Contents
Contents ... 1
Papers constituting this thesis ... 3
Abbreviations ... 5
Abstract ... 7
Résumé ... 9
Introduction ... 11
Diabetes mellitus ... 11
Role of the pancreatic beta cell ... 12
Glucose sensing and insulin secretion ... 12
Insulin biosynthesis ... 15
Role of insulin signaling in the beta cell ... 15
Type 2 diabetes and monogenic diabetes ... 16
The role of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum on beta cell function and survival ... 18
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction ... 19
ER stress and the unfolded protein response ... 23
Triggers of beta cell oxidative and ER stress ... 25
Beta cell apoptosis as consequence of oxidative and ER stress ... 28
Current therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes ... 31
Oxidative and ER stress as therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes ... 32
Cellular models for beta cell research and drug discovery ... 33
Aims ... 35 Results ... 37 PAPER I ... 37 PAPER II ... 47 PAPER III ... 69 Discussion ... 121
ER stress and oxidative stress drive beta cell failure ... 121
Treating beta cell ER stress and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes ... 122
Targeting ER stress ... 122
Targeting oxidative stress ... 125
Conclusions and perspectives ... 126
Acknowledgements ... 129