(1)t = 0 t = 0.5 h t = 48 h t = 96 h t = 192 h (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 10 μm 10 μm 10 μm 10 μm 10 μm Loss of culturability (Log N/N 0) Cl2 Concentration x Contact time (Ct) (mg Cl2·min L-1

t = 0 t = 0.5 h t = 48 h

t = 96 h t = 192 h

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

10 μm 10 μm 10 μm

10 μm 10 μm

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Loss of culturability (Log N/N 0)

Cl₂ Concentration x Contact time (Ct) (mg Cl₂·min L^-1)

 Xue et al. 2013

▪ ^{This study}

Fig. 2

0 1 2 3

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

0 1 10 100

Free chlorine (mg Cl2 L-1 ) Log N/N 0

Time (h)

0.1 0.2 0.3

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

opper ion concentration (mg Cu2+ L-1 )

Log (N/N 0)Log N/N 0

a)

b)

10⁰ 10² 10⁴

10⁰ 10² 10⁴ 10⁶

Enzyme-based A (MPN mL-1 )

Culture (CFU mL^-1)

Fig. 4

10^-1 10⁰ 10¹ 10² 10³ 10⁴

10^-1 10⁰ 10¹ 10² 10³ 10⁴ Enzyme-based Assay (MPN mL-1 )

Culture (CFU mL^-1)