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Saving Final or Primary Energy ? Lessons from a Flow Approach of the French Energy Balance : Implications
on the Value of Energy Standards for Buildings
Ghislaine Destais
To cite this version:
Ghislaine Destais. Saving Final or Primary Energy ? Lessons from a Flow Approach of the French
Energy Balance : Implications on the Value of Energy Standards for Buildings. IEPEC 2010 : Counting
on Energy Programs - It’s Why Evaluation Matters, poster session, Jun 2010, Paris, France. �hal-
01476032�
3,2 1,2
CoalProd: 0,11 actual (cc) 1,63
5,74
steel industry
8,7 coke production 3,08 6,61 6,5
co a l
12,111,93
Stocks: -1,38 3,71 2,87
5,74
steel industry
8,7 coke production 3,08 6,61 6,5
co a l
12,111,93
Imports: 13,2 adjustments 3,5 0,02
Exports: 0,11 -0,2 yield 83,0% 4,1%
CokeStocks: -0,04 -0,1 0,62 0,8
Imports: 0,96
Exports: 0,66 1,02
0,16
CrudeOilProd: 0,98 1,22 1,5
Stocks: 0,02 84,26 total input85,08 0,43
Import: 83,24 yield 92,7% adjustments 81,5 5,12
Export: 0 -0,02 0,54 0,39 0,14
RefinedOilPr: 0,07 0,11 0,28 11,76
Stocks: 0,27
Import: 33,07 10,41
Exports: 26,74
bunkers: 2,52 36,0 0,31 8,0
GasProd: 0,81 0,33 0,05
Stocks: 0,07 0,46 adjustments 22% 13,39
Imports: 39,9 adjustments yield 71,7% -0,01 1,6
Exports: 1,09 0,08 22,7
1,26 0,75 0,42
2,61 imports 24,87
5,18
total input11,45 5,42 3,32 0,1
NuclearProd: 114,53115 115 1,65 yield 41,8% 0,3therm
HwpProd: 6,426,42 6,4 hydroelectric, wind, photovoltaïc6,35 5,96 0,28
43% ElecImport: 0,920,92 0,4Hwp
ElecExport: 5,05 76,70 34,4 26,4 0,62
3,39 2,07nuclear
30,0% 0,56 46,57 2,4
pumping
0,08
RenProd: 14,21 internal use 0,23
RenImport: 0,35 adjustments 0,93 1,09
5,4% RenExport: 0
PES
primary production 137 220 98 122
consumption of the energy sector
272 = 98 +final consumption 173 160
Hwp: hydroelectric, wind,photovoltaic non energetic consumption15,25
Ren: thermic renewables and waste climatic correction 2,06
e lec tr ic it y
Renewablesauxiliaries and U enrichment yield
energetic final consumption (cc) cons. of the energy sector
6,8% 7,5%
primary cons.
50,2
transports
14,6 11,75 12,0
15 2,8 31%available energy
from the energetic sector
4,27
agriculture
117
21,8% 24%
nuclear power stations heat loss 2,7%
conventional thermal power stations
4,79
37,83 38,0
residential- services sector 43%
40,78 industrial gas
3,7 15%
grid lossconventional 36,00 35,0
69,4
industry
84
43%
47,0%
5,74
steel industry
8,7 coke production 3,08 6,61 6,5
3,8% 0,1 3,6%
adjustments
adjustments
electricity 13,6
19%
20,8%
g as
39,730,5
co a l
12,111,93
4,4% 0,9
non energetic
o il
88,4 84,24refining 79
81,47 68
32,6%
30,89
final energetic consumption by sector with climatic correction (cc) primary energy consumption
by the energetic sector PES
secondary energy production
by the energy sector final energy consumption by source availabilities = primary
consumption
rea
Saving final or primary energy?
Lessons from a flow approach of the French energy balance.
Implications on the value of energy standards for buildings.
Ghislaine DESTAIS
Assistant professor, LEPII - CNRS - UPMF / Grenoble / France
The proposals of the Parliamentary Office
(december 2009)Modulation of the 50 kWh/m2/year limit according to location between -10% and +30%
(40 to 65 kWh) for 6 areas, corresponding to the BBC‐Effinergielabel
Modulation on heigh ground + 10 kWh above 400 m, + 20 kWh above 800 m
Modulation according to the size (S) of the building on 40% of the total, for exemple with a coefficient of 0,6 + 80 / (100 + S)
For non residential buildings: simulated limit of 50 kWh applied only on permanently occuped areas, but activ management of enegy to obtain an effective global performance
No modulation according to CO2 balance of energy sources, but a maximum CO2 emission of 5kg/m2/year (except for renewables), with the previous modulations
No change of the conversion factor from final to primary electricity which represents a physical reality (as calculated below) but its value should be reexamined periodically.
My own proposals: a guideline for accurate conversion factors A bigger conversion factor from final to primary electricity
Different conversion factors for fuels
No political use of these values; preferably change the consumption limits.
2005 thermal regulation
Primary Energy Consumption Limit for new residential buildings
(for heating, cooling and hot water)Conventional coefficients from Final to Primary Energy
Same implicit threshold for Useful Energy
* with an average yield of 70% for the boilers
Electricity Nuclear Photovoltaic
Hydraulic, Wind
from
Fuels Average
% in electricconsumption 80% 10% 10% 100%
Efficiency 33% 100% 53% 37%
Conversion factor
3 1 1,92,7
The 2009 Grenelle 1 Law toward the 2012 thermal regulation
A single Primary Energy Consumption Limit for all new buildings (for heating , cooling, hot water, lighting ,ventilation, pomps) and all energy sources except wood :
50 kWh/m
2/year
There is a controversy against this value qualified by some people of « weapon of the crime» against electricity.
The law also says it has to be modulated according to the location and use of the building and for energies which present a good CO2 balance,
and that the conversion factor from final to primary energy has to be examined.
Electricity
(21,8% of total final consumption)Nuclear Photovoltaic
Hydraulic, Wind
From
Fuels Average
% in electric consumption 71% 14.8% 14.2% 100%
Efficiency 28.04% 92.86% 39.23% 32.75%
Conversion factor 3,57 1,08 2,55
3.05
Fuels
Coal Oil Gas Biomass, wasteEfficiency 83.0% 92.7% 100% 100%
Conversion factor 1,20 1,08 1
1
Efficiency Conversion factor
Fuels 100%
1Electricity 38,8%
2,58UEC max (KWh/m2/year) H1 area H2 H3
Fuels 91 77 56
Electricity 97 74 50
PEC
max (kWh/m2/year)H1 cold area
H2 temperate area
H3 mediterranean area
Fuels 130 110
80Electricity
250190 130
Contact: ghislaine.destais@upmf-grenoble.fr
2008 energy flows in France (Mtoe)
In the prospect of limiting not only energy consumption but also entropy increase, it is important to understand the way the energy system operates. This work is an attempt to do so by presenting and analyzing an original flow diagram of the French energy balance. It first provides evaluations of the energy efficiency of the national energy system. And then uses them to discuss the conversion factors from final to primary energy that are used in the French heat regulation. It shows that these conversion factors, especially the electricity one, depart from reality. This leads to a misinterpretation of the 2012 energy standard for new buildings.
From primary sources to electricity final consumption in France 2008 (Mtoe)
efficiency= 39.23%
Nuclear
efficiency = 28,04 %
efficiency = 92,86 % Non thermal renewables
Conventional thermal plants
secondary efficiency = 55 % global efficiency = 64 %
71.0%
14.8%
14.2%
1 MWh = 3.6 GJ = 0.086 toe 1 nuclear gross Mwh = 0.26 toe
heat loss 10,5% aux. grid loss
11,46 6,38 5,08 0,29 4,79 0,27 4,50
imports grid loss
2,20 0,92 0,06 0,86
primary sources coal, petroleum products, gas, renewables, waste
gross electricity production
net electicity production
final consumption partial efficiency=41.8%
hydroelectric conventional 5,53 aux. 5,46 grid loss
0,07 0,36 5,59
wind, photovoltaic0,49 0,49
gross electricity production
= primary production
net electicity
final consumption 12,20%
U enrichment
heat loss aux. grid loss1,57
nuclear 114,54 76,74 1,82 35,97 1,69 26,44
76,5% to refineries
pumpinggrid loss grid loss 0,29 0,37
0,56 0,04 0,34 to exports
aux. net production grid loss5,05
0,40 0,01 0,40 0,02
0,8%
final consumption
hydroelectric from pumping gross electricity production
= primary production
net electicity production
