HAL Id: inria-00074123
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074123
Submitted on 24 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub-
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
Michel Raynal, André Schiper
To cite this version:
Michel Raynal, André Schiper. From Causal Consistency to Sequential Consistency in Shared Memory Systems. [Research Report] RR-2557, INRIA. 1995. �inria-00074123�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
From Causal Consistency to Sequential Consistency in Shared Memory Systems
M. Raynal, A. Schiper
N˚ 2557
Mai 1995
PROGRAMME 1
#*"+-, .$/0.
132547698;:6=<?>9@AB2C;D)EFHGI9J;>K>
L'MONQPQMR9STSVUWYX[Z$M\O]_^a`KU?\b`KcdMKU?ef;R9MRhgigkjUbglU?enm;o;RQepU?e0q_Uq_NQrdr"sU)U?e)m_MdsU?epU?R9c_t
U)`$epuvew`?jU)SVU?e"q=^xew`KMw^aodc"sU?e
L'MKN=yzU)`"Zq_f
{0R9fdfNQMK`$q_U7MKU?\O]dU)M\K]dU|r }_~QQvX&R^W? Q =X~v f;R9PQU?e
%)?;9QQU?=cdU)r`w^xRgV\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu R9r;q3\)R9c;eORg\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu \bNQr;ep`w^a`Kcd`KU&`wNN9#`K]dU
SRh^lr\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu \bMw^a`KU)Mw^xRc;ewU?q3`KNq_Ub;rdU`O]dUepU)SR9r_`w^x\)eBN9RQ\)\bU?eOewU?eT^ar `K]dUew];RMKU?q
SVU)STNQMKuSVNdq_Ubgk ZrUbtvU?\bcd`p^lN=r^¡eTewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¢gau£\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`7^¢Rg¢g0fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?eV\)Rr¤R9P=MKU)U
NQrReKRSVU7glU)P_RgewU?=cdU)r`w^xRg¥]_^xew`ONQMKu¦N§Rg¢g¥`K]dUVRQ\)\bU?eKepU?e)¨^¢0fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?ef;U)Mb\bUb^l©=Uªq=^xew`w^ar;\b`
gaU)PRg«ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg]_^¡ep`KNQMw^aU?e¬N9«Rg¢g5`K]dURQ\)\bU?eKepU?e)m_`K]dU0UbtdU?\bcd`w^aNQrB^xe¥N=r_gluB\)R9c;eKRg¢gauª\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r_`
gaU)PRhgi^a`wuSVU?R9r;e§`K];R9`$R#MOU?RQqq_NU?e§rdNQ`0PQU)`$RrNh©=U)MK0Mw^a`K`KU)rB©hRhglcdU9®b
¯"]_^xe"f;R9f;U)M0ew`Oc;q=^lU?eewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r¦\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e`K];R9`?m_0]dU)rBNQo;U)u=U?qBouVN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e
N9RP9^a©QU)r±\)R9c;eORg¢glu&\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`UbtvU?\bcd`w^aNQrmSR9²=U^a`$ewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhgigau\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r`? "³NQMKU7fdMKU)´
\O^xewUbgauQm%`K]dU#f;R9f;U)M^ar_`KMKNdq_c;\bU?e`K]dU#µd¶·ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r
S#^¢tdU?q±epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQrd´
ew`OMR^ar`n®50]_^x\O]VPQU)rdU)MRhgi^a°)U?e
W9®`K]dU"²rdN90rV¸{0¹
qdR9`bR0MR=\bU'ºMKU)U9®«R9r;qT¶¥» ¹
\bN=r;\bcdMKMKU)r_`
0Mp^l`OU#¼MOU)U9®$ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r;e R9r;q
~_®$RTrdU)½N=rdU\)RhgigaU?q¶{0¹
\bNQr;\bcdMOMKU)r`MOU?RQq³ºMKU)U9®
¯"]dUd¶epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrBRg¢glN9$e¾¼N=M¥\bNQr;\bcdMKMKU)r_`¥\bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardP#NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e%NQrReKRSVU"NQod´
ywU?\b`?m_0]_^¢gaU U)r;ewcdMw^ardPepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¾\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu5¨À`K]_^xe'^xe"f;RMK`w^x\bc_gxR9MwgauB^ar`KU)MOU?ew`w^ardP7^lr³`K]dU`K]dU
\bNQr_`KUbtd`$Nq=^xew`KMp^lodcd`OU?q±epuvew`OU)Se
0]dU)MKU N=odyzU?\b`be0R9MKUfNeKe^ao_gau&MKU)f_g¢^¡\)R`KU?q®0`KN\bNQfU#"^a`K]
f;R9MO`w^a`w^aNQrVkR^¢gacdMKU?e)Á¥\bN=r_¿d^¡\b`p^lrdP#NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e^arB`z"N q=^xew`w^ar;\b`"f;R9MK`p^l`p^lN=r;eq_N7rdNQ`'rdU?\bU?eKeKRMw^¢glu
o_gaNd\K²fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?e`K];R9`¬^xeKewcdU#`K]dU)S
RQe^a`0^xe"`K]dU#\)RQewUN9¥=cdNQMKcdSÂo;RQepU?qBfdMKNQ`KNd\bN9gxeb®
ÃÅÄÆÇwÈ#É59Ê%Q3¶"R9c;eKRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQmepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQm%ew];R9MKU?qÅSVU)SVNQMKuQmewu_r;\K]dMONQ´
r_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`?
˼Ì#Í
ÎwÏwÐ?Ñ
Í
Î'Ò'ÓlÏzÔHÕ?Ö
×kغÙغÚ)Û¬ÜhÝÞOßàá?â%ã?ä¥åäKÞKánæèçéäwáQÜvêbëbìKí)î0Ùäwï?ïäwâHð¼Ýñäwã?äwò9Ü9óhôbõböhô)÷)øùwó9ùúôdûHüOóQý
×k×zþÿÀÜäwà«ã ØHïºß0ÞHç)á?äbÜKìKëÞOá?âkÞOï?ïäxÚçwäHæiÞKïã'úQù Oóhø"!ùû ?ü)÷dûQý
ÄvÄ· R\bNQ]"sU)MKU)r;\bU\)R9c;eKRgaU&U)`VgxR\bNQ]"sU)MOU)r;\bUe_sU?=cdU)r`w^aUbg¢gaU\bNQr;ew`p^l`OcdU)r`q_U)c_t
q_U?efdMw^ar;\O^af;R9c_t\bMw^a`?jU)MKU?e"cd`w^¢g¢^xesU?efNQcdM q¥sUb;r_^aMg¡RBe_sU)SR9r_`w^xQcdU#q_U?e$RQ\)\9jU?e$qdRr;e"gaU#SVNdq5jUbgaU
SsU)SVN9^aMKU7f;R9MK`RP¾sU)Ud ¶¥U7MR9fdfNQMK`¦sU)`Kc;q=^aU7gaU?egi^aU)r;eU)r`KMOU\bU?eq_U)c_t`wufU?e$q_UV\bNQ]"sU)MKU)r;\bU
U)`0STNQr`OMKUY=cècdrdUUbtsU?\bcd`w^aNQr¦\)Rc;eKRgaU)SVU)r_`$\bNQ]"sU)MOU)r`KUq_NQr_`"gaU?e"NQf"sU)MR9`w^aNQr;e"q_UgaU?\b`KcdMKU7U)`
qwsU?\bMw^a`KcdMKUMKU?epf;U?\b`KU)r_`Y\bU)MO`R^ardU?e$\bN=r`KMbR^ar`KU?eq_U ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^xeKR`w^aNQr¦U?ew`U)rkR^a`$e_sU?=cdU)r_`w^aUbgl´
gaU)SVU)r_`0\bNQ]sU)MKU)r_`KU
cdrdU$UbtsU?\bcd`w^aNQrTU?ew`e_sU?QcdU)r_`w^aUbg¢gaU)SVU)r`\bNQ]sU)MKU)r_`KU$ez^;`KNQc;e%gaU?e¬fdMKNd\bU?eKewc;e
©QN^lU)r_`g¡RBSU)SVU]_^xew`KN^lMOU g)sU)PRgaUVq_U?e$RQ\)\9jU?ejRg¡RBSsU)SVN9^aMKU9®b 0rdU#\bNQr_`KMR^ar_`KUq_UVewu_r;\K]dMONQ´
r_^xeKR9`p^lN=rU?ew`7f;R9MK`w^x\bc_g¢^ jU)MKU)STU)r`sU)`Oc;q=^U)UQ¨«ewN=r&^ar`dss U)MU)`f;N=cdMMdsU?e^xew`KU)M Rcf;R9MK`w^a`w^aNQrdrdU)STU)r`
qdR9r;e§gaU\bNQr_`KUbtd`KUq_U?e$ewudew`?jU)SVU?e¬MdsU)f;RMK`w^xe¬U?ew`0S#^xeU)r©hRgaU)cdM?
É?)ÇK Ī7\bNQr`OMR^ar`OU¥q_Uewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^xeKR9`w^aNQrm9\bNQ]"sU)MOU)r;\bU¥\)R9c;eKRgaUQm9\bNQ]sU)MKU)r;\bU"e_sU?=cdU)r_`w^aUbgigaUQm
SsU)SVN9^aMKUf;R9MO`R9P'sU)UQ
' (
$7+B'%
¹ÀNQMYepU)©QU)MRg«u=U?R9Me"`K]dU#ew];R9MKU?q³SVU)STNQMKuBSVNvq_Ubg'];RQeo;U?\bNQSTURf;U)MK©9RQe^a©QUV\bNQr;\bU)fd`^ar&f;R9´
MRhgigaUbgR9r;qVq=^xew`KMw^aodcd`KU?qBewudew`KU)Sen h¯"]_^xe¾^¡e¬q_cdU0`KN`K]dUcdr_^l©=U)MeKRg¢^a`wuN5`K]dU0STNvq_UbgkÁ9fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?e
q=^xew`KMp^lodcd`OU?qNh©=U)MRrdU)`w"NQMK²&R9r;q^lr_`KU)MR=\b`w^ardP¦`K]dMKN=cdPQ]ew];R9MOU?qNQoÀyzU?\b`e
NQodywU?\b`e q=^xew`KMp^l´
odcd`KU?qÅN9©QU)M0`K]dUrdU)`w"NQMK²mdR9r;qBf;NeOe^ao_glu³MKU)f_g¢^x\)R9`KU?q®mÀ;`"ºNQM0Ubt;R9SVf_gaU fU)Mw¼U?\b`pgluB^ar_`KNV`K]_^xe
SVNdq_Ubgk d¦N=MKU)N9©QU)M?m`K]dU$ew];R9MOU?q STU)SVNQMKu#SVNdq_Ubg)¬^xe'`K]dU$R=q_U?Qc;R9`OU"¼MbR9SVU)"NQMK²ºNQM¥q_Ub;r_^ardP
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buª\bMp^l`OU)Mw^xRdÁ;R \bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu\bMw^a`KU)Mw^aNQr¦q_Ub;rdU?e"`K]dU©hRhglcdU7MKU)`KcdMKrdU?qTo_uVU)©QU)MKuVMOU?RQq
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr^lr_©QNQ²=U?q¦o_uRBfdMKNd\bU?eKeNQrewN=SVU#NQodywU?\b`
N=M ewNQSVU#©hRMw^xR9o_gaU9® +*`^¡eY^aSVf;NQMO`R9r_`
`KN&ew`KMKU?eOe`K];R9` `O]dUq_Ub;r_^a`w^aNQrNR³\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu\bMw^a`KU)Mw^aNQrSc;ep`o;UT^lr;q_U)fU)r;q_U)r`TN90`K]dU
fNeKe^ao_gaUUbt_^xew`KU)r;\bUVN¥Sc_ga`w^af_gaU?e#\bNQf_^aU?eN9N=odyzU?\b`be)m;R9r;q³S#c;ew`rdNQ`MKUbgau¦NQrRTf;R9MK`w^x\bc_gxR9M
fdMKN=`KNv\bNg^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardP`K]dU\bMw^a`KU)Mw^aNQr¨%^a`VS#c;ew`#oU¦o;RQewU?qN=r¤R³ºNQMKSBRgSVNdq_Ubg$R9r;qo;U
RQePQU)rdU)MRhgRQe§f;NeKez^lo_gaUV`ONSR²QU q_U?e^aPQrdU)Me\)R9f;Ro_glU#`KNBew`Kc;q_u¦fdMONQf;U)MK`p^lU?eN9\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
\bMw^a`KU)Mp^¡RÀmR9r;q7`KNfdMKNdq_c;\bU0MKU?epc_gl`be%rdNQ`'o;NQcdr;q`KN$f;RMK`w^x\bc_gxR9M'^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`R9`w^aNQr;en QZe¼NQM¥Ro;ew´
`KMbRQ\b`¾qdR`R`wufU?e)mhepc;\K]VR\OgxRQeKe^x\)Rg5RfdfdMKNRQ\O]Vq=^¡ep`w^ardPQc_^xew]dU?e"\OglU?RMwgau`O]dU§epU)SR9r_`w^x\)e%N-,U)MKU?q
`KN7c;ewU)MeºMKNQS^a`e¬f;R9MK`w^x\bc_gxR9M¬^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`R9`w^aNQr;e) QU)©QU)MbRgR9cd`O]dNQMe'];R©QU\bNQMKMKU?\b`wgauV\OgxR^aSVU?q
`K];R`$RVSTU)SVNQMKu\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu¦\bMp^l`OU)Mw^aNQr³^¡eRV\bNQr_`KMR=\b`0o;U)`w"U)U)r¦`K]dUSTU)SVNQMKu¦ewudew`KU)S R9r;q
R9fdf_g¢^x\)R9`w^aNQr&fdMKN=PQMR9Se/.é~ÀW10
¯"]dMKU)U¦SBR^ar \bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu \bMp^l`OU)Mw^xR];R©QU³o;U)U)r3fdMKNQfNewU?q^ar `O]dUg¢^a`KU)MR9`KcdMOUQÁR9`ONQS#^x\
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu.¡W? #0
RgxewN\)RhgigaU?qTg¢^ardU?R9Mw^a°?R9o_^¢g¢^x`wu2.aW3-0º®mQepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu4.aW$0R9r;qB\)R9cd´
eKRhg\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\bu.5�k *krRg¢g5`K]dMOU)UY\)RQepU?e¥RMOU?RQqVN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=rMKU)`OcdMKr;e'`K]dU67-d©hRgacdURQeKe^aPQrdU?q
`KN#`K]dU©9R9Mw^xR9o_gaU
NQM"0Mw^a`K`KU)rT^ar`KNT`K]dU$N=odyzU?\b`n® d¯"]dU`K]dMKU)U\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu¦\bMp^l`OU)Mw^xRVq=^7,U)M]dNQ´
"U)©QU)M^ar`K]dUVq_Ub;r_^a`w^aNQrN9`O]dU867-%0Mw^a`KU#NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr Z0`ONQS#^x\#\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu³^xe`K]dU#SVN=MKU
MKU?ep`KMw^x\b`w^a©QUVN90`K]dU#`K]dMOU)U\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu\bMw^a`KU)Mw^xRdÁ^a`7MKU?Qc_^aMKU?e`K];R9` Rg¢g¥`K]dUTfdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e R9P=MKU)U
NQrRT`KNQ`RhgN=Mq_U)M0^ar;\Ogac;q=^ardPRg¢g¥`K]dU MKU?R=q9?0Mw^a`KU7NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e`K];R9`0`O]dU)u¦];R©QU^xeKepcdU?qmR9r;q
`K]_^xe`KNQ`Rg'NQMq_U)M];R=e`KNMOU?ewf;U?\b`7MKU?Rg¥`w^aSVU
^k èUQ ^¢;:<
)
fdMKU?\bU?q_U?e=:<>^arMKU?Rg'`w^aSVUQm`K]dU)r
Rg¢g"`K]dU#fdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e];R©QU#`KN¦R9P=MKU)U#`K];R9`=:<
)
];RQeNd\)\bcdMKMKU?qo;UbºNQMKU?:< > ® » ^a`K]ewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buQm¥`O]dUfdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e#];R©QU¦RgxewN`ONRPQMKU)UNQr£R³`KNQ`bRgNQMbq_U)MVN9`K]dUb^aMVMKU?RQq9?Mw^a`KU
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;enmodcd``K]_^xe¥`ONQ`RgNQMq_U)M0q_NU?e¬rdNQ`"];R©QU`KN#MKU?ewfU?\b``O]dUb^lMMKU?Rg`w^aSVUNQMq_U)M? _» ^a`K]
\)R9c;eORg¾\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\buQmfdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e0\)R9r&q=^¡eOR9PQMKU)U7NQr`K]dU 0RuB`K]dU)u`ONQ`Rg¢gauNQMq_U)M$\bN=r;\bcdMKMKU)r_`
0Mp^l`OU NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e)
¶R9c;eKRgd\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu^xe^ar;\Ogac;q_U?q7^arepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRgv\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
^k èUQ 9R9rUbtdU?\bcd`w^aNQr#`K];R9`«eOR9´
`w^xe;U?eewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg«\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\bu¦RgxewNVeKR9`w^xe;U?e"\)R9c;eKRhg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu®Rr;qewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg«\bNQr;e^xew´
`KU)r;\bu^xe%^ar;\Ogac;q_U?q#^arR9`ONQS#^x\¥\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
^k èUQ hRrUbtdU?\bcd`w^aNQrV`O];R9`¾eOR9`w^xe;U?e'R9`KN=S#^x\¥\bNQr;e^xew´
`KU)r;\buVRgxewN eOR9`w^xe;U?e'ewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg5\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu® -*ºewNQSVU"MKUbgxR9`p^lN=r;ew]_^af;e¥oU)`wU)U)rVR9`ONQS#^x\"R9r;q
@ Û ¢æAKç5BKÞpæèæ5CâD9Þ ºäwã³ßäwß"CBçéïBæéá?ãäzâ7âHçéߥánækÞKïä bá?âHæ7CÞwæèæ Dä EFºäGBºâçD&Þwæèæ Däççéßànæèç5Bç
ß¬á ºáhÞpæ5ÞOï?ã/BpÞOá?âkÞpæ;ã?äwà9äwï?ãäzï#Bçéäzâwý
ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg§\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\O^aU?eRMKU#Ubg¢g¥cdr;q_U)Mep`KNNdq
UQ P; .0¥\bN=SVf;R9MKU?e`K]dUb^aM7MKU?ewf;U?\b`p^l©=UfNQ´
"U)Meb®bm¥R&cdr_^¢¼u=^ardP¼MbR9SVU)"NQMK²m%`K];R9`V"NQc_gxq£RhgigaN9 ¼NQMBR&o;U)`K`OU)Mcdr;q_U)Mep`R9r;q=^ardPN9`K]dU
g¢^ard²veo;U)`w"U)U)r¦ewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu¦R9r;qB\)R9c;eKRg«\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buª\bMp^l`OU)Mw^xRdm_^xe0ew`w^¢g¢gS#^xeKe^ardP;
¯"]_^xe§^xe"fdMKU?\O^xewUbgau`K]dUfdcdMKfNewUN9«`O]_^¡e§f;R9f;U)M?mÀ0]_^x\K]¦ew]dN9$e¬`K];R`§epU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¾\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
\)R9rµo;U#NQod`R^ardU?q³ºMKNQS \)Rc;eKRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu&o_u±RQqdq=^ardP±epNQSVUVR9fdfdMKNQfdMp^¡R`KUVewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9´
`w^aNQr#\bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`e
R0epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr#\bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`%NQMq_U)MeewNQSVU'f;R^aM'N9dNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eb®b ?¯"]_^xe^xe
f;R9MO`w^x\bc_g¡RMwgau#^ar`KU)MOU?ew`w^ardPºMKNQSSVU)`K]dNdq_N9gaNQP9^x\)Rg5R9r;q^lSTf_glU)STU)r`R`w^aNQrVf;N^lr_`e%N9©Q^aU)3RQe^a`
SVU?Rr;e'`K];R9`¥RYRS#^¢glu#N9fdMKN=`KNv\bNg¡e^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardPewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu\)R9r#o;UewU)U)rR=e
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`w^ardPN9¾`w"N^ar;q_U)fU)r;q_U)rd`g¡RuQU)Mbe)Á;R#o;RQez^¡\YgxR?u=U)M"^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r`p^lrdP¦\)Rc;eKRg¾\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
R9r;qm¬NQr`KN=f£N9^a`?m¥R9rdNQ`O]dU)MVgxRuQU)MVU)r_ºNQM\O^ardP`K]dU±\O]dNewU)r3ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r \bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`be
RrB^lr_`KU)MKU?ep`w^ardP\bNQr;ewU?=cdU)r;\bU N9'`K]dUR9fdfdMKNR=\K]B^xe"`K];R`N=r_gluB`K]_^xeewU?\bNQr;qTgxRuQU)M"];RQe"`KN#o;U
\O];R9rdPQU?qµ0]dU)rUT§Rr``KN³MKU)f_gxRQ\bU¦R¦epU)` N9$ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`eouR9rdNQ`O]dU)M
NQrdU9®b
0cdM¥"NQMK²#\)R9rVo;UewU)U)rRQe¬R\bNQr`p^lr_c;R9`w^aNQrTN95`K]dUN=MK²ew`bR9MK`KU?q7o_uZ];R9SR=q?# 6i .3!0k
¯"]dU?epUYR9cd`O]dNQMe¥\bN=r;e^xq_U)M]dN9"U)©QU)M¬NQr_gauV`wN`wu_f;U?eN9«ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r¦\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e)Á !
!1+G1
¸{0¹¬®'ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQrm;R9r;q # +G1
¶¥» ¹¬®'ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9´
`w^aNQr »U#PQU)rdU)MRg¢^a°)UB`K]dUb^aM "NQMK²B^ar`z"Nq=^aMKU?\b`w^aNQr;e) %¹^lMbew`"Uq=^xew`p^lrdP=c_^¡ep]o;U)`w"U)U)r±`w"N
\OgxRQeKepU?e'N9ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r\bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`enÁ
W9®`K]dU # 1#dewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=rª\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`e)m
0]_^x\O]ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°)U?e¥N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e%NQr#U?RQ\K]#NQoÀyzU?\b`%^ar;q_U)f;U)r;q_U)r_`wgauQm;R9r;q
~v®5`K]dU #G1#
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr&\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e)m=0]_^x\K]&ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°)U?e§NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e"NQrq=^xew`w^ar;\b`$N=odyzU?\b`be) d¯"]dU
¸{0¹ ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r;`eY^ar`KN`O]dUVf;U)M#NQodywU?\b` ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\Og¡R=eKe)m«Rr;q&`K]dU¶¥» ¹
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrÅ;`e¬^ar`ONV`K]dU^ar`OU)MK´ºNQodywU?\b`$ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr±\OgxRQeOe) ;¯"]dUfU)M0NQodywU?\b`$ewu_rd´
\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\OgxRQeKe^xef;R9MK`w^x\bc_gxR9MwgauÅ^lr_`KU)MKU?ep`w^ardP;mRQe¬^a`fdMKN9©=^¡q_U?e`K]dU 6#16fdMKNQfU)MK`wuB^lrd´
`KMONvq_c;\bU?q#o_u0U)Mpgi^a]_uR9r;q7» ^ardP?.aW3-0k Q¯§]dU§epU?\bNQr;qmR9r;q7SVN_ew`%^aSVf;NQMO`R9r_`¥\bNQr`OMw^aodcd`w^aNQrVN9
`K]dU7f;R9f;U)Mm^¡e`K]dU^lr_`KMKNdq_c;\b`w^aNQr&N9¥`w"N#rdU)½ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`e)Ád`O]dU4!
G !+G1
¶{¹¬®$ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=rm«R9r;q³`K]dU -1"- G!! ! $G!
µd¶0®¬0]_^x\K]&\bNQS#o_^lrdU?e`K]dU#¸{0¹"m¶¥» ¹R9r;q&¶{¹ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r;e) 5¯§]dUµd¶ ewu_rd´
\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrT];RQe%`K]dU0r_^x\bU0fdMKN=f;U)MK`wu `ON Rg¢glN9£\bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardP#NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e%NQr#`K]dUeKR9SVU¬NQodywU?\b`
`KN7fdMKNd\bU)U?q\bNQr;\bcdMOMKU)r`pgluQ _¯"]_^xe^¡ef;R9MK`w^x\bc_gxR9MwgauT^ar`KU)MOU?ew`w^ardP^arB`K]dU$\bNQr_`KUbtd`¥N9q=^¡ep`KMw^aodcd`KU?q
ewudew`KU)SBe"0]dU)MKU7NQodywU?\b`e0R9MKUfNeKe^ao_gauMKU)f_g¢^x\)R9`KU?qm`KNB\bNQf;U7"^a`K]f;R9MK`w^a`w^aNQrÅ Rh^igacdMKU?en *ewU)´
=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buÅ^¡eN=od`R^ardU?q³ouÅ^lSTf_glU)STU)r`w^ardP³`K]dUµd¶·ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr&NQr¦`ONQf
N9$R³\)R9c;eKRg¢gau\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r`#q=^¡ep`KMw^aodcd`KU?qew];R9MKU?q&STU)SVNQMKuQm`K]dU)r\bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardP&NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e^xew´
ewcdU?q¼MKN=S|`z"N$q=^xew`p^lr;\b`"f;R9MO`w^a`w^aNQr;e'q_NrdNQ`'rdU?\bU?eKeKRMw^¢gluTo_glNd\O²fdMONv\bU?eKepU?e%`K];R9`%^xeKewcdU?q#`O]dU)S
]dU)r¤ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg§\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu^xeU)r;ewcdMKU?qo_u=cdNQMKcdS o;RQewU?qµfdMKNQ`KNd\bN9gxe epc;\K]o_gaNv\O²Q^ardP
Rga0Ruve§Nv\)\bcdMe ®
¯"]dU$f;Rf;U)M¬^xeep`KMKc;\b`KcdMKU?qTRQe%ºN9g¢gaNhe) dQU?\b`w^aNQr¦~Y¼N=MKSRg¢gauq_Ub;rdU?e"\)R9c;eKRgR9r;qBewU?QcdU)rd´
`w^xRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\buQ QU?\b`w^aNQr2&7^ar_`KMKNdq_c;\bU?e0`O]dU `w"N\OgxRQeOewU?eN9¥ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r±\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`be
fU)M¥NQoÀyzU?\b`¥ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrR9r;q^ar`KU)MO´ºNQodywU?\b`ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr®mQR9r;qTq_Ub;rdU?e¥`O]dU§¸{¹"m
¶¥» ¹R9r;qµ¶{¹ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`e) ;¯§]dUS^itdU?q¦epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`
µd¶ ^xe^ar`OMKNvq_c;\bU?qµ^ar QU?\b`w^aNQr 3; ¯"]_^xeTQU?\b`w^aNQr£RgxewN&\bNQr_`R^ar;e`K]dUBfdMKN_N90N90`K]dUVSRh^lr
¯"]dU)N=MKU)S¦Á7d¶ Rg¢gaN9$e`ON¦`KMRr;e¼N=MKS \)R9c;eKRg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\buµ^lr_`KN&ewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg0\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQ
QU?\b`w^aNQrBRQqdq_MKU?eKepU?e0fdMR=\b`w^x\)RgR=ewf;U?\b`eN9¥`K]dU#µd¶ ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr³^ar&`K]dU\bNQr_`KUbtd`0N9
q=^xew`KMp^lodcd`OU?qVewudew`KU)Se
^lSTf_glU)STU)r`R`w^aNQr#N9v`O]dU\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`%R9r;qf;R9MO`w^a`w^aNQrkR^¢gacdMKU?eb® 9¹^ar;Rg¢glu
QU?\b`w^aNQr#q=^¡eO\bc;eKewU?eNQ`K]dU)M0\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu¦\bMp^l`OU)Mw^xR7¼MONQS 0]_^x\K]¦ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¾\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\bu¦\)R9r
RgxewNBo;UN=od`R^ardU?q
*0"+ , .$, 7+V
»UV\bNQr;ez^¡q_U)M R;r_^a`KUVewU)`N9ewU?=cdU)r`w^xRg¥fdMONv\bU?eKepU?e
)
B`K];R9`^ar`KU)MbRQ\b`$©=^xRR#;r_^a`KU
ewU)`"!-N9 ew];R9MKU?qNQodywU?\b`e) #¥RQ\O]£N=odyzU?\b`"$&%'!\)R9r o;URQ\)\bU?eKewU?qouMKU?RQq R9r;qMw^a`KU
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;en ;Z0Mw^a`KU^lr_`KNR9rNQodywU?\b`$q_Ub;rdU?eR#rdU)©hRhglcdU7ºNQM0`K]dUN=odyzU?\b`¨;R#MKU?RQq³Rg¢gaNhe
`KN&NQod`bR^ar¤RÅ©hRgacdUN9$`O]dUNQoÀyzU?\b`? ZÂ0Mw^a`KUTN9$©hRhglcdU)(Å^ar_`KN&NQodywU?\b`*$µo_ufdMKNd\bU?eKe+,"^xe
q_U)rdNQ`OU?q.-/,
$®0(¨e^aS#^¢gxR9Mwgau¦R7MKU?RQqTN91$Bo_uVfdMKNd\bU?eKe243"^xe0q_U)rdNQ`KU?q.563
$®0(#]dU)MKU7(^¡e§`K]dU
©9RgacdU$MKU)`OcdMKrdU?q#o_u`O]dU0MKU?RQq#N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r¨!:1<T"^¢g¢gq_U)rdNQ`KUUb^l`O]dU)M85
MKU?R=q®NQM9-
0Mw^a`KU9® Q¹ÀNQM
e^aSVf_g¢^x\O^a`wuQmURQeKepcdSVU Rg¢g«©hRhglcdU?e§0Mw^a`K`KU)rB^ar_`KNR9rBNQodywU?\b`2$¦R9MKUq=^xew`w^ar;\b`? ³NQMKU)N9©QU)M?m=`K]dU
f;R9MbR9SVU)`KU)MeN9R9r³NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQrR9MKU7NQS#^a`K`KU?qÅ0]dU)r&`K]dU)u±R9MOU rdNQ`^aSVf;NQMO`R9r_`? :#¥R=\K]³NQodywU?\b`
];RQe#R9rµ^ar_^a`w^xRgY©9RgacdUQ¨%^a`7^¡eTRQeKewcdSVU?qµ`K];R9`#`K]_^xe7©hRhglcdU³];RQe7o;U)U)r£RQeOe^aPQrdU?qouR9r^ar_^a`w^xRg
5\b`w^a`w^aNQc;eMw^a`KUNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr
; <= >:
¯"]dU 67!6 !@?AB,'NCD,^xe`K]dUepU?QcdU)r;\bU7N9¾N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e"^xeKewcdU?qÅou)D,w *º :<W Rr;q :1<~
R9MOU"^xeKewcdU?qBo_u*D,R9r;q :1<W"^xe%^xeKewcdU?qT;Mbew`?m9`K]dU)rB"U$eKRu :<WfdMKU?\bU?q_U?e :<;~^arED, ée%fdMKNd\bU?eKew´
NQMbq_U)M?m0]_^x\K]^¡erdN=`KU?q :1<WGFH,:<;~d U)`+AB,q_U)rdN=`KU#`K]dUVewU)`N9N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eUbtvU?\bcd`KU?qou
D,K¨_`K]dUgaNd\)Rg«]_^xew`KNQMOu ?AI,%^¡e§`K]dU `KN=`Rg5N=Mq_U)M
AI,
FH,k®
Z$r -1 ! $1
N=Me^aSVf_gauR]_^xew`KNQMOu;®
?
JN9$R¦ew];R9MOU?q&SVU)SVNQMOuepuvew`OU)S ^xe#R
f;R9MO`w^xRg«NQMq_U)M JLK?
J
FHM®ewc;\O]`K];R9`
> Á
N
JLKPO
,
AB,
N
:<W@FHM :1<~7^¢§Á
Q
ÚnäBHçbï)R)ýèë EHçéäS-C?Bbß"àhÞºäzâã?ä T9ï)çHçbï D)çéâ"Hçéäzâçéï D?äâD9Þ ºäwãß"äwßCVß)ãäkæ¥ÞOï?ãTçéï D?ä
ß"äwâºâkÞ AbäðxàhÞOâºâHçéïAß)ãäkæaý
, Á :1<W@F , :<;~
^ar¦`K];R9`0\)RQepUQmFHM ^xe\)Rg¢gaU?q #1 1 'MKUbgxR9`p^lN=r®m
NQM=2:<WHK -/,
$®0(R9r;q :1<~ K 5 3
$®0(
^ar£`K];R9`B\)RQewUHF M ^xe\)RhgigaU?q G1 !
MKUbgxR9`w^aNQr®m
NQM%:<&ÂÁ!:<W@F M :<&VR9r;q :<& F M :<;~d
Z|]_^xew`KN=MKu J? ^xe #!69^¢2FHM ^xe$R#`ONQ`RgNQMq_U)M0MKUbgxR9`p^lN=r
Z MKU?RQqNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr 5
$®0(Å^xe467 !!6^¢KÁ -
$®0( Á-
$®0(F M 5
$®0(µR9r;q :<
$® Á
-
$®( FHM :<
$® FHM 5
$®(; %Z ]_^¡ep`KNQMKu J(^xe#gaU)PRhg$^¢Rg¢g^l`beVMKU?R=qNQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;eRMKU?
gaU)PRg_
¯""N]_^xew`KN=Mw^aU?eRMKU4 #!67^¢
W9®0`K]dU)uR9MOUq_Ub;rdU?qN=r`K]dUeKRSVUewU)`7N9NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;enm
~v®`K]dU)u#];R?©=U0`K]dU$eKRSVU"fdMKNv\bU?eOew´ºNQMq_U)M¬MKUbgxR9`w^aNQrmdR9r;q
&v®5`K]dU)u#];R©QU0`O]dU$eKR9SVU"MKU?R=q_´H¼MKN=S
MKUbgxR9`p^lN=r
¯""N7NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e :1<W$R9r;q :<;~ R9MOU=1 #_^ar
?
J ^¢«"U0];R©QU$rdUb^a`K]dU)M :<W@FHM :<;~rdN=M
:<;~*F M :<WQ
>>:D 9 > "!
QU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg§\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\bu±];R=eo;U)U)rµfdMKNQf;N_ewU?q&o_u R9STf;NQMK`^ar£W _h T`KN¦q_Ub;rdUR\bNQMKMOU?\b`K´
rdU?eKe\bMp^l`OU)Mw^aNQr&ºNQM$S#c_ga`w^afdMKNd\bU?eKewNQM ep];R9MKU?q³SVU)SVNQMOu¦ewuvep`KU)Se%.aW90k Qc;\K]RBewuvep`KU)S ^xeewU)´
=cdU)r`p^¡Rhgigau\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_` §^l`O]MKU?epf;U?\b` `ON¦RS#c_ga`w^afdMKNv\bU?eOe fdMONQPQMR9S³m^i 67 ?
! %! =- $# %& = G! ! =!66 "G#1 1! (' G%
! %$ !6!G!&)!*#,+- G! ! 1 !# !6 "G#1 1!/ !/
= . !G! d
¯"]_^xe^ar_ºNQMKSRhg§q_Ub;r_^a`w^aNQr£ew`R`KU?e`K];R` `K]dUVUbtdU?\bcd`w^aNQrN9$RÅfdMKNQPQMRS ^¡e#ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¢glu
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`T^¢^a`V^xeTU?Qc_^a©hRhglU)r_``KNRµewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg$UbtdU?\bcd`w^aNQr0/_ ¥³NQMKUBºNQMKSRg¢gauQm¬U¦q_Ub;rdU
ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\buB^ar¦`K]dUºN9g¢gaN9"^ardP0RuQ
132
Dä$áâºáhÞpæ¾ãä Thï)çHçbï %æéäA)ÞpæèçC54èê)Ü;í&6«äæèçé߬çéïhÞºäwâ ïnæ5C DäàbâºâHç5E)çèæèçC ÞOï#çéïºä87äwï)çéï#A Hçºä
9 : 8; E9ääwäwï D?ä HçHçéïA 5âbß"ä 7Þpæéá?ä 9 : 8<ÞOï?ã#ÞºäKÞKãnçéïA D?ä"âkÞOß"ä 7Þpæéá?ä = :8<ý?>%á
ãäT9ï)çHçbï dæéäGA)ÞwæèçC Þwæèæâ Þ¬âHçéß"à)æéä'ã?ä ThïnçHçï BKÞOá?âkÞpæBïâHçéâºäzï#BGC aâºäzä¥ÚnäGB Hçbï înýíý
@
ØHï D)çéâ%ã?ä T9ï)çHçbïQÜ _ÞOßà "¾ÞOâºâºá?ß"äwâ D9Þ Dä
Õ?AB&CkÎwÏÏ,D8BEAF)Î3A
ºäæiÞ Hçbï ãäT9ï?äwã EC Dä'à AkÞOß aâºäwä
à OçéïËG
Ö
Dä«ãäT9ï)çHçbïçéâߧÞpçéïkÞpçéï?äwãçéï Dä«ä)ánç7Þwæéäwï%âºä)á?äwïHçiÞwæ;äwò)äGBwá HçbïQÜ-E?á5ïïäBwäwâºâkÞHçèæ5C
çéï D?ä¥äwò)äGBwá Hçbï7çºâºäkæºýQÛ%â ä'ã$ï BïâHçéã?ä'à AkÞOß"âIE?á bï)æ5C7äzò)äGBwá Hçbï?âwÜ ä%çéßànæèç5BçHæCVÞKâºâºáß"ä
D9Þ D?ä
Õ?AB3CÎwÏkÏHDIBEAF)Î3A
ºäæiÞ Hçbïãnçéâºà)æiÞGCbäwã EC D?ä0äwò)äGBwá Hçbï?DnçéâHçéäwâ$ÞºäDä bï?äwâ"âºàhäGBçThäwã EC D?ä
à1A"kÞKß"â +D)ç5B D A ÞJ7ä Hçéâºä Däwâºä¥äwò)äGBzáHçï DnçéâHçéäwâwý
BÄ¡aÉ 5Ä Äa"9Éxn)Ä9Æ Z·]_^xew`ONQMKu JLK?
J
FHM®'^xe #!6 6
1 _^¢«`K]dU)MKUUbt_^xew`e0RgaU)PRg«ewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg«]_^xew`KNQMKu U?Qc_^a©hRhglU)r_``KN? J ? *krNQ`O]dU)M
"NQMqde)m
?
J RQq_S#^a`e0Rgi^ardU?R9MUbtd`KU)r;e^aNQr ?µ^ar¦0]_^x\O]±Rg¢g«MKU?R=qde0R9MKUgaU)PRgk
ZYeR9r UbtÀR9STf_glUglU)`³c;e\bNQr;e^xq_U)M¦`O]dU]_^xew`KNQMKuJ )
¹^aPQcdMKUW9®9 2#¥R=\K]3fdMKNd\bU?eKe)D,wm
K WQmé~v®md];RQe§^xeKewcdU?q³`K]dMKU)U7NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;eNQr¦`O]dUew];R9MOU?qNQodywU?\b`e@$&R9r;q 5¯§]dU 0Mw^a`KU7NQf;U)´
MR`w^aNQr;e-
)
$®BR9r;q- >
$®bWR9MOU\bNQr;\bcdMKMOU)r`? *k`^xeU?RQepu¦`KNewU)U#`K];R9` J )
^xeewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¢glu
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`"o_uVodc_^¢gxq=^lrdPRgaU)PRhgepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg]_^xew`KNQMKu7^ar;\Ogac;q=^ar;PT;Mew`¥`O]dU$NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e^xeKewcdU?q
o_u )
R9r;q`K]dU)r`K]dUBNQrdU?e7^xeKewcdU?qou > *k`^¡eTRgxewN&U?RQewu`KNewU)U`O];R9`#`K]dU]_^xew`KNQMKu
J >
¹^aPQcdMOU¦~_®0^xe#rdNQ`VewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¢glu3\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`?m'RQe7rdN&U?Qc_^a©9RgaU)r`TgaU)PRg$ewU?=cdU)r`w^xRg]_^¡ep`KNQMKu
\)R9r³o;U7odc_^iga`?
) "!$# % )&'!$( % )& "!$#
% >
& "!*) >
"!*)
>
&'!$(
¹^aPQcdMKUVW=ÁdZ epU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¢gau±\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r`]_^xew`KNQMKu
J )
+¥R9Mw^aNQc;eB\)RQ\K]dU)´ºo;R=ewU?q fdMKNQ`KNd\bN9gxe#^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardP epU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg \bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu ];R?©=U¦o;U)U)r
fdMKN=f;NewU?q±^lrµ`K]dUV\bNQr`OUbtv`N9"f;R9MRg¢gaUbgSBRQ\K]_^ardU?e.aW9mdm~,#0k ¯"]dU#fdMKNQ`ONv\bN9gxefdMKU?epU)r`KU?q±^lr
.aW=mv~-0«Rg¢gaN9·ewU)©QU)MRhgMOU?RQqBNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e0R9r;qÅNQrdU0Mw^a`KUN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r`KN\bNQr;\bcdMKMOU)r`wgau¦RQ\)\bU?eOe
ReKRSVU#©hR9Mw^xR9o_gaU
MKU?RQq=^ardPN90\)RQ\O]dU?q&©hRgacdU?e7R9r;q&0Mw^a`w^ardPB^ar_`KN`K]dUVSRh^lr&SVU)STNQMKu®0odcd`
q_NrdNQ` RhgigaN9½\bNQr;\bcdMKMOU)r`0Mp^l`OUN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eNQrReKR9SVU#©hRMw^xR9o_gaUQ 0rdU#N9`O]dUfdMONQ`KNd\bN9gxe
\)RhgigaU?q -$ 'I1)®#fdMKU?ewU)r_`KU?q¤^lr .é#0YRhgigaN9$e#Mw^a`KU¦NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eTNQr£ReOR9SVU¦©9R9Mw^xR9o_gaU&`KN
fdMKNd\bU)U?q#\bNQr;\bcdMKMKU)r_`wgauQ Nh"U)©QU)Mm`O]dU?ewU¥fdMKN=`KNv\bNg¡e%q_NrdNQ`«RQeKepcdSVUR9r7cdr;q_U)MwgauQ^ardP#\)R9c;eKRg¢gau
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`BSVU)SVN=MKuQm¥R9r;q`K]_c;eV\bNQc_gxq rdNQ`#^xq_U)r_`w^¢¼u`O]dU¦`w"N¦gxRuQU)MeTR9fdfdMKNRQ\O]£R9r;q`K]dU
S#^¢tdU?q¦ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`"P9^a©QU)rÅ^ar¦`K]dUf;R9fU)M?
*kr`K]dU \bNQr_`KUbtd`"N9¾q=^xew`KMw^aodcd`KU?q³ewudew`KU)Se)m_0]dU)MOU$U?RQ\O]NQodywU?\b`¬^xe0ewcdfdf;N=MK`KU?qBo_uªewU)©=U)MRg
fU)MKSR9rdU)r_`Y\bN=f_^lU?enm;rdNQr¦\)R=\K]dU?q_´ºo;RQepU?qfdMKNQ`ONv\bN9gxe¬^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardP±epU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¾\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
-
Û³æèçéï?äKÞ¥äwòºäwï?âHçbï Þ0à9Þ HçiÞpæ "ºã?äçéâ¥Þà Oæ1AOç5BKÞwæ%â D)çéâ'à9Þ HçiÞpæ "ºã?äwÜâ§ç'ߧÞpçéïkÞpçéï?â
Dä "ºã?ä 5Þwæèæºãäºäzãà9Þwçºâ D?ä'àhÞHçiÞpæºãä wý
.
ØHï ÞwæèæT-AáºäzâwÜ ïnæ5C Dääwã#Aäwâ D9Þ ¥Þºä¥ï¬ã?áä kÞOï?âHçHç7bçCÞºä¬çéï?ãnç5BpÞºäwã kÞOï?âHçHç7bçC#äwãAbäzâ
Bbßä ß
Õ?AB3CÎwÏkÏHDIBEAF)Î3A ÞOï?ã
AHÎ/EFD10 AB)Ñ
ºäæiÞ Hçbï?â ý32 "ºä37äwÜ ¢çéïkÞpðxàBzäwâºâ
Õ?AB3CÎwÏkÏHDIBEAF)Î3A
äzã#Aäwâ«Þºä
ãäzïºäwã EC/BïHçéï)ááâ¥Þ â«ÞKïã ¢çéïºäHðxà Bwäwâºâ
AHÎ/EFD10 AB)Ñ
äzã#Aäwâ+ECã "ºäwãYÞ âwý
];R©QU7o;U)U)r&fdMKNQfNewU?q $ewc;Rhgigau³`K]dU?ewU#fdMKNQ`KNd\bN9gxec;ewU ©QN=`KU?e .é~-3-0%NQM$=cdNQMKcdSe%.aW�%SVU?\O];R9´
r_^xewSe#R9r;qm%\bNQr;ewU?=cdU)r`pgluQm^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`VRQ\b`Kc;Rg¢gauR9`KN=S#^x\\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\bu0]_^x\O]^xe#ew`KMONQrdPQU)M
`K];Rr¦ewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQ QU?\b`w^aNQr&d aWq=^xeK\bc;eKewU?eewN=SVU$N¾`K]dU?epU fdMKNQ`ONv\bN9gxe)
>: "!
¶Rc;eKRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQm^lr_`KMKNdq_c;\bU?qµouZ];R9SRQq # !6¢ ^ar£W? Q dW .5�kmq_Ub;rdU?e R\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\bu
\bMw^a`KU)Mp^lN=r"U?R9²QU)M`O];R9rewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg0\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buQ ¶R9c;eKRg\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\buRg¢gaNheºNQM RB0R^a`K´
ºMKU)U^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`R9`p^lN=r±N¥MKU?RQq¦Rr;q0Mw^a`KU7NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e§^lr&Rq=^xew`OMw^aodcd`KU?q³U)r©=^aMKNQrdSVU)r_`?mÀ^ UQ
\)R9c;eORg$\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\buRg¢gaNheºNQMV\O]dU?R9fMOU?RQq9?0Mw^a`KUBNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e
ewU)U.&m 3!0¼N=MfdMONQ`KNd\bN9gxe
^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardP¦\)R9c;eKRg'\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r;\bu®
»£^a`K]#ewU?=cdU)r`w^xRg5\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\buQmQRg¢gdfdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e«RPQMKU)U¥N=rReKR9SVUglU)P_RgÀepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRgd]_^¡ep`KNQMKu
?
" ;¯"]dUVR9PQMKU)U)STU)r`$q_Ub;rdU?q³o_u¦\)R9c;eKRg¥\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\bu^xe0"U?R9²=U)M? 0^a©QU)r&RV]_^xew`ONQMKu Jm_^a`0^xe?
rdNQ`MKU?Qc_^aMKU?q³`K];R``w"N#fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?e@ , R9r;q) 3 R9PQMKU)UNQr`O]dU eKR9SVUNQMbq_U)Mw^ardPVºNQM"`K]dU Mw^a`KU
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e§0]_^x\K]&R9MKUrdNQ`0N=Mq_U)MKU?qT^ar
?
Jµ ;¯"]dUMKU?RQqdeR9MKU]dNh"U)©QU)M"MKU?=c_^aMKU?q`ONVo;UgaU)PRgk
BÄ¡aÉ )"9ÉH))Ä 9Æ U)` J? K J
FHM®o;U¦R³]_^xew`KNQMOuQ J/^xe?? $667
1 _^¢Rg¢g^a`e0MOU?RQqBNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e0R9MOUglU)P_Rgk
) & "!$#
) & "!*) % ) &'!$# % ) ' ! (
>
&'!$#
>
&'!$( % >
& "!$# % >
"!*)
¹^aPQcdMOU ~dÁdZ|\)R9c;eKRg¢gau¦\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`]_^¡ep`KNQMKu J >
*kr±RT\)R9c;eKRg¢gau±\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`]_^¡ep`KNQMKuQm;Rhgig'fdMKNd\bU?eKewU?eewU)U`K]dU#eKR9SVUf;R9MO`w^xRg«NQMq_U)MNQrNQf;U)´
MR`w^aNQr;e7odcd`?m'RQe7fdMKNv\bU?eOewU?e#R9MKUewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRgkm'U?RQ\O]N90`K]dU)S S#^aPQ]`VewU)U¦R³q=^7,U)MOU)r`#g¢^ardU?R9M
Ubtd`KU)r;e^aNQr³N9«`K]_^xe"f;R9MO`w^xRgNQMq_U)M? _Zr¦Rga`KU)MKr;R9`w^a©QU q_Ub;r_^a`w^aNQr&N9'\)R9c;eKRg«\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r;\buB^¡e§`K]dU
ºN9g¢gaNh§^lrdPTNQrdU .3 0 U)` J , oU`K]dUewcdod´º]_^xew`KNQMKuTN9 J? ºMKNQS½]_^¡\O]¦Rg¢g5MOU?RQqVN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e¥rdN=`
^ar`K]dUgaNv\)Rg%]_^¡ep`KNQMKu AI,N91D,];R©QU0oU)U)r¦MKU)STNh©=U?q? §^¡ep`KNQMKu
?
J ^xe"\)R9c;eKRhgigau¦\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`¬^¢Km
ºNQM0U?RQ\O]fdMKNd\bU?eKe@,wmd`K]dU)MKU^xeR7gaU)PRg¾epU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg«]_^xew`KN=MKu ,«U?=c_^a©hRgaU)r_``KN J+,w
2 "ºä "ºß0Þwæèæ5CbÜ çéâ D?ä'âºá#E)ðºäæiÞHçï ?
çéï?ãáBwäwã EC D?ä'âºä ;Þpæèæ Dä Hçºäwâ
ÞKïãYÞpæèæD?ä
ºäKÞOã?âçéâºâºá?äwã EC ý
QN;md^arRV\)R9c;eORg¢glu\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`]_^xew`KNQMOuQm;rdNBMKU?RQqÅNQf;U)MR`w^aNQr¦N9RTfdMKNd\bU?eKe@ , \)R9r&PQU)`R
©9RgacdUV`K];R9`?mÀºMKNQS ]_^¡efN9^ar`N¥©Q^aU) m];RQeoU)U)r&Nh©=U)MK0Mw^a`K`KU)r³ou&RVSTNQMKU
MKU?\bU)r` V0Mp^l`OUQ
Ze"R9rUbt;R9SVf_gaU \bNQr;ez^¡q_U)M]_^¡ep`KNQMKu
J >
¹^aPQcdMOUY~_®b ¯"]_^xe¬]_^xew`KNQMKu^¡e\)R9c;eKRg¢gauª\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r_`§R=e
Rg¢g^a`e¬MKU?RQq#N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eRMKU"gaU)PRgk ;¯"]dU]_^¡ep`KNQMKu
J
¹^aPQcdMKU &_®^xe¬rdNQ`"\)R9c;eKRg¢gauª\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r_`
RQeB`O]dU±MOU?RQq3NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr 5
$®W^xeKepcdU?q o_u
^¡eÅrdNQ`BgaU)PRgkÁ2-
)
$®W F M 5
$®z~ F M
5
$®W= '»3]dU)r \bN=r;e^xq_U)Mw^ardP£`K]dURga`KU)MKr;R`w^a©QUq_Ub;r_^l`p^lN=rm00]dU)r
];RQeT^xeKewcdU?q^a`eT;Mep`
MKU?R=q#NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQrVNQr"$
r;RSVUbgau*5
$®z~_®m^a`¬];RQe'PQN=`'`K]dU0©hRhglcdU~dmQR9r;qT\bNQr;ewU?=cdU)r`wgau#ºNQM'`K]_^xe
fdMKNd\bU?eKe)mÀ`K]dU ©9RgacdUWN99$];R=e¬gaNQP9^x\)Rg¢gau¦o;U)U)r³N9©QU)MK0Mw^a`K`OU)r
% & "! ( % & "! ) ) "!*)
% >
' ! ( >
!
% !
) ' ! (
>
"!$(
¹^aPQcdMKU=&dÁÀZ·rdNQr¦\)Rc;eKRg¢gau
odcd`$L¬{"Z®"\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`0]_^xew`KNQMOu J
0 T*V¥"% )$
9 !9 9=B =
ZeSVU)r_`w^aNQrdU?q³^ar`K]dU7^ar`OMKNvq_c;\b`p^lN=rm`K]_^xef;Rf;U)M ew]dN9$e`K];R`YR\)R9c;eORg¢glu\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`]_^xew´
`KN=MKu0]dNewU³NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;eBMKU?ewfU?\b`¦ewNQSVU&ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQr \bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e^xeRewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¢glu
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r`]_^xew`KNQMOu JÁÀ`K]dU?ewUepur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`e$R=eK\bU)MK`R^ar³`K]dU Ubt_^xew`KU)r;\bU#N9¥R?
gaU)PRg$R9r;qewU?=cdU)r`p^¡Rhg§]_^xew`ONQMKu&? U?=c_^a©hRgaU)r_`V`KN J '¹dMONQS? R9rµ^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`R9`w^aNQrfN9^ar`#N9
©=^aU) `K]_^xe"SVU?R9r;e¬`K];R`R7fdMKNQ`KNd\bN9g^lSTf_glU)STU)r`w^ardPewU?=cdU)r`w^xRg«\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buª\)RroU ewU)U)rªR=e
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`w^ardPN9$`w"NB^ar;q_U)f;U)r;q_U)r_`VgxRuQU)Me)Á
W®$R;Mbew`gxRuQU)M7^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r`p^lrdP\)R9c;eKRhg§\bNQr;e^xew´
`KU)r;\bu
^k èUQ o;RQe^x\)Rg¢gauU)r;ewcdMp^lrdP³`K]dU7gaU)PRg¢^a`zu&N9"MKU?RQqdeb®bm5R9r;q
~v®§RewU?\bN=r;q¦N=rdUU)r_ºNQM\O^ardP
`K]dU#ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQr±\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`e)
Z ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr·\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`NQMq_U)MeewN=SVU&f;R^aMeBN9N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e) U)`4:<
$®R9r;q
:<
À®'o;U ewc;\O]¦R7f;R^aM? ;¯""N\OgxRQeOewU?e"N9¾\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`e"\)R9ro;U q_Ub;rdU?qmq_U)f;U)r;q=^ardP0]dU)`O]dU)M
NQMrdNQ` $¦Rr;q R9MOU`K]dUeKRSVUNQodywU?\b`?
WQ #; $ - G!$! -*r`K]_^xe\)R=ewU$`O]dUYewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr¦\bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`R9fdf_g¢^aU?e
`KNU?RQ\O]#NQodywU?\b`9$#^ar;q_U)f;U)r;q_U)r_`wgauBN9`K]dU"NQ`K]dU)Me) Q¯§NNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e :1<
$®«R9r;q:<
˨m
ewc;\O]`K];R`9$R9r;q #R9MKU$q=^xew`p^lr;\b`mvRMKU0rdU)©QU)M"ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°)U?q d¯"]_^xe¬`wufU0N9«ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l´
°?R9`w^aNQr#^xe¬f;R9MK`p^¡\bc_gxR9Mpglu^lr_`KU)MKU?ep`w^ardPR=e^l`¬fdMKN9©Q^xq_U?e¬`K]dU=67#1!67¥fdMONQf;U)MK`wu7^ar`OMKNvq_c;\bU?q
^ar .aW3-0k
~d 1#G - $!! *rV`K]_^xe¥\)RQepU`O]dU§epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrB\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`'NQMq_U)Mbe
ewNQSVU¬f;R^aMe%N9dNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;eI:<
$®5R9r;q:<
À®NQrq=^xew`w^ar;\b`¬NQodywU?\b`e$VR9r;q ; 9¯"]_^xe%`wufU
N95ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr7^xe%SVNQMKU¬PQU)rdU)MRg
RQe^a`^ar;\Ogac;q_U?e¬`K]dU epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr
RQeBRewfU?\O^xRg\)RQepU9® ³NQMOU)Nh©=U)M?m¥RQe :< R9r;q :< \)Rr U?R=\K] o;URµMKU?RQqNQM¦RMw^a`KU
NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQrm;ewU)©=U)MRg«ewcdo5\OgxRQeOewU?eN9¥\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e"\)R9r³o;UU)r_©Q^xeKR9P=U?q
»UY\bN=r;e^xq_U)M0o;UbgaN9 `K]dU!! G!1 G1"ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrN9«`O]dU /1#5\OgxRQeOe)mdR9r;q
`w"N$`wu_f;U?e%N9`K]dU $d\OgxRQeKenÁ9`K]dU 1! 1G# 'I ¥ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrm_R9r;q7`K]dU
! GG1 G1ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r ;¯"]dU?ewU7`K]dMKU)Uo;RQe^x\7ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r±\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`be
\)R9ro;UB\bNQS#o_^lrdU?qµ`KN&q_Ub;rdU0];R`UB\)Rg¢g`K]dU4 $- G!!21º »U
ew]dN9`O];R9``K]_^xe%S#^¢tdU?q ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrm0]dU)rVRQqdq_U?q`KNR"fdMKNQ`KNd\bN9gQ^aSVf_gaU)SVU)r_`w^ardP \)R9c;eKRhg
\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buQmdgaU?RQqde`KNepU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¢gau±\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r`0]_^xew`ONQMw^aU?e)
¯"]dUewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`be0"^¢g¢g'o;UVq_Ub;rdU?q&c;e^ardPB`K]dU fdMKU?q=^x\)R9`KUQ ¯""N
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eeKR9`p^¡ez¼uB`K]_^xe0fdMOU?q=^¡\)R`KU7^i¥`O]dU)uªR9MOUrdNQ`$\bNQr;\bcdMKMOU)r`? ³NQMKU¼N=MKSRg¢gauQmdgaU)`
?
J K
J F M ®¥o;U#R#]_^xew`KNQMKuQmR9r;q :<m:< o;U`w"NVq=^¡ep`w^ar;\b`NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e"N99JÁ
:<
:< ®K
:<"F M :< ® :5
:< F M :1<®
; !9 =B
#¬RQ\K]MKU?RQqµNQM#0Mw^a`KUBNQfU)MR9`w^aNQrN9$R³]_^xew`KNQMOu
?
J^xeVRQeOewNv\O^xR9`OU?q"^a`K]NQrdU¦R9r;qµNQr_gauNQrdU
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr³`R9P; d¯"]dU7f;NeKez^lo_gaU#`R9P_eRMKU # !! G! ) # 1 #
'I ) #!4G!$G Q _Z|MKU?RQq³NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr±\)Rr¦o;U#`RPQPQU?q NQM ¥¨R
0Mp^l`OUNQf;U)MR`w^aNQrª\)RroU`R9PQPQU?q N=M= ¥ 0f;U)MR9`p^lN=r2 `R9P=PQU?q mdR9r;qBRQ\)\bU?eKe^ardP
NQoÀyzU?\b` $md"^¢g¢g¾oUrdNQ`KU?q :1<
$®
*kr_ºNQMKSRg¢gauQm0Rg¢g NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eBU)r;q_N9"U?q "^a`K]3`K]dUeKR9SVU&`R9P NQo;U)u `K]dUeKR9SVUewu_rd´
\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr£\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`
0]_^x\K]µ^xe#\)Rg¢glU?q ¯® 0f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e §^l`O]£q=^¡ep`w^ar;\b`V`R9Pe7R9MKUVrdN=`
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°)U?q ;¯"]dUrdUbtv`"`w"N ewcdo;ewU?\b`w^aNQr;eq_Ub;rdU ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r¦\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`eo;RQewU?qTNQr
`RPQPQU?qBNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e)
>:=> 5 !9 9=B
Ze%^ar;q=^x\)R9`KU?qTfdMKU)©=^lN=c;egauQmQ`K]dU0fU)M¥NQoÀyzU?\b`'ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQrª\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`%^xe'q_Ub;rdU?q#ºNQM'U?RQ\O]
NQoÀyzU?\b`^ar;q_U)f;U)r;q_U)r_`wgauN9'`K]dU NQ`O]dU)Me)Á_^a`\bNQr;e^xew`e§^ar±N=Mq_U)Mw^ardPª\bN=r_¿d^¡\b`p^lrdP³NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;eNQr
U?RQ\O] N=odyzU?\b`$
`z"N0N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eNQr Rr NQodywU?\b`$ R9MKU"\bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardP^7,NQrdU¥N;`K]dU)S ^xe%R"0Mw^a`KU9®b
*rNQ`K]dU)M""NQMqde)m=NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e"NQrBU?RQ\O]NQoÀyzU?\b`"NQoU)u`K]dUMKU?RQq_U)Mbew´º0Mw^a`KU)Me"ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr
¯"]_^xe\bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`"^xec;ewc;Rg¢gau¦\)Rg¢gaU?q±¸{¹ # ! 1 $G Q
½nÆ ÉQd¡É ¯"]dU¸{0¹ ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr N=Mq_U)MeB\bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardP N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e
`R9PQP=U?q ¥ U)` J? K J F M ®o;UR¦]_^xew`ONQMKuR9r;q$R9rNQodywU?\b`? «¹ÀNQMVR9r_u±`w"N
q=^xew`w^ar;\b`¥NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e :<
$®Rr;q :<
$®m`K]dU0¸{0¹&ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=rVU)r;ewcdMKU?e
`K];R9`?mO^¢5R9`gaU?RQew`N=rdU¥N9`O]dU?ewU¥NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e5^¡e%R"0Mp^l`OUQm`O]dU)r
:<
$®
:<
$®K®
]dN9gxqde)
*k`¥];R=e'o;U)U)rBfdMKN9©QU?q^ar.3 0`K];R9`¥R\)R9c;eORg¢gluB\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`¥]_^xew`KN=MKu
?
J ^arB0]_^x\K]
c;e^ardP N=cdM
`KU)MOS#^ardN9gaNQPQu®YRg¢gN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eRMKUV`R9P=PQU?q ^¡e#ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg¢glu\bNQr;e^xew`OU)r`? %¯"]dUVMKU?R=q_U)M
S#^aPQ]_`\bN=r;e^xq_U)M `K]_^xeMKU?ewc_ga`#RQerdNQ`©QU)MKu&ewcdMKfdMw^a°b^ardP; %¯"]_^xeMKU?ewc_ga`^¡eNQod`R^ardU?q&]dU)MOUR=eR
ewfU?\O^xRg§\)RQepU N9RTSVNQMKU7PQU)rdU)MRg'MKU?ewc_ga`
epU)UQU?\b`p^lN=r3 5&_® ;¯§]dU PQU)rdU)MRhg¾MKU?epc_gl`^xe^ar;q_U)U?q
SVN=MKU^ar`KU)MOU?ew`w^ardP`O];R9r`K]_^xe$epf;U?\O^xRg¥\)RQewUQ
>=> 5 !9 9= 9 B:
¯"]dU¸{0¹&ewu_r;\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrq_NU?erdNQ`¥NQMbq_U)M'NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e'NQrBq=^¡ep`w^ar;\b`N=odyzU?\b`be9$VR9r;q ; =»U
^ar_`KMKNdq_c;\bU`z"N#ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r¦\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`e`K];R9`¥N=Mq_U)M"NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e¬NQrªq=^xew`p^lr;\b`NQodywU?\b`e)Á
NQrdU#\)Rg¢gaU?q¶¬» ¹#1! 1G#'IG1JYR9fdf_g¢^aU?eNQr_gau`ONV0Mw^a`KUNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;enmd`K]dU N=`K]dU)M?m
\)Rg¢gaU?qµ¶{0¹ # 1 #IG!$G QmR9fdf_g¢^aU?eNQr_gau`KN#MKU?RQqBN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e)
*kr&o;NQ`O]q_Ub;r_^a`w^aNQr;e7]dU)MKU?Rh¼`KU)M"U#\bNQr;e^xq_U)MRB]_^xew`KN=MKu J? K J F M ®0R9r;qRTf;R^aMN9
rdN=`0rdU?\bU?eKeKR9Mp^igau&q=^¡ep`w^ar;\b`)®N=odyzU?\b`be $³R9r;q
|)Æ ?É Qd¡É ¯§]_^¡eewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=rN=Mq_U)Me0Mw^a`KU¬NQf;U)MR`w^aNQr;e`R9P=PQU?q ¥
¹dNQM"R9r_u`w"N q=^xew`w^ar;\b`"0Mw^a`KUNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e)m -
$®«Rr;q -
À®mQ`O]dU¶¥» ¹ewu_rd´
\K]dMONQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr¦U)r;epcdMKU?e -
$®
-
À®K®
½nÆ É=daÉ ¯§]_^¡e"ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrBNQMq_U)Me%MOU?RQq#NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e¬`R9P=PQU?q ¥
¹dNQM¥Rru7`z"Nq=^xew`w^ar;\b`"MKU?RQq7NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e)m 5!
$®«R9r;q+5!
d®m9`O]dU$¶"{0¹ewu_r;\K]dMONQ´
r_^a°?R9`w^aNQr¦U)r;epcdMKU?e 5 !
$®
5 !"
À®K®
*k`0];RQe§o;U)U)rew]dN90rB^ar .3-0`O];R9`0RV\)R9c;eKRg¢gau±\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r_`0]_^xew`KNQMKu Jm=^lr&0]_^x\O]±Rg¢g«Mw^a`KU?
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e'RMKU¥`RPQPQU?q ¥mb^xe'ewU?QcdU)r_`w^xRg¢gauV\bNQr;e^xew`KU)r_`? 9¯"]_^xe%MKU?ewc_ga`'"^¢g¢g5RgxewN$oU"fdMKN9©QU?q
^ar QU?\b`p^lN=r 3; 5&&RQeTRewf;U?\O^xRg\)RQewUN9NQcdMVSVN=MKUP=U)rdU)MRg$MKU?epc_gl` $#0N=`w^x\bU¦`K];R9`#`K]dU&¶"{0¹
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr
"^a`K]Rg¢g$MKU?RQqµNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e7`R9PQP=U?q '®0^xe#rdNQ`Vewcª\O^aU)r_``ON¦U)r;ewcdMKU
ewU?=cdU)r_`w^xRg\bNQr;ez^¡ep`KU)r;\buVNQcd`'N9\)R9c;eKRg5\bN=r;e^xew`KU)r;\buQ d¯"]dU¶{¹±epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrm_`KN=PQU)`K]dU)M
"^a`K] `K]dU¦¸{0¹ ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=rºNQM#0Mw^a`KU¦N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e)m%gaU?RQqdeT]dNh"U)©QU)M#`KNµ`K]_^xeVMKU?epc_gl`
¯"]_^xe§^xe"^ar;\Ogac;q_U?q³^ar¦NQcdMS#^¢tvU?q³ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r±\bNQr;ew`OMR^ar`
, #"+ T'*#T¥"%[ )
9> 9> 9=D
¯"]dUewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr·\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`eB¸{0¹"m0¶¬» ¹|Rr;q ¶"{0¹ ^lr_`KMKNdq_c;\bU?q3ewNkR9Mª\)Rr£o;U
\bNQS#o_^ardU?qB`KN q_Ub;rdU RS#^¢tvU?qBewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQrª\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`?mQrdN=`KU?qVµd¶ # -1% G
!! 1! $G!Q dQU?\b`p^lN=r¦d aWq=^xeK\bc;eKewU?e^a`e"fdMbRQ\b`w^x\)Rg«c;ewUQ d¶^xeR#PQU)rdU)MRg¢^a°?R9`w^aNQr
N9V`K]dU&fdMKU)©=^aNQc;e¦epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr;eÅ^ar `K]dUewU)r;ewU`K];R`B^l`&Rg¢gaNheT¼NQM¦\bN=So_^ar;R9`p^lN=r;eN9
ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQr\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`e
Ub^a`K]dU)MT¶¥» ¹"^a`K]¸{0¹"mNQM#¶"{0¹ "^a`K]¸{0¹¬® *krNQ`O]dU)M
"NQMqdenmhµd¶q_N_U?e%rdNQ`«MOU?Qc_^aMKU0`O];R9`«`O]dU§eOR9SVUepur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrT`R9Po;U$R9`O`RQ\O]dU?q`KNU)©QU)MKu
NQfU)MR9`w^aNQrNR³]_^xew`KN=MKuQ »Uq=^xew`w^ardPQc_^xew] o;U)`w"U)U)r`z"N¦µd¶½\bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`enm«µd¶ R9r;q
µd¶ Á
N
Z ]_^xew`KNQMOu
?
J eKR9`w^xe;U?e¬`K]dU µd¶ \bNQr;ew`KMbR^ar`¬^¢Rr;qBNQr_gauV^¢
W®Rhgig^a`e"N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e
R9MKU`RPQPQU?qUb^a`K]dU)M NQM ¥m¥R9r;q
~_®`K]dU 3`R9P=PQU?qNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e#NQoU)u
`K]dU¶¥» ¹½ewu_r;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrmR9r;q `K]dU |`RPQPQU?qN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;eBNQo;U)u `K]dU¸{0¹
ewu_r;\K]dMKN=r_^l°?R`w^aNQr
#0N=`KU#`K];R9`^ar`O]_^¡e7\)RQewURhgig"MKU?RQq³NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;e7R9MKUVrdU?\bU?eKeOR9Mw^¢gau`R9PQP=U?q ¥m0]_^¢gaU
0Mw^a`KUNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eR9MKU`bR9PQPQU?q NQM ¥
N
Z·]_^xew`ONQMKu J? eOR9`w^xe;U?e`K]dU µd¶$¤\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`¬^iRr;qBNQr_gauB^i
W9®¥Rg¢g^a`e0N=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e
R9MKU`RPQPQU?qUb^a`K]dU)M N=M ¥m5R9r;q
~_®¥`O]dU4 `bR9PQPQU?qBNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eNQoU)u`K]dU
¶{0¹epur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`w^aNQrm_R9r;q#`K]dU ³`R9PQPQU?q7NQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eNQo;U)u#`K]dU¸{0¹ewu_r;\K]dMONQ´
r_^a°?R9`w^aNQr
#0N=`KU `K];R`0^ar&`K]_^xe\)RQewUVRg¢g'0Mw^a`KU#NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;eR9MKU rdU?\bU?eOeKR9Mw^¢gau&`R9PQPQU?q ¥m;0]_^¢gaU
MKU?RQqBNQfU)MR9`w^aNQr;eR9MKU`R9P=PQU?q NQM ¥
»UVeKRu`K];R9`0`K]dUVµd¶ ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r&^xeeKR9`w^xe;U?q³o_u±RT]_^¡ep`KNQMKu J? ^¢$R9r;qÅNQr_gau^¢
?
JeKR9`w^xe;U?e7Ub^a`K]dU)MVµd¶ N=Mµd¶$" #NQ`w^x\bU`O];R9`?m^arR³]_^¡ep`KNQMKu J`O];R9`eKR`w^xe;U?e7`K]dU?
µd¶ \bNQr;ep`KMR^ar_`?md`K]dU`RPe R9r;q R9MKU^ar;\bNQSVf;R`w^ao_glUQ * C-
$®'^xe0`RPQPQU?q
^ar J? `K]dU)rªRhgigMKU?R=q#NQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e'N J? RMKU0`R9P=PQU?q
\bNQr;ew`KMRh^lr_`¥µd¶ ³® À9^lS^igxR9MpgluT^¢
R7MKU?RQq^xe¬`R9PQPQU?q ¦`K]dU)r¦Rhgig0Mw^a`KUNQf;U)MbR9`w^aNQr;e"R9MKU`R9PQP=U?q
\bN=r;ew`KMR^ar_`µd¶$¬®
*kr¦N=Mq_U)M0`KN#cdr;q_U)Mew`bR9r;q`K]dU#µd¶ R9r;qµd¶$ewur;\O]dMKNQr_^a°?R9`p^lN=r;e)md^a`^xe¬^aSVf;NQMO`R9r_`
`KN7cdr;q_U)Mew`Rr;qV`K];R`¥`K]dU)uq_N7rdNQ`¥MOU?Qc_^aMKU \bNQr_¿d^x\b`w^ardPVN=f;U)MR9`p^lN=r;e'NQrRP9^a©QU)rBNQodywU?\b` $To;U