• Aucun résultat trouvé

3.43.059841,,3/97:9

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "3.43.059841,,3/97:9"

Copied!
7
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

2QFRQFHSWVRIODZDQGWUXWK

0

(1'(/

6

$&+6

'HSDUWPHQWRI3K\VLFV8QLYHUVLW\DW%XIIDOR6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN

$%675$&7 7KLV HVVD\ LV GHGLFDWHG WR P\ OHDUQHG FROOHDJXH 2OLYLHU

&RVWDGH%HDXUHJDUGRQWKHRFFDVLRQRIWKHWKDQQLYHUVDU\RIKLVGRFWRUDO WKHVLV³&RQWULEXWLRQWRWKH6WXG\RI'LUDF¶V7KHRU\RIWKH(OHFWURQ´DQGWR KLVGHGLFDWLRQWRNQRZOHGJH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

6LQFHWKHHDUOLHVWSHULRGVRI:HVWHUQ&LYLOL]DWLRQDSULPDU\IRFXVLQVFL HQFHDQGQDWXUDOSKLORVRSK\KDVEHHQRQWKHODZRIQDWXUH%XWLQVSLWHRI PDLQWDLQLQJWKLVIRFXVLQWKHVFLHQWLILFHQWHUSULVHWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHFRQFHSW RIODZKDVFKDQJHGPDQ\WLPHVWKURXJKRXWWKHGLIIHUHQWSHULRGVRIWKHKLV WRU\RILGHDV

,QWLPDWHO\UHODWHGWRWKHYDULHGPHDQLQJVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIODZDUHGLIIHU HQWGHILQLWLRQVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWUXWK7KHILUVWRUGHURIEXVLQHVVWKHQLQ UHVROYLQJRXWVWDQGLQJFRQIOLFWVLQVFLHQFHDQGSKLORVRSK\LQUHJDUGWRWKHLU PXWXDOJRDOVLVWRDJUHHRQWKHPHDQLQJVRIWKHZRUGVWKDWSHUWDLQWRWKHVH JRDOVEHIRUH GLVFXVVLQJWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHSDWKVWRZDUGWKHP

7KH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH FRQFHSWV RI WUXWK DUHZHOONQRZQDQGKDYH EHHQGLVFXVVHGE\SKLORVRSKHUVIRUFHQWXULHV$QH[DPSOHLVWKHGLVWLQFWLRQ PDGH EHWZHHQ µDQDO\WLF WUXWK¶± SHUWDLQLQJ WR D FRQYHQWLRQ ZKHUHE\ WKH WUXWKRUIDOVLW\RIDQDVVHUWLRQLVSUHGHWHUPLQHGE\DKXPDQO\GHYLVHGV\V WHPRID[LRPVDQGORJLFDOUXOHV± YHUVXVDµFRQWLQJHQWWUXWK¶± SHUWDLQLQJWR WKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDIDFWRIQDWXUHZKHUHE\WKHWUXWKRUIDOVLW\RIDQDVVHU WLRQLVFRQWLQJHQWZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGREMHFWLYHO\LUUHVSHFWLYH RI ZKDWHYHU VRUWV RI ORJLFDO FRQYHQWLRQV KXPDQ EHLQJV PD\ LQYHQW WR GH VFULEH QDWXUH ,Q UHFHQW WLPHV WKHUH KDV EHHQ GLVFXVVLRQ E\ SKLORVRSKHUV

(2)

VXFKDV4XLQH>@DVWRZKHWKHURUQRWWKHDOOHJHGGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQµDQD O\WLFWUXWK¶DQGµFRQWLQJHQWWUXWK¶PD\QRWEHLOOXVRU\

7KHQ WKHUH LV D WKLUG VRUW RI WUXWK WKDW PD\ EH WHUPHG µUHOLJLRXV WUXWK¶

7KLV HQWDLOV D WUXWKYDOXH DVVLJQHG WR DQ DVVHUWLRQ WKDW LV QRW YHULILDEOH LQ DFFRUGDQFHZLWKORJLFDOUXOHVRUWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHSUHGLFWLRQVRIVFLHQFH DQGWKHHPSLULFDOIDFWVRIQDWXUH7KLVLVUDWKHUEDVHGRQWKHQRWLRQRIIDLWK 7KLVPD\EHDQ\DVVHUWLRQEDVHGRQIDLWK QRWRQO\DQDVVHUWLRQRIDQRUJDQ L]HGUHOLJLRQ)RUH[DPSOHRQHPD\ULJKWIXOO\VD\WKDWLWLVWUXHWKDWDPDQ ORYHV D ZRPDQ ± EXW KH KDV QR ZD\ RI GHILQLQJ SUHFLVHO\ RU SURYLQJ WKLV VWDWHPHQW ZLWK ORJLFDO RU VFLHQWLILFPHWKRGV6WLOOLWLVDVWDWHPHQWRIWUXWK EDVHGRQDGHHSIHHOLQJRIIDLWKLQWKLVUHODWLRQVKLS7RWKLVSHUVRQWKHDVVHU WLRQRIORYHLVDµUHOLJLRXVWUXWK¶

7KXVZKHQZHVD\WKDWDSDUWLFXODUODZRIQDWXUHLVWUXHZHPXVWNHHSLQ PLQGDPXWXDOO\DJUHHGXSRQVHWRIGHILQLWLRQVRIWKHZRUGVODZDQGWUXWK

,QWKLVHVVD\,ZLVKWRH[SDQGXSRQWKHFRQFHSWVRIODZDQGWUXWKSDU WLFXODUO\ WR FODULI\ WKHLU PHDQLQJV IURP WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI WKHLU XVDJH LQ WKHRUHWLFDOVFLHQFH:HZLOOVHHKRZGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVRIWKHVHZRUGVFDQ EHFRPH PL[HG XS LQ GHEDWHV RQ WKH FRQFHSWV RIODZ DQGWUXWK LQ VFLHQFH ZLWK RSSRQHQWV DQG SURSRQHQWV XVLQJ WKH VDPH ZRUGV EXW KDYLQJ GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJVRIWKHZRUGVLQPLQG$QH[DPSOHLVZKHQRQHPD\EHUHIHUULQJ WRVFLHQFHEXWLQIDFWLWLVLQUHJDUGWRWKHFRQFHSWRIUHOLJLRQDVLQµUHOLJLRXV ODZ¶DQGµUHOLJLRXVWUXWK¶

:KDWLVD /DZLQ6FLHQFH"

2QHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGµODZ¶LVWKDWLWLVDUXOHRIEHKDYLRUVXFKDVWKH ODZVRIMXULVSUXGHQFHLPSRVHGE\VRFLHW\IRUWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ RI KXPDQ EHLQJV DQG WKHLU SRVVHVVLRQV ([DPSOHV DUH 'R QRW NLOO DQRWKHU KXPDQEHLQJ'RQRWGULYHWKURXJKDUHGOLJKW3D\\RXULQFRPHWD[EHIRUH

$SULO«HWF

%XWDµVFLHQWLILFODZ¶GRHVQRWKDYHWKHVDPHSXUSRVHDVWKHODZVRIMXULV SUXGHQFH,QWKHSUHVHQWXVDJHRIWKHZRUGODZLQWKHFRQWH[WRIVFLHQFHLW KDV WZR GLVWLQFW PHDQLQJV WKDW LQ WXUQ DUH UHODWHG WR WZR HSLVWHPRORJLFDO DSSURDFKHVWRNQRZOHGJH2QHRIWKHVHPHDQLQJVUHIHUVWRDUHJXODULW\RIWKH HPSLULFDOGDWDRIVFLHQWLILFH[SHULPHQWDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRSDUWLFXODUVRUWV RI SKHQRPHQD $Q H[DPSOH ZRXOG EH WKH SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO DSSURDFK RI PRGHUQGD\HOHPHQWDU\SDUWLFOHSK\VLFV,QWKLVILHOGRIVWXG\RQHVHDUFKHV IRUFDWHJRULHVXQGHUZKLFKJURXSVRIµSDUWLFOHV¶PD\ILWUHJDUGLQJWKHGDWD WKDWSHUWDLQWRWKHPRULQFODVVLI\LQJGDWDLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKVRPHFXUYHRU JUDSK 7KH VFLHQWLVW PD\ GLVFRYHU VRPH HPSW\ LH \HW XQREVHUYHG FRP SDUWPHQWVLQWKHFDWHJRULHVRIWKHGDWDDQGWKHQPDNHDSUHGLFWLRQWKDWQHZ

(3)

H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ VKRXOG UHYHDO QHZ GDWD WKDW ZRXOG ILW WKHVH SODFHV RQ D JUDSK 7KHQ LI VXFK REVHUYDWLRQV DUH YLQGLFDWHG WKH VFLHQWLVW FRXOG FODLP WKDWKLVODZLVREH\HGDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVDWUXWKRIQDWXUH

%XWWKHVHFRQGYLHZRIODZLQVFLHQFHLVWKDWLWUHIHUVWRXQGHUO\LQJFRQ FHSWVWKDWLQWXUQJLYHULVHWRWKHREVHUYHGGDWDUHJDUGLQJSDUWLFXODUSKHQRP HQD7KDWLVWR VD\RQHYLHZVWKHFDWHJRULHVDQGFXUYHVRQJUDSKVWKDWSUR YLGHSKHQRPHQRORJLFDOILWVIRUWKHGDWDDVSDUWLFXODUVWKDWVKRXOGIROORZLQD GHGXFWLYHIDVKLRQIURPVRPHXQGHUO\LQJXQLYHUVDOV,WLVWKHVHWRIXQLYHUVDOV WKDWLVWREHWDNHQDVWKHODZVRIQDWXUH

7KHIRUPHUSKHQRPHQRORJLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIODZLVFORVHWRWKHHSLVWH PRORJLFDO VWDQGV RI ORJLFDO SRVLWLYLVP HPSLULFLVP RSHUDWLRQDOLVP DQG LQ VWUXPHQWDOLVP,WV ORJLF LV LQGXFWLYH 7KH ODWWHU XQGHUO\LQJ YLHZ RIODZ LV FORVHU WR WKH HSLVWHPRORJLFDO VWDQG RI UHDOLVP,WV ORJLF LV GHGXFWLYH 7KH ODWWHUDSSURDFKWRNQRZOHGJHLVµDEVWUDFWUHDOLVP¶LQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHXQGHU O\LQJ UHDOLWLHVRIWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOG± WKHXQLYHUVDOV± DUHDEVWUDFWWKDWLV WKH\ DUH QRW DOO GLUHFWO\ REVHUYDEOH ZLWK KXPDQ VHQVHV RU LQVWUXPHQWV WKRXJKWKH\DUHFRPSUHKHQGLEOHDQGDSSURDFKDEOHDWOHDVWLQSDUWE\PHDQV RIUHDVRQ

,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWLQFRQWHPSRUDU\SK\VLFVWKHVHWZRFRQWUDVW LQJHSLVWHPRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVVHSDUDWHO\GRPLQDWHWKHSKLORVRSKLHVRIWKH WZRPDLQULYDOWKHRULHVLQIXQGDPHQWDOSK\VLFV±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

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDIXOOH[SORLWDWLRQRIWKHWKHRU\RIUHODWLYLW\LQLQWHU SUHWLQJWKHODZVRIHOHPHQWDU\PDWWHU± LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO VWDQGWKDW(LQVWHLQWRRNDIWHUKHUHDFKHGWKHVWDJHRIJHQHUDOUHODWLYLW\WKHRU\

± FRQFOXGHVWKDWWKHUHLVDUHDOZRUOGWRWDONDERXWTXLWHDSDUWIURPWKHSDU WLFXODU PHDVXUHPHQWV WKDW KXPDQ EHLQJV PD\ RU PD\ QRW FDUU\ RXW RQ DQ\

VRUW RI PDWWHU ZKHWKHU LW LV PLFURPDWWHU RU PDFURPDWWHU :LWK WKLV DS SURDFK WKH ODZV RI HUURU LQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW SURFHVV DUH QRW IXQGDPHQWDO ODZVRIPDWWHUDVWKH\DUHLQWKHTXDQWXPWKHRU\7KH\DUHUDWKHUDVHWRI UXOHVWKDWKHOSWKHH[SHULPHQWHUWRLQWHUSUHWWKHGDWDUHJDUGLQJZKDWLWLVWKDW XQGHUOLHVWKHVHGDWD± LQWHUPVRIWKHODZVRIQDWXUH

(4)

:KDWLV7UXWKLQ6FLHQFH"

-XVW DV WKHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WXDO PHDQLQJV IRU WKH ZRUGODZ LQ VFL HQFH WKHUH DUH TXLWH GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJV IRU WKH ZRUGWUXWK FKRVHQ IURP GLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV

$V,VHHLWWKHUHDUHWKUHHVRUWVRIWUXWKWKDWVKRXOGEHGLVWLQJXLVKHGIRU WKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVHVVD\VFLHQWLILFWUXWKDQDO\WLFWUXWKDQGUHOLJLRXVWUXWK

5HOLJLRXVWUXWK LVEDVHGRQIDLWK$UHOLJLRXVSHUVRQNQRZV WKDW*RGH[

LVWVEHFDXVHKHRUVKHKDVIDLWKLQWKHWUXWKRIWKLVDVVHUWLRQ6LPLODUO\WKH UHOLJLRXV SHUVRQNQRZV WKDW *RG FUHDWHG WKH XQLYHUVH VRPH EHOLHYH WKDW LW ZDV DW WKH SUHFLVH WLPH RI WKH µELJ EDQJ¶ EHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH IDLWK LQ WKLV EHOLHI2UDQDWKHLVWNQRZVWKDW*RGGRHVQRWH[LVWVLPLODUO\KDYLQJIDLWKLQ WKHEHOLHIRIWKLVQHJDWLYHDVVHUWLRQ,QERWKFDVHVWKHUHLVQRZD\RISURYLQJ WKHVHDVVHUWLRQVZLWKDVFLHQWLILFRUDQDQDO\WLFDUJXPHQW± WKH\DUHEDVHGRQ IDLWK7KHRSSRVLWH RIWKHIRUHJRLQJµUHOLJLRXVWUXWK¶LVWKHµNQRZOHGJH¶RI WKHDJQRVWLF± ZKRGRHVQRWNQRZLI*RGH[LVWV7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHDJQRVWLF GRHVQRWKDYHIDLWKLQDQ\DVVHUWLRQDERXWWKHH[LVWHQFHRUODFNRIH[LVWHQFH RI*RG2IFRXUVHWKHUHLVDZKROHERG\RIRWKHUDVVHUWLRQVLQWKHGRPDLQRI WKHRORJLFDO NQRZOHGJH LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH RQH DERXW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI *RG WKDWZRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWUXHRUIDOVHLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHRORJLFDOORJLF±

WKDWWKH\DUHLQUHJDUGWRDMXGJPHQWEDVHGRQIDLWK

$QDO\WLFDO WUXWK LV D ORJLFDO FRQFOXVLRQ IROORZLQJ IURP D VHW RI D[LRPV WKDWDUHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKDJLYHQVHWRILQYHQWHGUXOHVRIRQHVRUWRIORJLF RU DQRWKHU EH LW $ULVWRWHOLDQ ORJLF 6RFUDWLF ORJLF RU WKH PRGDO ORJLFV RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ WKLQNLQJ )RU H[DPSOH LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH UXOHV RI WKH ORJLFRIDULWKPHWLF± WKHGHILQLWLRQRIQXPEHUVDQGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHRSHUD WLRQVµSOXV¶DQGµHTXDO¶± LWIROORZVWKDWLWLVQHFHVVDULO\WUXHWKDWSOXV 7KHFRQFOXVLRQFDQQRWEHDQ\WKLQJRWKHUWKDQ7KHSRLQWKHUHLVWKDWWKLV LVWKHVRUWRIWUXWKWKDWGRHVQRWKDYHWRUHODWHLQDQ\ZD\ZLWKUHOLJLRXVWUXWK IDLWKRUZLWKWKHDOOHJHGWUXWKVRIDUHDOREVHUYDEOHZRUOGVFLHQFH

6FLHQWLILF WUXWK UHODWHV WR WKHREMHFWLYH ZRUOG ±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

(5)

DJUHHZLWKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOSUHGLFWLRQLWPD\EHVDLGWKDWWKXVIDUWKHRULJLQDO K\SRWKHVHVDUHVFLHQWLILFDOO\WUXH

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µUHOL JLRXVWUXWK¶LQYROYHGLQWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIWKHVFLHQWLVW7KLVYLHZLVFRU URERUDWHG LQ WKH ZULWLQJV RI VXFK VFLHQWLVWV DV 0LFKDHO )DUDGD\ DQG $OEHUW (LQVWHLQ

7KHWUXWKRIDQDQDO\WLFDVVHUWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHWHVWLQJRIWKHFRQVLVWHQF\

RIDJLYHQVHWRID[LRPVDQGWKHLUORJLFDOFRQVHTXHQFHV7KHSURRIRIDVFL HQWLILFWUXWKLVEDVHGRQWKHDQDO\WLFDOPHWKRGDQGGHPRQVWUDWLQJWKHFRUUH VSRQGHQFH RI DQ DOOHJHG WUXWK DQG WKH HPSLULFDO IDFWV RI QDWXUH %XW RQH FDQQRW SURYHWKHWUXWKRIDUHOLJLRXVDVVHUWLRQWKHZD\WKDWDVFLHQWLILFRUDQ DQDO\WLF WUXWK DUH SURYHQ EHFDXVH LW LV QRW GHILQHG LQ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH FRQ WH[WV 7KXV LI RQH GRHV QRW RU GRHV KDYH IDLWK LQ WKH WUXWK RI D UHOLJLRXV DVVHUWLRQ KH RU VKH ZRXOG GHQ\ RU DIILUP WKDW WKHUH LV VXFK D WKLQJ DV

¶UHOLJLRXVWUXWK¶DQGµUHOLJLRXVNQRZOHGJH¶%XWWKH\FDQQRWSURYHWKLVGHQLDO RU DIILUPDWLRQ ZLWK DQ\ VFLHQWLILF PHWKRG VLQFH WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI NQRZOHGJHDUHRXWRIFRQWH[W7KDWLVWRVD\WRPDNHDUHOLJLRXVFODLPIURP D VFLHQWLILF DVVHUWLRQ ZRXOG EH DQRQ VHTXLWXU )RU H[DPSOH LW LV RIWHQ FODLPHGE\DVWURSK\VLFLVWVWKDWWKHµELJEDQJ¶WKHLQLWLDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWO\

REVHUYHGH[SDQVLRQRIWKHXQLYHUVHPXVWYHULI\WKHH[LVWHQFHRI*RGVLQFH LW PXVW EH WKH RXWFRPH RI +LV FUHDWLRQ RI WKH XQLYHUVH 7KLV LV DORJLFDOO\

IDOVH VWDWHPHQW )RU LW LV D WKHRORJLFDO DQVZHU WR WKLV VFLHQWLILF TXHVWLRQ KRZGLGWKHPDWWHURIWKHXQLYHUVHJHWLQWRWKHVWDWHRIPD[LPXPGHQVLW\DQG LQVWDELOLW\ LQ WKH ILUVW SODFHWR JLYH ULVH WR WKH µELJ EDQJ¶ DQG WKH HQVXLQJ H[SDQVLRQRIWKHXQLYHUVH"

5HODWLRQV%HWZHHQ7LPHDQG/DZLQ6FLHQFHDQG7KHRORJ\

7KHFRQFHSWRIWLPHLQSK\VLFVKDVVHYHUDOPHDQLQJVDQGLWLVLQWLPDWHO\

UHODWHGWRWKHFRQFHSWRIVFLHQWLILFODZ7LPHKDVDVWLOOGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJLQ WKHFRQWH[WRIWKHRORJ\

7KHFRQFHSWRIWLPHLQ(LQVWHLQ¶VWKHRU\DSSOLHGWRUHODWLYLVWLFPHFKDQLFV RISDUWLFOHVRIPDWWHUVHUYHVWKHUROHRIWKHSDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHWUDMHFWR

(6)

ULHVRIPRYLQJPDWWHU,WLVDVXEMHFWLYHSDUDPHWHUWKDWH[SUHVVHVDUHODWLYH PHDVXUHRIWKHHYROXWLRQRIDELWRIPDWWHUWKDWPRYHVDORQJDWUDMHFWRU\±

IURPWKHYLHZRIDQ\SDUWLFXODUREVHUYHU¶VIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFH,Q1HZWRQLDQ PHFKDQLFVWLPHLVDQREMHFWLYH SDUDPHWHUGHVFULELQJWKHWUDMHFWRU\RIDVLQ JXODUSDUWLFOHRIPDWWHU

7KHWLPHFRQFHSWLQWKHVHFRQGODZRIWKHUPRG\QDPLFVGRHVQRWDWDOOUH IHUWRDVLQJXODUSDUWLFOHRIPDWWHU5DWKHULWUHIHUVWRDSDUDPHWULFPHDVXUH RI WKH SURFHVV RI UHVWRULQJ GLVRUGHU IURP RUGHU IRU DQ HQWLUH HQVHPEOH RI PDWHULDOSDUWLFOHVDVLWSURFHHGVIURPVRPHQRQHTXLOLEULXPVWDWHWRLWVILQDO HTXLOLEULXP VWDWH ([SOLFLWO\ WKLV LV GHVFULEHG LQ WHUPV RI WKH LQFUHDVH RI µHQWURS\¶DPHDVXUHRIWKHGLVRUGHURIWKHV\VWHPLQWLPH%XWWKLVVRUWRI WLPHKDVQRWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHG\QDPLFDOWLPHRI(LQVWHLQ¶VVSHFLDOUHODWLY LW\WKHRU\RUWKDWRI1HZWRQLDQG\QDPLFV7KXVVWDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHUPRG\

QDPLF WLPH WKH WLPH RI (LQVWHLQ¶V VSHFLDO UHODWLYLW\ WKHRU\ DQG WKH WLPH RI 1HZWRQLDQ G\QDPLFV DUH LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WV ± VLQFH WKH\ DOO UHIHU WR D SDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQRIPXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYHVRUWVRIODZVRIPDWWHU

,Q WKHRORJ\ WKH WLPH RI WKH ODZV SURQRXQFHG LQ WKH %LEOLFDO 6FULSWXUHV KDYH VWLOO D GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJ &RQVLGHU WKH &KULVWLDQ WKHRORJLDQ 6W

$XJXVWLQH¶VFRPPHQWLQKLV7KH &RQIHVVLRQV%RRN>@

³,WLVLQ\RX2P\PLQGWKDW,PHDVXUHWLPH,GRQRWPHDVXUHWKH WKLQJVWKHPVHOYHVZKRVHSDVVDJHSURGXFHGWKHLPSUHVVLWLVWKHLP SUHVV WKDW , PHDVXUH ZKHQ , PHDVXUH WLPH 7KXV HLWKHU WKDW LV ZKDW WLPHLVRU,DPQRWPHDVXULQJWLPHDWDOO´

6W$XJXVWLQHWKHQDUJXHGWKDW³EHIRUH´WKHPDWWHURIWKHXQLYHUVHH[LVWHG WKHUHZDVQRWLPHWRWDONDERXW± MXVWDVWKHZHWQHVVRIDOLTXLGLVDPHDQLQJ OHVVFRQFHSWDSDUWIURPWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDOLTXLG+HWKHQVDZWLPHDVRQHRI WKHFUHDWHGWKLQJV\HWDSDUWIURPPDWWHU

6HYHUDOFHQWXULHVDIWHU6W$XJXVWLQHWKH0LGGOH$JHV+HEUHZWKHRORJLDQ DQGSKLORVRSKHU0RVHV0DLPRQLGHVKLV*UHHNQDPHIRU5DPEDPJDYHDQ H[SOLFLWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHFUHDWLRQH[QLKLORLQWKHVHQVHRILQWHUSUHWLQJ WLPHDVDTXDOLW\RIPDWWHU,QKLVWUHDWLVH7KH*XLGHRIWKH3HUSOH[HGKH VDLG>@

,QWKHFDVHRIHYHU\WKLQJSURGXFHGLQWLPHZKLFKLVJHQHUDWHGDIWHUQRW KDYLQJH[LVWHGWKHQDWXUHRIWKDWSDUWLFXODUWKLQJDIWHULWKDVEHHQSURGXFHG LQWLPHKDV DWWDLQHGLWVILQDOVWDWHDQGDFKLHYHGVWDELOLW\LVGLIIHUHQWIURPLWV QDWXUHZKHQLWLVEHLQJJHQHUDWHGDQGLVEHJLQQLQJWRSDVVIURPSRWHQWLDOLW\

WRDFWXDOLW\*RG¶VEULQJLQJWKHZRUOGLQWRH[LVWHQFHGRHVQRWKDYHDWHPSR UDOEHJLQQLQJ

(7)

,Q0DLPRQLGHV¶YLHZWKHQWLPHLVDTXDOLW\RUPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIPDWWHU ZKHUHDVLQ6W$XJXVWLQH¶VYLHZWLPHLVDVHSDUDWHO\FUHDWHGWKLQJLQDGGL WLRQWRPDWWHU± DWKLQJLQZKLFKPDWWHUHYROYHV

7KH PHDQLQJV RIWLPH DFFRUGLQJ WR 6W $XJXVWLQH¶V RU 0DLPRQLGHV¶

YLHZV RI %LEOLFDO ODZ GRHV QRW LPSO\ WKDW WKHUH LV D ORJLFDO IDOODF\ LQ WKH 6FULSWXUHV,QWKHLUYLHZWKHUHFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQDµ)LUVW&DXVH¶SUHFHGLQJ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH XQLYHUVH HIIHFW EHFDXVH µFDXVH¶ PXVW SUHFHGH µHIIHFW¶

LQWLPHDQGWKHUHZDVQRWLPHSUHFHGLQJWKHHIIHFWRIWKHFUHDWLRQ,WLVQRW DIDOODF\EHFDXVHµ)LUVW&DXVH¶LQWKHWKHRORJLFDOYLHZLVQRWGHILQHGWHP SRUDOO\7KLVLVEHFDXVHWLPHSHUVHLVGHILQHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHVFLHQFHRI PDWWHUSK\VLFVZKLOHµ)LUVW&DXVH¶LVPHDQWRQO\LQWKHWKHRORJLFDOFRQWH[W

,Q WHUPV RI LWV LQKHUHQW TXDOLWLHV µ)LUVW &DXVH¶ LV WLPHOHVV± WKHUH LV QR SDVWSUHVHQWRUIXWXUHZLWKUHVSHFWWRLW± HYHQWKRXJKWKHZRUGµ)LUVW¶DS SHDUVLQWKHQDPH2QHRIWKH+HEUHZQDPHVIRU*RGLVµ+$<$+29(+

<((+((<(+¶ZDVLVZLOOEH7KXVWKHQDPHµ)LUVW&DXVH¶LVQRWPHDQW WRLPSO\DWHPSRUDOVHTXHQFHLWLVRQO\PHDQWLQWKHVHQVHRIEHLQJIXQGD PHQWDODQGXQGHUO\LQJLQDWKHRORJLFDOVHQVH

6XPPLQJ XSODZ DQGWUXWK DUH PXOWLYDOXHG FRQFHSWV KDYLQJ GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJVLQGLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WV7KXVWRXQGHUVWDQGDQGWRSXUVXHIXUWKHUWKH EDVHVRIVFLHQWLILFODZVODZVRIPDWKHPDWLFVDQGORJLFDQGUHOLJLRXVODZVLW LVHVVHQWLDOWRVWDWHDWWKHRXWVHWWKHPHDQLQJVRIODZDQGWUXWKWKDWDUHDS SURSULDWHWRWKHFRQWH[WVWRZKLFKWKH\DUHDSSOLHGLQWKHHQVXLQJGLVFRXUVH LIPHDQLQJIXOFRQFOXVLRQVDUHWREHUHDFKHG

,ZLVKWRWKDQN'U5REHUW56DFKVIRUKLVLQVLJKWVLQGLVFXVVLQJWKHLGHDV RIWKLVHVVD\ZLWKPH

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ W. V. Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Harvard University Press, 1961), Second edition; The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays (Harvard University Press, 1966).

>@ I have compared the philosophies of the quantum and relativity theories in: M.

Sachs, Einstein Versus Bohr (Open Court Publishing Co., 1988).

>@ H. Chadwick, translator, Saint Augustine Confessions (Oxford University Press, 1991).

>@ S. Pines, translator, M. Maimonides: The Guide of the Perplexed (University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 294. I have discussed these ideas further, in the context of physics, in: M. Sachs: “Maimonides, Spinoza and the Field Concept in Physics”, Jour. Hist. Ideas 37, 125 (1976).

0DQXVFULWUHoXOH-DQYLHU

Références

Documents relatifs

Depuis 1990, les programmes regionaux de lutte contre le SIDA et les MST (maladies sexuellement transrnissibles) sont inttgrks. Onne comait pas I'arnpleurdes MST dans les pays de

La gestion de la relation client pour la maîtrise du marché:. Le pilotage par la

Les chiffres de la production et les prix en fonderie de métaux non ferreux au deuxième trimestre 2009.. En collaboration avec le

Friedt et E.Carry, que je remercie au passage, qui se sont joints à l'aventure (pour des raisons que je soupçonne plus sérieuses que les miennes) en contribuant de manière importante

al3 ww exosup.com... al3

Heading sensors are of particular importance to mobile robot positioning because they can help compensate for the foremost weakness of odometry: in an odometry-based positioning

Mule jenny (1779, Crompton) Secteur métallurgique. charbon de terre, coke,

Durée Thèmes ou sujets Objectifs d'apprentissage Contenus sommaires Autres informations.. Semaine 1 Présentation du cours Révision des