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Démarche d'investigation en Mathématiques: l'exemple des ateliers MATh.en.JEANS

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HAL Id: hal-01287663

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01287663

Submitted on 14 Mar 2016

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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des ateliers MATh.en.JEANS

Isabelle Dubois

To cite this version:

Isabelle Dubois. Démarche d’investigation en Mathématiques: l’exemple des ateliers

MATh.en.JEANS. EMF 2012: Enseignement des mathématiques et contrat social : enjeux et défis

pour le 21e siècle, Feb 2012, Genève, Suisse. �hal-01287663�

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