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HAL Id: halshs-00657445

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00657445

Submitted on 6 Jan 2012

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Jacques Guyot

To cite this version:

Jacques Guyot. Diversidad lingüística, comunicación y espacio público. Cominicación y Sociedad, 2006, p. 115-136. �halshs-00657445�

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