Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:
Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.
Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at
PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.
https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits
L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.
Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources [Proceedings], p. 11, 1949-08-01
READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright
NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2cf391f4-4356-4689-bea3-b88808ef6312 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=2cf391f4-4356-4689-bea3-b88808ef6312
NRC Publications Archive
Archives des publications du CNRC
This publication could be one of several versions: author’s original, accepted manuscript or the publisher’s version. / La version de cette publication peut être l’une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l’auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l’éditeur.
Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at Fuels for space heating in Canada
Ser TE1 N21t2l no. l+ e . 2 BLDC
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
FTIELS FOR SPACE HEATING TN C.ANADA
b),
N " B " H u t c h e o n a n d R " F " L e g g e t
A i;,A L}'Z ED
The Confenence o n the Conservatlon and Utillzatton R e p r l n t of a paper presented to o f U n l t e d N a t i o n s , L a k e $ u e c e s s ,
August o 1949 c,
R e s o u r e e s
T e e h n i e a l R e p o r t No" i+ of the
Dlvi.slon of, Bull,dlng Research 0 t t a w a "
F oreword
T h i s p a p e r is essentially a factual_ review of the p r e s e n t position wlth regard to the use of fuel and power for s p a c e h e a t i n g in canada " rt, was prepared by request for sub-m i s s i o n t o t h e C o n f e r e n c e o n t h e C o n s e r v a t i o n a n a U t i t i z a t i - o n o f R e s o u r c e s c o n v e n e d b y t h e u n i t , e d N a t l o n s a t L a k e S u c c e s s i n A u g u s t , L 9 4 9 . O n e s e c t i o n o f t h i s g r e a t C o n f e r e n e e w a s d e v o t e d t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d u t i L i z a t i o n i n f u e l a n d p o w e r f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g " T h e a u t h o r s h a d t h e p r i v i l e g e of des-c r i b i n g the situation i n C a n a d a to tiils portion of the Conferenee
" U n f o r t u n a t e l y , n e l t h e r of the authors coul-d attend. the meeting b u t t h e i r p a p e r w a s a b l y p r e s e n t e d ' b y M r . A , r g n a t i e f f o f the* F u e l ' s Division of the Bureau of l'iines of the Department of Mines a n d R e s o u r c e s "
f t w a s found that the only approach -whieh could be m a d e in eonsidering this subject was by means of a faetual- re-v i e w since, until i t i s knor^rn h o w m u c h f u e l - is used for space h e a t i n g , it is irnpossible to consider how much of this fu^et can b e e o n s e r v e d .
T h e review made clear that there is a tremendous f l n a n c i a l i n v e s t m e n t in Canada for the heating devices. in which f u e l i s c o n s u m e d fo r s p a c e h e a t i n q . c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , i n v e s t -m e n t in the buildings which have to be heated in canad.a re-p r e s e n t s a l a r g e re-p r o re-p o r t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y t s s t a t i c wealth" B r i e f consideration r,ril} show that only relatively m i n o r _ c h a n g e s c a n b e e x p e c t e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g s a n d e q u i p m e n t
a r r e a d y in exi-stence in canada which will aid in eonservine : f u e l . r n t h i s r o s i n e v e r y o t h e r a s p e c t o f t h e s u b j e c t , t [ e
o n r y f a c t o r ra'hich is golng to affeet either the industrial- or d o m e s t i c u s e r i s t h e e e o n o m i e a s p e c t s o f t h e f u e l t r e u s e s " If i t can be shown that the individual- or company can save money F V g l q " g i n g f u e } , a c h a n g e i n f u r n a c e , o r l m p i o v e m e n t i n a b u i l d i n g , t h e n s o m e e h a n q e m a y b e e x p e c t e d .
-f n summary it may be said that the eonservation o-f f u e l used forr space heating in canada wllL for a long time be a s e c o n d a r y result of technieal improvements in buildi-ng con* s t r u c t i o n and furnace desiqn and t:peration whieh are developed p r i m a r i l y f r o m an economic and comiort polnt of view. T h e p a p e r therefore merely shows the magnltude of the problem, and f o r t h i s r e a s o n , m a y p o s s i b l y p r o v i d e i n f o r n a t i - o n o i i n t e r e s t in a g e n e r a l s e n s e "
Fuel-s for Space Heatirrs in Canella b y N e i l B " H u t c h e o n a n d R o b e r t F . L e g g e t I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e b u l k o f C a n a d a ? s p o p u l a t i o n i s t o b e f o u n d i n a b e l t p a r a l l e l i n g t h e C a n a d a - U n i t e d S t a t e s b o u n d a r y f r o m t h e A t l a n t l e t o t h e P a c i f i c 0 c e a n , e x t e n d i n g n o r t h w a r d i n w i d t h f o r a d i s t a n c e o f 2 0 0 t o 500 niiles from the international- b o u n -d a r y " A l - l - b u i l d i n g s i n t h i s a r e a w h i e h a r e u s e d f o r h u m a n h a b i t a t i o n a n d n o r m a l - h u m a n a c t i v i t y , f o r t h e h o u s i n g o f m o s t i n d u s t r l a l - a e t i v i t i e s , a n d f o r t h e s t o r a g e o f g o o d s L l a b l e t o d a m a g e b y l o w t e r n p e r a t u r e r e Q u i r e v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f h e a t i n g d u r i n g t h e p e r l o d f r o m O c t o b e r t o M a y . T h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f c o m -f o r t c o n d l t i o n s m a y r e q u i r e s o m e h e a t i n g i n a l - l b u t t w o o r t h r e e m o n t h s o f t h e y e a r . T h e m o s t c o n v e n i e n t a n d w i d e l y u s e d m e a s u r e o f t h e h e a t l n g L o a d i s t h e n u m b e r o f d e g r e e d a y s , f o u n d b y e a l c u l a t i n g f r o m t h e w e a t h e r d a t a f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l l t y t h e s u m m a t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f F a h r e n h e i t d e g r e e s e a c h d a y b y w h i c h t h e m e a n d a i l y o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e f a l l s b e l o w 6 5 " The following table s h o w s t h e d e g r e e d a y s f o r s e v e r a L C a n a d i a n c i t l e s l i s t e d l n o r d e r f r o m e a s t t o w e s t , t o g e t h e r w i t h n o r m a l , m i n i m u m a n d a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d a v e r a g e w i n d v e l o c i t y " ( 1 i DeEf?e {ays_ H a l - i f a x 7 "682 l , i o n t r e a l B , 3 4t T o r o n t o 7 , 7 I 5 W i n n l p e g 1 1 , 1 3 0 E d m o n t o n 1 0 , 2 8 9 V a n c o u v e r 5 , 7 5 5 Normal-T e m p . 0ct_._l-L4cL l ^ ; f / . o " L / ) 1 " O 1 7 "2 2 2 . 8 b 2 "6 A v e r a g e Annual-minimum - 1 9 "4- 1 1 .2 - 3 7 "7 - 4 1 . 3
1 3 "r
A v g e . w i n d v e I " D e e " J a n . F e h . 1 ] . 3 L 3 . 6 1 0 .1 7 " 5 , . . h . + o )t2 ) Enerey Used in rOeECdA:
T h e r e i s n o d o u b t but that Canada pays a high price in h u m a n e f f o r t a n d r e s o u r c e s i n a c h i e v i n g e s s e n t i a l s p a c e h e a t i n g " S t a t i s t j - c s o n t h e e o s t o f s p a c e h e a t i n g t o t h e n a t i o n a s a w h o l e a r e e x t r e m e l - y difficult t o o b t a i n , s i n c e i n t h e l n d u s t r f - a l f i e l d t h e g n q r g y r e q u l r e m e n t s f o r t h i s p u r p o s e a r e . n o t r e a d i l y s e p a -r a t e d f -r o m o v e -r a l - l - d a t a . A t t e m B t s i n r e c e n t v e a r s t o e s t i m a t e
2 t h e e n e r g y o b t a i n e d a n n u a l l y i n C a n a d a f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s h a v e p " o i i i r c e d o n l y r o u g h a p p r o x i m a t i o n s . s i n c e t h e s t a t i s t i e s o n w o b d f u e l a r e ' i a r f F o m ^ c 6 m p l e t e . T h i s i r n p o r t a n t - s o u r c e o f e n e r g y i s e s t i m a t e d t o p r o v i d e i n s o m e y e a r s a b o u t 1 0 p e r e e n t o f t h e e n e r g y o b t a i n e d f r o m a L 1 s o u r c e s " - B s t l m a t e s o f t o t a ] e n e r g y o b t a i n e d f r o m w a t e r p o w e r a n d t h e m i n e r a l f u e l - s f o r f 9 & L a r e - g i v e n b e l o w , b a s e d o n t h e t o t a l h e a t e n e r g y r e l e a s e d f r o m f u e l s u n d e r i d e a l - c o m b u s t i o n e o n d . i t i o n s . S e e b n d a r y e l e e t r i c p o w e r w a s e o n v e r t e d a t i t s a c t u a l h e a t e q u i v a l e n t , w h i l e t h e p r i m a r y e l e c t r l c p o w e r g e n e -r . t " a f r o m h y e i r a u l i c s o u r e e s i s g i v e n i n t e r m s o f t h e t o t a l h e a t e n e r g y 6 f t f r e e o a l r e q u i r e d - t o g e n e r a t e t h a t a m o u n t o f e l e c t r i c i t y i n t h e r m a l p l a n t s " ( 2 ) W a t e r C o a l
,.I{ajoT,Enelsy-{gg-fces in Canada }94& \
\ r - n u n . t . u . ) P o w e q , d o m e s t i c c o a l e q u i v a l e n t . . o . r o o . o . e . o o o 6 5 6 D o m e s t i c o o o o o . . . " 3 8 3 I m p o n t s . o . o o . . . . , ? - 9 L T o t a l o - o o o e o o o o o o o e . . P e t r o f e u m F u e I s L s J - 4 l D o m e s t i c o e o . o 6 L Tmnnr^f.q U2 r r t r P v r u a ' o o " ' - - " = ? Z O T o t a ] - o o o o 6 o o o o ' . . . o o e 6 . o o 6 . o o o o e o o ) N a t u r a l G a s r . d o m e s t ' i c ' .
48
T o t a l o f a b o v e D o m e 5 - t i c I , 1 4 7t*'i5Hi...
" " " " ".:".
" "..:".
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l f e a t u r e s o f C a n a d a t s o v e r a l l e n e r g y p i c t u r e w h i e h d e s e r v e f u r t h e r e o m m e n t r s i n e e t h e y h a v e c o n s i d e -i a b l e p r e s e n t a n d p o s s -i b l e f u t u r e -i n f l u e n c e o n s p a c e h e a t -i n g p r a c t i c e .( a ) h l a t e r P o w e r : T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m i n e r a l , f ollbws (tn ) : C o a l Natural Gas P e t r o l e u m C a n a d a h a d b y L 9 l + 5 s o m e L O r 2 8 ) 1610 h.p. in water 'i p o w e r turbine installatlons; i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t k n o t r ' i n w a t e r p o w e r r e s o u r e e s w i l l p e r m i t ' o f a t o t a l - i n s t a l - l a t i o n o f 5 l - 1 7 8 O r 0 0 0 h " p , A b o u t 9 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e e l e e t r i c a l e n e r g y p r o d u c e d i n C a n a d a i s d e r l v e d f r o m w a t e r p o l v e r , b u t o n l y a b o u t 6 " 5 p e r e e n t o f t h l s i s u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c s e r v i c e . A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e h o u s e s h e a t e d e n t i r e l y b y e l e c t r i c i t y i n s o m e C a n a d i a n e i t i e s , t h e u s e o f p r l m a r y e l e c t r i c p o w e r f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g i s v e r y l i m i t e d " I t h a s - b e e n i ; t a t e d ( 3 ) t f r a t , b e c a u b e o f 1 o w a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r o f f r o m 3 0 t o 3 5 p e r c e n t i n s p a c e h e a t i n g , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f h y d r o p o w e r f o r t h i s p u r p o s e c a n n o t s e r i o u s l y c o m p e t e w i t h e o a l , e v e n a f t e r f u l l a l l o w a n c e i s m a d e f o r t h e e o n v e n i e n e e o f e l e c t -r i c i t y " S e e o n d a r y p o w e r g e n e r a t e d b y h y d r o p l a n t i s u s e d l a r g e l y f o r s t e a m r a i s i n g i n e l - e c t r i - c b o i l e r s , t h e i r e a p a c i t y b e i n g e q u i v a l e n t t o a b o u t 1 " 7 m i l l i o n t o n s o f b i t u m i n o u s c o a l e a c h y e a r . 0 n 1 y a p o r t i o n o f t h e s t e a m t h u s g e n e r a t e d i s u s e d i n s p a e e h e a t i n g ; o n e i n s t a l - l a t i o n o f l + 5 , 0 0 0 k w . c a p a c i t y h a s b e e n - in s t a l l e d c h i e f l y t o p r o v i d e s r " l p p l e m e n t a r y s t e a m f o r d i s t r i c t h e a t i n g p u r p o s e s . ( b ) Mlneral-Essle: f u e l s i n C a n a d a z n l - 9 b 5 i s a s 1 5 1 2 2 7 , 8 1 9 s h o r t t o n s 4 8 , 4 1 1 , 5 8 5 t h o u s a n d c u b i c f e e t 8 , 1 + 8 2 , 7 9 6 b a r r e l s
T h e eonsumption of coal for all purposes wasr .in the s a m e y e a r , 3 9 r 7 4 9 r 3 4 i s h o r t t o n s , o r a t t h ; r i t e o f 3 " ? 8 s h o r t t o n s p e r e a p i t a " w i t h C a n a d i a n p r o d u c t i o n a e c o u n t i n g f o r o n l y
3 8 p e i " c e n t . A b o u t one quarter of the total- consumption is used
i n i a i l w a y l o c o m o t i v e s ; s o m e w h a t m o r e t h a n o n e q u a r t e r i s s o l d a t r e t a i l p r i c e s a n d p r e s u m a b l y u s e d l a r g e l y i n d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g " P r o b a b l y a b o u t h a l f t h e n a t u r a l g a s p r o d u c e d i n C a n a d a is u s e d f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g . A s i n t h e c a s e o f c o a } , C a n a d a im p o r t s t h e m a j o r p o r -t i o n o f h e r p e -t r o l e u m r e q u i r e m e n -t s . T h e p r o d u c t i o n i n d i c a t e d a b o v e f o r l - g 4 5 w i l ] p r o b a b l y b e d o u b l e d i n I 9 & 9 d u e t o t h e r e e e n t
4 -d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w o i l f i e l - -d s i n I r ' J e s t e r n C a n a -d a . T h e r e w a s a s t e a d y i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e o f o 1 1 f o r d o m e s t i c a n d b u i l - d i n g h e a t i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 S l 0 t s , r e a e h i n g a p e a k l n 1 9 4 1 u r h e n I 4 7 m i l l - i o n i m p e r i a l g a l l o n s w e r e d e l i v e r e d f o r d o r r n e s t i c a n d b u i l d i n g h e a t i n g a n d 2 9 0 m i l l 1 o n g a l l o n s f o r i n d u s t r i a l h e a t i n g a n d p o w e r ( 5 ) " In 1941 there were 67,000 dwellings in Canada h e a t e d p r i n c i p a l l y b y o i l w h e r e a s b y I 9 l + 7 , a f t e r t h e w a r t i m e r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t h e u s e o f o i l - w e r e r e m o v e d , t h i s h a d r i s e n t o 3 8 8 r 0 0 0 , i n d i c a t i n g t h e c o n t i n u i n g m a r k e d t r e n d t o w a r d o l l -h e a t i n g ( 6 ) . ( e ) W o o d a s F u e l A l o o u t h a l - f t h e h o u s e h o l d s i n O a n a d a a r e b e l i e v e d t o r e l y o n w o o d f o r f u e L , a n d o v e r 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e a n n u a l f o r e s t d e p l e t i o n i s b e l i e y e d t o b e u s e d f o r d o m e s t i c u s e . I t i s e s t i -m a t e d t h a p a b o u t 8 | -m i l l i o n c o r d s o f w o o d . a r e c u t o n f a r m s a n d a b o u t a n e q u a l a m o u n i c u t i n o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e C a n a d i a n w o o d s e a e h y e a r " " T h i s a m o u n t o f w o o d i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 5 to 6 m l l l i o n s h o r t t o n s o f g o o d c o a l . P r o b a b l y m o r e t h a n B 0 p e r c e n t 1 s u s e d f o r h e a t i n e . I t i s p r o b a b l - e t h a t s a w d u s t a n d m i I l w a s t e u s e d f o r f u e l p r o v i d e tfte eouivalent o f f r o m * t o L m l l -l - i o n t o n s o f c o a -l . ' I n s u m m a r y , a b o u t 1 0 m i l l i o n t o n s o f c o a l a r e u s e d e a c h y e a r f o r d o m e s t i c h e a t i n g ( o r a l - m o s t o n e t o n p e r h e a d o f p o p u l a t i o n ) . T o t h i s m a y b e a d d e d s o m e 2 4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 c u b i e f e e t o f n a t u r a l g a s e q u l v a l e n t t o a b o u t 9 6 0 1 0 0 0 t o n s o f b i t u -m i n o r i s e o a l - a n d t h e e q u i v a L e n t i n w o o d f u e l o f a b o u t 5 -million t o n s o f c o a l - . T h e p r e s e n t c o n s u m p t i o n o f o i l f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g i s n o t k n o v r n b u t m a y a m o u n t to not less than the equivalent o f & m i l - I i o n t o r i s o f c o a f a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , i n d i c a t i n g a p r o b a b l e t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f f u e l f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f a b o u t 2 0 m i l l i o n t o n s o f c o a l - y e a r l y r o r a b o u t 2 6 p e r c e n t o f C a n a d a r s t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n . ( 3 ) H e a t i n s C a n a d i a n H o m e s : T h e u s e o f d i f f e r e n t f u e l s a n d t y p e s o f h e a t i n g s y s t e m s i n C a n a d i a n h o m e s r & c e o r d i n g t o a r e c e n t e s t i m a t e a r e a s s h o r n m in t h e t a b l e ( 6 ) . T h e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e e o a l - b u r n i n g a n d t h e w o o d . -b u r n i n g s t o v e i s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d . I t m a y b e n o t e d a l s o t h a t o i l i s w i d e l y u s e d a s a f u e l i n h e a t i n g s t o v e s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t , , s o m e ' l & Y F : e q f supplementary heating is used in about !8 per cent of
t h e h o m e s i n C a n a d a . T h e c o o k s t o v e o r r a n g e o r t h e h e a t i n g s t o v e a r e u s e d i n 8 / p e r c e n t of the homes t\rith supplementary heating, w l t h w o o d o r c o a ] b e i n g u s e d i - n 7l+ per cent of the eases as the s u p p l e m e n t a r y f u e l "
H e a t i n
33
8, ooo
6 2 1 , 0 0 0 2 3 0 , 0 0 0 467,OOO L r65r, o00 5 3 1 1 , 0 0 0 2 4 , 0 0 0 &Il ' 000 I 0 i 1 9 6 , O o o 6 / + , 0 0 0 7? |OOA 1 5 4 , 0 O 03 88,
ooo
T 2 W o o d 1 I , 0 0 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 3 5 2 | O O O l l 0 9 , 0 0 0873
, ooo
2 8 G a s 1 2 , 0 0 0 5 7 , O A O1 7 ,
o o o
3 8 , 0 0 0 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 l+ 0 t h e r 2 2 eOOO 1 ] , 0 0 040,
ooo
I T o t a r47o,
ooo
888,
ooo
6 9 3
, 0 0 0
r , 4 7 9 , 0 0 0
1 6 , o 0 o
3 ,L36,000
r00
P e r c e n t a . q e t h 2 8 2 2 3 4 I 100 C o a l C o k e S t e a m o r h o t w a t e r furna c e H o t a l r f u r n a c e C o o ] < s t o v e o r r e n c r e H e a t i n g s t o v e o t h e r t o t a l p e r c e n t a . q e I \.'l I- 6
T h e ideaL in space heating frrr human occupancy is the p r c d u c t i o n o f a c o n s t a n t d e g r e e o f c o m f o r t f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l ,
w i t h a minimunn o f cost in equipment, energy and l-abour. n{os! of
t h e p r a c t i c a l f o r m s o f s p a c e h e a t i n g i i r u s e i n C a n a d a a t t e m p t w i t h varying deqrees of - s u c c e s s t o o r o d u c e a n d m a i n t a i n r e a s o n -a b l y c o n s t -a n t -a i r t e n p e r -a t u r e s ( 7 O o f -a n d -a b o v e ) t h r o u g h o u t t h e o c c u p i e d z o n e o n t h e m a n i - f e s t l y f a l s e b u t s t i ] I r e a s o n a b l y p r a c
-t i c a l p r e m i s e that unifornn air temperatures wil-l- produce uniform
c o m f o r t conditions " The extent to which uniform ' c o m f o r t e o n d i t i o n s
a r e p r o d u c e d and maintained depends upon the way in which heat
1 s p r o v i d e d a s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e d e s i . q n , i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d o p e r a t i o n o f a g l v e n h e a t i n g s y s t e m . I t i s e q u a l l y a f f e e t e d h o w e v e r , b y t h e w a y s i n w h i c h t h e h e a t e n e r g y 1 s d i s s i p a t e d a s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e s h a p e a n d b y t h e t h e r m a L a n d a i r l e a k a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ' o f t h e b u i l d i n g b e i n g h e a t e d . T h e s i m p l e r a n d l - e s s c o s t l y t y p e s o f h e a t i n g s y s t e m s a r e u s u a l l y i n s t a l l e d i n l c v r c o s t h o u s e s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t o f t e n t h e h o u s e w h i c h b e c a u s e o f 1 t s g e n e r a l d e -s i g n i -s h a r d t o h e a t i -s p r o v i d e d w i t h a t y p e o f h e a t i n g -s y -s t e m w h i c h i s l e a s t a b l - e t o h e a t i t . ( 4 ) C a n a d i a n H o u s e C o n s t r u c t i o n : A t p r e s e n t , a l m o s t f o u r o u t o f f i v e d w e l l i n g s b u i l t i n C a n a d a a r e o f w o o d f r a m e c o n s t r u c t i o n ( l ) . T h e m a t e r i a l - s u s e d f o r the exterlor valy from wood crapboard (l+7 per cent) to brick v e n e e r ( 2 0 p e r e e n t ) a n d s t u c c o o n l a t h ( t Z p e i c e n t ) " Wood frame w a l l s a s n o r m a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d p r o v l d e g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e t o h e a t f l o w u w i t h o u t a n y a d d e d i n s u l a t i n q m a t e r i a l , t h a n a l m o s t a n y t y p e o f s i m p l e m a s o n r y c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e y c a n a f s o b e j - n s u l a t e d a t l - o w e r c o s t b h a n a n y n a s o n r y w a l 1 s i n c e a s p a c e a l r e a d y e x l s t s w i t h i n t h e w a l l f o r t h e o l a c i n g o f b l a n k e t , b a t t o r f 1 I l t y p e 1 n -s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l - , b r o k e n o n l y " b y t h e w o o d -s t u d d i n g w h i c h i - -s i t s e l - f r e a s o n a b l y r e s i s t a n t t o h e a t f l o v r . I t i s n o w c o m m o n p r a c -t i c e -t o p r o v i d e s u b s -t a n -t i a l a d d e d r e s i s -t a n c e -t o h e a -t f l - o w l n -t h e f o r m o f i n s u l a t i o n t o w a l l - s a n d c e i l - i n s s o f d w e l - L l n e s . T h i s d o e s n o t , h o w e v e r , a f f e c t t h e h e a t L o s s e s r S s u l t i n g f r o m h e a t t r a n s -m i s s i o n t h r o u g h w i n d o w s a n d d o o r s , a n d f r o -m t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f c o l - d o u t s i d e a i r " D o u b l e w i n d o w s a r e p r o v i d e d i n m o s t h o u s e s b v f i t t i n g g l a z e d s t o r m s a s h ( n d o u b l e w i n d . o w s ' ? ) t o t h e o u t s i d e o f i n o r m a l - wlndow during winter months. Doubl-e glazing in
conven-t i o n a l w i - n d o r v f r a m e s is now being introduced but is st1ll rather
e x n e n s i v e "
B a b b i t t ( B ) h a s s h o w n f o r a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e C a n a d i a n h o u s e b u t w i t h o u t i n s u l a t l o n o r s t o r m s a s h , t h a t i t i s p o s s i b t e t o r e d u c e t h e h e a t l o s s b y 1 3 p e r c e n t b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f s t o r m s a s h a n d w e a t h e r s t r i p p i n g . T h e a d d i t i o n o f t w o i n c h e s o f a g o o d i n *
- 7
h e a t L o s s t o o n e h a l f o f i t s o r i g i n a l v a l u e . S i m i l a r l y , h e s h o w s t h a t t h e o p t i m u m e c o n o m i c t h i c k n e s s ' o f i n s u l a t i o n f o r C a n a d i a n h o m e s i s f r o m t w o t o f o u r i n c h e s , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e h e a t i n g s e a s o n ( 9 ) . T h e u s e o f i n s u l a t i o n i s n o t w i t h o u t i t s a t t e n d a n t d i f * f i c u l t i e s , I a r g e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e n e e d f o r c o n t r o l o v e r t h e f l - c w o f w a t e r \ r a D o u r f r o m t h e i n s i d e t o t h e o r , r t s i d e o f a w a l l o r c e i l i n g i n w i n t e r , i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n o f t h e v a p o u r w i t h i n t h e w a l l o r i n t h e c o l d a t t i c s p a c e " T h e g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e i n p r o v l d i n g v a p o u r c o n t r o l b y t h e u s e o f v a p o u r b a r r i e r s o n t h e w a r m s i d e a n d o f p e r m e a b l - e c o n s t r u e t i o n o n t h e c o l d s i d e o f a w a l I j - s n o w w e I I e s t a b l i s h e d i n C a n a d a a l t h o u g h n o t y e t . u n i v e r s a l -l y p r a c t -l c e d . T h e d i f f i c u l t y o f p r o v i d i n g v a p o u r c o n t r o l i n e x i s -t i n g s t r u c t u r e s s o t h a t t h e y m a y b e i n s u l - a t e d w i t h o u t d a n g e r o f i n c u r r i n q c o n d e n s a t i o n t r o u b l e s i s o f t e n a d e t e r r i n g f a c t o r 1 n t h e u s e o f i n s r . l l - a t i - o n i n t h e s e c a s e s " ( 5 ) M e t h o d s o f S p a c e H e a t i n E : T h e s i m p l e h e a t i n g s t o v e w a s f o r r n a n y y e a r s a c c e p t e d a s a n a d e q u a t e m e a n s o f h e a t i n g f o r h o u s e s a n d i s s t i l l v e r y w i d e l y u s e d i n C a n a d a " The l-isritations o f t h e s t o v e a s a m e a n s o f p r o -v l d i n g u n i f o r m c o m f o r t c o n d i t i o n s i n a h o u s € a r e r s e l - l - k n o w n , b u t i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e w e s l - i t t l e n e c e s s i t y f o r b a s e m e n t s u n d e r h o u s e s s o l - o n g a s t h e s t o v e w a s u s e d " T h e o r d i - n a r y h e a t i n g s t o v e i s i n c a p a b l e o f p r e v e n t i n q l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s f r o mf l - o o r t o c e i l i a g " Heat losses throuqh ceilings and Lhe upper p a r t s o f w a l l s a r e i n c r e a s e d u n n a c e s s a r i l y b e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h c e i l i n q t e m p e r a t u r e s " ' v i ' l 1 e n o n l r r o n e s t c v e i s p r o v i d e d t o h e a t s e v e -r a 1 -r o o m s , t n e v a -r i a t i o n s i n s p i c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r n a y b e s t i l l a o r e D r o n o u n c e d t h r o u l l h o u t t h e v a r i o u s r o o m s , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s o f 3 O d e g r e e s f r o m f l o o r t o c e i l i n e a r e n o t u n e o m m c n u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s i n h e a t i n g e o m f o r t p r c v i d e d b y s t o v e s , c o t r p l e d w l t h t h e n e e d f o r h a n d l i n g f u e l - a n d a s h e s i n t h e l i v i n g s p a c e , h a v e l e d t o t h e C e v e l o p n e n t a n d w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f t h e g i a -v i t y f u r n a c e s y s t e m s o f h e a t i n g i n c l u d l n g t h e w a r m a i r , h o t w a t e r , a n d t h e s t e a m s y s t e m s w i t h g r a v i t y r e t u r n o f c u r d e n s a t e " It is p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e s e s y s t e m s t o o b t a i n g o o d d i s b r i b u t i o n o f h e a t t o a n d t h r o u g h o u t e a e h r o o m . T h e f u r n a c e s h o w e v e r m u s t b e l o c a t e d b e l o w t h e f J c o r t o b e h e a t e d , r e q u i - r i n g t h e p f o v i s i o n o f b a s e m e n t s . T h e h a n d l i n q o f f u e l - a n d a s h i s t h e n c o n f i n e d " t o t h e b a s e m e n t , w h i c h r n a y a l s o b e u s e d f o r f u e l s t o r a g e a s w e l L a s f o r o t h e r u s e s . H e a t l o s s e s f r o m t h e f u r n a c e p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t h e a t f o r t h e b a s e - ' m e n t i t s e l f " T h e s e s y s t e m s o f h e a t i n q a r e s t i l - l t h e b e s t a v a i l
-a b l - e t o t h e h o m e o u m e r w h o d o e s n o t h -a v e e l - e c t r i e oower for the
- 8
t n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h a v e b e e n developed the forced c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m s o f w a r m a i r h e a t i n g e m p l o y i n g electrically
d r i v e n fans and the forced. circul-atj-cn-hot' *alur"*yit**" e m p l o y i n g p u m p s . T h e f u r n a _ c e s m a y be located where desired in the hoir-e,iil l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y _greater freedom in house design. Fo"""d. warm ? + l s y s t e m s a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e w i n t e r a i r c o n d i t f o n i n g i " " o f " i " S f i l t r a t i o n , h u m i d i f l c a t i b n a n d c o n t r o l - l e d v e n t i l - a t i o n . F o r c e d c i r c u l a t i o n u n i t s a r e a v a i l - a b l e f o r a d d i t i o n to gravity systems ! 9 i m p r o v e f a u l t y c i r c u l a t i o n a n d to provide somS refinembnts" T h e f o r c e d h o t w a l e r s y s t e m is well ahapted to.radiant heating w h i c h i s n o w . r e c e i v i n g m u c h p u b l i c i t y , ind whiih appears to have s p e c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e case of siiO floors lai-h'on the g"o""a f o r h o u s e s " I n c r e a s e d h e a t l - o s s e s through floors may result, fro*-e v fro*-e r , unlfro*-ess grfro*-eatly improvfro*-ed insul-ating procfro*-ed.urfro*-es lan bfro*-e A6vfro*-efopfro*-ea; t h e s e heat Losses may lead to problems invol-ving groundwater.
I n general the use of improved systerns and refined types o f f u e l s l e a d t o - h i s h e r e f f l c i e n c i b s , v a r y i n g f r o m a v a l u e o f i b o u t , ! R ! : : : : l : i n t h e c a s e o f s o l i d f u e i u s e d i ; s r o v e J , ro as rrigtl-;s u u p e r c e n t i n t h e c a s e o f g1!, and of oil_ burned in the best Eypes o f .equipment"_ The ltlqh,e" effi6iencies are obtained with trre fiqiiA a n d g a s e c u s fuel-s which are in d.emand f o r _olhef uses, and relatively L e s s a b u n d a n t a n d a r e t h e r e f o r e more val-uable from a'eonservation p o i n t of view-. Th-t" greatest potential savings in overall- fuel use f o r d o m e s t i e h e a t i n g - y g u l d , hbwever, appear io be in the rmprovel-m e n t s p o s s i b l e i n b u i l d i n g p r a c t i c e - w r r i - c n can d.ecrease overal-l- heart r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t h r o u q h e d u c a t i o n to improve operating praetice
w l t h e x i s t i n q s y s t e m s I - - - ?
( 6 ) I n d . u s t r i a _ ] Space Heatigg
H e a t i n g practice in smafl commercial buildings is very s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n h o m e s " I n g e n e r a l , greater emfhasis is" -p l a c e d , o n f i r e -p r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , 16sulting fn the widbs-pread use o I w a l ' r constructions having oveial-L thermdl cond.uetivitj-es cf -f r o m 2 t o l + t i m e s t h o s e o -f c h e b e t t e r types o-f house walls " A s t h e s i z e o f t h e b u i l - d i n g l n c r e a s e s , h o w b t e r , the ratio of heat l_oss t o v o l u m e decreases, so that the h6at required. per cubic foot of, p P a c _ e f o r larger buildings ls often l-ess than tLat required in well i n s u l a t e d h o u s e s .
d i n g s i s l a r g e l y b y m e d n s o f s t e a m . .Radiators at floor level or f t i . $ l output space unit heaters are most commonly used. The
" p i . * u n i t h e a t e r s are equipped with fans or bl_owers to provid.e high a i r v e l o c i t i e s o v e r t h b i r h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e a n b t h u s p r o i i d e e x t r e m e l - y _ h i g h output" T h e y are. commonly located overhead to e o n s e r v e f l - o o r s p a c e a n d t o f a c i l _ i t a t e p i p i n g , and must then be
- 9
a r r a n g e d s o that. the high vel-ocity warm aj-r stream is directed
t o w a r d t h e f l o o r t o b r e a k d o w n the stratification o f w a r m a n d cofd a i r w h l c h t e n d s t o d e v e l o p " T h e y d o n o t , h o w e v e r , f i n d t h e i r b e s t u s e i n h e a t i n g l i v i n g s p a c e b e c a u s e o f t h e n o i s e a n d h l g h a i r
v e l o c i t i e s p r o d u c e d "
T h e p r o v i s i o n o f v e n t i ] a t i o n o v e r a n d a b o v e t h a t o b t a i n e d b y n a t u r a l air- inleakage wilL often i-ncrease the heat requirements b y f r o m 2 to 6 times orier that required for heating alone " The t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l d e t e r m i n i n g h e a t r e q u i r e m e n t s 1 n v e n t i -f a t i o n i s i d e n t l c a l w i t h t,hat for heati-ng alone so that for any g i v e n b u i l d i n g t h e r a t i o o f v e n t i l a t i n g t o h e a t i n g l o a d i s i n d e p e n -d e n t o f t e m p e r a t u r e -d i f f e r e n c e " It is common p r a c t i c e t o u s e s e p a r a t e s y s t e m s o f h e a t i n g a n d o f v e n t i l a t i n g s o t h a t v e n t i l a t i o n m a y b e p r o v i d e d w h e n r e q u i r e d . L a u n d r i e s , d a i r i e s , g a r a g e s , a u d i b o r i a , s c h o o l - s a n d m a n y i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r e h i g h r a t e s o f v e n t i l a t i o n t o r e m o v e d . i r c o n t a m i n a n t s , to control humidityr or to provide a satis-f a c t o r y a t m o s p h e r , e satis-fo r h u m a n occupancy and are involved in a high v e n t i l a t i o n I o s s u s u a l l y amounting to several- times that involved f o r h e a t l n q a f o n e . H e a t i n g s y s t e m s t h u s u s e d a r e u s u a l l y c e n t r a l s y s t e m s , d e s i g n e d t o u s e 1 0 0 p e r c e n t f r e s h a i r , t h a t l s w i t h o u t r e c i r c u l a t i o n " A substantial reduction in fuel requirements can be a c h j - e v e d i n C a n a d a b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s o u n d e n g i n e e r i n g t o t h e d e s l g n o f s y s t e r n s w h i c h a r e c a p a b l e o f b e i n q o p e r a t e d w i t h p a r t o f t h e e x h a u s t a j - r b e i n q r e c i r e u l a t e d , e i t h e r v ; i t h o r w i t h o u t f i l t e r -i n g , odour or moj-sture removalr &t t-ines when the full o v e r a l l v e n t i L a t i o n r a t e i s n o t r e q u i r e d .
n l F u e l l p n s e r v a t r o n . a n d . D i s t r i c ! H e a t i g :
F u e I saving in general may be accomplished in two ways b y r e d u c i n g t h e h e a t l - o s t , a n d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h e a t " T h e s e t w o a r e n o t u n r e l a t e d , s i n c e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e h e a t d i s t r i b r i t i o n m a y t o a n a p p r e c i a b l e e x t e n t d e t e r m i n e the heat required
H e a t r e q u i r e m e n t s m a y b e r e d u c e d b y i m p r o v e d b u l l d i n g d e s i g n s t o r e d u e e h e a t } o s s e s , p r i n c i p a l l y b y t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f i n s u l - a t i n g m a t e r i a l - s i n v ' r a l l s , c e i l i n g s , f l o o r s a n d r o o f s . T h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e a m o u n t o f o u t s i d e a i r t o b e h e a t e d , b y r e d u c i n g u n n e c e s s a r y a l r i n l e a k a g e a n d b y r e g u l a t i n g t h e i n t e n t i o n a l - a i r i n t a k e f o r v e n t i l a t i o n m o r e n e a r l y i n a c e o r d a n c e w i t h n e e d , o f f e r s a p o t e n t i a l l y s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n s i n f u l l - r e q u i - r e m e n t s .
H e a t ean be used only when needed, and improved methods o f c o n t r o l - t o m a i n t a i n the rate of heat supply in balance with the
-r0
n e e d are capabl-e of providing substantial s a v i n q s . ! ' . r h e r e t h e
h e a t r e q u i r e m e n t s of different z o n e s s e r v e d ' o y o n e s y s t e m m a y v a r y i n d e p e n d e n t l y , t h e u s e o f s e p a r a t e c o n t r o l s i n e a c h z o n e w i l l r e -d u c e h e a t r e q u i r e m e n t s . I t h a s b e e n f o u n d t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f z o n e d a u t o m a t i c control- to a heating system previ-or;sly manually o p e r a t e d m a y r e s u l t i n s a v i n g s i n h e a t o f 3 0 p e r c e n t
T h e g r a v i t y f l o w f u r n a c e s y s t e m s p r e s e n t l y w i d e l y u s e d i n C a n a d a a r e c a p a b l - e o f p r o v i d i n e o v e r a l l - h e a t i n e e f f l c i e n c i e s o f t h e o r d e r o f 50 to 65 per' cent wh6n hand fired vri[h coal. T h e g r e a t e s t p o t e n t l a l i n c r e a s e i n e f f i c i e n c y i s p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f a u t o m a t i c f i r i n g a n d a ehange to liquid or gaseous fueJ. H i g h e r e f f i c i e n c i e s o f t h e o r d e r o f 7 5 p e r c e n t a r e o b t a i n e d f r o m l a r g e r c o m m e r d i a l t y p e s o f b o i l e r s , a n d u n d e r e x c e p t i o n a l c o n d l t i o n s 8 5 p e r c e n t m a y b e a c h i e v e d " T h e r e h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n s o m e c o n -s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e -s t i n t h e p o -s -s i b i l i t y o f d i s t r i c t h e a t i n g i n w h i c h . . one large plant .is. used to provide heat to all- the bulldings in
a n a r e a "
A g a i n s t t h e h i g h e r e f f i c i e n e y o f a l a r g e e e n t r a l p l a n t u ' w h i c h can also use trower grades of fuel successfully, must be
w e i g h e d the l-oss in transmisslon of heat lrtrich may be of the order o f 1 5 t o 4 0 p e r c e n t i n C a n a d a . D i s t r i c t h e a t i n g d o e s n o t t h e r e -f o r e o-f-fer a great saving in overal-l- energy requirements, but does p e r m i t the use of lower grades of fuel. T h e capital investment j"s h i g h w h e n compared to the cost of the indivldual f u e l burning de-v l e e s w h l c h a l o n e a r e r e p l a c e d , the remainder of the normal indi* v i d u a l - h e a t i n g s y s t e m s t i l l b e i n g r e q u i r e d . T h e c o s t o f t h e d l s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m i s h l g h , b e i n g o f t h e o r d e r o f 5 0 p e r e e n t o f t h e t o t a l c o s t . T h e p o o r y e a r l y L o a d f a c t o r o f 3 0 t o 3 5 p e r c e n t i n h e a t i n g m a k e s t h e h i g h e a p i t a l c o s L o f t h e s y s t e m a s e r i o u s o n e " I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t s t e a m p r o v i d e d f o r d i s t r i e t h e a t i n g w i l l s e l -d o m b e s o l -d a t a c o s t a p p r o a e h i n q t h e c o s t o f f u e l - a l o n e f o r a n i n d l v i d u a L s y s t e m , a n d m i y o f t e n " b e c o n s i d . e r a b l y m o r e " I r t l h e t h e r or not district h e a t i n g w i l l b e d e v e l - o p e d w l l - L d e p e n d on the price which the individual o w n e r i s w i l l i n g t o p a y f o r f r e e d o m f r o m h a n d l i n g a n d f i r l n g f u e l , l n c r e a s e d c l e a n l i n e s s , r e l e a s e o f s p a c e o c c u p l e d b y e q u i p m e n t a n d f u e l s t o r a g e u m d f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n i n f i r s t c o s t o f t h e h o u s e h e a t i n g s y s t e m . S h o u l d t h e c o s t o f o i l i n r e l a t i o n t o e o a L i n c r e a s e i n O a n a d a th e r e w i l l n o d o u b t b e i n c r e a s e d i n t e r e s t i n d i s t r i c t h e a t i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s ,
s i n c e C a n a d i a n s i n incneasins numbers are demandins automatic d s m e s t i c h e a t i n q .
REFl]REiJCES
( 8 ) B a b b i t t o J . D . T h e i n s u l a t i o n o f h o u s e s . O t t a w a , l { a t i o n a l
-R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f C a n a d a , l { "-R " C " I{o " 13 86, 1 9 4 6 , 2 3 p . - A p r i 1 ( 9 ) Sabbitt, J. D . ttrhe optimum thickness of insul-ation f or
O a n a d i a n . l r ? * " ! 1 , _ i n E n g i n e e r i n g J o u r n a l , v . 2 j , 1 ,
, ( J a n " 1 9 L O ) Z O - Z : * .
( 2 ) B a n k of Canad.a . S t a t i s t i c a l - s u m m a r y
" O t t a r , , , , a , O c t " -Nov . IgU6 "
n ) c a n a d a . Department of Reconstruction and supply" I,{anpower
a n d material requirements for a housing pi-ogramme i n
C a n a d a . O t t a w a , L 9 + 6 " I j 7 p .
( 6 ) C a n a d a " D o m i r i i o n B u r e a u of Statistics. H e a t i n g f a e i l i t l e s ,
r a d i o s and tel-ephones in canadlan homes - August Lgl+7 .
O t t a w a , 1 9 4 8 " 12 p.
( 3 ) canada. Royal commission on coal. Report" ottawa . rgu6/ / ^
o o j p "
( 4 ) C a n a d a . y e a r _ l g q t n , Lglt7. Ottawa, Dominion Bureau of Statiotics,
1 9 4 7 . I z i 9 p .
( 5 ) C a s e y , J " M . P e t r o l - e u m fu e l - s i n C a n a d a d e l - i v e r i e s for
con-s u m p t i o n , ^ri2'/ Lo 1940. Ottawa, canada, Bureau of Flinecon-s, R e p o r r 8 0 8 , 1 9 4 0 " 3 I p "
c a s e y , J " M . ' P e t r o l e u m f u e l - s i n c a n a d a , d e r i v e r i - e s for con*
s u m p t i o l i l94o to r9L+.4, ottawa, c a n a d a . B u r e a u of Fiines,
R e p o r t B 1 & , 1 9 4 4 " 2 5 p .
( 1 ) H e a t - i n g v e n t i l - a t i n g a n d a i r c o n d , i t i o n l n g g u i d e u ]-9460 v. zL.
i ' , i e w Y o r k , American Society of Heating-and VentiLiti.ng
