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The challenge of health evaluation in pigs and poultry: what is expected from biomarkers

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HAL Id: hal-01210750

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210750

Submitted on 5 Jun 2020

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The challenge of health evaluation in pigs and poultry:

what is expected from biomarkers

Nathalie Le Floc’H

To cite this version:

Nathalie Le Floc’H. The challenge of health evaluation in pigs and poultry: what is expected from biomarkers. 51. Annual meeting of brasilian society of animal science, Jul 2014, Aracaju, Brazil.

�hal-01210750�

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The challenge of health evaluation in pigs and poultry: what is expected from biomarkers?

Nathalie Le Floc’h, INRA UMR1348 PEGASE (Physiology, Environment, and Genetics for the Animal and Livestock Systems) 35590 Saint Gilles, France

https://www6.rennes.inra.fr/pegase_eng/

Nathalie.lefloch@rennes.inra.fr

Generally speaking, the evaluation of health in pigs and poultry refers to the concept of disease and disease detection. In veterinary medicine, disease detection is not really challenging when it concerns sick animals expressing clinical signs of disease, particularly when the clinical signs can be undoubtedly attributed to a specific infectious disease attested by the presence of the pathogen or any trace of its presence (antibody for instance).

Assessment of preclinical or subclinical diseases inducing no clear clinical sign and multifactorial diseases, for which management is clearly involved (so called “production diseases”), is much more challenging. More recently, there is a growing interest for developing tools and indicators to assess the global health status of an animal. In this context, the health status is defined as a complete state of physiological, physical and psychological well-being associated to efficient and high level of production. This new approach differs from the first one in that the disease and its prevention are not the main goal anymore.

Clearly, the aim is to develop and promote high standard practices, management strategies and production system that preserve both the health status and the animal productivity. For all these situations, which are the most frequently encountered in pig and poultry farms, the use of biomarkers is particularly relevant to assess the health status of an animal or a herd.

In human, health assessment is defined as “an evaluation of the health status of an individual

by performing a physical examination after obtaining a health history. Various laboratory tests

may also be ordered to confirm a clinical impression or to screen for dysfunction.” This

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definition partly applies to farm animals except that the health history and the individual responses can be very difficult to assess or at least submitted to the interpretation of the farmer. To get over this difficulty, many efforts have been put on the research and validation of biomarkers usable on farm animals. A biomarker is a characteristic of the individual and its biology that can be objectively measurable and that is evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathogenic processes. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a disease/healthy state or some other physiological state of an individual.

What is expected from biomarkers is to be sensitive and predictive of a “disease” in order, for instance, to adapt the treatment (medication) when necessary or to correct the management.

Otherwise a biomarker has to discriminate between health and disease status.

Different categories of biomarkers exist and are generally related to the immune, metabolic

and stress (psychological or physiological) statuses. These categories of biomarkers are

usually nonspecific of a disease and have the advantage to really focus on the animal response

to different kind of “challenges”, including animal response to the environment and

management. Other biomarkers have to be more specific, as for instance biomarkers required

for early detection of leg disorders (osteochondrosis). A biomarker can be detected in the

different fluids of the body (blood, saliva, urine), feces or tissues. Serum acute phase proteins

are probably the most common biomarkers used in both pigs and poultry. Since a decade,

biomarkers related to oxidative stress are generating the interest of research, veterinarians and

even feed companies. Indeed, these molecules are connected to the animal metabolic status

and thus are probably involved in many biological processes associated to productive

functions (growth, reproduction, feed efficiency). There is a real need to develop biomarkers

easy to measure in routine, not too expensive, quantitative and predictive. The role of research

is to determine whether and why a molecule can become relevant as biomarker and to clearly

point out the limits of these biomarkers.

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