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Topological and Domain Knowledge-based Subgraph Mining: Application on Protein 3D-Structures

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HAL Id: tel-00922209

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922209

Submitted on 24 Dec 2013

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Topological and Domain Knowledge-based Subgraph

Mining: Application on Protein 3D-Structures

Wajdi Dhifli

To cite this version:

Wajdi Dhifli. Topological and Domain Knowledge-based Subgraph Mining: Application on Protein 3D-Structures. Machine Learning [cs.LG]. Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. En-glish. �tel-00922209�

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❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞ ■■

▲■▼❖❙ ✲ ❈◆❘❙ ❯▼❘ ✻✶✺✽

▲❛❜♦r❛t♦✐r❡ ❞✬■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ▼♦❞é❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❡t ❞✬❖♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❙②stè♠❡s

P ❍ ❉ ❚ ❍ ❊ ❙ ■ ❙

❚♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ♦❢

❉♦❝t♦r ♦❢ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②

❙♣❡❝✐❛❧t② ✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡

❉❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ ❜②

❲❛❥❞✐ ❉❤✐❢❧✐

❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♠❛✐♥

❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙✉❜❣r❛♣❤

▼✐♥✐♥❣✿ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ Pr♦t❡✐♥

✸❉✲❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s

Pr❡♣❛r❡❞ ❛t ▲■▼❖❙

❉❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r 11

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❏✉r② ✿

❘❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ✿ Pr✳ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❡❞ ❏❛✈❡❡❞ ❩❛❦✐ ❘❡♥ss❡❧❛❡r P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐❝ ■♥st✐t✉t❡✱ ❯❙❆ Pr✳ ❆❜❞♦✉❧❛②❡ ❇❛♥✐ré ❉✐❛❧❧♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ◗✉❡❜❡❝ ❛t ▼♦♥tr❡❛❧✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ Pr✳ ❏❛♥ ❘❛♠♦♥ ❑❛t❤♦❧✐❡❦❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❡✐t ▲❡✉✈❡♥✱ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠ ❊①❛♠✐♥❡rs ✿ ❉❘✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❲✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡ ■◆❘■❆✱ ◆❛♥❝②✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❉❘✳ ❏❡❛♥ ❙❛❧❧❛♥t✐♥ ▲■❘▼▼✱ ▼♦♥t♣❡❧❧✐❡r✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❉❘✳ ❏❡❛♥✲❋r❛♥ç♦✐s ●✐❜r❛t ■◆❘❆✱ ❏♦✉②✲❡♥✲❏♦s❛s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❉r✳ ❆♥♥❡❣r❡t ❲❛❣❧❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞ ■■✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❆❞✈✐s♦r ✿ Pr✳ ❊♥❣❡❧❜❡rt ▼❡♣❤✉ ◆❣✉✐❢♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞ ■■✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡

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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥t

❋✐rst✱ ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❛❞✈✐s♦r Pr♦❢✳ ❊♥❣❡❧❜❡rt ▼❡♣❤✉ ◆❣✉✐❢♦ ❢♦r ❤✐s ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❡✛♦rts ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡♠ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s ❢♦r ②♦✉r ♣r❡❝✐♦✉s ❛❞✈✐❝❡s ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ Pr♦❢✳ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❡❞ ❏✳ ❩❛❦✐✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❆❜❞♦✉❧❛②❡ ❇❛♥✐ré ❉✐❛❧❧♦ ❛♥❞ Pr♦❢✳ ❏❛♥ ❘❛♠♦♥ ❢♦r ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ t♦ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♠② t❤❡s✐s ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ❦✐♥❞ ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧② ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ▼② t❤❛♥❦s ❣♦ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ t♦ ❉❘✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❲✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡✱ ❉❘✳ ❏❡❛♥ ❙❛❧✲ ❧❛♥t✐♥✱ ❉❘✳ ❏❡❛♥✲❋r❛♥ç♦✐s ●✐❜r❛t ❛♥❞ ❉r✳ ❆♥♥❡❣r❡t ❲❛❣❧❡r ❢♦r ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ t♦ ❛❝t ❛s ❡①❛♠✐♥❡rs ♦❢ ♠② t❤❡s✐s✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ▲■▼❖❙ ▲❛❜ ❢♦r ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❤♦st❡❞ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♠❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♠❢♦rt❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤✲ ♥✐❝❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ♠② ♦✣❝❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥ P❛ss❡r❛t✲ P❛❧❡♠❜❛❝❤✱ ❋❛♦✉③✐ ❏❛③✐r✐✱ ❙é❜❛st✐❡♥ ❈✐♣✐èr❡ ❛♥❞ P✐❡rr❡ ❙❝❤✇❡✐t③❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ②❡❛rs ②♦✉ ✇❡r❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❜r♦t❤❡rs t♦ ♠❡✳ ▼♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❧②✱ ♥♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧②❀ ♠② ❢❛t❤❡r ▼♦❤❛♠♠❡❞ ❉❤✐❢❧✐✱ ♠② ♠♦t❤❡r ❖♠ ❊③③✐♥❡ ❉❤✐❢❧✐✱ ♠② ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✐st❡rs✱ t♦ ✇❤♦♠ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛❧✇❛②s s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ♠❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ❜❡st ✇✐s❤❡s✳ ❚❤❡✐r s✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ s❡t❜❛❝❦s ❛♥❞ st❛② ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ♠② ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❢❛✐t❤ ✐♥ ♠❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♠❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛s ❛♠❜✐t✐♦✉s ❛s ■ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ ❛ ❧♦t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣❛st ②❡❛rs✳ ❖♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ✜❛♥❝❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇✐❢❡ ❑❛♦✉t❤❡r ❖✉❡r❣❤✐✱ ❢♦r ❤❡r ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❤❡r ❢❛✐t❤ ✐♥ ♠❡ t❤❛t ♠❛❞❡ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❛♠❜✐t✐♦✉s✳ ❙❤❡ ✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s t❤❡r❡ ❢♦r ♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦♠❡♥ts ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ♦♥❡s✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦ t♦ ❉r✳ ❘❛❜✐❡ ❙❛✐❞✐ ❛♥❞ ▼♦❤❛♠❡❞ ▼♦✉ss❛♦✉✐ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❤❡❧♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❆t ❧❛st ❜✉t ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥♦t ❧❡❛st✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞s✱ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛❧✇❛②s t❤❡r❡ ❝❤❡❡r✐♥❣ ♠❡ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❜② ♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❜♦t❤ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❞ t✐♠❡s✳ ❈❧❡r♠♦♥t✲❋❡rr❛♥❞✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ✷✵✶✸ ❲❛❥❞✐ ❉❤✐❢❧✐

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❉❉ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❯s✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣♥❡ss ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t♦ ♠✐♥❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ P❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛s ♣r❡✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ st❡♣ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛tt❡r♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹ ❚❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❉◆❆ ✭r✐❣❤t✮ ❛♥❞ ❘◆❆ ✭❧❡❢t✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡♠♦❝❤r♦♠❛t♦s✐s ♣r♦t❡✐♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✻ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ tr❛♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✼ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s❝❤❡♠❡ ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✽ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉r ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✾ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✵ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ ✷❉✲s♣❛❝❡✳ ▲❡❢t✿ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ❉❡❧❛✉♥❛② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❘✐❣❤t✿ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ❉❡❧❛✉♥❛② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✶✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡ ✭❤❡♠♦❝❤r♦♠❛t♦s✐s✮ tr❛♥s✲ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s ✭✷✼✷ ♥♦❞❡s ❛♥❞ ✶✵✺✾ ❡❞❣❡s✮ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛t♦♠ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇✐t❤ Cα ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛t♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s δ ≥ 7➴✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✉♥❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ✭❛✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ✭❜✮✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ✭❣✮ t❤❛t ✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤s ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮ ❛♥❞ ✭❝✮ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ 3 3 = 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❇❋❙ ♠❛♥♥❡r ✭❛✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❉❋❙ ♠❛♥♥❡r ✭❜✮✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ s❝❤❡♠❛ ♦❢ ✇r❛♣♣❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❢❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✺ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ s❝❤❡♠❛ ♦❢ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❢❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✻ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ s❝❤❡♠❛ ♦❢ ✜❧t❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❢❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✶ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t✇♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s s❛♠✲ ♣❧❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦✉r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✭❢r♦♠ ❈✲t②♣❡ ❧❡❝t✐♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✭❉❙✸✮✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷ ❯♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✸ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t✇♦ s✉❜st✐t✉t❛❜❧❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ❘❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s Ω∗ ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ ❢r❡✲ q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s Ω ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✭τ✮✳ ✼✾

(7)

✐✈ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✹✳✺ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ✉s✐♥❣ ♥❛✐✈❡ ❜❛②❡s ✭◆❇✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭❣❙♣❛♥✰◆❇✮ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✭❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt✰◆❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✻ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❜② s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❙❱▼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✼ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❜② ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ tr❡❡s ✭❈✹✳✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♦❢ ❉❙✶ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✭❧❡❢t✿ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳ ❘✐❣❤t✿ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✾ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♦❢ ❉❙✷ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✭❧❡❢t✿ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳ ❘✐❣❤t✿ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✶✵ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♦❢ ❉❙✸ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✭❧❡❢t✿ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳ ❘✐❣❤t✿ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✶✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♦❢ ❉❙✹ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✭❧❡❢t✿ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳ ❘✐❣❤t✿ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠✐❝ s❝❛❧❡✳✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇❧❛st✱ ❉❛❧✐ ❛♥❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✶ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❜② s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❊♥③②♠❡s ❞❛t❛s❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❜② s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆■❉❙ ❛♥t✐✈✐r❛❧ s❝r❡❡♥ ❞❛t❛s❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❜② s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❊♥③②♠❡s ❞❛t❛s❡t ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ k ✭♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❜② s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆■❉❙ ❛♥t✐✈✐r❛❧ s❝r❡❡♥ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ k ✭♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s✮✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✻ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚❘❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡rs ✭k✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✼ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚❘❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ✶✵✵ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✽ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚❘❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ✺✵✵ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

(8)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✈ ✺✳✾ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚❘❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ✶✵✵ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ✶✵✵✵✵ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✶✵ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❚❘❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ✺✵✵ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ ✶✵✵✵✵ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ❆✳✶ P❉❇ ❢♦r♠❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ❆✳✷ ❋❆❙❚❆ ❢♦r♠❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ❇✳✶ P●❘ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ s❝❤❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❇✳✷ P❛rs❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❇✳✸ P●❘ ✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❇✳✹ ❉❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾

(9)
(10)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✷✳✶ ❆❧♣❤❛❜❡ts ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❇▲❖❙❯▼✻✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✶ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❙✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭Ω✮✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐✲ t✉t❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭Ω∗✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✸ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝②✱ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✱ r❡❝❛❧❧ ✭s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✮✱ ❋✲s❝♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ❆❯❈ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✉s✐♥❣ ◆❇ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭❋❙❣✮ t❤❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭❯❙P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✹ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭★❙●✮ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✭❆❝❝✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✉s✐♥❣ ◆❇ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜✲ ❣r❛♣❤s ✭❋❙❣✮ t❤❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✉s✲ ✐♥❣ ❇❧♦s✉♠✻✷ ✭❯❙P62✮✱ ❇❧♦s✉♠✽✵ ✭❯❙P80✮ ❛♥❞ P❛♠✷✺✵ ✭❯❙P250✮ ✼✽ ✹✳✺ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭Ω✮ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✾✾ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❣❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣✲ r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭❚❘❙✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✭◆❆✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✭❋❙●✮✳✶✵✵ ✻✳✶ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❙✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❞✐s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷

(11)
(12)

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ✶✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❚❘❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

■ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦s

✷ ❉❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✾ ✷✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✐♥ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ P❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ✐♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✹ ▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷✳✻ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✿ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✸ Pr♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❋r♦♠ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s t♦ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦s ✸✸ ✸✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ●r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❙✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✹ ❋r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❋r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹✳✹ ❱❛r✐❛♥ts ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✿ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✲ ✐♠❛❧ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

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① ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✸✳✺ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ s❡❛r❝❤ str❛t❡❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✻ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✻✳✶ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ t♦♣✲❦ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✻✳✷ ❈❧✉st❡r✐♥❣✲❜❛s❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✻✳✸ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✻✳✹ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✻✳✺ ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✻✳✻ ❖t❤❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✼ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

■■ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s

✺✾

✹ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt✿ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ✻✶ ✹✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❇❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✸✳✷ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✳✹ ■❧❧✉str❛t✐✈❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❉❛t❛s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ s❡tt✐♥❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✉s✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺✳✸ ■♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺✳✹ ❙♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✺✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✺✳✻ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺ ❚❘❙ ✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✽✼ ✺✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

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❈♦♥t❡♥ts ①✐ ✺✳✸ ❚♦♣✲❦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ❙t❛t❡♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸✳✷ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❉❛t❛s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✹✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ s❡tt✐♥❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✺✳✷ ❙✐③❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✺✳✸ ❘✉♥t✐♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦s ✶✵✾ ✻✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✻✳✷ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❚❘❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✸ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✳✹ ❖♥❣♦✐♥❣ ✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦s♣❡❝ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✹✳✶ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✹✳✷ ❚❘❙ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ❆ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r♠❛ts ✶✶✺ ❆✳✶ P❉❇ ❢♦r♠❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ❆✳✷ ❋❆❙❚❆ ❢♦r♠❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ❇ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❘❡♣♦s✐t♦r② ✶✶✼ ❇✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❇✳✷ ❍♦✇ t♦ ✉s❡ P●❘ ❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❇✳✷✳✶ P❛rs❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❇✳✷✳✷ ❘❡♣♦s✐t♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✶✷✶

(15)
(16)

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❚❘❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✶✳✶ ❆✐♠s

■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✇❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✳ ❲❡ ❜r✐❡✢② ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t t❤❡ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡♥✲ ❞✐❝❡s✳

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✷ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

✶✳✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✜❡❧❞s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❉❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✜❡❧❞s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ■t ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❞❛t❛ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ t❤❡♠ ✐♥t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥✈❡✲ ♥✐❡♥t ❢♦r♠❛t ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✉s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r r❡❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✜❡❧❞ ❢♦r ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ❦❡❡♣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②❞❛②✳ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ✇♦r❦ ❛❧♦♥❡ ✐s ✉♥✲ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧♦s✐✈❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤✐s r✐s❡s ❛♥ ✉r❣❡♥t ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡s❡ ❞❛t❛✳ Pr♦t❡✐♥s ❛r❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❝r♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s t❤❛t ♣❧❛② ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ r♦❧❡s ✐♥ ❛❧♠♦st ❡✈❡r② ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❢♦r ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ Pr♦t❡✐♥s ❛r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❛t♦♠s✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✇✐t♥❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ②❡❛rs✱ ❤✉❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛r❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛♥❛❧②③❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r♠❛ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥s✱ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛♥❛❧②③❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r♠❛ts ♠❛❞❡ ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡♠ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✳ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ t❡rt✐❛r② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✭s❤♦rt❧② ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡✮ ♦❢ ♣r♦✲ t❡✐♥ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✐ts ♣r✐♠❛r② str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜❡s✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐st❛♥t ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ♥❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦r♠ t❤❛t ❝♦♥tr♦❧s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦t❡✐♥✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ s♦♠❡ ❞✐st❛♥t❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ ♣r♦t❡✐♥s ♠❛② ❧♦s❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❤♦♠♦❧♦❣② ✇❤✐❧❡ r❡t❛✐♥✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢♦❧❞✐♥❣✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ st✉❞②✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡rt✐❛r② str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥s ✐s ♦❢ ❣r❡❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡✳ ❆ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ st❡♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐s t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ❛ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ♥♦❞❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❡❞❣❡s✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤s ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡♠✳ P❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❛s❦s ✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐s t♦ ✜♥❞ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs ✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛✳ P❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡❧② ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ✐t❡♠s❡ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✱ ♠❛♥② ❡✛♦rts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈♦t❡❞ t♦ ♠✐♥❡

(18)

✶✳✷✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ✸ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ❢r♦♠ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♥♦t ❛♥ ❡❛s② t❛s❦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❛❝❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ●r❛♣❤ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✭❞❡♥s✐t②✱ ❞✐❛♠❡t❡r✱ ✳✳✳✮ ♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ s✉❜str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ s✉❜str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ♣✐♦♥❡❡r ✇♦r❦s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t ♦❢ ❛♥t✐♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝✐t② t❤❛t ♦✛❡rs t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♠❡❛s✉r❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② t❛❦❡♥ ❜② ✐ts ♦✇♥✱ ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❥✉st✐❢② t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛r❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ♦r ❥✉st ✉s❡❧❡ss ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉s❡r✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ❤✐♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♠❛❦❡s ✉♥❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s t❤❡ ❝✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r❧♦❛❞✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛tt❡♠♣ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s ❜② s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ②❡t ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡st✐♥❣♥❡ss ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡❡❞s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣♥❡ss ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❛r❡ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ♥♦r ❛♥t✐♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝✳ ▼❛♥② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ♦t❤❡rs ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣♦st✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ❆♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ t❤❛t ♠❛② ❤❡❧♣ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❜❡st ✜t t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t✇♦ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛✐♠ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥❡s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝②✳ ❘❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞✴♦r s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✱ s✐♥❝❡ ♠♦st ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❞✐✛❡r s❧✐❣❤t❧② ✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ✐♥❢❡r s✐♠✐❧❛r ♦r ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ❲❡ ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡s❡ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ♦♥❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝②✱ i.e.✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝②✳

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✹ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s

✶✳✸✳✶ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt

■♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐s ♦❢✲ t❡♥ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❜❡st ✜t t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ♣r♦t❡✐♥s ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞s ♠✉t❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉◆❆ ♠✉t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠✉t❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ substitution matrices✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✭❯♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✮✱ ❛ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t ✉s❡s t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛❧❧♦✇s ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt t♦ ❞❡✲ t❡❝t s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ❝✉rr❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✐❣♥♦r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❧s♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ②❡t ♠♦r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥❡s✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❡❛s✐❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✐s ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞✱ t❤✉s✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥② s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✲❜❛s❡❞ t❛s❦✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✇♦rt❤ ♥♦t✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❯♥✲ ❙✉❜P❛tt ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r s✉❜✲❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ❧✐❦❡ tr❡❡s ❛♥❞ str✐♥❣s ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ❧✐♥❡ ❣r❛♣❤s✮✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② t❡st❡❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ t❤✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡r ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① t❤❛t q✉❛♥t✐✜❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❧❛❜❡❧s✳

✶✳✸✳✷ ❚❘❙

❚❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐♥ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ✐s ♣✉r❡❧② s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❛s ✐t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♥♦❞❡s✬ ❧❛❜❡❧s✱ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐①✳ ❲❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✇❡ t❡r♠ ❚❘❙ ✭❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❙✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✮✱ t❤❛t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✳ ❊①✐st✐♥❣ ✇♦r❦s ❢♦r str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❡①❛❝t ♦r ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❞❡✲ t❡❝t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣② ✐s ♥♦t ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② r❡❛❧✲✇♦r❧❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❖♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s ♠❛❦❡s ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❡✈❡r② ♣❛✐r ♦❢ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✈❡r② ❝♦st❧②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❡①❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❡✣✲ ❝✐❡♥t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❛❧❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐♥ r❡❛❧✲✇♦r❧❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❡①❛❝t str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ s✐♠✐❧❛r ②❡t s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✉❜✲ ❣r❛♣❤s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❤❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ s❡tt✐♥❣✳ ❆ t✐❣❤t t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❞❡t❡❝t✐♥❣ s✐♠✐❧❛r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t s❧✐❣❤t❧②

(20)

✶✳✹✳ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✺ ❞✐✛❡r ✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st✱ ❛ ❧♦♦s❡ t❤r❡s❤✲ ♦❧❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❤✐♥❞❡r t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢❛❧s❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡s✳ ❯♥❧✐❦❡ t❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❧♦♦❦ ✐♥t♦ ❡✈❡r② s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧✱ ❚❘❙ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛ ♠♦r❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ❡❛s✐❧② ❡①t❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥② ✉s❡r✲s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦✉❣❤t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❘❙ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s t✇♦ st❡♣s✳ ❋✐rst✱ ✐t ❡♥❝♦❞❡s ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥t♦ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✲✈❡❝t♦r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❧②✱ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✇✐t❤ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝❧✉st❡r❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❧✉st❡r ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡❧❡❣❛t❡✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❚❘❙ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ♥♦♥✲r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✲❞❡❧❡❣❛t❡s ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞ ❜② ❝✉rr❡♥t s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ■♥ ❛❞✲ ❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❚❘❙ ✐s ❡❛s✐❧② ❡①t❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦t ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ t♦ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦r t♦ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ❜✉t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥② ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❚❘❙ ✐s ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥② s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✲❜❛s❡❞ t❛s❦s✳

✶✳✹ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❚❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✷♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✳ ■t ❞❡✜♥❡s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❛♥❞ ✇❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ t❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❲❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡♠ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥ ❛ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡s✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸✱ ✇❡ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ s✉r✈❡② ♦♥ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦s ♦✈❡r t❤r❡❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ✇❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥t s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤✐s t❛s❦✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❛rt ♦❢ ✐t r❡✈✐❡✇s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ t❡r♠❡❞ ❯♥✲ ❙✉❜P❛tt✱ ❢♦r s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✉♥s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥❡s✳ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ❞❡t❡❝ts s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❜② ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ✐♥ ♦✉r ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢

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✻ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❯♥❙✉❜P❛tt ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✺✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ t❡r♠❡❞ ❚❘❙✳ ■t s❡❧❡❝ts ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❘❙ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ■t ✉s❡s ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✉s❡r✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✱ t❤❡♥ ✐t ❣r♦✉♣s s✐♠✐❧❛r s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s ✐♥t♦ ❝❧✉st❡rs t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❲❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s t❤❡♥ ✇❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❚❘❙ ♦♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛s❡ts✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✻❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ❜② s✉♠♠❛r✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣ ✇♦r❦s✳ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①❆ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r♠❛t t❤❛t ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✳ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❇ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ s✉r✈❡② ❛❜♦✉t Pr♦t❡✐♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❘❡♣♦s✐t♦r② ✭P●❘✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❛ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r② ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤s✳

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P❛rt ■

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❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷

❉❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧

❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✷✳✶ ❆✐♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❉❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✐♥ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ P❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ✐♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✹ ▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷✳✻ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✿ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✸ Pr♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❋r♦♠ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s t♦ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✷✳✶ ❆✐♠s

■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✜❡❧❞s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✱ ✐ts ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ✐t✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❜✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❞❛t❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ✇❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ t❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ✸❉✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥t♦ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❚❤✐s ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❣r❛♣❤ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳

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