$1#42 +88.$$$

>$AA +">"8"$.$$$$$8"47

> 3$4$>4$E&$>$

1*.**24$$$<4>. E& +$$$7"

$?84"4F8$$4$"$"48$4"$

.8 +4.$$<$8"" 3

6 /

*

6 /

*

6 /

*

(4)

$4.8"$"$ E&?. +.

44>84$84$8

$? 3$?<" "4$$4"4$4$A&A

1,;A **%0 **6%? //2 +8$<48 848$$$?>$$?8$4$$?" :.

""4 +.>$/4 8"$$8$$4$1& //2 +">>

4"4$"""$$8"8

$844$8 -$48""$"0>$

?"".4$4$<"1-A88/6%04 //2 :4$"">>>4."$1,-//2 +$8$>4$884 G$84>4 4"$$4>4>48$$$

$1, **2

&$4488 E&8 1+? **62$

*E&448$484$$ ?

>4><$844$7.$$$

41#42 &$4488 $ *.*8 1H **/248.>44$$4$ ?>4$

44$8$7 -F"848$$??

$?>4$ * 1C //62 04<

4$"84$84>848$

4<"44$48$"4$

$"$8$$01C //62 +$44*F8

$0>*F8"4$8

+88$8"$4$"

4 88$ $$ I4 $ $ 1 2 $ 1 2 4 +8"44"!&J;$>$

$$848I44>$$44

6 /

*

6 /

*

6 /

(5)

$$$8>$44 1)**2 #

<8$$$" 48−*$***.8""

48**4 C?>8 4$>4

$$4448$$ 4$4"0 8 * ** )4$ 4 " $ $4 $ 88$

$84$$$ +$4$48>$4

$41$$2>"4$48$$414$$$

"$$24"444G 4$"$8 4$44$48$4"484$"$ 1-" **2 1#42

'4$$$9AA7,':"$?$$4<

4 4 :$I4$,':7"$

4 4 $"8$K$K$ "

$88$41$**2

!" 9!$4$44 +

$"$<"<$"888

$488$$84$ $ 4$"$$8$?1#42 :$I4$>$4 ."84"$">$4.

$>$84$8>?1C>?**/2

9 4$ 4$4 4

$$4 $ )" > 4$ 4$"

$$8 :>4"48AA A>8$>488$88$4$">$"$

+484$>4$1-" **%'**2

&9)4$"$4><$8488$4 84$1#42912884">$>4$8 8"1284$$$"1287"$84$12

6*

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66 6/

/*

/ / /

/

/ / / /6 //

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

(6)

8$4$$4$ >$>4"$4448

$"888 :<84$487

$4127$4$" 1:**%-**2

7"8"$4

3."$4$8<$"48$4$

3$88>

88$"4"$44$4 +$7 18?7@@2 7>4

* 3"487848$8<$

**8$ 7$4$448 4$4.$"4.8$

44 +">"8$$1:A?**2 3/6 48 D"87+8 "$$

$48$"88+$1D" /62 3

**/8$"$7 &A>8 :7"8<81H **/2 )+.&A

>4$ *E&/6E&$" '$>4>

I4*>$>4<$** )$8+.

7$$1+2 +<$8&A"$$

L.$12$" +"87

>4AA"48$"87>

$487AA$484 +

$<">4AA792#"4

<$88$$" 1& **2%20<AA

$8$1MN4///2%2:4$48$44AA 4$47$71&4?4-//2

*6

*/

*

6 /

* 6 /

*

(7)

34AA$44$484"88$4$

$"4" :4 $ 8 $ ! ." 84$" 1" 84"

24$$?8$4 1C>?**/2 07"$$

"$">4 )4$$>;$"4$84$

"" 10("&$4**/2 4

"7"$$>4$444$

48$ :8*H->7"$>"AA 4<8>$>"1H/%

H/2 3$4$$$"8"*F8$"

+>84<$** +"4 /*F88$*14 /2 )$88$84"4$4$8$"

"$$""$$$8$$>$$

"8"4<88>4$77 #48<<$">4 >

*>$48$4>4

8<8>$$4$88$84"84

!>4"$4"$88$$1C

>?**/24$84""$$?88"$"$ +8$8$

AA>+8$1**E&2848.6E&

$4 ,.$484$"4>

4 " $ 8 44 8" $ 3 8$ ,! D"

$>8"448"$8 .$81,D"/6/62 .".44 8"$$84""$44$4.$?

8"." )4484>448"$$

4" :8*** 4.4<8 1". &: 42 >$ $" $4 $ 8 44 8" $ 1# **2 D<4 44 1*244.48

6 /

* 6 /

*

6 /

*

(8)

4$44$13>

**2 37 ! ))/:$4$8 .".448"$$>4.48$"

>>44".448"$I48AA>1:

- **% : ///% O77 **2 : 7 ,-+.1 @*2 ),-+.1 @6*2$

8.448"$&69$$$192$"$ >

"8 "81M //6%' //62 +4 8"8$88>>4 '8"$"$7 +$$>"

4888<8$;8"$" C$$$44 48.448"$78".448"$

$8 3 4 4 $ " 8 8 3$84>AA."

$$$$$"8"$.$ 1, D"/62 +$8$?>AA>44"$8 8<$4

3"$""84.

4 " 4. AA 8$" AA 4$ $.$ >$

8484$8$?4 $

$84.4"AA$? 3 "$"

4$"$4.44AA<4>$$4$

I4$?""$"1# **2 >

77"7$))/8!8 4.46$* 388"<4.

4 * $ > $ 8 6 1& **2 A>

">"84.4$448

$7""$ +44.4$<

77K7>"$88$"8 K +488"4;"

6 /

* 6 / 6*

6 6

6

6 6 6 6 66 6/

/*

/ / / / /

(9)

>$$"$4$"I4

+ P7 $8$ Q " 4 >88 >" + $> >4 8$8$87>4848.

78>$>$48"?>AA> 3$>>4$

$8$"<874AA>4<44 4$8>$?>AA>$4$4 +8>7

$844AA>4<

+$8P7$Q>>88474$

! $ +I4$"?$8$?

87">$$44$$74$4 $48$

. C$4$4B88$>

48$.$"8 ,.$">>

$?84$8>48$ 1& **%G4 **/2 +

$84$>,':." "$$8

> $<" $ > .$" > 8 $ " >

C8><$ $48$K$4$

88$8"$.$$$>88$$$88>

>$"?AA1G4 **/2 A$$$84AA I484$>4< 38 $?8O$,':".

$48$>$848$

8$1,! **2

8"4<8AA$8$<"844"8"

$87$ ,)) ,-* 1M //2 ,))"$$8$47$$4>848("4?"4+$1*

2 ,))">486E&48*$>8*

6

/ / /6

//

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*6

*/

* 6 /

*

(10)

* ,-*7">*6E& 3>?>

"$$""$4 37$

<>48$""$$$8>?

8"$441MN4///2

+>AA.4$$78> +$$

&",>$>>I48"8$"$$<8

$8$"$1M //2 +$"$$<8,))

"4AA>$1+ //62 +>$."$"$"$.

$.<$4""* $"1N4 //6%D ***2 7$$84$$."I4<>$<"4 AA $ > $"$ $ < $" " * 1N4 //62 +

$4$8$"$8 4>"$4>8

$784 1MN4///2 :>4"$

7"$<':,A."$.$<$"$$<>$

$"$"$$$$ :4"$

7" $< $4 ':,A." .4 $"$ $.

<7"I4< C 448""7$

"8$$>4AA$4 A>>

4.4$8$4$

+$<8>.$4448$!

))/>$84.4>$1- /6/2 +>>$

A844 :$!><>

4 A<"<64))/>4>!8"

<* 1C$-//2 A484$44.

4$>$?<4$4$<

)4I4 4 8 " +<( +<)

$44AK!4 88"8 4A" +<(4$>$$"

4"+<)$"4$$"$,': + +<(K)>.$""4$ :"(4>8$

/

6

/

* 6 /

*

6 /

*

(11)

4>.<8"(K)"4.> 34

"#444$>484.

+48A+<(4I4884$

44"8"#4<"4"$ 3 8"(K)"8))/$4$8 4 +48"$744AA$

"+<(K)4"8

+<888>84 88"$

84$8AA"4K$<<

$"44$4>$"< #48$8"4

<8;$8888$$"8">

84$87""4$4""AA #$$

"$4>*$"

4 3$48(':>488$4 4$ +47$"

8B48<8

+84$4<8<8 $4

1& **%) **%O77 **2 388$>

AA>4<$448$"$$>448

> 3$$48444$$" (4$

$"$4$84848<>"84

$"7 37 ))/

>$>88$"64$4"$ 3$

486* 4.4848>

$$486 1& **2 +B"84.

*

6 /

*

6 /

*

6 / 6*

6 6

(12)

4 $7""$8 4$ 384.8

$9GM$0!4.4$4$

87$$4I48$8$$"* 4"

784 +<8))/* $$7"4.48 ,': $ 4$ 8 "$"$ >"

8""8>.?>" +!

))/>41* 2841284$8 ))/47

+88$4AA87"8$$

4$$ +"84AA4"

8$ )8>84$4 $ $ 4 4 " 8 7 ) >

7 10("&$4**/2 +"8>48$4 7" 8 7 3 "$ 7

$ 4AA4$$

$"8$B487$48>" 1$

&?//2 +.""87

"88$**87(81M

**/2 )"M&:+KM $"87"8"84$$>48 7"87>$88714?

**284"8.4$48"$44$>

7$"

+$">$8$84$4487

"844"8$48>$$77

"71&4?4-//2 +4"8284$$>

$88))-8.8))-87$+//8

*.8))-872K4>$88

$8*8))-87 8))-8<"

6

6 6 6 6 66 6/

/*

/

/

/ / / / / /6 //

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*6

*/

*

(13)

7$) +//24$"$$ 3>4$

<.?12 <.71"$244$ 8<"8))- 8 +//

$"4AA1&4?4-//2 +"4"

"$44"$$$4$$"8AA1("

//2

84$4>4<$AA 3

$$I4$"88$$">$$"

"AA$ *>,':"$"$?8>$ * 1D"//2 +"$<4$4$8(':$4

!4$4>"8$8$8AA1!4 **2 3">$>$8I4$<6/8 )$4>8L.$ +4<"

784$44AA +$8$"88484

>$8$8"$$L.$77

+88487AA8$44$8 4$4< 384"48$

">>84AA>I4 4$4$ :88<877

$8$8$84$84$44 8$I4$8AA888$$"84AA.4$$8

$>$84>4" 04?"

?"44$+"$$ A

">4$$"88$8>

$$"4 :$"$44$4 88$$>$"$$44$

$44 +$4$4

$$44>.$4.>""$4$A AA 1D$" **2 + 4 $ " 4

6 /

*

6 /

* 6 /

*

(14)

""484$4 +$"88>$$$9

$1"$R.4S.4'.$".S."2'.".44

$1 "$$"<T+:U2$

"<"$ "484 4 1"48 "48$2%

$"$4$$14$2$$14$4$24 14$""$ ""$ 4$""$2 " 1"$ 2 $"$ 1. . .210&**%C **2 )4> #<

"$84888$""$$4$$

84?"". 4$

48?10&**2 $"

4 1 7>$ $? $2 "$ A 4 $ " 1

""$. .."$?"2"$

>4$4" +48$P$4Q8

$4$$$44"$$>44$7"$"

1->/2 "84$4$$$$"

<$8$$<"$41D$"**2

""84$7$$44$412

$$44>$"7$$10&**%)

&**%)!I4//62 )$AA74$48$$4"

<$$4"AA$

C"$4$"$48788$8"$

4$"$$4$"?"$$ D$"$>?>

$"+:4$$$$>"

$>>$1# **%G //%M"D$"///2 )$

"$>D$"$>?4+:4$4$

AA88$ 3!))/$$$448"4"$$

41* 2>>4162$8"$$44S."<"4"S.

"<"4" A$ P7"Q 8 4 $$44 AA 1 **2 ($" > $ 8 "$

7$$$44""$"4

6 /

* 6 /

*

6 /

*

(15)

$$44>.$>AA1&442 C"

$$444AA 7"4$8 '<

8""8P7"Q$4$88$8AA C$?847"$$447 G$$"

$484$">"AA 3844>$4$444.>88$4$

874>$4$88<8"

$88$AA>

+8$"4<$7$8$

"$4$4. :"$>AA I4B4$88>8>>"8""

4"48I4.$$ A>>>?>I4 +$48$I4$87$>

>$888AA +$$4 88>8"48I4$ ) " < 4 " 8" AA.$8$ 4 # 8 4"$ **>88$"4"I4"

4$4">?>">>8 +>"

?>44$487KK(':K,':$

A$"$$8$4$44" )$"

71 2"71! ))/@6 G0@*24<" 3<$4$48$I4 8$"$ *8<I48+

&A446* +$$$"8

$487"$"4 8 "7 8 4 #4 ! ))/ "$

$4 : 4 $ $ "$ 88$

$4 :4$>$AA4 3AA$?

6 /

6*

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66 6/

/*

/ / / / / / / /6 //

(16)

"8$.$? 34AA))/

"?""$" )"8 AA"?"

"4

+>?"8>4"8&'()4$"G00V8 (4$& $+$I41(&+28&'()8( 4+$

A48&'()8:'(P4&$4.4&$4Q +>?

"8>4"&'()+W;4 4$$

10)(2+34#X($$4;0<1382A4&4 1A&2.4OA&.#&&$"0

**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*6

*/

(17)

!

:# ** 0<888$8"$4$>""49

$87"" -$ -$ -$ 9.

:# A?M ** +$$87 +-$ /9*.*6

:0 0 -, A ** )4$448."448"$"

8.$4 !))/ $"69/*./

:0 0 #$$, -, A /// 444"448"$I48

>8.$4 !))/4>4 : 0

$ 9*.*

: +? : ** 0< 8 448$ $" $

$ /9.

-" & A M ** A 4 88$ $ $$49 8 4$4

$8$4$ -$ -" :$/9.*

- : A88) 0 /6 )4"$8 88 !80 - 9.

-, C D": : ) /6/ 384""$4 .$4 '49.

-, A ** 488$$$ -$ -" :$/9.6 ->: , / $> -$ (>*96*.6

&) O77: O4' !4# ,;: )# &: $G - G OG -, A ** !"84

! -&G 9

&4?4! ' -, A // 3$$78$..,':.

(18)

1))-2884 88448>

$"9.

& ," G! 0 A7( -( GM C, -:

&M O+ // )4G8 )$$*9*.*6

,;A) (48) )$?: ** $$"8448$8. )$$

/9*.**

,3 C( ** 88$"44.$ & )$

( 966.6

,!0 # & $+ ($O A) #' 7: )4 - 0>

( -- ( &) C M, ** &4"$8$

$; )$$9/.*

, 0 # D" : : /6 : 8 . 8 . $4 $

"$.4 )$$69*.*

,0 # D": : /6 -$$84$$$8$$8$.

?" : 0 $ 9*.

, C - : // ,.?9C>448$ G$ &$ :$

9/.*

0 ("&$4 3 **/ A4$87"9:> 07 $ +$ 9.

0' & ) ** ,""8$4"K 3

$ /9//.*

0- HYM C8! MZ?- G: &"?A +4+ '?>) 3?#

! : )4- **6 #48$$$44$$>

G$ 9.

04G ("$: ! G8": 4 ( &4- ?"# - : O

(19)

-G $' ( 4, // >"$$8 ." :$ $ *96./

# - ,$+ M& M4$0 ** G$<

$"$4 #0-)! 9.*

# & A4A : A ( M& D$" A ** 4

"O$"9$>" & - 9.*

G - )4? ( )# D$" A // 08"<4$8.

89:.4[ 0< H /96./

G4M O :8?, : M$' : **/ $448"$$8 49"888$ -&G *9/

3>A 340 M>0 ** :8 "$

4$4> #0-)! /96.6

$A C +"& , /6 ,.$" :4 ( $ 696.

M( )+ +A M& **/ 7..""8 7 ,-+. 8 ***. 8 $ -$

-$ -$ 9.

M& !! 'D '?4D +? A?M //6 0<"$$8 +$&,8*** : 0 $ 9*.

M& 4' A?M // 8"$$88.

8374.-+$ -$ 9/.//

M& N4 A /// 4.7$$ $ $ -$

96./

M& )+ A?M // 38$$8.

4 - & 9./

6

(20)

M & + A 3?: ( A? M // 8 8

$4,))$"> ,9$",84$I48$"

4 -$ *9*.*

M"( A D$" A /// A$8"<$>.8

?$$4$ - -4 /96.

!4 O / 34$$.:"$44" -$

-" :$/9*.

!4# -, A **6 ?"$8" 0<9.

!4# &( : -?! 0 D": : -, A ** +4I4)(':8 78$"" : 0 $ 966.6

$( - ** +$84$$$"$4 -$ -" :$

/9.

, , -, A ( # ** )4$$44.$4

! 0<9*.

( I4( 0 / !8$"44 '49.

$ & &?, ) // 4.$$""8"$8.

: 0 $ 9/6.//

$& -, A :: 12**6 A4$" :)C, &

( D H& 0 / 088$8"$44$$$""

-$ 96.

4?& 0 +) .3 G??M '?M M& ** &$$78

"84$8.$ -$

'D A") M& A?M ** % 7$$8 .8+$ 3 )" 0 $ 9.

/

(21)

'D A") M& A?M ** 7$$4 88+$ 3 )" 0 $ 9*.

'D M& A?M //6 +<$48.$$8 :$ $ *9.6

'D M& A?M ** 7$$48

$.+$ 3 )" 0 $ 9.

', - ** 088$847"$$" -$ -" :$/9./

( $?"- *** (>$4.

$988$><.".$ : 0

$ 96/.6

?( &- : -) G88 GM ($ : #" & C: A"

) // ,.$$8$$ '49*.

4M ! ( D / 088$8"$444?8$

"8$4""$$$4 -$ *696.6

N4 A M& A?M //6 48$8>4.4$."$"$8.

$$4 ,-.# #0)$ ! 9*.*/

(4 0 G &.- : N44 & - : C G 4 , ? ( **6 0<4..8 )$$*9*.*

("& : A$?: !) ' M 0 V ?" ! // 088$8$

44 4 4 8 "$$$ 4$ " 84$$ 4$

$$$$" -$"95

)A & ) ** & 48 0

$ 9*.*/

) # & ) !4 # O77 : ,;: O4 ' O G - , A **

7$9$8> -$ 9.

*

(22)

) : !I4) //6 488$88 &9/.

6

)! ** 4.48$4 -$$-"$:$/9./

+?M '?4M +?+ +4 "7? "7? A"A '?>) '44+

A? M **6 & 8 E& $" " &A 4$""$

4.4$4 $ ' :$ )$ ):*9*//5*/

+?M "7? A"A '?>) N44 G8": **/ 3"$

$$7 8 > 7$ $ $4 8 . "

$" 0 $ 9/6.//

+ A M & A? M //6 4.4 " " $4 ,)) -$--"9.*

O77: &) ,;: )# O4' !4# &: $G ) - &' (4& -, A O G ** !8 9 ! I4$<" )$$*9/.

C$+ -, A // 3$$784$48!4.4 .?8.$4 $))/ -$ 69*.*

CC - &, & CC //6 ?"9+4B" $ ' :$ )$ ):

/96.6

C( >?& **/ 088$84 )8 9.

C& ( /6 -$4 $ ( 9.

C -0 &?! ' M\( - A+ )! + **

4"$4$$44"$ & -$ " *9.*

D '?M +A M& ( A?M *** 4484

$"$$.7$$4 -$ 69/./

*

(23)

D$" A ** $"$$$4$$"$"

0< - *696/.6*

D": : /6 04$$$88.$$ $ ' :$ )$ ):69/./

D": : ,7: ) O<( /6 "$$48$ $ ' :$ )$ ):69.

D": : 0 & // :4"888$8"$4$$4"

-" /9.

HV - .! #4I4D &?G N44 &.- .:

VV 4, **/ &A7$"9<44.

488 3)0 96.6

H& 0 &: - / G>4$8 $"$

4 -$ 696.

H& 0 &: - / #8"$"$4 -$

69*./

H& 0 ( D / $$. -$ 9.6

(24)

Hot vent

Mid Ocean Ridge

Magma Oceanic crust

(27/32 MPa/km)

Sediments (15/25 MPa/km)

Continental crust (27/30 MPa/km) Ocean

(10 MPa/km) Upper limit of the deep biosphere

Lower limit of the deep biosphere 0

2

4

6

8

km

Drill vessel

Cold seep 2

5 4

6 1

3

Subduction

Figure 1 : Schematic transversal section of the earth highlighting the different deep-biosphere settings. 1 : deep-sea; 2 : deep-sea hydrothermal vents; 3 : deep-oceanic crust; 4 : sedimentary sub-seafloor; 5 : deep-sea cold seep; 6 : continental deep-biosphere. The red and blue lines represent the temperature and pressure limits for life respectively. Solid lines highlight which parameter is limiting the depth of the deep-biosphere.

The upper dashed red line symbolizes the 10MPa arbitrary upper limit of the deep-biosphere.

(25)

A

fluid rigid

©P

B

multimer monomer

©P

C

native unfolded

©P

Pro

GG A

A G U CG U A A C CU G U U C G C A A G C C U C U A 5' 3'

LysArg Pro Val Met

U UC Pro

GG A A G U CG U A A C CU G U U C G C A A G C C U C U A G C UG

3' 5'

G CG ©P

E

Translation No Translation

©P D

mobile non-mobile

Figure 2 : Examples of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on cells and cellular components.

A : lipids in membranes; B : multimeric protein assemblages. C : Protein structure; D : cellular motility;

E : protein translation by ribosomes.

(26)

c- 552 bc1 Complex c- 551

NADH- DEHYDROGENASE Cytochromec Oxidase

{outside}

{periplasm}

{cytoplasm}

NADH2

NAD+

2H+

e- 2H+

2H+

2H+

QH2

2H++O2 H2O

Q-

e-

Respiratory chain at 0.1 MPa

-,

NADH- DEHYDROGENASE

{outside}

{periplasm}

{cytoplasm}

NADH2

NAD+

2H+

2H+

QH2

Q-

Respiratory chain at 60 MPa

Quinol Oxidase c-551

2H++O2 H2O

O2

Figure 3 : Structure of the low- and high-pressure respiratory chains in S. benthica (redrawn from Kato and Qureshi, 1999)

(27)

+9&4$K4$4""$4

$ 4$12 (8$

" * 1I4/2

)4

13"$"2 1!4/2

& *.* 1H&//2

G> * 1D"//2

,':$ * 1D"//2

+ * 1D"//2

+$ 1D"//2

O" ** 1$?"***2

(28)

+9M>$47

) !$8 G>

4 (8$

+ +$1:2

* *.*

1@*2 1D"/62

-'! ]*.[[ 1,/662

% DG +$

6

*.6*

1@*2

1' **2

% *6 +:G8:$(

*

.]*

1@2

1+? **/2 MG+1+"2 +$1)2

*./*

1@*2

1' **2 +*1+"2 +$1)2

*.]*^

1@*2

1' **2 ,-+. &,

*6/6

*.**

1@6*2

1M //62 ,-* ("4?4+$

*

*.]*^^

1@*2

1M //2 ,-* )44-"

6

*.]*^^

1@*.*2

1M //2 ,-/* $1.2

/ *.]*^^^

1@*.*2 1M //2 ,-* +$1.2

*.]*^^^

1@*2 1M //2 ,-+. &,

*6/6 *.]**

1@*2 1M //62 ,-( 374.-+$

// *.]6*

1@*2 1M //2 ,-# 374.-+$

// *]6*

1@*2 1M //2 &A :7:$(

** *.*

1@2 1H **/2

^9>$*E&%>$E&9*.]*1@*2%>

$E&9*.]*1@*2

^^9),-*,-*"<7$>E&

^^^9),-*,-/*"<7$>*E&

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to