Proposed Project to Investigate "Floating" Concrete Floor Slabs for Basementless Houses

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Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1951-06-16

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Proposed Project to Investigate "Floating" Concrete Floor Slabs for Basementless Houses

Goodwin, M. J.

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 101

Prepared by Mo Jo Goodwin Approved by Robert Fa Legget

Checked by Do Ho Rutherford ｾ June 16, 1951

•

Subject: Proposed Project to Investigate "Floating" Concrete Floor Slabs for Basementless Houses

In the search for ways of reducing the cost of housing, an increasing number of home-builders in Canada are now building houses without basementso These basementless houses are usually built with conventional wooden floors over crawl spaces or with

concrete slabs on grade, but in either case the floors are generally supported by foundation walls extending to the "frost linea"

Some home-builders are going a step further, however, and are constructing a concrete floor slab without supportin

_w

foundation walls; instead, the slab is built with a continuous 'inverted curb", ioe o with a peripheral, reinforced concrete beam extending at most only a few inches below grade o The entire slab, including grade-beam, is generally cast in place monolithically and is usually known as a "floating" slabo

Use of the floating floor slab results in cost savings by the reduction in amount of excavation required, by the

elimination of foundation wall, and by the simplification of floor construction o However, these savings are offset somewhat by the fact that when the basement is eliminated, extra storage space and room for the domestic heating unit have to be provided in'the house proper; this in turn increases the size of the ｨｯｵｳ･ｾ its

exposed area, and therefore the heat loss during the winter monthso Thus it is not certain what cost advantages are actually obtained in the long runo Some studies of these economic factors have been made in the United states, and these will be extended by the

Division of BUilding Research to Canadian conditions as soon as possible in the futureo

There are occasionally other reasons for using floating slabs apart from the possibility of reducing costso In some

cases it may be a matter of personal preference, while in other cases the use of floating slabs may be a means of overcoming differential movements which would be damaging to houses on

conventional foundation walls and footingso As a notable example of the latter case, the belief is held by many engineers and

architects that a floating slab should be used for nouses built on the heavy clays found in Greater ｗｩｮｮｩｰ･ｧｾ in preference to the conventional foundation walls and footingso

•

•

",

-2-In view of this increasing interest in floating slabs$ the Division believes it would be useful to seek a suitable design for such slabso Although heat loss and moisture permeation

characteristics have previously been investigated (notably in the United states), little study has yet been made of the structural aspect o The Division of Building Research now proposes to make such an investigation, the ultimate objective of which would be to attain maximum structural effectiveness at minimum costo

As a preliminary to the proposed investigation, the Division has already made careful field studies of all floating

slabs known to have been built for small houses in Canada o Several such slabs have been successfully built (notably at Ajax, Atikokan$' and Fort William, Ontario, and at Winnipeg, Manitoba), but in no instance were they built under controlled conditions or scientific observationo Thus we cannot be certain, but we strongly suspect that a much more economical slab design can be achieved than has hitherto been employed in Canadao

20 Statement of the Problem

Since the design of floating slabs will obviously be subject to change under varying conditions, it seems reasonable

(at ｬ･｡ｾｴ as a first step) to design the slab and its bed ｦｾｲ the most severe conditions which might occur in pract1ceo It is our view that in small house constructi'on this condition is obtained when a floating slab is built on a clay soil subject to swelling and shrinkingo Reasons for holding this view are given in the following discussion o

A thin concrete slab may be considered to act as a plate in which two sets of forces act, one on each sideo The slab must be designed to withstand these forces if it is to remain undamaged o

The forces on the upper side are relatively determinate; it is more difficult, however$ to evaluate forces which develop

from various causes on the under sideo If the subgrade support were uniform, as might occur if the slab were erected on solid rock or upon a well-compacted free-draining soil such as sand or gravel, stressing of the slab would be kept to a minimumo The stressing

increases in severity, however, when the slab is unevenly supported o Uneven support of the slab can only be introduced by a tendency of the sUbgrade soil to flow or change in volume o Since the loads in small house construction are much too small to induce plastic flow of the soil, it follows that this investigation need concern itself only with uneven support resulting from change in volume of the subgrade material o

Change in volume of the subgrade soil is due to variations in the volume of the soil ann can only be brought about by (1) frost action, causing the formation of ice lenses and resulting in "heaving";

(2) moisture accumulation under the slab, causing swelling of the . soil; or, (3) drying of the soil under the slab, causing shrinkage o_,

•

•

"

-3-Thus two types of soil become suspect: from the frost action point of view, a silt; and from the swelling and shrinkage point of view, a relatively heavy clayo It is worth noting that these two effects are hardly interchangeable» leo under ordinary circumstances a

silt is not likely to show swelling and shrinkage properties, nor is a heavy clay likely to exhibit frost heave o

Since the floor slabs in basementless houses would normally be kept heated (10e o they would be under heated structures) when the weather was cold, and would lose some of that heat to the ground3 the

danger of ice lenses forming may be dlsccuntedo Thus we conclude that in small house construction the floating slab is likely to be most severely stressed when built on a clay soil SUbject to swelling

and shrinkingo

In the study of damage to slabs resulting from swelling and shrinkage of clay ｳｯｩｬｳｾ mathematical analysis cannot be employed since the processes involved are relatively little understoodo

Problems arise of such a character that they can only be investigated by means of full-scale field tests under complete controlo

The Division of BUilding Research is therefore planning to construct this summer some test slabs in ottawa (adjacent to the site of its new building at the National Research Council's Montreal Road Laboratories) and also at least one in the Winnipeg area o Clay soils ?uitable for this research study are available in both locations, Winnipeg being of special interest in this connection because of the failures which have frequently occurred there in conventional

foundation walls and because of the many homes which are now being built on floating slabs in its environso

The principal investigation will be conducted at Ottawa, the Winnipeg slab serving mainly to help interpret results for the Winnipeg area o

30

Proposals for the Experimental Programme at Ottawa

During the course of this proposed investigation» the Division hopes to add somewhat to the understanding of the ways in which a heated slab affects the clay's regime of moisture in clay and thus its swelling and shrinking tendencieso At some time in the future these, and other studies elsewhere» may have advanced the understanding of these processes to such a point as to allow

mathematical determination of the forces acting on the floating slabo In the interim, however,\) an economical "design" may be

obtained by the simple process of ･ｬｩｭｩｮ｡ｴｩｯｮｾ through trial and error in the fieldo

As uppermost limit for range of experimentation, it is proposed to (nearly) duplicate the least heavily reinforced floating slab known to have been successfully built on clay, for house

ｦｯｵｮ､｡ｴｩｯｮｾ in Canadao For lowest limit, it is proposed to use the

•

•

•

-4-In the initial phase of the ｰｲｯｧｲｾｾ･Ｌ two of the reinforced slabs woul'l be built; one on a 6ravel bed at least 18 inches thick, the second directly on graieo Similarly, two of the unreinforced slabs would be built; one on a gravel bed at least 10 inches thick, the second

directly on gradeo

Except for the variation in reinforcing steel and in gravel bed, all four slabs would be tested under identical conditionso The slabs would be located at the same site, would be 'cast of the same concrete, would have the same dimensions and the same edge insulation, would be kept at the same temperatures, and would be equally loadedo

Observations on the behaviour of these four slabs would have to continue until damage became apparent or until the subBrade moisture reached equilibrium under its new conditions, and one very wet and one very dry season had subsequently passed o

Results and observations of this initial phase would indicate what designs should be tried in a subsequent phase, to arrive more

closely at an economical design for a floating slabo

40

Slab Design in the Initial Phase

It is planned to locate the four slabs as shown in Figure 10 All slabs will be 20 feet square and at least 30 feet aparto

From our field studies of floating slabs, we have arrived at the designs illustrated in Figure 20 Figure 2(a) shows the reinforced

slab on gravel bed; Figure 2(b) the reinforced slab on grade; Figure 2(c) the unreinforced slab on gravel bed; Figure 2(d) the unreinforced slab on grade o

The four superstructures will be constructed so that in each case the slab will receive at its perimeter a distributed load

corresponding to What would be produced by a one-storey masonry structure o The four slabs (as well as the space enclosed by their superstructures) will be heated by electrical cable buried in the concrete o Slabs will have the same edge insulation and superstructure and the same total heat losso

50

Instrumentation

The following is a brief statement of the instrumentation which will be employed0

(a) Weather: Complete weather records will be available from a local meteorological station, which is only a ｨ｡ｬｦＭｭｩｾ･ from the site o (b) Groundwater Level: Observations will be made periodically of

water-table elevation by means of piezometerso

(c) Soil Swelling and Shrinka6e: Swelling and shrinkage of the clay under two of the slabs, one with and one without a gravel mat, will be ､･ｴ･｣ｴｾ､ at two levels in the ground by means of ground

(f)

•

•

-5-movement gaugeso Each gauge consists of a light rod extehding down to the depth at which the ground

movement measurement is required, and enclosed in a casing over nearly all its lengtho Vertical movement of the rod will then correspond to that of the ground at the particular depth o

A corresponding set of these gauges will also be installed some distance away from the slabs, for comparative readings0

(d) Soil Moisture Content: As the slabs are constructed, some small holes will be left at the centre of each slab and some at the perimetero At the different seasons of the year and when movement is indicated by the ground movement gauges, borings will be taken through these holes to obtain soil samples at various depths down to the water-tableo Moisture content of these samples will be determined in the laboratoryo

When not in use, holes will be sealed with

removable capso After boring, holes will be backfilled with soil and recappedo

(e) Levels: Periodically, levels will be taken on well-defined points along the perimeter and at the centre of the slabso Slab and Soil Temperatures: Temperature readings will be taken at various points in the slabs and in the ground below the

slabs to a depth of

15

feet o Thermocouple wire and an electronic indicating potentiometer with a suitable switching arrangement will be used for this purpose o

60

Reports

A limited number of copies of this present report is now being circulated for the special purpose of inviting critical comments or enquiries on the proposalo The Division will be glad to receive correspondence on the subject and to discuss with recipients of this report any aspects of the investigation which may be of particular interest to them0

Progress reports will be issued at regular intervals in the futureo In an early one of these a bibliography will be included, to provide a list of useful references on the subjecto

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