Cartography and remote sensing bulletin : isuue no. 5

r; ~ "( "-,,

j

Foreword

The Cartographic and Remote Sensing Bulletin of the Economic Commission for Africa IS an annual publication whose origins go back to the Sixth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference fer Africa, when member States requested that an African analytical technical review be published under the auspices of ECA.

The objectives of the bulletin are to serve as a platform for the exchange of

information, ideas, experiences and events in all disciplines of surveying, mapping and remote sensing, It is intended for scientists, scholars, government officials, decision makers, students, from Africa and abroad, and anyone else who is concerned with how cartographic sciences can support sustainable development in the continent.

ThiS fifth issue follows the format of previous issues, with the first section including technical articles, and the second one providing information on recent, on-going or future events and occurrences of interest to the Nrican region.

At this occasion it is with deep regret that we acknowledge the sudden passing away of our colleague Mrs, Olayinka Adekoya, Surveyor General of the Nigerian Federation, in June 1995, We wish to extend to her husband and family, and to the government of Nigeria, our most sincere condolences,

The editors would like to note the scarce submission of articles and material for inclusion in the bulletin, as well as the lack of comments and observations to previous issues, They, therefore, take the opportunity to reiterate the appeal to the African and international cartographic and remote sensing communities for contributions. The success of th"e publication depends on our readers and colleagues. Contribytions should be sent to:

The editors

Cartographic and Remote Sensing Bulletin Economic Commission for Afnca

P.O. Box 300 I Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Content

Foreward

Section One : Technical articles

I. The Central Node of the Federal Environmental Agency (FEPA) and Environmental Information Management in Nigeria,

2. The Concept, Requirements and Practical Applications of GIS for,Environmental

Planning and Management, ' 1I

3.

Case Study of Nairobi. 21

4. The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning of Ethiopia

33 5.

6. Some Reflections on the Future of RECTAS

57

7.

Section Two: Information Review

Major Activities and Events Realized in 1995:

Africa GIS 95

The Cambridge Conference for National Mapping Institutions Marisy 95 1nternational Symposium

The Third Conference of Ministers responsible for the Regional Centre forServices in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, and the Centre's 20th Anniversary Celebrations.

69 70

71 73

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin Issue No.5, December 1995

Content

Some FutureActivities

The Ninth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Africa, 8abat Morocco, October/ November 199b.

Regional Workshop on Land Tenure Systems for Natural Resources Mana-gement in the Anglophone Africa, especially for the IGADD sub-region. Addis Ababa,

March 1996 . _

Conference on the Application of Remote Sensed Data and Geographic Information Systems in Environmental and Natural Resource Assessment in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, March 1996.

Projected Remote Sensing and GIS activities in Africabythe organizations of the United Nations System and associated centres for 1996. 1997 and future

years.

A WORD ABOUT CHANGES: Retirements, Appointments, etc.

74

75

76

77

88

Section One

Technical Articles

I. THE CENTRAL NODE OF THE FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (FEPA) AND.ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA,

Dr. Oluwole Ameyan. Manager, Management and Information, FEPA, Nigeria.

Document presented at the 'Workshop on Information Management and Monitoring Network for Nigeria. Gateway Hotel, Ijebu-Ode, June /995

2. THE CONCEPT, RCQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT,

Dr. Dijilai Benmouffok, Senior Program Spi'cialist, International Development Research Centre, Canada. Document presented at the "Workshop on Information Management and Monitoring Network for Nigeria, Gateway Hotel, Ijebu-Ode, June 1995

3. THE ROLE OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IN URBAN LAND USE MAPPING IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI,

Meshack O. Nyabenge, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Kenya

4. THE WOODY BIOMASS INVENTORY AND STRATEGIC PLANNING OF ETHIOPIA

Ministry of Mines and Energy, Ministry of Natural Resource Developrrent and Environmental Protection.

5. FROM THE REAL WORLD TO COMPUTER DATA FILES: THE GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE

Extract from ECA's study on "Geographic Informatlon Management: A framework for the establishment and utilization of National Geographic Information Systems".

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles

6. SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE FUTURE OF RECTAS

Statement delivered on behalf of GDTA and ITC, Development Partners of the Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), at the 32nd meetiog of the Centre's Governing Council, held at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, on 25 May 1995.

7. .,. AND REFLECTIONS ON RCSSMRS

Dr. Hassan M. Hassan, World Bank,

Key Note Address at the occasion of the 'Workshop in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Regional Centre for Services in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing", Gaborone, Botswana, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles

1

I . The Central Node of FEPA and ...

The Central Node of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)

and Environmental Information Management in Nigeria

Presented I by Oluwole Ameyan.

Manager. Management and InfOlmation, Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Abuja

As stated in the Federal Environ- mental Protection Agency (PrincipalA::t) DecreeNo.58 of '988 Section 4 and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Decree No. 59 of 1992 Section 5, subsection a - f, the functions of FEPAare to:

(a) Prepare a comprehensive natio- nal policy for the protection of the environment and conservation of natural resources, including procedure for environmental impact assessment for all development projects;

(b) Prepare, in accordance with the National Policy on the Environment, periodic master-plans for the develop- mentof environmental sciences and tech- nology and advise the Federal Govem- ment onthefinancial requirements for the implementation of such plans;

(c) A:lvise;

(i) theFederal Government on the national environmental policies and priorities, the conservation of natural resources and sustainable development, and scientific and technological activities affecting the environment and natural resources;

(i~ the President, Commander- in-Chief of the Amned Forces on the utilization of the Ecological Fund for the protection of the environment.

(d) Prorrote co-operation In environmental science and conservation technology with similar bodies in other countries and with intemational bodies connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources;

1 Document presentedatthe Workshop on Information Management and Monitoring Network for Nigeria.

organized by FEPA, Gateway Hotel, Ijebu-Ode, June 1995

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: TechnicalArticles

(e) Cooperate with Federal and Stateministries, Local Govemments, Statutory bodies and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources; and

(f)Canry out such other activities as are necessary or expedient for the full discharge of the functions of the AgenCf under the decree;

(g) The decrees also confer additional powers on the AgenCf to:

(i) Prescribe standards for and make regulations on water quality, effluent limitations, air quality, atmospheric'

protection, ozone protection, noise control, as well a.s the control and removal of hazardous substances; and

(ii) monitor and enforce environmental protection measures.

Thus according to these Decrees, the Federal Environmental Protection~nCfisstatutorily mandated to formulate environmental policies, set standards, make regulations, and to monitor and enforce these regulations and standards. Execution of projects remain largely with the Ministries and other line Agencies.

Current Activities

One of the first activities of the AgenCf after its creation was to put in place the National PoIiCf on Environment with sustainable development asits main goal. The PoliCf descnbes implementation strategies for achieving sustainable development across fourteen sectors of the economy, including population, landuse, water resources management and sanitation, toxic and hazardous substances,agricu~uralchemicals, mining and mineral resources, energy production and use, air pollution, noise pollution, working environment and settlements, recreational Space etc.

I. The Central Node of FEPA and ...

As a first step towards halting the menace of industrial pollution in the country. FEPA enacted the following instruments of intervention:

(i) The National Guidelines and Standard for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria;

(ii) The National Effluent Limitation Regulation 5.1.8 of 199I .which makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti·pollution equipments;

(iii) The Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes' Regulations S. 19 of 1991 , which among other things impose restrictions on the release of toxic substances and stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution to ensure that permissible limits are not exceeded as well as spelling out generator's liability.

(iv) The Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Regulation S.1.15 of 1991 which regulates the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes from municipal and industrial sources. The regulation also provides a list of over 1000 hazardous chemicals to be controlled by FEPA by toxicity category;

(v) The Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree42 of 1988;

(vi) The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree 86 of ¹⁹⁹²which provides the procedure for conducting an E.IA of any major development likely to have adverse impacts on the environment. The sectoral Guidelines for the EIA Decree have now been developed for the oil and gas, mining, agricu~ural,

manufacturing and infrastructural sectors.

FEPA also implements on behalf .of the country a host of international laws, Conventions and Protocols such as:

(i) the Montreal Protocol for the control of substances that deplete the ozone layer;

Section One : Technical Articles

(ii) the Basel Convention on the control ofTransboundary Movementof Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal;

(iii) The Biological Diversity Convention;

(iv) The Framework Convention on Climate Change

(v) Convention on Drought and Desertification etc.

FEPA is the focal point for the Prior Informed Consent (Plq Procedure andthe London guidelines for industrial chemicals and pesticides. The Agency is also the focal point for UNEP's Intemational Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals. the seat of the United

Na~onsNrican Relional Centre for the Management of Hazardous Substances which coordinates the 3 sub- relional Centres tobelocated in Egypt. South Africa and a third Francophone country.

The Agencywasa~ly involved in all the activities of the UNCED process anda~velyparticipated in the drafting of the ensuring blueprint of action called AGENDA 21. h the apex organ on environmental issues in Nigeria. FEPA is expected to coordinate the implementation of Agenda 21 in Nigeria. One of the crucial issues in this respect. is the need to strengthen the nations capabilities to enhance the ability of the Agency. the line Ministries/Agencies and other individuals to evaluate and address the crucial issues related to policy choices and modes of implementation among development options, based on an understanding of environmental potentials and limits of thecountrylsecosystem.

h a first step towards the implementation of Agenda 21 in Nigeria. the Agency entered into cooperative arrangements with six of Nigerian Universities. with each University charged with the responsibility of addressing specific environmental issues.

The FEPA - University Linkage Centres and their individual mandates are as follows:

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin

3

I. The Central Node of FEPA and .... "

1.

(a) Provide and serve as the African Regional Centre for the implementation ofthe 1989 Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes. Training and Research in Hazardous Waste and Transfer of Technology;

(b) hsist FEPA in training and research in:

(i) Industrial, Domestic and Hazardous Waste Management;

(ii) Development, Adaption and Popularization of cleaner production technology for Nigeria;

(iii) Reduction of gaseous emissions and other industrial effluents;

(iv) Incorporation of 'Waste to Wea~h" strategy into waste management practices;

(v) Other projects identifiable and of relevance to the objectives of FEPA:s mandate.

2. Universjtv of Maiduguri

hsist FEPA, through its centre for Arid Zone Studies, in training and research in the areas of:

(i) vegetation and land use nnanagement;

(ii) arid land human ecology;

(iii) management of rangelands;

(iv) arid' land soil water management;

(v) development of practical measures needed to combat desertification and mitigate drought effects.

(vi) provision of technical support for FEPAInthe

nego~ationofIntema~onalConvention on Drought and Desertification;

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles

(vii) other prolects Identifiable and of relevance to the objectives of FEPA mandate with particular reference to desertification and drought control.

3. Federal University of Technolo2Y. Minna (a) To serve as the CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRE for Freshwater Resources Management, and iMplementation of the Climate Change Convention:

(b) Assist FEPA in training and research In the areas of:

(i) Climate Data Bank;

(Ii) Climate Change in Nigeria with particular reference to water resources development and prospecting;

(iii) DeSign and implementation of Environmental Monitoring of hydro-climatic elements for special locations such as dams, reservoirs for power generation etc;

(iv) Early warning systems;

(v) Amelioration strategies for adverse effects of water development projects;

(vi) Conservation of ecological systems of water bodies etc.

4. The University of Lagos

The University of Lagos is expected to serve as the Environmental Human Resources Development Centre for Capacity Building in Environmental Management as reqUired by Agenda 2 I. In _add~ion, the University is expected to assist FEPA in collating and updating relevant environmental management data at the University etc.

I. The Central Node of FEPA and ...

Linkage anrangementsw~htwo otherUnlvers~ies- the Federal University of Technology. Owerri on ftood and erosion control. and the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta on biodiversity conservation are

being finalised.

As part of the outreach-education programme of the I'f,ency, FEPA undertakes various programmes and activities to enlighten, educate and raise public awareness on specific environmental issues. Such programmes and actvnies are carried ourt In the fDrm Df workshops, public lectures, seminars etc. Proceedings from such activities are usually published in the FEPA MONOGAAPH serie>.

FEPA is an acti':e member of INFOTERRA - the global environmental information network with national fDcal pDints in 168 countnes. To date, FEPA has registered 25 local sources Df Environmental InfDr- mation for Inclusion in the International directory of sources.

Operational Mechanisms

The mandate of the Agency is carried out through a six department stnucture comprising the four technical Departments of planning and EvaluatiDn, Environmental Technology and Research, Inspectorate and Com- pliance Monitoring, and Environmental conservation, and two Administrative support Departments of Personnel and Finance and Supply. The Agency's Legal Adviser/Council Secretary, Internal Audit. International Affairs/public Relations and the FEPA Technical CDmmittee report to the DlrectDr General who is responsible to the Secretary to the Government of the FederatiDn, who in turn coordinates the Ecological Funds Office and the Ministerial Governing Council and briefs the Head Df State.

FEPA operates a Liaison Office in Lagos, Zonal Offices in Kaduna, KanD, Port-Harcourt. Maiduguri, Wowenri. Jos and Ibadan; and State Offices in Makurdi,

Bauchl. Minna and Uyo

Section One: T echnica' Articles

Types of Available Data

A variety of data at local, national, regional and in some cases international levels are available in diverse subject areas of environmental population controls and environmental protection. Examples of such data are shown in Table I.

Most of the available data relate to national standards and regulations on water quality, effluent limitations, ozone protection, hazardous wastes and the conservation of biodiversity and other natural resources.

Apart from the above, data are also available from reports submitted to the Agency on specific envi- ronmental problems and issues, and from the National Reference Laboratory of the Agency in Surulere, the National Environment Dumpwatch, and vanous EIA reports.

One characteristic of the available data is that they have been collected at various scales and differing intensities, using a variety of formats. Because of the generalised nature of most of the reports, locational attributes have not been considered important and the accuracy of such data cannot be easily determined.

The data currently available Serve basically as baseline or reference information against which to measure the effects of development project and some environmental quality within a given time frame.

Although these data fulfil the standard setting goals of the central node, they still fall far too short of the data requirements for the _eff~ctive implementation ofthe Agency's mandate. In particular, time series data are scanty and obviously inadequate for the effective moni- toring of changes in environmental quality over time.

These weaknesses in the data available would obviously affect the economics of the GIS at the Central Node.

Available infrastructure and future needs

FEPA currently has a fewfacil~iesused mainly for desktop publishing including other facilities for lengthy

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin

5

I. The Central Node of FEPA and ...

and heavy reports and data and some backup printers forlight printing jobs. Arrangements have now been concluded for the take-off of the National Environmentallnfomnatlon Management and Monitonng Network in which FEPA is the Central Node. The central node IS designed to start as a relatively small but functional part of the Department of Planning and Evaluation. Asthe network develops and expands, and new nodes established, additiooal staff and functions will be added.

The Central Node IS deSigned With the conceptual framework of GIS. It IS based on a "demand driven", bottom-up matrix approach embracing several other information nodes at the sectoral nodes and FEPA.

The main goals of the GIS set-up at the Central node are:

simplify the data management process;

allow data to be queried in a form most useful to the needs of environmental personnel;

- provide the means to translate and display geophysical, chemical and biological data In their true spatial relationships;

- provide linkages to predictive and statistical models in support of risk assessment, and remedial design activities.

- support compliance reporting and effective post remediation monitOring functions;

- provi~ data assimilation or data fusion function that must be performed by environmental nna- nagers, including the use of remote sensed data to support site evaluation and charactenzatlon activities:

- provide improved overall environmental data management process,

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles

The implementation of this programme is parti- tioned into a short-term, medium, and long term objectives. The short-term programme is aimed at:

(a) the provision of up-to-date information on the status of vegetation, land use, soils, air and water degradation in Nigeria;

(b) the development of data collection and monitoring programmes on the above layers at the appropriate sectoral agencies; and

(c) the development of the environmental information and monitorirg network with central nodes at FEPA, connected to the sectoral nodes at the sectoral age noes.

The medium and long-term objective of the network involves the development of regular data col- lection and information management programmes at the central and sectora' nodes.

Current relationships with other organi- zations

FEPA has close wor<ing relationships with a host of national and intemational organizations, NGOs, and the private sector whose activities or functions in one form or the other relate to the protection of the Nigerian environment.

collaboration with the different sectorial agencies,

(d) providing and organizing training and awareness raising programs in environmental data collection and information management activities.

(e) acting as back-stop and technical support unit to the different sectorial nodes in the area of environmental information management.

(0 providing the tecnnical and administrative com- munication linkages between and among the

I. The Central Node of FEPA and :...

Within the context of the Environmental Informallon Management and Monitoring Network in Nigeria, FEPAand three other sectoral components are principally involved. Under thIS arrangement, the Forest Department (FORMECU) is responsible for collecting data on vegetation and landuse, the land resources Department for the generation of information on soils and lands, the Federal Department of Water Resources, for data on water quality and quantity, and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) for air quality data.

FEPA, as the lead Agency in this arrangement is expected to beresponsible for the following:

(a) taking a leading technical role in data collection and information management by establishing proper standard specifications and format for each data layer in close collaboration with the different sectorial agencies.

(b) commissioning certain studies to further de- velop the environmental data collection and information management activities :n the different layers of the network.

(c) developing common data formats and compatible classification systems and quality standards for the different data layers In

different nodes and stream-lining the flow of raw data and processed information to interested clients in or outsidethe country.

(g) publishing regular bulletins and newsletters on

natural resources and environmental information

management aimed at keeping national resources scientists aware of the research and development activities in this field.

Section One: Technical ArtiCleS

Manpower and Training Requirements

Three main functionanes will be needed to maintain the proposed applications at the central node. These are:

THE NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR, responsible for adding and removing users to servers and work stations, maintaining access to network, upgrading servers and workstations, and maintainiAg network bridges and routing tables.

THE DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR, whose res- ponsibility IS similar to that of the Network Administra- tor. He maintains the Database and all issues related to

~.

THE NETWORK TECHNICIAN, whose duty is to trouble shoot and maintain network hardware. including new equipment configuration, set up, installation and cabling.

The extent to which the aimofthiS project will be achieved depends on three categories of people:

(a) management staff within and outSide FEPA.

(b) the end users for whom FEP,!, is only. a custodian of information.

(c) the computer centre personnel.

These group of people need to acquire an understanding of the systems being installed. their role in the system development implementation and monitoring processes and the results expected. To enable these decision makers operate, maintain and enhance the applications, they must be properly trained.

There is also the need for the establishment of procedures fortheircontinued education irrespective of expertise.

":artographyand Remote SenSIng Bulletin

7

I . The Central Node of FEPA and ..

The training and Intellectual re-tooling needed for the eff,c"nt operation and maintenance of the network application should assume that personnel may not be familiar with Oent;Server computing. Training programme should encompass application and administrator training. There is also the need for roLJtjne training for new employees to acquaint them on how to function with:n the- information management network.

General Conclusions

Environmental Information Management at the central node is a complex issue because of the variety of Interests, schedules. budgets and project requirements that are involved. For the effective implementation of the functions of the Central node. certain pre- Implementation issues need to be resolved. These issues Include the following:

Ca) GIS Standards

SpecifiC project standards assOCiated with database design. accuracy levels. graphic presentation, data exchange, and communications must be determined. ThiS process will require extensive evaluation efforts.

Cb) _A~reements

Whenever diverse groups are involved in a

multi participant GIS proJect, some form of agreement is necessary to protect the Interests of all parties. Some of such issues to define the participants commitments and responsibilities during the implementation and operation of this multlpartlcipant project are as follows:

Identification of participants;

definition of organizational structure;

definition of cooperation;

definition of participants responsibil~ies/

rights;

Issue

t'!o.

Section One: Technical Articles

definition of data sharing specifics:

defln~ion of security and confidentiality:

• definition of financial and admin, details;

-_defin~ionof scale of data issues;

- stipulation that technical Issues reside at committee level;

definition of maintenance procedure;

definition of data quality standards, Mditional issues may also be addressed with provisions made to accommodate future changes,

(C) Database Contents

One of the principal tasks here is to establish the actual content of the database to be shared at the

I, The Central Node of FEPA and """

central node, Different organizations have different data needs, different ways of representing things, and different information needs, The following is a sampling of the questions that have to beanswered:

(a) what geographic and_facil~data features are of interest to most or all participants?

(b) who will provide what data sources (maps, records, existing files)?

(c) what is each of the participants willing or able to purchase?

(d) what GIS products will have to share data) (e) what database deSign will satisf; the requI- rements of all participants?

These questions are not trivial and can be subject of considerable debate during implementation,

LITERATURES CONSULTED

I, ,>jna E,OA and Adedipe, N, 1993 (etc) Industry and Ozone Layer Protection, FEPA Monograph 4, Federal Environmental Protection Agency· PP

2, FEPA: 1991 5,1. 15 National Enwonmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Wasters Regulations.

3, FEPA: 1991 Guidelines and Standards for Enwonmental Pollution Control in Nigeria.

4, FEPA: 1992, Decree No, 86 - Environmental Impact Assessment Decree 1992,

S. Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) 1995, Systems Analysis for Environmental Information Management and Monitonng Network I I 2 pp,

6, Natlo'nal AdVIsory Committee on Conservation of Renewable Resources, 1992. Natural Resources Conservation Action Plan 395p.

7. °10, JAT. (ed) 1991, MobiliSing finance for Natural Resources Conservation in Nigeria. National Advisory Committee on Conservation of R.enewable Resources.

8, The World Bank 1991, Federal Republic of Nigeria, EnY'lronmental Management ProJect.

9, The World Bank, 1993, Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Assessment and Review En"ronmental Assessment Source Book update, No, 3, 10. The World Bank, 1993, Implementing Geographic Information Systems in Environmental Assessment.

En"ronmentai Assessment Source Book. update No, 9,

Section One: Technical Articles I . The Central Node of FEPA and .

TABLE I: SOME EXAMPLES OF DATA AVAILABLE AT THE CENTRAL NODE

SUBJECT DATA AVAILABLE

A. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Identification of significant enV1ronmentai issues, minium content of enVlronmental impact assessment, mandatory study, etc. Transborder and related environmental effects etc.

Bi OZONE DEPLETION Name, ozone depletionpotential,group, reduetlon

Ozone Depletion controlled substances in the and consumption.

\

Montreal Protocol.

ii CFCs and Halons Imported Into Nigeria. Country of manufacture year of Import.

iii Hal02enated solvent uses/Nastes 2enerated by industry. TVDes of waste solvents.

iv Consumption of ODs in Ni2eria Tons, wel2hted agj1re2ate, quantity.

v Properties of selectedoZOnesolvents and their Boiling point, surface tension, toxicity,

alternatives. carcin02enlOtv .

Ust of CFC alternatives Type of alternative, applications.

VI Phase'out strategy forODS For Refngeration/Airconditioning, rnobrte a1rconditionlng, foams solvents, coatings, etc Halons, Examples ofOD.5.projects.

""

Ci SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE Ignitabiilty, corrosi",ty, reactiVIty, etc.

Dangerous wastes characteristics.

~- - - - -

"

iii Max. concentration of constituents for groundwater Type of constituent, max. concentration allowed.

protection.

IV Exclusive list of HazardousJ1)angerous Chemicals. Categories.

v PhYSico-chemical properties of Ogunpa and ona Rivers. Temperature, Conducli",ty, PH, Total Alkalinity, Dissolved OXY2en, B.OD. level, Ammonia level.

I

"

Rivers.

Di BIODIVERSITY Phyla/C)ass of Invertebrate, type of Habitat.

Malor habitats of invertebrates

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin

9

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles I . The Central Node of FEPA and ...

"

III Water~bodies on which fauna data is available. Name of river bodies.

IV Capital Expenditure on forest resources protection in Name of state, actual expenditure per annum,

I selected states. 1981-1992.

I

vi Natural resources conservation problems and their Type of problem, location, direct and Indirect

causes. causes, suggested solutions to problems.

E.i AOUATIC RESOURCES Year, capture, culture etc.

DomesticFish Production Trend in Nigeria.

"

11\ Proiected f,.ures of fish supply and demand In Ni.eria. Year, supply, demand, deficit.

IV Distribution of Inland wetlands. Types of wetlands, approx. Sizes.

v Saline swamps in the Niger Delta. River Basin, Area of swamps.

Vl ZonaldlStnbu~onof fish yield potentials in Inland and Name of water body, annual yield potentials.

marine waters. I

vii Important fresh water fishes in Nigeria. Family common name, species.

VlII ImDortant marine and brackish water fishes in NiEeria. Family common name, scientific name.

'x Commercially important shell fish resources in Nigeria. Family, common name, SCIentific name.

x State of exploitation of fin fish and shell resources in Type of water bodies, state of exploitation.

various water bodies in Nigeria.

'"

mandates.

xii Biodiversity of fishes in Ogunpa and Ona Rivers Family, species.

F.i INDUSTRIAL EFFI UENT LIMITATION Type of industries, important waste water Classification of Industries, parameters for selected industrial classiflcatJons.

II Effluent limitation guidelines. Limit for discharge into surface water, limit for land aDDlication.

III Gaseous EmiSSion GUidelines for specific industnes Type of industry, problems, gUidelines for

concerntation, ma>cimum allowed for discharge into inland waters etc.

2 The Concept, Requirements and Practical Applications of GIS for Environmental

Planning and Management

Dr. Djilali Benmouffok, Senior Program Specialist International Development Research Centre, Canada Fax: .(613)563-3858, Internet; [email protected]

I. WHATISAGIS

GIS stands for "Geographic Information Systems, an information technology designed to collect, structure, analyze, and manage large volume of

spa~aldata and their attnbutes. It is similar to having a map library, statistical data, drawing, map analysis tools at hand and all these together in a single personal computer.

Conceptually, GIS represents the point where geography, mathematics, and electronics meet and combine to catalogue, superimpose, examine and visualize physical, social, and economic information and assess their impact In

space and to a lesser extent in time.

Functionally, GIS may be defined as an effective combination of hardware, software, and knowledge with can hamnonize spatial data from a diversity of sources and facilitate decision making.

I, I Raster GIS versus Vector GIS There are two broad types of GIS that differ by their methods for representing spatial phenomena; Raster GIS and Vector GIS. Vector GIS uses line segments to define linear features or polygon boundaries, it generally uses coordinate such as latitude and longitude to describe points, lines, and area features.

Araster GIS divides geographic areas into grid cells, each with a specific value to represent a picture element of the spatial reality. They both have strengths and weaknesses for describing condltiors in the real world. The intrinsic difference between raster and vector data structure maybe illustrated by drawing an analogy to two ways that physicists look at the properties of light. For understanding the diffraction, the behaViour of the light can be best explained by treating it as a continuous wave. The photoelectric effect, on the other hand, can best be explained by treating light as parcels of photons (Mafflni, 1987).

1 Document presented at the Workshop on Information Management and Monitonng Network for Nigerra, organized by the Federal Environmetal Protection Agency, Gateway Hotel, Ijebu-Ode, June 1995

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin

II

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles 2. The concept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS

Vector algorithms were developed first as a natural automation of traditional manual cartography where points, line, and polygons are used to represent the earth's surface. Raster-based algor~hm. higher computer memory-demanding than vector-based, started to operationally develop when computer memory became cheaper and raster technology became prevalent in both input and output technologies (scanners. remote sensing imagery, printers, and display

mon~ors), The relative ease of raster-based algorithms caused a movement towards raster representation of spatial pnenomena (Shaffer, 1992). The Raster approach is essentially used in natural resource applications. while the vector approach is used in

trad~ional cartographic mapping and applications requiring statistics data.

Raster GIS present some very powerful advantages in data encoding and applications which require thematic mapping and analysis: performing mu~iple map ovenays, for example, could be accomplished in a fraction of the time required by the vector approach.

On the other hand, spatial resolution of the raster approachistoo coarse for some cartographic purposes in comparison to vector GIS which can be very fine.

Raster GIS is stronger in performing Boolean and overlay operations on different data layers. The mathematics for overlaying data in vector format are inherently more complex in resolution (Maffini. 19B7).

Vectors work well when real wond spatial

cond~ions can accurately be defined as lines or edges.

Phenomena which have no sharp boundaries are better represented as rasters !viimportant consideration in determining thesu~bil~of a particular data structure is related to the level of accuracy of the infomnation being represented. (Maffini.19B7).

1.2 Choosing a GIS Structure

GIS has evolved rapidly the last decade. ~

increased both in fundons sophistication andcapabn~ies

to handling larger amounts of data. More powerful computers at a lower cost have greatly contributed to this evolution. Thus, software systems that are now been designed for use on a wide range of computers.

from mainframes to personal computers.' Some software providers have been developing GIS packages that run on different platforms allowing the exchange of data or files and migration of applications between different operating systems andw~h much less complex operating systems. Thus. _~ is possible to inStall small PC-GISs for local governments and firms for example and minicomputer-GISs for larger govemmental agencies, all of them exchanging data and experience.

This results necessarily in the stimulation of group work, inter-discipline applications. and decentralization of decision processes.

When choosing a GIS for specific applications, the user should carefully consider not only the hardware (CPU and peripherals). operating environment, software, training communicationconnectiv~, but many other important parameters such as the correct structure, appropriate data, potential for error propagation, human skills. etc. Failure to appreciate all of these parameters could lead to inefficient GIS. A number of GIS software systems claim to ha"e both structure programs available, however this often means that conversion can be made Jrom one to the other.

One should be cautious because the most important component of a GIS is its analysis capabil~ which IS e~her raster or vector-based but not both.

A guideline fumished- in Table d I (eraul. and Herington. 1992) illustrates the characteristics of the two GIS structural types.

Section One: Technical Articles 2. The concept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS

Table I. Characteristic of Vector and Raster Structures

Character Vector Structure Raster Structure

Ease of learning Difficu~- Software is complex Easy - Functions tend to be more intuitive

PositionalDrecision Very precise and accurate [jm~edby pixel size

Attribute precision Good for polygon, point and line data. Good for continuous data;lim~ed by Not 200d for continuous data pixel size

Analysis capability Good for spatial query. lim~edfor data Not good for spatial query. Very good analysis. for spatial analysiS,_fi~erin2and modelin2.

Data structures Complex Simple

Stora£':e reauirements RelativelY small, but complex Relatively lar2e and simple

Abil~to work with Image Poor-data must be vectorized first Good-uses same kind of data structure

data ,

Conversion to other map Simple _Difficu~

proiections

abil~to work with Good because system can handle lines Poor-raster structure not amenable to

network data network structures

Cost Expensive Inexpensive

Output mapqual~ Very200d Poor

I.3 Choosing a GIS Package

Mer choosing the right GIS structure,add~ional critical parameters, that apply to both Raster and Vector GIS, should be evaluated in order to chose the appropriate GIS. These parameters are:

quality of dedicated technical support:

geographic analysis functions:

statistical analysiscapabil~ies:

overlaying functions:

mapping functions (input, _ed~ing, outputs, cartographic projections and scales):

user interface;

data conversion (import/export); and program development tools.

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin

13

2. DATA

It is widely recognized that accessing data is a time consuming and costly task. Over 35% of costs are allocated to acquiring resources such as data, information, expertise and knowledge (da Costa, 1994). In developing countries the amount of time spent with accessing data can easily double.

Therefore data acquis:tion and evaluation is crucial for

environmental planning. .

2.1 Data sources

Remote sensing-based dig~1 data is becoming the a~emative source of data for environmental planning. Spaceborne data is cost effective in

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles 2. The concept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS .

comparisonwithairborne data and traditional ground mapping, and can be more easily digested by GIS.

Spacebome imagery is frequently used to construct and update global "core" databases. Once limited because of their coarse resoluton and their inability to observe through clouds, the new generation of satellites are now planned to offer, in a near future.

spatial resolution as high as I meter. In a series of radarsatellites capable to take images in the dark and the through clouds are already semi-operational.

Table2: Actual Remote Sensing Satellites

A completed new market for satellite imagery application In environmental planning" and management is developing, thank to the new dislnbuton media ofCD-ROM technology or directly via networks. Satellite data are obviously not yet affordable for everyone, but hopefully, with a more massive use, the cost will drop down drastically.

Tables 2 and 3 give a list of cunrent and future satellites.

Resolution in

Country Owner/Oble Program Date Ins Meters Colour Stereo

ct Type Bands type

P M R

India G/O IRS-IA '88 P&M 36 4

72

G/O IRS-I B '91 P&M 36 4 CT

72

G/O IRS-P2 '94 M 36

laoan G/O I-ERS '92 R&M 24 30' 4 CT

US G/O Landsat 5 '84 M 30 7

France G/O SPOT 3 '93 P&M 10 20 4 CT

ESA G/O ERS-I '91 R 30

G/O ERS-2 '95 R 30

M -Mu~ispectral

P -Panchromatic.

R-Radar

G - Government Funded C - Commercially Fund.

o -

FA - Fore & After CT -Cross Track

Section One : Technical Articles 2. The concept, nequirements and Practical applications of GIS

S S II'

Table 3: Future Remote ensing ate Ites

Resolution in

Country Owner/ Program Scheduled Ins ^Meters Colour Stereo

Object Date Type Bands Type

P M R

Russia G/O Resours-02 '95 M 27 3

G/O Almaz 2 '96 R 5

China! G/O CBERS '95 P&M 20 20 7 CT

Brazil

G/O CBRES '96 P&M 20 20 7 CT

India G/O IRS-I C '95 P&M 10 20 4 CT

G/O IRS·; D '99 P&M 10 20 4 CT

Canada G/O RADARSAT '95 R

laoan G/O ADEOS '96 P&M 8 16 4 CT

US G/E TRW lEWIS '96 P&M 30 384

C/E CTAClark '96 P&M 15 3 FA

C/O Earth Watch '96 P&M IS 3 FA

C/p Earth Watch '97 P&M 4 4 FA

C/O Eve.lass '97 P FA

C/O Space Ima2in2 '97 P&M 4 4 FA

G/O landsat 7 '98 P&M 30 7

C/O Space Ima2in. '98 P&M 4 4 FA

G/O EOSAM-2 L-8 '04 P&M 30 7 FA

France G/O SPOT 4 '97 P&M 10 4 CT

G/O SPOT Sa '99 P&M 5 4 FA

G/O SPOT Sb '04 P&M 5 4 FA

ESA G/O ENVISAT '98 R 30

USAaoan G/O EOS AM-I '98 M 15 14 FA

Korea G/O KOMSAT '98 P&M 10 3 FA

M -Mu~ijspeetral G - government Funded 0 - Operational FA -Fore & After P - Panchromatic C - commercially Fund. E - Expenment CT -Cross Track R...Radlai

Cartography and Remote Sensing Bulletin Issue No.5, December 1995

15

Section One: Technical Articles

2.2 Data Access

2. The concept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS .

DIAGRAM I: Netwonking Technology Option Computers are now communicating through

networ1<s. Electronic mail has become a vital tool for those who work on environmental and social issues, Thousands. The Intemet, a fast-growing collection of computers networks that can talk to one another connects now more than 50 countries and millions of people. This new way of communication is cheaper than phone calls, facsimile machines, or express package services, and allows users to bypass busy signals, unpredictable postal service, and schedule conflicts created by different time zones.

Communication technology allows easy access to data bases, map-based systems, and all kinds of complex infonmation, including images, sound and animation through networ1<s, As schematically shown in diagram I, connectivity to electronic netwonks range from traditional telephone line dial-in to high speed dedicated digital lines, With the wide availability of high-speed electronic wmmunicatlon, such as Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network (B- ISON), and Asynchronus Transfer Mode (ATM), the rok; infonmation systems in distributed group decision making will increase.

Computer

Electronic network Internet

Lowest

hard copy (mail) fax/telex

CD-Rom/diskette Off-line HTML

products e-mail ftp telnet gopher

www

WAIS!Z39.50 interactive video (on- line)

Highest High quality communication lines are required

to build high perfomnance Intemet connectivity are quasi non-existent in Mrrca with the exception of South Nrica. However, some alternative exist: the RIO project of ORSTOM, reach a dozen tropical developing countries in Mrica, the South Pacific and the Caribbean, FidoNet is a low cost method for linking computer bulletin board systems through ordinary telephone lines. FidoNet computers can

even operate where no telephone system exists

through packet radio sets, small devices with antennas. Satellite uses low-orbit satellites and electronic mail to distribute medical information in sub-Saharan Mrlca (Young, 1994).

3. ENVIRONMENTALPLANNING

Environmental planning is a wide concept whICh spans over many sectors ranging from agricuttlirn^l practICes, to designing a bus itinerary. Environment planning can be defined in more general terms as a coordinating process between humans and the environment. The tasks involved· In ttie environmental planning cycle range from purely technical issues to political issues. Technical issues are relatively easy to structure using GIS, However, the more you include political ISsues, the more complex is the process (da Costaet at, 1994).

Planners and managers require huge amounts of data, and need robust models when dealing with

Section One: Technical Articles 2, The concept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS environmental issues such as air and water pollution;

hazardous waste sites and contamination zones;

climatic changes; coastal zones management;

designing biodiversity reserves: etc.

They need information and tools that will help them design sustainable development plans, discipline their methodological approach, rationalize their conclusions, and justify expenditures, In addition environmental planning is generally a collegial work which calls for involvement of professionals from different disciplines, therefore, the ideal tools should accelerate and harmonize the entire decision process, A structural decision process in environmental and resource management planning requires a

mu~istage approach which starts with a preCise problem identification: followed with a listing of all possible factors and criteria (biophysical, socio- economical, and political) that would be considered in thedecision process; setting up priorities, each factor is given a weighting according to its degree of importance; score each option against the factors in selected model; establ,ish the balance between value and price and culminate with a recommendation of the option which gives the maximum return on the

investment.

4, WHY ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT REQUIRES A GIS

To sustainably manage a resource requires that it be sufficiently understood so that the ecological processes that maintain it are not unrecoverable disnupted, The suitable approach to the management dilemma would be the capability to simulate the intended action on a model before using it in the real world, A spatial landscape model is of interest for that purpose becauseitrequires explicit use of the location and distnbution of the landscape zones, Such a model requires access to adequate information and development or adaptation of simulation models, GIS, per se, provides the environmental planner with the appropriate spatial data and program

Cartography and Remote SenSing Bulletin

17

development environment needed to adapt/develop tools/models that can make use of the data base and simulate the management actions and subsequent resurts (Ball, 1994),

5. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS' AND

MECHANISMS

Awareness of the value of GIS in the environmental planning and management community, remains to be systematically promoted at all levels of decision, Special familiarization activities should be held for senior managers to the level of Minister's cabinet. In developed countries, for example, it is becoming the usage to have Head of States and Senior Government Officers connected to global networks such as Internet.

DecreaSing costs of hardware and software, Improvements of GIS user interface, and the increasing availability of reliable data on electronic media (diskettes, CD-ROM, and networks) are important factors in increasing awareness on GIS tools.

Linguistc aspect of software packages should be addressed at least at the level of users' manuals and

bui~-in help functions as well as language user ,interfaces, The Language is also an important issue in describing space and concepts.

In his research on GIS-based Group Decision- Support Systems, Armstrong ( I994) found out that a mismatch exist between the wide-spread single-user model ofGIS and the group-based approach to decision making that is often adopted when public

;>olleyissues are addressed, GIS-based spatial analysis and display methods must be extended to encompass group decision making processes, and new tools must be developed that will enable group members to generate, evaluate, and illustrate the strong and weak points of a~ernative scenarios and corne to a consenslls about how to proceed toward a decision,

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles 2. The concept. requirements and Practical applications of GIS

Other important considerations to address range from communication capacity building. quality assurance and security. regulations, standards, guidelines to various incentives to retain trained people at country/region levels.

In developing countries, unreliable telephone and electric power systems pose substantial obstacles to operating computers and linking them into networks. Nevertheless, when these problems can be surmounted, the potential benefrts of computer use in developing countries are enormous (young,

1994)

In conclusion, the key for a successful' implementation of GIS-based information systems is personnel skills development through training, access to technical documentation and computers.

6. GIS APPLICATIONS

': .. an operational GISISgenerally desgned for a panicular management or planning application... "

Some applications are listed in the paragraphs that follow, without critical comment from the author.

6. I Urban Applications

The City of Scarborough, Ontario, developed a GIS that lets members of the public pull up data from several corporate data-bases. Information is displayed on the screen, and can be quickly printed out for customers saving time, money, and trouble.

Scarborough has rolled out a computerized mapping program that reduce paper waste and save customers money. The 'application, developed using ESRI's Aret1nfo and Oracle's relatIonal database management system tools, pulls up data from several corporate data-bases in differentc~ybUildings. UMAP outputs the map infomnatione~hercentrally, to the city's high- end electrostatic colour plotter, or local devices.

Now instead of having to wade through printed maps at the counter, customers simply view the whole city

on a computer screen. They can zoom into a specific area and request as many details as they want; and then plot~.Jut on a paper (Eastwood, 1995).

6.2 Watershed Basin Planning

Moving from a city to a watershed basin management, a case study project was developed to integrate analysis tools in a comprehensive environmental plan in the Guadiana watershed basin.

To define the structure of the system the role of computers in environmental planning was reassessed, taking into account the development of national databases and information systems. Besides common tasks such as getting oata, integrating different modeling tools build and operating in different environments (e.g., water quality and quantity models), the study designed a three stage planning approach which includes: characterization (the basis for all planning activity): problemrecogn~ion

stage to identify and analyze problems related to the resource, and identify and diagnose specific policy and decision issues and risk; and the design of policy and plan revision states (da Costa eta!, 1994).

6.3 Wildlife Habitat and Timber Management The Authors used GIS tools for studying deer habitat selection in an extensively logged area in Southeastern Alaska. They used a habitat class

coverage derived from soils coverage and timber

harvest coverage, wildlife relocation data obtained from I8 radio-collared female deer, and deer hoe

ranges derived from relocation data using statistics.

They analyzed the data using area, line and point analysis, and produced graphic and statistic outputs which illustrated the relationship between deer habitat and timber management. They came to the conclusion that deers prefer the edges between old- growth forests and your c1earcuts, and recom- mendation on timber management practice which would improve deer habitat cond~ion in the short term. In this case, the team started using a PC

Section One: Technical Articles 2~!heconcept, requirements and Practical applications of GIS ...

Arcllnfo environment. They found out that data analysis was too time-consuming and that PC Arc/lnfo version was great for small case studies; for large projectsand for expanding the analytical functionalities a more powerful workstation version of Arcllnfo ,would be more cost-effective (Change et al, 1994),

6.4National Pollution Database

At a national scale, it is worth to mention the industrial monitoring pollution system the US Environmental Agency has developed, It allows the identification of what toxic substances are being released where, in what quantities, and by whom, In 1986, US environmentalists fought for and saw enacted the Emergency Planning Right-to-KnowAct, which created the world's most comprehensive national pollution database - the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), this includes data on toxic chemical released to land, and water from about 24,000 US industrial facilities each year, USing computers, the US Environment Pr.otection Agency (EPA) and the state pollution agencies, which collect the original forms, have been able to manage efficiently the large amount of data andtoissue national and state reports on a timely basis, Public release of TRI data has proved to be powerful a stimulus for industrial clean"

ups (young, 1994).

Cartographyand Remote Sensing Bulletin

19

6.5 Resource Mapping in Sokoto-Rime River in Nigeria

In a study undertaken within the framework of . the Remote sensing-and GIS-based IORC-supported

project in Sokoto-Rima River basin in Nigeria (Resource Mapping - Sokoto Rima Basin), Mitchel (1994) found out that the integrated approach in land and water resources development a'nd management faces mu~iple obstacles, A primary one being the institutional gridlock, with specific problems related to inadequate funding, ambiguous responsibilities, preoccupation with institutional structures, and the lack of attention towards operation and maintenance.

Acconding to Mitchel, in resource planning and' management, recognition must be given to the linkages between land and water, and between the policies and initiativesofvarious government agencies, For that purpose, through attention should be given to addressing primarily what he calls "Edge" problems which he categorized In five components:

Legitimation; Functions; Structures; Processes and mechanisms; Organizationalcu~ure and attitudes. He adds that legitimation or credibility regarding an integrated approach ideally deserves the highest priority in Sokoto-Rima, at least initially. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency, which has the responsibility for environmental regulations and enforcement could eventually playa leading role in managing these edge issues,

Issue No.5, December 1995

Section One: Technical Articles 2. The concept, requirements and Pradcal applications of GIS ...

References

Armstrong, M.P., 1994. ReqUirements for the Development of A GIS-Based Group DeCISion-Support Systems. Journal of the American Society for Information SCience, Volume 45, Number 9, October 1994, pp. 669- 677.

Ball, G.-L., 1994. Ecosystem Modelling Wlth GIS.

Em,;ronmental Management Vol. 18, No. 3, May~une 1994, pp.345-349.

Chang, K..-T., Vebyla, DL., Yeo J.J. and Li Z.-X., 1994.

GIS-Based Program AJds Wildlife Habitat and Timber Management. GIS World, Inc. January 1994, pp. 40-43.

AJison Eastwood (1995). Scarborough's GIS speeds up the map-making process. Technology in Government, February 1995, p.6.

Joao f'beiro da Costa, Enrique Bente de Jesus&Vasco Fonseca (1994). The role of GIS in Environmental Planning:

The Guadiana Case. JOURNAL: European Water Resour

AssocletaIAdvances in Water Resour Technol&Managem.

European Con£, Lisbon, Portugal p. 369(5), Jun 14-18, 1994.

MaffinlG., 1987. Raster Versus Vector Data Encoding and Handling: A Commentary. Photogrammetric Engineering

& Remote SenSing, Vol. 53, No. 10, October 1987, pp.

1397-1398.

MITchel, B. (1994). AddreSSIng "Edge" Problems in the Lard and Water Management in the Sokoto-f'ma f'ver Basin, Nigeria. Geoforum, Vol. 25 No.2 pp. 133-143. Elsevier Science Ltd.

Shaffer,

c.A.

172. Martha E. Williams, Editor.

Young, J.E. (1994). USing Computers for the EnVironment. State of the World, 1994. A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable society.

V.W. Norton &Company, Inc. London.