Advances in service life prediction - an overview of durability and methods of service life prediction for non-structural building components

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Advances in service life prediction - an overview of durability and

methods of service life prediction for non-structural building

components

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Adva nc e s in se r vic e life pre dic t ion - a n ove r vie w of

dura bilit y a nd m e t hods of se r vic e life pre dic t ion for

non-st ruc t ura l building c om pone nt s

N R C C - 5 0 8 5 5

L a c a s s e , M . A .

November 16, 2008

A version of this document is published in / Une version de ce document se trouve dans: Proceedings of the Annual Australasian Corrosion Association Conference, Wellington

Convention Centre, Wellington, NZ, November 16-19, 2008, pp. 1-13

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ADVANCES IN SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION – AN

OVERVIEW OF DURABILITY AND METHODS OF

SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION FOR

NON-STRUCTURAL BUILDING COMPONENTS

Michael A. Lacasse

National Research Council Canada, Institute for Research in Construction,

Building Envelope and Structure Research Program, Ottawa, Canada

SUMMARY:

An overview is provided of durability, service life (SL) and service life prediction (SLP)

research in the construction domain over the past decades with emphasis on the activities of the CIB W080

working commission and related RILEM technical committees working in this area. The information serves

as a primer on the topic and offers useful references on SL and SLP methods for the principal building

components such as wood, sealants, coatings, roofing, and rendered cladding. As well, the SL methods

developed for more complex construction components, such as insulated glass units and solar collectors, are

summarised and serve to illustrate the approaches taken when estimating the SL of multifaceted building

assemblies. A key component to SLP research within the CIB W080 has been interest in making the

outgrowth of the research accessible to the practitioner. As such the dissemination of SL information in the

form of building codes and standards are addressed and the prominence of information technologies, such as

the Internet, in facilitating the dissemination process is also touched upon. Finally, examples reflecting

current trends in SLP are presented and expectations for future research focus are offered.

Keywords: durability, building components, building materials, service life, service life prediction

1. INTRODUCTION

The construction sector is a sizeable portion of the gross domestic product of most countries [1]. As such, its importance to the industrial and economic well being of countries is evident; the importance of knowledge of the durability and expected life of construction materials is likewise of some importance in regards to the maintenance of infrastructure assets, their repair and refurbishment. As well, it is a key component for undertaking sustainable construction. Accordingly, there exists a broad range and depth of research in this domain that touches not only upon sustainability, but also the design, maintenance, repair, and refurbishment, indeed, the entire life cycle of constructed assets. Given the broad aspect of this field of endeavour, this paper does not offer an overview in all areas, but is primarily limited to non-structural use of materials in construction, and those activities specifically related to prediction of the service life (SL) of materials and components and in this regard, to the activities of the CIB W080 and related RILEM technical committees.

It is worthwhile noting the continued and growing interest in research on durability and SL. Figure 1 provides results from an informal survey conducted on the web, querying the RILEM sponsored Journal Materials and Construction on the number of articles focusing on durability and SL research in the past five decades. The results indicate notable increases in awareness in this topic, as shown by the increase in the number of articles published over five decades and its apparent growth in importance as a research domain.

This paper provides a brief overview of SL and durability research over the past decades with emphasis on providing insights to progress and development of service life prediction (SLP) methods pertinent to building materials and components. It is essentially a primer on SL and durability research from the perspective of work carried out in the CIB W080 research commission and related RILEM technical committee. It is intended to provide some background information on the early development of a systematic approach to the prediction conundrum, highlighting the role of the CIB and RILEM in providing opportunities for researchers to exchange information and participate in activities focused on developing technologically sound methods

Figure 1 – Informal survey of articles focused on “durability” or “prediction” as extracted from the

RILEM Journal of Materials and Construction

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 Nu m b er of a rt icl e s Durability Prediction

useful to practitioners. It does not provide an in-depth analysis of technical issues but does provide examples of highly useful approaches to SLP for materials, components and complex component systems.

A key component to SLP research has been the interest in making the outgrowth of the research accessible to the practitioner. As such the dissemination of SL information in the form of building codes and standards development are addressed and the prominence of information technologies, such as the Internet and related enabling tools, in facilitating the dissemination process is also touched upon. Finally, examples reflecting current trends in SLP are presented and expectations for future focus are offered.

1.1 Background to the early development of durability and service life research

Service life and durability research has been part of construction language at least for the past 50 years. The past chair of the ASTM standards development committee on the Performance of buildings (ASTM E06), R. Legget†, was the first to identify durability, or more appropriately SL, as a research field as early as the 1950’s [2]. Since these early efforts, numerous subsequent research projects on durability and service life have evidently been initiated (see e.g. bibliographic file in [3]) Research efforts undertaken in the late sixties at the National Bureau of Standards (now the NIST‡), brought about the development of a systematic approach to assess the SL and durability of building materials and construction [4]. These efforts were fostered by Project Breakthrough, a Department of Housing and Urban Development project which had as its objective to “break through” barriers that constrained the use of innovative materials and systems in producing affordable housing [5]. The first priority in Project Breakthrough was to cull useful information into a knowledge base from which predictive tests could be developed and included an examination of factors affecting durability [6]. This initial work brought about the development of a weather and climate database necessary to evaluate durability [7] and a review of test methods for building materials [8]; the team at NIST were the first to provide insight as to how such a systematic method could be established [9]. In addition, an initial basis was formed for the development of a standard method by which the durability of materials could readily and systematically be evaluated [10].

These research efforts were also the precursor to increased international cooperation for assessing the long-term performance of building materials. Accordingly, these activities exposed building researchers to the performance concept in building, and this area was promoted as a means of objectively reviewing the technological requirements of new designs, materials and innovative construction techniques. A joint symposium sponsored by the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures (RILEM), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation (CIB) [5] highlighted the many efforts being made at that time in advancing the state of the art in durability and SLP.

This is not to suggest that efforts in other countries were not advanced or noteworthy. For example, work in this area had commenced as early as 1953 in Japan; researchers had already developed the essential elements for a method for testing, evaluating and selecting building materials and elements [11]. These methods, referred to later in this paper, were adopted in their guide to SLP [12] and this keynote guide has formed the basis for the development of a number of other similar guides such as, for example, that produced in Britain for BSI [13] and in Canada for the CSA 14].

1.2 International technical committees [15]

International technical committees have also played an important part in the gathering and disseminating of information on durability and SL. The technological importance of SL research is apparent from the activities of technical research committees, in particular those active the CIB W80 and RILEM. Activities of CIB W80 extend back to 1978 and it has since seen different designations as it has been associated with the RILEM TC 71-PSL (Prediction of Service Life), TC 100- and 140-TSL (Technologies for Service Life Prediction) and the RILEM 175-SLM (Service Life Methodologies).

The initial task of the group was to consider work already completed within ASTM and thereafter, review and adapt the existing approach [10] to a RILEM test recommendation [16] thus forming a standard method for SLP for materials and components. It was first recognized [17] that there was a need for disseminating information available at that time, for feedback on the performance of materials in service, and in particular, for the collection of in-service failure data [18, 19]. Hence, it was accepted early on that in order for a practitioner to take advantage of the research being conducted in this area, a review of this information had to take place, and from this pre-normative documents developed.

One of the focuses of this committee has been the support of conferences relating to the durability of buildings materials and components held in the past 30 years that have provided a significant body of knowledge accumulated from these and other works [20]. For example, there have been eleven international conferences on the durability of building materials and components relating to SL [22-32], and a twelfth is planned for Porto in 2011. [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]

†

Former director of the Division of Building Research (now the Institute for Research in Construction), NRCC, Ottawa, Canada

‡

A considerable amount of information has been contributed through the CIB working commission W080. For example, the CIB W080 has contributed a guide and bibliography on SLP [32], and as well other documents useful in understanding the different approaches to SL estimation, in particular, work on failure modes and effects analysis [33], that on the use of the factor methods in SLP [34] and engineering methods using a probabilistic approach for SLP [35].

The CIB W080 committee has always maintained links with other CIB committees conducting related work such as the W060 on performance-based standards, W094 on Design for durability and W086 on Building pathology. However, since 1993 its outreach has been extended in large part due to its close collaboration with ISO technical activities, in particular the ISO TC 59 SC 14 (Design Life), and the ISO TC 59 SC 17 (Sustainability in Building Construction). More information on the outgrowth of this collaboration with ISO TC 59 SC14 is provided in §3.1.1 on Standards. A new work term for the CIB W080 was initiated at the annual meeting in 2005 and the membership last met prior to the 11DBMC [31], in April 2008, in Istanbul, Turkey; additional information on the activities of this group can be obtained from: http://www.cibworld.nl/website/

2. DEVELOPMENT OF SL RESEARCH - BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

Advances in methods to assess the durability and SL of building materials and components have been on-going for several decades and there is considerable literature that has been developed in particular in the area of concrete and reinforced concrete and other primary materials used for structural purposes such as timber, brick masonry and steel. In this paper, focus is made on reviewing advances in SL and SLP of non-structural building components such as wood, coatings, sealants, roofing, and rendered cladding. As well, a brief review is offered of the development of more complex component models such as insulated glass units (IGU) and solar collectors. Although not an exhaustive list of components it does provide some of the more prominent areas in which advances have been made.

2.1 Advances in methods to assess the durability and service life of building components

Identifying pertinent information on durability and service methods for different building components permits quickly gaining an appreciation for the advances in the different technological domains, as development evidently requires particular knowledge of the deterioration mechanisms for the specific building component and the factors that cause the loss in performance over time. Typically, such information derives from collaborative research efforts as might be found, for example, in reports of technical committees focusing on the specific domain, the publication of state of the art reports, review papers and reports on activities. Hence in Table 1, pertinent information is provided on the SL and methods for SLP of selected building components. The relevant technical group or organisation associated with the work is also provided; this permits access to a broader review of literature within these groups in the respective domains.

2.1.1 Wood

Wood as a building component is subjected to in-service factors causing decay that leads to loss in functional performance (serviceability) or structural resistance over time. Advances made within the International Research Group on Wood Protection (Preservation) have and are focused on the protection and preservation of wood and methods of test for durability (e.g., Table 1; Råberg et al.[36]). There is also interest within this group for establishing useful methods for estimating the service life of wood components as advanced by Brischke et al. [37, 38] (Table 1). Distinction is made between biological factors causing degradation and structural effects on timber and the structural response of timber to both loads and loss of resistance due to decay.

In respect to methods for determining the SL of timber structures, notable advances have recently been made; work undertaken at the CSIRO has produced several useful documents relating to service models for timber decay [39] and from which a design guide was prepared [40]. The predictive models developed for the guide include: In-ground and aboveground decay; decay and corrosion within the building envelope; corrosion of fasteners exposed to the weather; marine borers; and, termite management.

2.1.2 Sealants

The group primarily responsible for making advances in the area of service life and durability of sealant products is the RILEM technical committee on the durability of sealants that has been through several different variations since it first was established in 1983 (e.g.. 66-BJS; 139-DBS; 190-SBJ). The ASTM technical standards development committee, C24 on building seals and sealants has also been active in promoting research in this domain having sponsored several symposia over the years†. As provided in Table 1, several state of the art reports have been produced from the various RILEM committees, and key review papers have been referenced that offer useful insight into the development of test methods for assessing durability and service life of sealant products.

†

Table 1 – Building component SL - Examples of Research Groups and related studies on determining the SL of different components

* IWGWP: International Research Group on Wood Protection (Preservation); ** Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

Component Relevant technical groups or organisations

Technical papers (TP), Review papers (RP); State-of-the-art reports (SOTA);

Committee technical reports (CR); Recommended test method (RTM) Wood IRGWP (1969) RP: Råberg et al. (2005) [36]; TP: Brischke et al. (2006) [37];

TP: Brischke & Rapp (2008) [38]; Nguyen et al. (2008) [39]

Sealants

RILEM TC 190-SBJ (2001); 139-DBS (1991); 66-BJS (1983); ASTM C24

SOTA: Beech (1985) [41]; SOTA: Wolf (1990) [42];

RP: Lacasse (1994) [43]; CR: Wolf (1998) [44]; SOTA: Wolf (1999) [45]; RP: Wolf 2004 [46]; RTM: Building Sealants Durability Test Method [47]

Coatings ASTM D01; ASTM G03; FSCT**

RP: Martin (1983) [48];

TP: Martin & McKnight [49]; SOTA: Martin et al. (1994) [50]; TP: Martin (1997) [51]; Martin & Bauer [52]; TP: Croll and Hinderliter (2007) [53]

Roofing

CIB W083/RILEM TC 166-RMS (1999); 120-MRS (1989); 75-SLR (1982)

CR: Summary RILEM TC 75-SLR activities (1984) [54];

CR: Summary technical report, CIB W083/RILEM 75-SLR (1986) [55]; CR: Report of CIB W083/RILEM 120-MRS (1997) [56];

CR: Final Report of CIB W083/RILEM 166-RMS (2003) [57]

Rossiter and Mathey (1983) [58]; Cash and Bailey. (1993) [59]; Bailey et al. (1997) [60]; Cash (2000) [61]; Cash et al. (2005) [62]

Rendered cladding

Shohet and Paciuk (2004) [63]; Shohet and Paciuk (2006) [64]; Gaspar and de Brito (2008) [65]

2.1.3 Coatings

There is an extensive range of literature in the coatings domain focused on weathering and durability; in respect to the building area, researchers at the NIST have offered the most sustained effort on the prediction of SL of coatings over the decades. As cited in Table 1, Martin has carried out considerable work on this topic for which the basic approach to SLP was established early on in 1983. Croll [53] has also provided some highly useful insights into estimating service lifetimes of coatings from an understanding of what weathering tests offer when combined with the use of statistical models and methods to simulate the deterioration process. A number of symposia have recently been directed towards SLP methods for coatings and polymeric materials, the most recent of which was held in 2006 [66].

2.1.4 Roofing

The joint CIB W083/RILEM technical committee has focused on research related to the durability and SL of roofing membranes since the early 80’s from which several committee reports have been published (e.g. see Table 1). An approach to developing SLP tests was first suggested by Rossiter and Mathey [58] based on that which had been previously developed at the NIST. Work specifically related to methods of testing for SL prediction was thereafter initiated by Cash [59] and Bailey [60] on behalf of the US Army Corps of Engineers; since the initial work on this topic, several subsequent updates have been published, the most recent of which was presented in 2005 at the 10DBMC [62].

2.1.5 Rendered claddings

The work cited in Table 1 on rendered claddings does not have any specific technical group associated with the work. Shohet was working at the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology), Gaspar at the Technical University of Lisbon (Portugal). The approaches adopted for estimating the SL of rendered cladding incorporate technical aspects related to the deterioration and mechanism of degradation of the cladding and to the cost of maintenance and repair of the cladding assemblies. Hence this is not a purely technical representation of the SL of rendered claddings, but a SL estimate undertaken within a maintenance management framework.

2.2 Complex component systems

There are some useful examples of SLP for more complex component systems that have recently been completed, including studies on solar collectors [67] and for insulated glass units [33]. A brief description of each is provided below.

2.2.1 Solar collectors [68]

The relation between materials performance and system performance was the starting point in defining performance requirements and criteria for acceptable performance for solar collectors and related components. This required knowledge on measurement of material performance properties and on system performance testing and simulation. This was achieved by

conducting a failure modes and effects analysis, an outline of which is depicted in Figure 1. Thereafter, the environmental stress conditions for each of the system components needed to be properly characterized and measured to ensure that the stress-effect (dose-response) functions could be developed; these functions would serve as a base for SLP. To identify and characterize lifetime limiting degradation processes with respect to changes in materials performance and properties, accelerated aging tests were performed for screening the relevant stress parameter levels and for life testing. Mathematical models were then employed for analyzing the accelerated test data and the environmental stress conditions for estimation of SL; a summary of the work is provided by Carlsson et al. in [69].

Figure 2 - Failure mode analysis for planning of accelerated tests for service life prediction [68] 2.2.2 Insulated glass units (IGU)

The most recent state-of-the-art-report on different aspects of assessing the durability of insulated glass (IG) units was prepared by Holck and Svendsen [70] as part of the International Energy Agency’s solar heating and cooling Task Group 27, focused on solar building façade components. The report primarily deals with test methods to assess durability but work on simulating failure of IG units, undertaken by the Aspen Research Corporation on behalf of US government and industry partners [71], is also reported. This simulation program, developed by the Aspen Research Corporation and others, formed part of a project to establish an insulated glass durability knowledge base. The predictive simulation model is a complex multi-dimensional platform that gives a detailed description of the different mechanisms of IG unit failure and failure modes, as reported in [72].

More recently, Pylkki and Doll [73] illustrated the applicability of the simulation model in obtaining the frequency of different failure modes and average time to failure for the respective modes. The simulation model is based on the environmental action of temperature, pressure (barometric and wind) and solar radiation, which impose differential stress on the IG unit, as illustrated in Figure 3a; a coupled thermal, permeability and mechanical model permits simulating the response of the IG to these actions (Figure 3b) and to which the resistance of the unit is compared. The likelihood of failure and expected failure modes are determined based on a specified IG unit configuration and environmental conditions for a given geographic location.

3. DISSEMINATION OF SERVICE LIFE INFORMATION – STANDARDS, GUIDES, CODE

DEVELOPMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

The dissemination of SL information in the form of guides, standards, or codes are important components when ensuring practionners have access to useful information in this domain. Standards, whether voluntary or mandatory, provide instructions and guidelines for building practitioners. These standards therefore form an essential part of SLP and asset management. Additionally, the work of technical committees focused on this area has produced useful information as primers on the topic, thus providing a basis for making recommendations to practionners for useful methods, or for the development of pre-normative documents from which standards and standard guides can be drafted. A brief overview of standards, guidelines and building codes incorporating durability is provided below.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3 – (a) Schematic of IG unit and indication of physical effects modelled (T: temperature, P: pressure, X: gas composition, v: velocity; (b) Schematic of coupled model calculations [72]

3.1 Service life related standards

There are two ISO standards that deal specifically with SL: ISO 15686 Buildings and Constructed Assets – Service Life Planning; and, ISO 13823 General principles on the design of structures for durability. Each is briefly described below. 3.1.1 Summary of ISO standard 15686 (Service Life Planning) and current progress

To date, the first three and the sixth part of the standard (ISO 15686 Buildings and Constructed Assets – Service Life Planning) have been published in successive years starting in 2000. A brief overview of the different parts is given below. Part 1 - General principles [74] - describes the principles and procedures that apply to design, when planning the SL of buildings and constructed assets. It is important that the design stage includes systematic consideration of local conditions to ensure, with a high degree of probability, that the SL will be no less than the design life. The standard is applicable to both new constructions and the refurbishment of existing structures.

Part 2 - Service life prediction procedures [75] - of the standard is mainly based on the SL Methodology developed by Masters and Brandt [19]. It describes a procedure that facilitates SLPs of building components. The general framework, principles, and requirements for conducting and reporting such studies are given.

Part 3 - Performance audits and reviews [76] - is concerned with ensuring the effective implementation of SL planning. It describes the approach and procedures to be applied to pre-briefing, briefing, design, and construction and, where required, the life care management and disposal of buildings and constructed assets to provide a reasonable assurance that measures necessary to achieve a satisfactory performance over time will be implemented.

Part 6 - Procedures for considering environmental impacts [77] - describes how to assess, at the design stage, the potential environmental impacts of alternative designs of a constructed asset. It provides information on the interface between environmental life cycle assessment and SL planning. A more detailed overview of the ISO 15686 series of standards and information on other parts of the standard are described in Sjöström et al. [78]. Work undertaken within the CIB W080 continues to directly support development of this standard.

3.1.2 ISO 13823 General principles on the design of structures for durability [79]

This standard specifies general principles and recommends procedures for the verification of the durability of structures subject to known environmental actions, including mechanical actions, causing material degradation leading to failure of performance. The approach taken in the standard is one that insures the reliability of performance throughout the design SL of the structure. It was intended to improve the evaluation and design of structures for durability by the incorporation of building science principles into structural engineering practice. As well, this standard provides a framework for the development of mathematical models to predict the SL of components of the structure. The goal is to ensure that all analytical models are incorporated into the limit states method, the same as currently used for the verification and design of structures. It covers: basic concepts for verifying durability; durability requirements; design life of a structure and its components; predicted SL; and, strategies for durability design. The standard has already been considered for use to evaluate the durability of heritage architectural structures [80].

3.2 Guideline documents

A number of guideline documents have been produced and include, for example:

• Japan: The English Edition: Principle Guide for Service Life Planning of Buildings, Architectural Institute of Japan [12]; • Britain: Guide to Durability of Buildings and Building Elements, Products and Components, British Standards Institution

[13];

• Canada; CSA Standard S478-1995: Guideline on Durability in Buildings, Canadian Standards Association (CSA) [14]. • Australia: Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB), Guideline on Durability in Buildings, ABCB (2003) [81].

• United States: National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Research Centre, Durability by Design: A Guide for Residential Builders and Designers, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2002) [82].

The Japanese guide was developed under the guidance of a committee that was established to systematize the concept of durability [83]. This committee first defined the terminology related to the field of durability. Thereafter, a sub-committee proceeded to prepare principles for the process of planning durability and to develop a procedure for predicting the SL of dwellings and their elements. Although first published in Japan in 1989, the guide was only made available in English in 1993. Efforts in Japan have continued and a guide for the repair and maintenance for buildings has since been produced [84]. The Guide to Durability of Buildings produced by BSI [13] gives guidance on the durability required and the predicted service and design life of buildings and their elements. It applies primarily to new construction rather than alterations, and only partially applies to other civil engineering works (e.g. roads, buildings and dams).

The CSA “Guideline on Durability in Buildings” [14, 85] is modelled on the BSI guide and provides a set of recommendations to assist designers to create durable buildings. It provides a framework within which durability targets can be set, and suggests criteria for specifying the durability performance of buildings and their elements. It contains generic information on factors, such as environmental, that impact on the durability of the materials in a building and it also identifies the need for designers to consider costs, maintenance and ease of replacement when selecting components. The guideline makes it quite apparent that durability is affected by SL requirements and design choices.

The Australian Building Codes Board, “Guideline on Durability in Buildings”, was developed in response to comments and concerns from government, industry and had been identified by the construction industry as an issue that required national uniform guidance [81]. Focusing on durability in generic terms, it provides best practice, non-mandatory advice and guidance on durability. The expectation of the ABCB is that industry will use the document to develop durability solutions relevant to specific materials in accordance with the generic principles and criteria contained in the Guideline. The document was developed in consultation with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and several industry associations†. The NASH has since produced some useful guidelines for use of its products [86], as has the FWPRDC and NTDC; as previously mentioned, a timber design guide has been developed and accompanying the guide is software that permits easy access to the information [87].

3.3 Durability in construction codes for buildings and structures

The adoption of durability as a performance requirement in building codes has few examples across the globe although durability is highlighted as an implicit requirement in, for example, the building codes of Australia, Canada [88], USA [89] and the UK. Examples of exceptions, in which requirements for durability of building materials and components are explicitly described, include the Building Code of New Zealand and the Building Standard Law of Japan (Ministry of Land, Infrastructures and Transport) [90].

The New Zealand Building Code is a performance-based code that imposes mandatory requirements for building durability that applies across the entire code [91]. This performance-based code has placed a particular importance on being able to demonstrate the durability of building materials. Verification that the durability of a building element complies with the

Building Code is by demonstrating acceptable performance taking into account the expected in-service exposure conditions [92]. Such conditions could be based on: (i) In-service history; (ii) Laboratory testing; or, (iii) Comparable performance of similar building elements. Additional aspects related to durability that need to be considered in the evaluation include: maintenance to achieve the required durability; installation details (e.g. fixings, flashings, jointing materials); and, compatibility with other materials [92]. Various construction materials such as concrete, timber, solid plastering and earth buildings, have been approved in respect to the durability requirements set out in this code. As well, the minimum SL for all

materials, components and construction methods has been identified, with a maximum 50-year service required for structural elements and inaccessible elements [92] and a shorter specified life of 15 or 5 years for accessible elements for which where failure of the component can be detected, as for example, of exposed cladding, interior linings and coatings [93].

† i.e. National Association of Steel-frame Housing (NASH), the Cement and Concrete Association of Australia, the National Timber Development Council (NTDC) and the Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC)

3.4 Methods of information dissemination – Information technology

Apart from the evident use of standards, codes and guides to help dissemination information on SL, the role of information technology to access durability and SL information is highly significant. The use of the Internet has permitted wide access to various levels of information and open access by research institutions also allows retrieval of research papers, reports and related information thus offering a broad range of documentation relevant to durability and SL. The following databases provide access to useful SL information:

• CIB web site and publications specific to the activities of the CIB W080 commission: www.cibworld.nl • CIB Web site; select: ICONDA®CIBlibrary: http://www.irb.fraunhofer.de/CIBlibrary/about.html

• Durability of Building Materials and Components 8 - SL/AM IT: A CD ROM-Based, Interactive Bibliography on Service Life and Durability [3]

4. CURRENT TRENDS AND EXPECTATIONS FOR FUTURE FOCUS

As a backdrop to understanding current trends and expectations for future work in the area of SLP methods it is perhaps first useful to consider the economic factors driving possible future developments in this area. A primary interest of construction product manufacturers in the EU is the construction product directive [94, 95] for which manufacturers have interest in declaring on the durability and expected SL of their products [96]. Additionally, there is continued interest in sustainable construction practice underwritten by the various EU “framework programme for research” to which EU research groups have had access over two decades and to which they continue to gain support as part of the 7th programme.

In North America there is no similar drive to sustainable development however manufacturers of building components having a global reach are necessarily particularly aware of the advances being made and the requirements to demonstrate adequate long-term performance in the EU context; such groups have a genuine interest in moving sustainable agenda forward and thus advancing methods for assessing the durability and SL of building materials (e.g. see NIST “High Performance Polymeric Materials” (industry) consortia on SLP of polymeric coatings‡ and SLP of sealant materials#).

As well, the public infrastructure backlog in North America is clearly evident to infrastructure and building asset managers; however, given the significant expenditures estimated to address projected deficits, governments agencies, faced with fiscal constraints and political realities, are seeking to maintain any positive economic trends in difficult financial times, and are less prone to meeting the evident challenge. Hence there is a realisation amongst expert practitioners of an evident and likely sustained lack of funding to address the maintenance backlog or future funding requirements. Other more sophisticated methods for maintenance management of complex building and infrastructure systems are required that will help address these issues; such systems would integrate SLP of components based on geographically mapped in-service environments and also consider the expected life cycle costs for maintenance, repair or refurbishment of the constructed asset.

Although much has been written on the durability of different materials, components and assemblies, what can be stated in regard to accessing actual service life data? Unfortunately there are no readily available databases with this type of information. There are some references, for example the HAPM service life manual [97] for components is often cited as just such a source but this is no longer being maintained. Hence obtaining SL information is at best elusive. The ISO 15685 refers to reference SL of components. The development of such reference SL for different components is on-going; however there ought to be a means to rationally capture and archive this information in a fashion that is accessible to practionners in the future. Fortunately, work by Talon et al. [98] has provided a means to organise SL information. The CSTB [99] is developing a practical implementation of this approach adapted to the Internet† so that information on SL derived from different sources can be captured and utilised to provide a close approximation of the variation in SL of different building products.

04].

Representative of some of the more advanced systems are SL systems that integrate environmental effects to construction components; these are typically adapted in a GIS context. Examples of such integrated systems include work completed by Haagenrud et al for historic wooden buildings [100] and another comparable system but broadened to all building types [101]. Similar work carried out by Cole et al. to estimate the effect of the environment on the durability of timber products is provided in [102] which is based on a more generalised model for atmospheric corrosion [103] applicable to a range of building components exposed to the exterior climate. An overview of GIS applications to construction is given by Haagenrud et al [1

The next level of complexity includes integrated systems for building or infrastructure asset management that relate maintenance actions to SLPs and from which the consequences of such actions on the life cycle costs of the assets can be determined. Examples of such approaches include work by McDuling et al on hospitals [105] and that of Chien et al [106] for concrete structures.

‡ http://slp.nist.gov/coatings/cslpmain.html # http://slp.nist.gov/sealant/sslpmain.html;

†

5. SUMMARY

A brief overview has been provided of durability, SL and SLP prediction research in the construction domain over the past decades with emphasis on the activities of the CIB W080 working commission and related RILEM technical committees working in this area. The information provided in the paper serves as a primer on the topic and provides useful references on SL and SP methods for building components such as wood, sealants, coatings, roofing and cladding. As well, the SL methods developed for more complex construction components, such as insulated glass units and solar collectors, are summarised and serve to illustrate the approaches taken when estimating the SL of multifaceted building assemblies.

Significant progress has been made in the development of SL methods and in making these efforts accessible to construction practice. Several practical guides to the implementation of durability and SL methods in building and construction have been developed, approaches to service life planning and the inclusion of durability in the design of structures has been implemented in international standards, and “durability”, if not SL, has been implicitly included in building codes of a number of countries around the globe.

In the building sector, few fully developed SL models exist in large measure because the significant investment in time and effort required in developing such models. However, given that, for example, construction product regulations, such as outlined in the EU product directive, require disclosure of information related to durability and long-term performance of manufactured products, there is increased awareness of the need for further research on the development of SL models for building products. This is expected to carry on, given, as well, the growing interest in the development of sustainable construction practices and indices to benchmark sustainability that, in part, rely on knowledge of the service life of building materials, components and structures.

The several novel approaches alluded to in this brief summary on SL and SLP methods suggest that the next decades will be equally important to advances in this area. In this respect, the CIB W080 has provided some useful base knowledge on which SL practionners can rely and continues to be active in the area of SLP of building materials and components; future contributions from this group will continue to provide highly useful practical information in relation to SL and SLP methods.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the Australasian Corrosion Association for having provided the opportunity to present this work at their annual conference and the National Research Council Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, for having provided support to this study.

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