• Aucun résultat trouvé

A PET investigation of lexicality and phonotactic frequency in oral language processing

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "A PET investigation of lexicality and phonotactic frequency in oral language processing"

Copied!
17
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

&# ' ( ) '# " * + , * ' ) $ "#- . / +'0 1 -/ +, # "2 3 # !" #$%&' (( ) !& !" !* ) ! + #$ , - (../01 , (../01 , (...01 ) , 2 (..3' ) #4 $ , $ (...04 " , (..30" , 5 (..('!& ) ! # ' ) ) #4 !(...01 , (../ (...01 !(..3'! .) ) #6 7 * , 6 7 (..806 7 , ) (..9'! & #4 !(...01 , (../'!+ # ' ) #4 , 6 (.:90 , $ (../0; , (..:01 (..3'!" !< 1 #(...' !& !"

(2)

!+ 1 #(...' ! = !& !; ) !* ! + ) ! ! ) #5+ >>?8/' #5+ >(' #5+ >@?83' #5+ 8. ' #5+ 9:?93' #5+ /?.?(@'0 #5+ >@?83' #5+ 8.'#5 !(...05 " A , (..:0 BC !(..>0BC $ * , (..90" !(..>0$ ! (..:0$ !(..:0 5 A , * >@@@'!& ) ! < ) ) ) ) ) # 77 , (../0B 4 & " , B (..:0B A 7 , (..90 B , 1 (../0" , 4 (..@0" , 77 (..(02 $ , " (..30 , * >@@(0 , " (..>0 , 4 (.//0* , (./8 (./30* , (./9'!& #!!" , 4 (..@02 !(..3'! ) ! $ # 7 (..30$ < , 1 & (...0A , A (..@0 (../'! #5 !>@@@0" ! (..30* !(..('!& =& #5 !(...0BC !(..> (..9' D E #$ !(..:0 !>@@@' #" !(..>'! + !! ? ! F ! $ !#(..:'5 !#>@@@' !+ 5 ! $ ! #AG<' !5 5 ! )

(3)

! + !< !* #" !(..>' !& !< ! & ! B !* ) !< !" ) ! & !B D E !" #5 , " (..905 4 & ) * , 7 (./:0& F , (./3'! ! !#>@@@' !& # ' ) # ' ) # '!& ! 7 !#(..8' ) #& ' ! & & !" ! " 7 ! 5 !#>@@@' ) !* ) ! ) !< ! < $%& !& = !

(4)

! + !* !! ! & !! ! + !+ $%& !1 #(../ (...' !< !* ) ) ! & # ' # ) ) ) ' ) # '! # ' # ' ! ! " # $"% " 4 % ) ) # (/H>I ' % J K !; ! # 5 & =/@ /@ /@ !% 1 1 !& ) 1 1 #!! ?L ? ?L??L ?? ? ? ? '!G ) 1 1 #!! ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? '! ) !& & 5 M#/ # 6 7 (..@'!& ) !& !& 1 1 ) ) #>(@: !(8/'8#( (I/'N>((!8 O!@@@( #>>.8 ! (I9'8#( (I/'N8>@!. O!@@@(0

) #>(@: !>>II'8#( (I/'N!I9. N!9:

#>>.8 !>89I'8#( (I/'N@!@. N!3:!

!

& !+

(5)

+ !& = ! ) #(@I. !(@:: '8#( (I/'O( N!:/ ! #(@:: !(@3. '8#( (I/'O( N!8.! %)$ #$ & < ! >@@@' $ ! !% >@ >@ >@ ! 0 !< !< ! 5 P ) ) 0 P %)$ !< 9 !& !5 !& ! - - # #

$%& &<.I( A (:?8( 8B !& P

#& +' ! >@) :/4 !& #6 , * (..I' (> !% = 8@) .@) !& #">(IG' (@ ! #>>> 5 ' I >@ !& !B " # =!I ? ' !% # ' (@ ! #& B # $ ..0 * B ; < ; J2' +& +5 # < ! +'! ) ) ) ! $%& # !(..I'! < 5 ;<" $)>@

& & #(.//'! $%&

4 (: ! 9# - ++ # # # QAR ! Q R' #!! Q* R Q";R Q ;R'!; ) #!! '= ! ) Q* !";R ! Q* ! ;R ! Q"; ! ;R!& #" , (../' $ .. ((

(6)

!& ) # , $ (..>' $%& !< ! + $%& ) !5 ) +; G1+ !& = ! #* QA ! R' #"; QA ! R' # ; QA ! R'!& = ! ) #A Q* !";R' ! ) #A Q* ! ;R' ) ! ) #A Q"; ! ;R'!& = ! ) # Q* !";R' ! ) # Q* ! ;R' ) ! ) # Q"; ! ;R'!& # ' ) ) ) ! + #* ,"; , ; QA ! R' #A , Q* !";R0A , Q* ! ;R0A , Q"; ! ;R' !& $ #&' !@@( #:S (!8('!< # O!@I' !& # ''!@@( #:S(!8(' !& #" !(..>02 " 7 * ) 4 , " (../0$ $ , A (.// (./.0$ !(..: (...' #5+ >>?8/' #5+ >(' #5+ >@?83' #5+ 8. ' #5+ 9:?93' #5+ /?.?(@' #5+ >@?83' #5+ 8.' #5 !(..: (... >@@@0BC !(..> (..90" !(..>0$ !(..:0$ !(.// (./.0$ * , (..90$ !(..9 (..:0 !>@@@'! " # 1 # # ## !& +;G1+ ! + ! #(>.3 !(9:I '8#( (('NII!.: O!@@@( !

#(9:I !(I8( '08#( (('N:!88 O!@I!+ #

=!.I'!+ #!.. !!.:'8#( (('N>9!>3 O!@( #!.: !!.('8#( (('N(.!9: O!@(! ;-# ## & =A ! & Q* #A ) 'R, Q"; #A ) 'R, Q ; #A ) 'R 5 # '!& #5+ 9?:' #5+ >>?9>' !+

(7)

!+ ) =

#5+ 93' 5 P #5+ 8>'!

# & ( $ ( !8I> 8I8!'

& Q* # )A'R, Q"; # ) A'R, Q ; # ) A'R # O!@I

' #5+ .?(@?(('

#5+ (@' #5+ /' #5+

>(' #5+ 8.'

#5+ (.' #5+ (.' #5+ 3'!#

& ( $ ( !8I> 8I8!'

=* ! ) & QA #* )";'R, Q #* ) ";'R 5 !; !+ O!@@( # ' = #5+ 8/' #5+ 83?>@' # & >'! & QA #"; ) * 'R, Q #"; )* 'R # O!@I ' #5+ >>'!# & 8 $ > !8I> 8I8'! =* ! ) & QA #* ) ;'R, Q #* ) ;'R 5 ! ; !+ O!@@( # ' = #5+ >@?83' #5+ 93 5+ (@'# & >'! & QA # ; ) * 'R, Q # ; ) * 'R ! =" ) ! ) & QA #"; ) ;'R, Q #"; ) ;'R 5 !; # '!& QA # ;)";'R, Q # ; )";'R!

(8)

:# 4 # # - # # + 2 # + 7 2 # 2 # + 7 2 # - ++ -" #) # " #) # 1 # # # ) 3 : # 1 # # # ) 3 : # 9 < # # < 9 $ H:I 8 (8 9!3>T H(: 99 >. 9!(@ T #5+ 9 :' HI8 )I >> 9!9IT #5+ .' HI8 H/ 8> 9!9IT H>> I. (3 8!38 T < HI3 >( H. (!9ITT #5+ (@' #5+ 93' H8> I9 H8 8!// T $ A I@ H(9 8> :!>>T #5+ (@?((' #5+ 9 :' A >/ 8( 98 >!:3 T < A >/ )(8 (9 9!(/T #5+ /' H:I HI / I!>9T HI( H>@ H(3 8!>( T #5+ >>' #5+ >(' H:. H(3 : 9!(:T < H8/ H3@ >3 I!I3 T #5+>>?9>' #5+ 8.' :. : I 9!38T H99 H/( (@ 8!/( T A #5+ >>' #5+ (.' H(@ >8 8> >!8@TT A 9@ H3: >/ 8!9/ T #5+ 8>' #5+ (.' & A / H>( H> 9!.>T A 9/ H3. (( 8!/( T H9 H:( H(3 I!@8T #5+ (.'

H(> HI3 H(9 9!I3T $ A #5+ 3' > HI9 9@ 8!9>

T A >/ H:8 H(I I!9(T (> H:8 H(I 9!>8T # # : # + ) 2 2# + # # # 2 2# - # # +2 # + 7 2 # 2 # + 7 2 '= + - >9= - ) 3 -- + # :## # # : ) #) # ?? @ A B + - - # > @@ A < ! * ! 1 # # # # # 2 # # # 5 *

(9)

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

(10)

5 P ) !& #5 !>@@@0 V 2 , >@@('! & -) ) !& ) !< ) ) #!!5 !(...'!& D E ! 1 # # # # # 2 ) # ++ * ! !" ) ! !& ) ) !& 5 !P #>@@@' !& #5 (... >@@@0BC !(..90" !(..>0$ !(..:0$ !(.// (./.0$ !(..9 (..:0 !>@@@'! #5+ >@?83' !" =B 0 !& ) !& ) ! G ) !+ !< 5 !#(...' ) # ' !+ !& !& ! 1 # # # # # 2 2 # + 7 ++ A !& ) !* # &4' !

(11)

" !& !* !& !& ) ) 0 : (( &4!+ (( ! " &4 W 5 !1 #(...' !& ) !A ) &4 ) &4 !& ) &4 !* &4 W $ !#(..9' !& !< !" ! ) 0 ! !< ! &4 !" &4 ! + &4 !& ! ! &4 ! + !< 1 #(../ (...' !&

(12)

&4!& ) ) ) #& 5 , >@@@0& , (../0U U G , G (..I'!" &4 ! ! + !" ! 1 #(../ (...'!& &4 ! & &4 !" &4 W + &4 0 !& !< &4 #4 !(..80" !>@@(0* 2 , ;XXX (..:0 * !>@@('!& " !& 1 < < 0 1 ! < %A$ # &4' ) 1 1 !& &4 !& ) !+ ) ! 5 &4 W+ ) &4 ) ! B !#(..3' 3 ) ) !& ) !& ! !#(...' #

& & ' &4 )

) * P

(13)

& & 0

&4

! <

& & !& !#(...' &4

) !& &4 ! < !* ! &4 !* ) ! # # # # # + - - # 2 2# - # # + - 2 2 # +# + # # :# 1 # # # # # # # * # (9; # 1 # # # + - - # 2 # + 7 2# - # 2 +# 5 # +# + # # :# 1 # # # # # # # * # (9;

(14)

"(" " " 5 &! !, " J!#>@@('!B =$ WE # +( -# '# # I:/HI.(! 5 * !, " B!#(..9'!* W$ # ? >>8H>I:! 5 6!A! 6!+!" &!+!5 $!!!A ! !, A!* !#(...'! =+ A< !E # + F /@H.8! 5 6!A! 6!+!" &!+!5 $!!! 6!+!2 6!;!, $ %!&!#>@@@'!" ! # ) I(>HI>/! 5 6!A! 6!+!" &!+!A ! !, A!* !#(..:'! !1 # (>8.H(>93! 5 !+ 2! 2! !$ ! &! "!)6!U 2!, 7 A!6!#>@@@'!5 P =+ A< !D -# 1 # (# >38H>/I! 5 +!!4 B! !& ) 6!%!* !B!, 7 B!#(./:'!* =G !E # +F F # # 9..! 5 !* ! !!, 5 !%!#>@@@'!& =+ A< !E # + F :3.H:.@!

7 A!, ; !#>@@@'!< <<=+ >3I $%& A< !E # +

F (H93!

77 +!, 6!A!#(../'!B ) =& ) !

E # + F (H89!

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

(15)

" 4!#>@@@'! !< F!4 7 ! , B! #% !''# # # # # !/3H(@9'! B +=+ $ ! " 4!% $!2 6!" )& +!2!; )1 ! 6!$! $!!, J 2!#>@@@'!+ = < !F ' ?G (I:H(:@! " 4!, $ B!#>@@@'!& !: " (8(H(8/! " +!%!, 77 +!#(..('! ) =+ !1 # >@/(H>@.9! " !; F!G 7 "!2 "!" <!< 7 2!F F!; F! "!, 2 6! #(..3'! !.) - # 1 # 9 # 3IH/@! " +!, 2!#(../'!4 !F ;-# G#9'3I9H3I9! " B!$ 2!* A!6!!5 * !B! 2!6!* !, A!!6!#(..>'!& !1 # B (3:.H(3/>!

" "! !B &! !5 "!<!* $!B!A B!* !, + !"!#>@@('!A !F ;-# (@38H(@/.!

" ! !,5 4!B!#(..('! =% )

) !E # +( - # '# # :/IH 3@(!

6 !, * !#(..I'!A =B ) W

< $%& A<!F ;-# (9/HI:!

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

(16)

$ !6!* A!6!!, A!!6!#(..9'!B !E # + F ! :>H3@! $ !6!* A!6!!* %!+! !6!" B!$ 2! A!!6!, 2!6!#(..:'! " !& ) !1 # .(.H.8(! A !, A +!5!#(..@'!B !1 # # '# # ? 889H899! !, " 4!* !#(..>'! =+ ) ! F 38H/:! !2!5 !A !, * A!6!!#>@@@'!< !1 # >9@@H>9@:! ! !, 4 4!#(.//'!< ) ! F B :33H3@.! B!#(../'!% =+ %A$ ! 1 # 9 # G (98H(I3!

& 6!, & $!#(.//'! # # #) # # + -# # 4 =&

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

(17)

Références

Documents relatifs

The results on vocabulary indicate that in this population of Portuguese- speaking children growing up in Luxembourg, Luxembourgish (L2) and German (L3) lexical knowledge was

Adult learners of English as a second language who speak Chinese (n ⫽ 30), Japanese (n ⫽ 28) or Spanish (n ⫽ 46) as a first language (L1), and a comparison group of native speakers

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Compositional Distributional Model of Meaning, Quantum Logic, Similarity Measures..

When the stimuli are resynthesized using identical phonemes and artificial intonation contours for the two languages, thereby preserving only their rhythmic and broad

Ravid and Tolchinsky’s paper draws a comprehensive picture of the fact that literacy is a lengthy developing process involving many linguistic factors which sometimes begins even

enhancing and extending language resources and tools, integrating language data into Linked Open Data (LOD), integrating MWEs in deep parsing,. taxonomy and benchmarking

By independently manipulating rhythmic and semantic congruency of the trisyllabic final words, we created four experimental conditions in which the last word of the sentence