Dogs as analogs in stable isotope-based human paleodietary rec()nstructi()lIs:
Assessing the Canine Surrogacy Appmaeh
A 'I h~~is Sllbmill~J 10 lh~ Dc-parlm('>lll of Arcil:ll.'olog).
M~nwriallJl1i\l.'r~il) inl'<lrlial FulflllmcllloflileRcquircmcnls
for the [)egrecof rvlASTI·J{ 01-ARTS
B,~ Eric Guir).III3Sc.
Snrervis~J hy IlL V<lugh~m (jrim~~
S~rl~mher 20. 2012
Ahslrad
III eont,::x!Sllh.::rehulll:l1l remnillsnr.:: senrec, poorly prcs.::rl'.::d, or olhCrllis.:: llilalnilabk for stable isotope-based pnkodiclar;. r.::eonstructioll. domcstic dog bOlle collag'::l1 as II ell :!s othn tiS,Ul'S lila;. pnwid ... a suitabk allnlogi ... allllal~rial for atldrl'~siTlg qu~sti"n., r~latillg to hUl11<1n di~tar;. practices. "l"h.:: pr.::mise of this "Canine S\lrrog;lCY Approach" (("SA) is that dogs lik.::l) COl1sumetl scraps from hllm;lIl meals ;lIld feces and thus could hlll'e sh:lred an isotopic:11I~ simil:lr dil'l Ilith c(lnt~mp()r:lIl~ous humans
Ihis thesis has thr~e ()hiedil~s. Ihe Jirst is hi pnl\'id~:m (>In\"i~11 of the (·SA·.' dl'\"l'IOPIl1l'llt and usc. A litl'r:ltllre r~linl :lIlda c.ross-colltl'xtual comparison ofhlllllan-dog diet:!r) similarities ShOllS that tlogseanmostotien provide a rollgh diet:!r) nnalog;. for their hUlllan k~epL'rs i,Ia I,itle larictyofcoTltl'.\!s. The cnsuing tliscussion tlctails II hac and ,Ih;. th.::
(SA is most lik.::l;. to be applied as\\ell as IIh~l"I:: futurcillcthodological innovation is lik.::lyto
Second. theorctil':iI wilsidnations illdicatl' hOIl (SA applications ar~ cssentiall;.
analogie:!linfcrenees\lhieheanbcdil'idedimotllogrollps.eachprOl'idingspeeiJicl;.pesoJ information alll! requiringdifj'erentlc\'~ls(llsubstantiati()n. A Jramel\(lrk f(lr three cilegoric's or E1Ctors isolltlined lO:!id in establishing positil'e. n.::gativc. and ncutml.::lcmel1lsofeomparisolloj dog and hUlllill1 di.::ts. Th.::s.:: eonsid.::ratiOIlS ShOll that CSA :Ippliclltions can n.::m.'lit fmm .::xplieillyd'::lnilingthetypc:!nd natureofth.:: all:!logieal r.::asOllingemployed:lIld from prolit!ing a s;.slemalic assessment ()fth~ degree 1<1 II hich stahle is(>[ope lailles 01" d<lgS alll! humalls ulltll'r eomparisonarethollghttobc like.lInlikc. orofullknollllliJ..encss.
rhird,acasestudyisprescntedtotesttheCSA,Stahkearnon<JnJnitrogmisotopc
~lIlalysis ordog and (prcviously analyzcd) human bonc collagen is llsed 10 reconstruct hum~m diet among t\\O rcluted Lute Archaic maritime or;cnkJ hUllta-g<lthnl'f grnur~ -thl' r-vl11ofehead and
the Maritime Archaic Indian, Bascd on a d~l11onstralcd human-dog similarity inlhese c,mtexts, the ('SA is lh~n applied to help understand human diet in <J similar archacologiGllwntnl in
\\hichllohumanrcnwinshavcbecnrccovercd Ihervloorchead"Cl'upalionllrthc'lurncrF<lrlT\
["his work is dedicah:d to Ikn:k and Iklia Maii\'oire. I \\ould nol lx- \\fwre I am INlay if 1101 for lhcir care. palicllcc,CnCourllgcllwnl. and \\isuolll
Aeknowledgt'nlents
I would lik~ to Oleknowkdge th~ motivational. inklleetu(11. kclmie;11 and lin;lI1ci:ll SUrpofl Ilflhem;lI1y"rganinlions.c'llleagues.friendsandfamilynwmbersthath;tl"helpedhringthis tll<~sis III fruition. l'nclIuragement from my mother and father. Ruth and Sieve (;uin. m~ sler- parents Christina Guiry and Ciordon Woods. my sihlings .lake. Abhy. and 1':mm:1 (;uir~. ;lI1d m~
step-sibling., Nallily. Vicky. AndrC\l. and Shane I'rocyk hav.:helpcd mem;lint:lin Ihedrile necessary 1<l C(lmrkte this \\ork
leditorial supp!lfl has he~n generous I) off~red b~ Ill} c(llieague Rob AnSle). m)" Aunt Jill
;\'lalil'oirc. nnd m)" friends I\.~tel)lln Clar~). Cr)stal Bra)c. and B(.·n Stark. h"liminar) map~.
n(ll pr~sented in this thesis. lI"ereconslruCled by 1~1l Wclls. Assistancennd permissions for samplingarlivitieshashc~nrro\"idedb} Ik l'aula WorkandDr.llruce Iloun.jlleoftheMaine
Statc Mus,'um (Augusta. ME). Ik AI1 Sri~ss "fthe Maine Ilistoric I'resen'ali(ln C(lmmis~i(ln (.-\ugu~la. (\.,1 E). Dr. Nathan Ilamiiton or the l1niwrsity "fSouthern ~'1aine {(imham. ~'1F:) Ilonnie Sous~ and Malind~ Blustain ofthc R.S.l'eabod) Museum (AndOll"f. MA). Dr. Bill I· iI/hugh oftbe Smithsoni(m institution (WnshinglOll. DC). :md Mr. Kn'in McAkc~e and Lori rempk o1'lhe Roollls Corpornlion (SI. John-s. NLJ
Financial support has been g~nef()usly pWl'ided b) the Australianl-:mlcal(lllr Ih'warrh Fello\lshir rrogr~m. thc Socinl Science nnd Ilurnanitics Resc~rch Council 01 C~llada. thc
Institllt~ (If Social and Econolllic Research. Ihe Provincial Archaeology omce "fNC\\t"lllldland
and Labmdor. the A.G. Hmclll"r ;\1l'nlOrial Sch()lar:ship. the F.A. Aldrich FcIlO\\ship. the' Scllo,,1 of(iradllatc Stlldi"s. the (ir.tduate Swdents' Union. anJ tlw l)erartment(lfArrhaeolog) at M.;mori(IIUnil'crsit).
TIll' intellL'ellial direclion oflhis research h:lsbenefited from diseus~ionsllilh I)r ViHlghilil Grimcs.Dr. Colin Smilh. Dr. Oscar Mum. Dr. rvlikc D'.":l1. Dr. Peta \~.'hitriugc. Dr 10h:ln Jclsma. Ms. Veronica Leeh. and Dr. I"amara Varney. T~chnical support rebling 10 operalionoftheisolOpcr:lliomassspel"lromclerinlheCREAITslahIe is<ltOPl'lahora((lr) has been kindl) provided by I)r. Alison I-'~e. Dr. {il'erl Van Iliesen. and IlL Vaughan (iriIllL's. Dilla eontribl!linglOthisthesishIISbcendl"il\\nfnHllpuhlislll'uandunpuhlislll'dresearL·hnmdul"lL·db) Dr.13ruee 130llrqueand Dr. JohanJclsma
Countless others have assisled this n:sCilreh in less l'()nvenlional \\ays. During m~ trllvels for research and eonterenec presentation~ AnniqllC JOIl<:~-Do)'lc. ("our1ll~y Merlll'r. and Kara
\Volfe Inok over SOIlll' of Ill) dUlies <II Memorial lJni\crsil~. Rulh Guiry l'olullIcercd travel Ilgel1l'y supporl and <ldl'ice for my research Iralels. ~kmbers ofCollchSurting.org. t-:llcn (n lara.
Samh 1I.·landleb:lum. Angela Ferrelli. and Br) l~i6lfur ,\ri Sigun)sson. as II ell as an:henlogisls J:lmie Edd) and Marianc I lardcnbcrg providcd iKCOmm(ldalioll uuring som~ oflh~~e Iral ~b. I amlrlilygralcfllilorallufthishclp
Las\. and eCl11linl) nol leas!. I \\ish In l'xpress my gralilud~ for thl' inllunh:rahk \\a)~. nOI li~l~u ah()\e. in \Ihil'h my sup~f\i~or Dr. Vaughan Grimes has helped Illal.:~ Ihis \Iorl.: possihk llis lireles~ clfort. palicnc~. anu Illl'nlOrship arc de~pl)' apprl'Ci<lll'd and can b .. · lTl·dilnl II illt guidingasignilicanlamolllllofmyreeclllintellcc1Unldcl'eiopment
TahkofConlcnlS
Ahslrad ... I
Dedication... . ill
A(kn",\I(dg(lll(nts. . ... iI rahk"of("onll"nls. . ... II Lis1 uf
List of Figurcs... ~i
Lis1011'Ia1.:s. xii
I'uhlil"ali()n~ and ['r(s(nlalions... . ... Xln
Clmpll"rOnl' Illtroduclion ...
1.1 InlrodUC1iun
Challll'rTwu Slablc IsolOpcs:.t\ Thcorelical Background ..
2.llnlroduelion ...
2.2 The Na1l!re. Notalion and "kaslIrclllcnl of ISOlOpCS.
2.3 SlableCarholl bolOpc~ ..
2.3.1 Slahk"('arhonlsOhlpl"S in lerreslrial Enl"ysle1l1S ... 8 2.3.2 Slahk" C;lrhull l~ul()pc . .., in AlIU:11i( Ec()s~~lcms.. 10
2 __ ,.3 Variilbilit)' in Stablc Carbon Isotopes II
2ANitrogcnlsolOpes 12
2A.1 St;lhk Nitrogen Isotopes and the Tmphic I.(wl Fn~c! ... I., 2 .... 2 Variahilit~ in Stahl( Ni!rog(nls"top(S ... I ..
2.5 Tissues Analyzed... . ... ... 16
2.5.1 Bone Colbgen: Time Period ofDictary Represenwtion . . . 17 2.5.2 Diclar~ Components Rctlce!ed b) 1)1 'c and 615N V(llues of nonc Cnllag(n I R ... 20
2.(,l)iagcnl"sis ... 00
ChalltcrThrl'l.'
r-.kthod~ .. :!3
3.llntroduUion ... :!J
3.2 Reviel\ (l(Coliagen E.\traction Methods ... 23 3.2.1 Del1lineralilation I'rocedures ... 2~
3.2.2 Rel1lO\al of I hUllil: AtidContaminants ... :!5
3.2.3 Rel1lOlal of Lipids from Bone
3.3 Collagen Qualit~ Asses~ment. ... 27 3.3.1 Collag~'n Yield~ ...
3.3.2 Atomic CN Ratio, and C;rrbun ;md Nitrogen Coneentr;Hinns
:U.3 IJ~e of Multiple Collagen Oualil~ Indicators ... J I JA ~·lclhodolog) USl'd in thi~ Slud~
Chapll'r Fnur N:lIl1r~' and Timi."lirlt' ofCSA Ikll-Iopnwnt
~.I Irltrodlll"tion ..
4.2 I:arl) Indications of I luman-Dog Food Sharing Relation~hip~.
4.2.1 1"h.:or'C r:\idente ...
]I
3S 35 . . . . 35
4.:!.2 Tlw /ihN EI idenc~ ... JR 4.3 Laler Wor~: The 1990~ 10 I're,ent. ... W 4.3.1 Increase in Ihe Al1al)se~ of Dog l{el1lain~ ... 40 4.3.2 Ilqonu ilune Cullagen: I:)\pcrimenting \\ilh Other Ti~~u.-, and Techniquc-, 42 4A. JII~titication for Stud)ing Dogs Ralher than J luman,.. . 4~
Ch:.Jlltl'r Fh'l'
I)og~ as Analogs: A Cros~-COn\(:xlual Analysis ... 47 5.llntrodul·tion .. . ... ~7 5.2 Cross-Come.~tual Anal}sis: A Literature I{l"\ ic'" ... 47 5.2.1 Comp;lring Illlman and IJog Diets ... 4R 5.2.2 Trends in Cross-Conte.~\lIal Data Anal)sb ... ~() 5.2.3 A Rniell ufComment:lr) on Illlman and Dog Diet Simil;lrilie~... . .51
5.2 . .! ImplicliiOTlS IllrCSA Application ... 52
5.3 Thc Rolc of Arwlogy in ('SA Interpretations 53
5.3.1 111m IJogs Iln:om~ Ilul11<1n AIl<llogs ... 53 5.3.2 Arwlogy in Archaeology ..
5.3.3 Dired CSA Analogi<.'s ... 55 5.3 . .! Indir~d CSA Analogi~s ... 56
5.3.5 Supporting th~ Analogicallnkrenec ... ..57
5.3.6 Appr(lIlching Comparative Dimen~i(\Tls urCSA Analogies: Catq:orieal Frame',ork. 57 5.J.6.1 Chalkngcsl'ertainingtolJoglkhaviorand Ili"logy . . . 59
5.3.6.1.1 Lirespan and [3one Rernodeling 59
5.3.6.1.2 Dorncstie. Wild. or Hybrid".'... (,0
5.3.6.1.3 Caecolmrh~ among Dogs... 61
5.3.6.2 Chalknges I'ertainingto Cuitural ('Olllexl 62
5.3.6.2.1 Dog Worship (,2
5.J.6.2.2 Dogs IllrDinner 63
5.3.6.2.3 Scp~lrate Trc~llment or Di ill· ring Dog Ilrceds . . . 6·1
5.3.6.2,.. Technological Change ... 6.!
5.J.6.2.5 Economic Tnmsaclilll1s ... 65
5.3.6.3 Challenges I'ertainingto Environment:ll Comex! (,(,
5.3.6.3.1 Dependence on Dog Ser\'iee~. (,(,
5.3.6.3.2Isolatiol1.. (,7
5.3.6.-1Sullllllar). M!
ChaJlferSix
ics!ingand Applying theeSA ... 70
(,.llntwdw.:tion .. 70
('.2 Site Sl·lc<.:tion and C"m[1<!rahilit) .. .71
(1.3 Iluman Did al till' Purt au Choix. Nevin and Turner Farm Sites.
(d.II\-IAI IJict<!nJ Suhsist~Tl<.:e ... 73
6.J.2 ~·loorehe:ld l1i<.:! and SuilsistCtKe ... 74 (, . .! Cumextualil.ing Iluman ;md Dog Rdations in the I\'ortheast Late ,\rchaic . 77
6A.1 Ethnographic E\idence... 77 (,.4.2 Areh:lcological Evidcncl·... . ... 78 6A.3 Considering I luman-Dug Cum[l:lrabilily allVIAI and ~'Ioorehe:ld Siles ... 86
6A.J.1 Biobch:wioral I'actof~.
6A.J.1Cultuml Factors.
6A.3.3 Erllironl11ental Factors ...
(1.5 Sam[llingand Isotopic Results ...
(d.1 Sampling 6.5.1 Collag;:nQualit) ...
6.5.3 Statistic:tl Analyses ..
6.5.4 Re~lJlts from Ih;: Tllmcr Farm Site 6.5.5 Resuh~ frorn Ih;: NC\ in Site ..
6.5.() Re~lIlls from the I'or! all Choix Site ..
6.5.7 Sllillmar) ofRe~lIlts ...
')0 ... 90 . ... <)1 .')2
'IS
6,(, Disl"Ilssion: Inkrprl"ling II1Iman and Dog Diet and Dietar) Convcrgences... 100 6.6.1 llIl[lliGltions for Moorehcad Dil"l at Ihe TlIflll"r ramI Site ... 101
6.7 SUmlllar) and Con<.:illsion.. 105
Con<.:illsion.
7.1 Con<.:illsion ..
l~cfcrencc~ ..
107 107
. ... 111
Tabk 3.1 Slabk iSUIO~ ratio and o:kmcnt,ll concelllralion ~tandards 1~6 Tabk ~.I Lisl of~tl.dies including human ,md dog 8"C and/or 81'N valuo:s .. 147 Tah!..' 5.1 Background information on studies contributing Figure 5.1 and 5.1 ... I~S Table 6.1 l'vlaritime Archaeic Indian hUlllan dala fromihe Port <lU Choi)" sile... 150 Tahk 6.2 Moorhead human daw from the Nevin silo: 151 Tabk 6.3 Me,1Il ,lable isotope values from the Tumcf Farm sile 151 Table 6A Cani> stabl;.' isotopi.'dala Ji'omtheTurncrFarm sile ... 151 T<lhk (1.5 FaUl);.1 stahle isolopedata fromlh .. · Nevin sile . . . 153 T:lhk 6.6 Faunal stabk isolo~ d;l1a from Ihe I'urt au Choi.\ silo: 15~
UstofFigurcs
Figurl' 4.1 Studil'~ including dog nnd hllmnn bon~ colingcn OI.1C nnd/or 615 N d:lIn ... 155
1··igur~4.2 Studies\\ith similar dog and human stahle isotope I'alueshy ge(lgraphieal regi(H] 15(,
Figure 5.1 Cross contc"nwl comparison ofhull1~l11 and dog <.'il\" and 1)15N data 157 Figur~ 5.2 Ilumans mean ;SI'(" and 61'N I'alucs subtrach:d fromthosc of dogs 15X Figure 6.1 StepI,ise map scrics locating th~ rort auChoi" site in global contcxt... 15'>
FigufI: 6,2 Step"i~e map series loenting the I\"l'vin site in global conte,,\... 160 I·igure (1.3 Skpwise mar series locating the Turner Farm sil~ in glohal <.:onln .. t ... 161
l·igllr<.:(,,4Slabkisotop<.:datafromtlwTurnerFarmsile 1(,2
Figure 6,5 Meanstablcisotopc\,alllcsli"omthcTurnerl-"ar111site 1(,3
Figure 6,6 Slahle isotope ,nllles from the Nevin sill'. 164
Figure 6,7 Slahle isotope ,nlu~s from 111(" 1'01'1 nu Choix ~ill'.. 165 Figure 6,8 Ml'an ~Inhlc isolOpL'valuL'" I()rhumans. dogsnnd Canis~peeimens from all sites. 166 Figure 6,t) Humans mean 61;C [lnd 61'N values from all sites ~ublmeted from those of dogs .167 Figure 6.10 rl'kan human ;lIld dog 81' ( :lIld
o"N
,[llues Ii"olllilwritinll" oriented sites ... 168Lislof Plalcs
PI:!te 6.1 L:!teml vicII of dogs ShOll ing emni:!ltr:!ulIla at the I'on au Choi.~ site ... 161) Platc 6.2 Hcd of sand ~cr~tnlting dog~ from h[lIll(tnsn in Ilurilli 50. Port .lll Choi.x ~ilc 17f1
Puhlic;ltionsand Prcsentations
Pccr Rc\'icwcd Publications
Guiry. EJ
2U 12 I)og as Analogs in Ilum'lIl St<lhle Isolope Ba~ed Palcodid<:lry Rl.'colbtruclions: A i{eviC\\ and Consideration for Future lise, .Iollrl/a/ 0/ Ardwe%!!i('(i/ ;\fe/hod 11111/
Th"on'.3'):2012-2022
Gldr). EJ .. S. Noel. E. Touriqny. and V. Grimes
2012 A Stahle' Isotope l'vkth()d for Identifying Transatlmllic Origin of rig (Sus .,('(Ufi,) Remains at Fn:nch and English Fishing Slat ions in i'JeWf()lllldland . ./ourJla/of
Irc/l(w%),;i("(1/ Sciclicc. 39(7): 2012-2022
Guiry. E..I,. r-.l Deal. and E. r.::iral)
2010 I)(lrset I'lant 1,\1.' <II Ihe Pori au I'orl sit<: IDdBq-ll. Ne"foundland: A (·ol1lrihulion 10 l'aiL'oeslimo 1':l1c()l'lhnoh{)tall~ . .\'ol"lh AI/wllie .11"(1111<"0/0);,1'. 2:-B-66
In Rc\'isioll Guiry.LJ
In Rc\'icv.
AnsII.'). R.J. EJ. Guiry. ('\.'I.A.P. Renout: :lIld M. Deal
l>al~leol'lhnob<.Jlanic<lIRescareh allhe Dorsel Palaeocskimo site otl'oinl Riehl.'. I\H1 au Choi;.,:. Newioundland: Nc\\ Findings and Interpreta1ions. (·(IIl(u/i(III./mlrlw/ of
Ardwe"/o,\...'1'.
Inl'rCIJaraliun (juiry,E.L V.Grimes
I)ollwsti.: Dog (('{/Ilis/milifiaris) Diets aillong Coastal Latc Archaic Groups of North- Lastnn North i\llwri.:a: 1\ Cas.: Stlld~ lor th.: C:mine Slirroga.:y Arrw~ll"h. 'I'D he suhmitkLl to .Joul"llaf o(AllliIl"O/!ofllgimf Ardlllt'%.'{I' in Scptcmhcr 20 12.
Etlitl'd VOhlllll'S Daly. L.. and E.J. (juir~
2012 1·lights and I·ilm: 2HII I:ield W'H-i<. in (janda. Nn\!"oulldlalld ·111111111/
Vt'lrjilllllllflllid alld rllhmdor 1'r/Jl'iucilll Arcillleofo,\...'1· ()(ticc f(,TieU', 10:52-51)
GlIiry. [,1. R.J, Anstc~. R. :vl.A.P. Renollf. and M, Deal
20 II NCI\ Findings in Dorset I'alacocthnollotany form Point Richc ([cl3i-20). I)on au Choi,. NCII Il>lmdland"jllllllllf .\'(,Il'/illllldfwid IIl1d I.lIhrlll/or f'rol'il/cia/ Arcirll"ofog) 0tfh'(' HO:l'iclI'. '):71-7--1.
(jrillll'~. V .. ;md J-:.J. (illiry,
III I'rc'ss. rvlosti:11 Ar.:haeoingical Projo:ct: The ]snl<lpi.: ]-:\'idc'TKO:. III: I'ron'cdillg,' ot lire I'ikillg Arcirm,'ofogy,' :\fos(e1f /ircilllcofogy I'mio:o ('Ol/ti'l"<'I1("<" 1-.dito:LI h~ .I. iJ)'K].;
:mdDZori.llre)XJbPlIblishcfS.lklgilim
Confl'renn' Podium I'n's('nlations
GlIiry. r.J,. S. No"," C. [)llPOllt-lIcbcrt. and V Grimes Fi~haics: Insights from Stahle Isotope Analysl's
liIe ('wultlillli Arcirlll'ofogimf A."."()cillliPII, 'Vlontwal. QIl. Canada. 16-20 f\·lay.
Guir~. E.J .. E. Touriqn). S. Noel. S .. and V. Grimcs
2012 ,\·kat I'rovisioning in Colonial Fishing Stations: Intcgrating Zooarchacolog~ and Stable botopc Analysis, I'rc~cntcd at the 2012 La 7i-one (·IlIl"T.I'ily .-lrdlll('of"K) 1"JSlgmdll(l/(' (·oll(en'lI('e. 1\:lclbollrTll'. Australi'-l. 16 Mar~h.
Guiry. L.I.. E. Touriqny. S. Noel. and V. (jrimL's
2011 Animal Husbandry in New World Colonial Fishing Stations: Insights fwm Stahle ISl>I()~ Analysis. Presenled allhe l/K .. /rc/wt"%;.!.ictl/ Sciellce ("oll(<'l"elll . ."(' ]0/1.
Re:lding. UK. 15-1~ SeptemOcr (iuir)". E.1 .. and S. Noel
201 I Ikvdoping a '-kthod for Identifying Transatlanti," Origin of Pig Remains at Early European Fishing Stations in Ne\\fOlllldland.l'resentedat the';./' .. 1mllm/Mel'lill.!.!
oflhe ('(//wdiwl Al'dw('%gim/ A.lw1'imiOi/. I !aljfa~. i'-JS. C:lIlll(b. I ~-22 Ma~
Grimes.V .. and E.J. Guir)
2011 MostCll Arctweological ProJect: Thc Isotopic Evidence. Invih.'U tilr presentati<lI1 at the r"ikillg Ardlll{'o/(iXI The .l/o.~ld/ i/rc/w('%;.!.ic(lf f'n!i('CI (·I!I!1i'l"elll'o:. I.os Angeles CA. USA. 7-8Ma)
(iuir).L.I .. M.andl)eal 2010
Calgary. All. Canau;l. II-I~ Nowmhcr
Confcrenn·Postcr Prescntations Guiry.I·:..I .. V.(irimes.I) (".SaLlI.ar-(;arrl;l
2012 Dogs as [)icwr~ Proxies for Ilumans in Il<lIle ('hemi'>!r): CIS,' Studi,', from tli,' i\'iaritimc Archaic and Spanish Copper ;\ge.l'o~tcr presented at the .Jj,j, AmlUli/ ,Ifa/in);
pllhe ('WIIII/hill AI"{'hllt'P/ogim/ A,',()duliPlI. 1\·IOl1trC:II. Ull. C;lIl:Jua. 1(,-211 Ma\
Guir). E.1 .. anu V. Grimes
2011 I"o\\ards a Can it,..' Surrogacy Approach: 1\ tlh.'la-analysis of])ngs and Iltimans in Bone Chemistry. PoSler presL'nt,·U at the .;.J'" Allllllil/ Ch{l('ff/(Jo/ ("oll/i'n'I/('('. CIllg~lry. All.
Cnnada. 9-13 Novcmber Daly. 1... and 1·:..1. (iujr~
Nn\l(Jlll1dland.l'r~sentcd h) ('algary. AB. Can~lda. ()-13 N(>I'~l1lb,>r.
GlIir), F.J .. IU, Ansll'Y, r-.tA.I', Renouf, and M, De31
2011 1'(llaeoelhnohulanil'allh'sllh~ from a Middl'n al Ihe DorsClI'alaeoes~imo site of 1'0il1l Riche (Ed3i-20), I'orl :IU Choi:><, Nortll\\eslern Nell found land. I'rl'sl'nlcd al Ihl' ./,1'"
Alllllm{ ;\lcelillX oflh" ('mllllliml Arc/ul<'o{o!!it'1i1 A",\'o('/lIliol1. 113Iil:I.\. NS, Canad:1. 11;- 22 May,
Guir~, E.J .. and V. Grimes
2010 Dogs as Diewry Analogs: A~ses"ing till' Cross-Conlcxtual V;ilidil) ofthl' Canine Surrogaq Approach, Poster presented :ltthe ./'~ {III''I'//(I/;'mal.\:rlllfJOsilllll 1111
!JiOIl/II{cot/ar Arc/llIeo/II)!,Y. Cor<:nhagl'n. Denmark, 7·11 Septemocr.
Crompton. A .. and E.J. (juir)
2010 Digging on the Ilill: fdemorial Unilcr~it) '$ Arl'ilaeolug) Field School at thl' Sigrwl Ilill National Ilistoric Site. SI. John'.,. Nell foundlamJ. l'reSc'nlcd h) till' ~el'()rHJ :uuhor (II the ./3,,1 1111111/(11('1/(1('1111111/ ('""k'I"<'IICl'. Calgar), AH. Canad:r. II-I.J Nml'mhcr Guir). E.J .. S, Noel. and V, Grimes
2010 Frl'~h or Sahl'd Pork: Dl'1 eloping a Stahle lsolope Method for Indie3ting rr:rnS'llbll\il' Origin of I'ig Rem:rins:1t a Seasonal Frl'nl'h Fishing St;rlion (EfA.'I.-O')) in Nel\foundland. I'resented 3t Ihe Sl)c'h·l.rjiJl·l'm,-.-Ifn/iI'l'It/ Arc/ulI.'ol,,!!y·.I lOW 1-.\j!/"l"ill!!
.vl'lI' /l"orld '/hll1-'ililll1.' ('1111/1'1"<'11("('. SI. John·s. NL. C(Ul:lda, 1(,-20 June Gllir). 1:.1 .. S, Noel. V. Grimes. 3nd 1', I'or<:
2010 1\ Stahle Isotope APPfO:lcll hi Identi!,) ing Pig (SII.I' ,{1II1I('."iel/.") Origin ... at:1 Seasonal Fishing Slalion:n lhe Dos de Chel:11 silc (EfA.~-(),)) in Nell fmrndland I'resenll'd ;rtthi: ./3'·'/ AlllIl/a/ MCt'li,,)! olllll' ('(l/wdic/ll Arc/ll1c%)!ical i/.'.lOci(lliOiI.
Calgar~. All. Crnada. 2& April -2 i\b~.
(;uir). E.J
200') Finding Alternati\'es: Ihe orCanid Surrogae~ in Stable-Isutor<: Ba~..,oJ Human 1':Ile-odielllry An,LI~sis, Presenli:d at thi: ./2'" Allmllll ,lIce/ill)! o(lhe ('wull/iall
;/re/weol"!!it"o/ A,I.,,,dol/OIl. Thunder B3Y. ON. Can:lda. 13-17 f\h~
NicholS(ln. A-.I~.J. Gulr). and R. Stell an
200') I'its m Risk: ASSi:ssing the Need for Futurl' Monitoring ofl'u~ask"a I'ib in ,L Nell National Marine Con~er"alion Area. I'res~'ntl'd at till' ./2',,/ AlllIl/al ,I{celill!! of II"
(·/I/1/llli(lIlIJrdllll.'ol,,)!i(,(I/ A,I.wcimuI/I. rhundl'f Ib~. ON. Canada. 13-17 Ma~ .
. wi
Ch;IIJtcrOuc lutruliul"tiou
1.llnlrmluclioll
lh"nmstrutling ditlar~ r~gim~s is ()n~ Ila) Ihat archaeulogists und~rstand ,Ull'i~111 hurn:m lifclla)~. SI:lIJle-isolopc analyses haH: lx'i."n c~labli~hcd as an l"Ili:l"tilc n1l:Ihod li'f rl·colhtrlli.:ting ancient diel (Katl.cnocrg 1008). Stable bOlOpc-hased paleodktar) rl'collStrucliom. an: condui.·tcd hased un thc premi~c that 'you arc Ilhat )OU cal.' and that dilll:rel1\ kimb oflOods h:lIe di.,tinguishahlc iSl,topic compo~ilions. With this foundational knoll ledge. :lrdmc"logic:11 hone ch\:mists slud~ stable, carbon and nitrogen isolupe cumpositiom prescfled in ancient human
ti~,ue, 10 undel>t:lIld past ditlar) Ircnds. This Ir.rm ol"p:lkodietar) reconstrUClion is impo:'rt:wl.
as it is onl" orlcl\ lIa)s Ihat archacologists ~';111 obtain direct inlilrm:ltion on past hunmn ditlar~
andnutrilional pracliccs. Though highl} laluabJ..:.stable· isotopc' \\ork isdcslrul·lile. For this re:lson, in some parts ol"the IIOrld, bOlOpk anal)sb has led to conccrns among lariulis
!lc;l(Jcrnic.non·acadcmicandindigcnouscomllluniticsrcgardingthccthicalln:allllCI1\(,j ancestral I) ami sciCliliticall) impo:lr\,mt human rl'm!lins(lluhlin l·t al.l008: Ka1l:l·no.."rg 1001:
Walkl"fl008:15·16)
In light of legislation such as Ihe Nalil\: American Gral\:s I'rotection and I~cpatriation Act (NA(iI'RA). :lrchae()l()gic!11 none chemists contending Ilith issuesorthc inaccessibilit) ur
human rl'nmim.I'lrslabJ..: isotopc.bas~"d researl"ll h:lle s()ughlll1alerialsthat rna) pfl\\idean aiternalile to human remaim. TIll" "Canini." Surroga~') Approach' (("SA: Cannon et al. IIN9:
(iuir) :Wll) h:1S becn one result oflhe~c ctforts. The ("SA anal)7CS :mcknl d\~g (( '/II/i,
f{lIIlIlillris) remains as a human pro.~) material in order 10 understand hum(lIl dicl~lry pr:leti((s
«(_g. Cannon cl al. 1999). Thi_,> approach is hasl'd ontl\( fal'llhm dogs haw olkn ~ubsbtc'd on thl' scraps of human me~11s and leees (lild thus Illa~ h:11 e isotopic dietar~ signatures similar to ,:o11le1l1por:H1eou~ hum(IIlS.
l"1w("SA isamodd in IIhi.:h dogs arc usedasa dietar} :malog) forllwir conlempor:meous human keepers. 11()\lever. unlike more traditional uses of:malog} in archaeologi.:al interpretation. IIhieh arc onen ethnographie:11 (~e(." Ascher 19()1: OrnK' l'n~:
W)lie2002:13(1-153).lheCSApml'idesarelalil"el} lIniqlleclseinllhil"iltheanalllg} is essentiall~ biniogicil. The ("SA an:ilog) rl"iie.,>,m biul.·hemi.:al and otlwrassumed metao..,lic silllil~rities )~t i~ _,imllh:meousl} inlluenced b) I.·uhural. c'nl ironlllcntal and biobdlal il,ral
(h cr the r~IS1 30 ) cars the CSI\ h~IS del eloped ~lIld evolved ~lt I ar) ing rales. :It ditTerent times and places, and foralaricl) of~asons.lJespitearen·ntllurr} ofll1oresophislil'atc'd development. rese:lrchers arc still strl'ssing an unrcaliled pOk'ntial for dogs to a<.:1 a~ pr.-,xics ti'r hUlllan~ (e.g. Spc·nce and Whitc' 2009:2~0). At the same time. there remains some confusion in the liter:llurc' "ith regards to "hat till' CSA is. as IIl'll as criticbm ofib lalidil) asan dk.:tile t()olliJrstud)inghlunandiets(e.g. Budlerensct al. 2000: Erikssun20()-1: l.:ril..ssonandJ:agorAa 2003: 160-1(2). These issues m:l) ~tkct the l~lCllh:lllhc compk.x analogical nature "feSA infcrc·nl."Cshas r:lrel) been addressed in the litcratur\·(forsol11.:cxal11plcssc\· Alli112008:Cannlln ct nl. 1999: Erik~son and Z:lgor~ka 2003: No.:-N~gaard 1988: T:Hlkc~k~ ~lIld KOSIer 2009 While 200.t) alld/or tiwi \er) lil1lcl\llrkh;lslJ.cendonc!ollardssuT\'e)ingand.:nhesilel}
sUllllllari/ing polenlilll issues IIhich might ari_'e during CSA interprdations
rhis tlwsis el'plores ,LIld eharacll'ri/c's Ihc' CSA 's IkH'lopmC'111 am/ valid it) as a technique in threc p:n1s, Thc lirsl pan (Chapter.\) provides an outlinc 01'111(' CSA 's origin ami elolution Ililh particular emphasis on idcntifyinglhe impetuses for, and trends in, its de\'elopmcnt. In:ldditionlOelari!)ingthe in('eptionoflh('CSA as Ilell as Ilherc and Ilh) it is applic'd today, this fI.'liell and ass..:ssment aJlolls for the identilkalion ofhl1urc direClions li'r melhodologicalinnovalion
The second part (ChapteT 5) e,~plores the ,uwlogic,1l n(l(ure ofCSA applil'ation~ ami atlempts 10 slul\\ \\h) such wnsidcrations arc nc..:ess.:lry for producing murc' ('onl'indng illlelllrdatil)ns of ancien I human die'l. Although dog and hUl11:1n honc' collagen ~tabk bulOpe ,aluc_, gl.'nerall) tr:ld; onc anOlhl'r to I:lr)ing eXlents indqwndc'nt of spatial. temporal. or cullllral ..:ontn.1. this ..:hapter dl.'lllunstrates thc' Ih.'I.'d fur ('SA authors 10 e,~plicitl) considcr the dil)i:relll
I\,I)S in IIhich dogsc;LIl be Ilscd1<lpn)lide information on humandil.'!ar) pr:lcli..:esanuth\.' f:lCtOTh IIhich (':LIl inl1uence human-dog di(,tary pml') rel:llionships. [l'amining dillerent ('SI\
:lpplicationsin tenllsoflhdruniqllcanalogicalcontCl'l indic,l\csholl l:u;.ingapplicatiIHlS pro\ ide difkrcnll;inds of inlOfmalion thm. in turn. ma) rl.'quirc dirlerent sds of qu;lIi!) ing consider:llions. Thesc cOllsidcr:uiuns ;Ire critical II hen formulating cmnpc'llingCSA
InlcrprctatlOns
rhe third pan (Chaptcr6) pwvides a ('ase slud) testing th\.' CSA'sIalidil) fur r('CUnS1TUcling hUl11an diet bel\\eentllo related Lme Arch"ic :trch,lcological culiures tl1l' Moorelll'ad and the Maritimc' Archaic Indian. Thes .. , groups lle're marine·oriented hUlller- g:ltlll.'rers inlmbiting the northeastern coasts of North America bell1ecn r-,·laine ,md Labrad.'r Stable carbon and nilrogen isotope analpis of hone (ollagen is llsed 10 demonstrate human-dog dielar~ similaritie~ in these cul\llr~1. enl ironlllenwi and temporalcontel'b. Ibsed on Ihis
(kI11l1lls1rali'"l.lhe('SA is lhen'-lppiiedl()hl'ipundaslandhUlllandicl inasillliiararehaco\ogieai (onl..:xl in \\hi(h no hUIll'-ln r~mains ha\'~ h~en re!;(wered -lhe Ivl()or('he~d occupation o1'thc rurner Farm site, This chapl..:r also provid~s lh~ lirsl denwnstralion ()ftn:hniqu~~ '-lnd lheoretical considcrationsdclcioped during Chapter Fil'e. and otTcrsan cX<lmpleofhol\ thcCSI\ c:m be substantiated. Chaptcrs Two and Three give theoretiC:11 :md m':lhodnlogic<l1 h:u:kgnnilld infornl~llion Oil stahle isotope-bas..:J paleodid'-lr) rn:ollstruetions. Th~~e chaplc'rs are intl'ndl'd to prOl ide lh~ reader \Iilh sullicient understanding "farl'haeologicallxJn~ chemistry 10 effectil'e\) inlerpret lhercsull~and discussion sl'l'tions ofChaptcr Six.
Slahll' IsuluPl'S: A Thl'url'lical R:lckground
2.llnlrmlul·lion
Palcodiclary r~l'OnSlrUClionsusingstahle iSlltOpe analysis (lfskeldal tiSSUl'S haw OeCOnll' :1 Ildl cswhlishcu ,mu H1mmon aprlicllion uuring ;IIThal'ohlgical '>luuies orrasl hUTll:Hllil~'\,a~"
(Amhrosc I'J').\: KalIcnhcrg100l!: Scaly 10(1). lhischartcrlaysuutlheha,icthcorl'lil'al umkrpinningsofstahleisOlOpeanalysisofareh:leological hOTlceolbgenlorrol'iul'backgrounu infonn:ltion rclevanl10 lalcrchaptcrs.
rhc kasibilit)' :mu utility ofswblc is(llOpe.ha~cu raicouiclary reconstruclion lias Ul'IlWIlSlrall'u in the laIc 1970s anu early 19ROs(e.g.Amhrosl' 199J:61·63:Schoeningeretal 1983: Van der .\·Ierll'e 1982: Van der Men,e and Vogel 1(78). Sinec lhis limc stahll' is(1IOrl' Ilork has bccn uscdto reeonstruet aneicnl human uiels and food·relaled hchavioural ralll"rnsin 111illl} t:uitural.gct.1graphiealandcnl'ironmcnlalt:ontnt ... pallllingllllTl"lIlexislcllcc,For exampic. sludies h:J\'elrarked the origin and sprcad ofcmrs such as ma iZl'andlllilietinthe Aillericasand Asia. rcspcctiveIYle.g.l3artonet ill. 2009: TykoI200(,): identilieu lhereillainsuf indiliuuals I\ho hal'e il11migratl-u into a givcll population (c.g. M(ildlh:r <:t ai, 2011): indicated I'ari:ltion in dicwr~ pr:lClieesotuil)'crent status and gendcrgroupsI\ilhin Ihe samc populatiun (e.g, Whill'20()(,); and reconstruclcd in rani "eaning practiees (Fullerl'laI.2006:SchurrI99K)
Stahle isotopc analysis ofhuillan oonctisslic is oncoffcll dircel 1\:J)sof:mal)/ing human dk!: however. interpreting stabl<: isotope information "lien dl'lll'nds on prior kll(mledg<:
ol'llll'arehaeolugiealnmlexl.l.aeking<:unll'.\\u;liinforlt1;ltioll,slablcis01opevallieseannot inuicll(esp.:ciflc dictaryconlribUlions hUI may beahle t(lshO\\ gencr;li Jidar~ Ire'nd,.
Int~rprcl:tlion~ 'lrstahl~ is{ltop~ inlormation ~hould ~ constrained II ithin the Iraml" ora ~cl 01 prob:lhk dietar~ opti()n~. This inform,l1ion is olkn d~ri\<:d from direct hi,torinll or l'lhllographinll anal'lgies a~ well a~ p:lk,lethlloh,>[aniGII and /,oo:m;hae(ll(lgiGII Llata
2.2 Thl' Nalu)"l', Notalioll anti i\"Il'a.~url'ml'nt nf Isnhlpl's
Unicss olhcf\lise cilcd. the 1()llm\ing disl"Ussioll is composlod uf l(lUnd:ltional Sl"ienlifll"
I..nollkLlgl.' dtlaikd in mostelell1tntar} chemi'>lr~ ll'xthool..s (e.g i"imtx'rI:ll..e 1')<)')). I"or furthel inl(mnation on an~ conccpl sec J Jod~ (1009)
AtonlS an: eltmclHalunils compos~d ora specilic nlllllocr"fprulons, neulrOlb and l"1..>l·tron~ lhalll\gclher LTe:lle lh~ qualities anLi characteristics or a gin'n chemiGllelemenl I'rolOns, Ilhich hale appreciable l11as~. carr) a posiliw l"Ilargl' countered h) lhe nq;:llill' eh;)rge of:lssoci:lted ckclrons lhal h:lIc I inuall) no apprcciahle mass. Unlil....: protons anLi ekclron~.
llellll\ll1SC:lrr~ nochargc and havc:l rnasssinlil:lrlOth:u of protons. Within:lll :Hom thc pmj"l<»)"tional rclationship hClllccn protons and clectrons is oncn c(jual. Whilc atoms IlilluSII:III~
abo hall":m "qual nUlllherofprolons and Ilc'ulrons. logclher mal..ing up a majuril} urlhe alulll"s mass. variali,'n in numher ofn~IHrons can occur. Thes~ varimi(lllS C(lilstitule diftcrel1l iSUl>lpe~.
Of isotopic species. of an o.:kmo.:nl. Fur o.:.\ampk ')(ju;, of l"arbon atoms ha'o.: ~i., protons m<lto.:hed h} si, neulrons mal..ing lip an alomic m,ISS of 12. 'Ihis pUrlicular carhon isolOpo.: is o.:ho.:l1lil"(lll~
denotcd h~ the s)mbol,·I!C'. II hen: "C' ~tanu." l(lT ~arhon and tIll" ~lIpl"rsl"fipt "11" indic"ll'~ 111<' atomic mass conlributo.:d b~ si, protons ~nd six ncutrons. i\ ro.:l:nil ~Iy small l1u(ubi:r of carbon atoms lIill ha\~ ono.: or two :ILlditionalllwtrons giving th~lll :Itomic masso.:s of 13 :md 14 and Iho.:so.:C:lrbon isotopes an.:: sholl 11 as I'e and 1Jc.respcctivel)
Isotope specil'S ma~ bc' radioaniw (e.g. I·C ) orstabk (e.g. I!C and 1\,). The additiunal mass of extra neutron(s) m:t~ or ma) no' alhm an iSOlOp'" s~cies to b,,·eom .. · radio:lc,ill' ~:lllsing the atom 10 dcca~ spomaneollsl) (iloels 2009:'). Isotope species that arc not radioactiw. on the other hand. are by ddini,ion stable nlld :lre t.:nOlln a~ ~table isotOPl'S. This thesis Jeal~
specilicall~ II i,h I~)ur I ari .. ,ties of these stahk isotopt.,~ -I:C and I
'c
:IS lIell as 'IN ami I'N.With the ~amc nlml~r of protons and rlenrons. isotopt.' s~cics lx'longing 10 th .. ' same
"'lement share similar elc,..:tric;1I and. for thl' must parI. chcmi~al pro~rti~s. With dillcring m~IS'l·S. hOlll·Il"r. isotopt.' spt.'ciesofthl· samc'element hall'slightl) dillcringph)sical properties indudinglariatiol1sinll'ndenc) to engage inchl'mical reac,iom or s,atetran,itions(lloel's 2009:~-ll). These dill"cring tcndencicscan l'allse isotopic I"raClion:llion - a pnlcess in \Ihich isolope . ., illluhed in a re;ll",ion ar .. · to some d"'gr""l" prc1i:r..-ntiai!) ruutl'd to certain produ~,sl'flen in n.:ac':II1,,(llo.:fs2009:5).lfocclirring in a s)s,ematil" manncr.l"nictionalion ma) C;IUSC distinctile isotopic patterning be'l\een dillcrenl constituents of an "'nlironnR'nturhiologil'al enlit~ c~llled isotopic signatures or lahds
rill." i . .,otopic compos ilion of a malerial is measur .. 'd using an isotope ralio mass Spt.'l:Irllllll:l..-r(II{i\·IS) (Ambmse 1993:67-71: I Iud:., 2009:13-16). I3rkll). II hen :lnal)/ing r..-latile propOI1il)nsofstablc'c;lrhon and nilmgen isotOpeS.;1 sample iscomhusled inlhe presence of ox)gen. conlerting the carbon ~Hld nitrogen atoms COnlained lIilhin 10 C:lrn..m diu~id .. · (CO!) and nitrog"'n gas (N:). rl'spl'..:til el~. Th"'se gases arl' earri.:d b} an in..:rt ga~-"'~Irricr such as helilJlll lhrough a cllrled passag..:. called a tlighllllbe. pasl:1 magnel Ililhin lh~ II{MS The magnelic t"orcesep:lralesthelrajectoricsnfdiftCrent iSOh)pt.'S~l"iesaslhe~ p:ls.,lhrulightlw tlighltulx' h:lsed on mass-charge rntin At the end (If the Ilighttu~. dil"lcrl'nl i~OIOpt.·s !lWl"I dl"ll'l"Iing surfan·s. t.:nu\\!l a~ farada) cups. al sepaml": poinls allolling for lhe J":le~ti"n oj
r~lati\'~ qualltiti.::s ofl'ach isotopic speci~s. Composition:ll din\:r~nc~ bdll~~n is()lop~S is rq)l)ried :IS a d~ha (Ii) "altH.' rdatil~' to a cOlllo.:l1lional isotopic slandard and is c:»:prcsscd in p;lrls P"'f lhousand (%0) as a ratio bclllc..:n h..:al kr and ligll1cr isotopic spccics (i.c. I'N/111\' and I 'C/I~C) as foIlOI\s: Iii 0--«X",,,oJ,,,,,X"''''l'k)-I).\ 10001. Ill1crnational stlmdards for slahk' caro.m (iii IC) and nilrogcn isotopc (1)I'N) ralio IllCaSllrl'lllcnts ,Ire the Vicnn:1 l'ccDec Iklcnmill' gcological formation (VI'DI3) (Jlul 1987) lInd thc Amhicnl Inhalahle I{escnoir (AIK). Ilhich i~
alll\o~plll'ric 1\'2 (1\'1arioui 1983), Comparing th.:: clemcrHal conccnlralionsofs:ullple m:ltcrials 10 thosl' ofl'll'llIl'ntal standards Ilith knolln cO!K''::ll1ralionsofcarbon and nitr"gcn allolls j~'f dctcrminalionofclcl11crHal conccn1r:nion~(scc Section 3.4)
2.3 Stabll,('arbnn Isotulll'S
Carbon iSlh.:: 1110S1 abundanl and fUlld:uncnt:tlclcmcnlal huilding blocko(lil'''' rhl' VI'DIl isotope sland:lrd uscd for dCl..:rmining stable carbon isotop.:: compo~ili(ln dcril~~ frmn a marin..: lim..:slon..: d..:posil and has a 1)1
'c
valuc 01'0%0. Carbon in mo~lll'fr~slrial biologil,:ti~uhstancc~ has less 1\. rcl:liil": to I~C Ilhen comp:lred 10 Ih~ VI'I)U and thus OI;C m,,·a,uro.:llI..:l1ls ofhiologicalmall'fials\\ill IIsuall, produ..:..:nl'gali\o.: lal\l":s.
2.3.1 Stahll'C:lrhnn Isotopes in Tl'rreslrilll Ec()s)'stI'IIIS
Slable carbon isotope 1':I)UCS from bonc collagen Clm olTer information on s<)urn'~ oj dielar~ inl:lk.::. Th.:: most hiologicall) signifll'anl stable carbon isotop!.' fractiunaliun ph.::nOIllCIHI oCl'ur during planl phOll'S}ntl1l'sis -th~ jUllctllr .. , al "hidl inorganic atlllosph..:ric C:lrhon is incor(X'ral..:d imo organic Illal..:rials. 1'1:l!lts incorporal'::. ur . Ii:»:' ,carbon using {\n~ oflhn.'c rhntosynlhctir P,llh" a} s: hOlll'Wr. thl' llIajuril} of plant spccio.:~ rcl~ on on..: (llm(l path" a~ s
the Calvin Cycle or Ihe 11~ltch-SI:Kk Cycle (Sh:rn d al. 200J: 182-185). The initial slep in the C:llvin Cycle produces (I carbon molecule ,,;th three carhon atoms \\hal':ls the first ~tep o1"the Ilatl·h-Slal·1.. Cycle produces a carbon chain incorpor~lting four atoms: ami. haSl."d on thi.' distinl·tion. plants hclonging to either oflhese c~ltegories (Ire known as ("1 or C .. plants.
rcspectilel~. These differences in carbon lixalion mdhods. as IIl·lt as otha morphologil'al ditTerences have evolled to providl" C, and C~ plants \I ith adaptile adl mnages for dillcrem l'nl ironllll·l1ts. A majorit) ofplal1t ~pecil'~ and domesticates usc the CI p:l\llIIa~. The ("4 photoS}l1tIH:tic pathlla) issligll1l) lessenerg} ellicienl. bu! inconjunc!ion lIith ntlll"r
adaptations. cnables C. plal1ts to C(lnsene lIaler in ~lrid em irOllments (Stern d al. 2()O]: 11(4) 1)lan1~ I\ith (". pholOs)n1helic patlllla~s helong mainl) to tropical grasses. :md inl"lude dOll1estiC:llessuchasmai/l'.milh:1. sorghum.:lt1d sug.lrCanl'. [)uringcarbon fl.~:Jtion.(",plants
disnilllinall' against isotopicall) heavier 11(" relmill' 10 ICC morl' than C. pl~mts(lknder 1,)(,8:
o· Ll"lr~ 1981. 1988: Til'Vl'n 19(11). For this rl'aSOIl. C 1 :lI1d C~ plants producl' largc but nOI1- olerlapping ranges of C;I'C 1:Jlucs that :Jvcrage -27.1±2.0%o (10) and -lJ.l.i 1.2%0 (1~)
Thl' third photos)l1Ihetic palI111:1~ is Cr:lssulace:ln Acid ~'ktabolisll1 (CAM) (Stern d al 2()()J:182-II(S). Succulents ami a le,I otha plant groups usc the CAi\-! palhlla~ IIhich C:1Il empl<l) both C, :lnd C .. photos~nthetic processe~ and is Ix"st adaptl"d t'.Ir arid l'm irmlllll·l1tS. I-or this fl"ason. CAM plant ~pccies producc ,ariable,5' IC ~ignatllres rellectin); the met:lholic str;lteg) lh~H h;Ld predominated during tissue gn.lIIth. most oliell falling 1x'!II':l"n -10%0 and .20° ....
(O'le:Lr~ 1(88). CAM pl:mts. ho\\evcr. \\ere pfl)hahi} not a signilicant di.:tar} comp')lIem f,)f theallcielll pcopil'sdiscussed in this thesis and lor!hisrcason lIillllOi hccOllsidered funher
Stallk carbon isotope signatures of plants arc passed on to the tissul's "ftlll"ir Ill"rhil"ruu~
and omnilorous consumers (DcNiro :lIld I':pstein 197&) II ith rclatiwl) lill!;.· tractionation (although for bone collagen. sec Section 2.5). Likell i~e. Ilhen plant eon,umns hl:eol11e prl').
their 1)1 'C lalues arc passed up the food cll:!in to the carni'OfOuS or Omnil\)fOUS nmMI11Wr.
1"Il("reforc. based on the distinction bctlleen 1)1
'e
valucs of plants lIith ditTning pholosynthcli(·patlillays. anJ the l~lithfultmnsmission of these signatures lip the food chain. relatile propor1ions ofC, and C. plantscomribliling to hunwn diel can h<: Jelnmined (V:m Jer r..kme and Vogd 1')711)
2.3.2 St:lhle C:lrhon lsotopl'S in A(llIatil· El'os~'sll"ms
Aquatic phlllts mainl~ usc tile C , pathl\a~ and sourCl' sOl11e ofthcir earhon from CU, deriving (rom dissoheJ biC(lfhonate~ (tICO,). lJissolwd carbon in (>(.·ean \latn is much k~s
depkled in 1 'e (i)I1C -ow .. ) limn allnosphnic carhon (1)11C --79uo1 (Craig 11)57: 1(70). For Ihi~
rl'ason marine and. tosomeexlen1.l"rcsllll;HerplalllsbeginlheirphoIOS~nllH:lic fral"lionali"n processes II ilh;1 I:lrgef proportion of I'e retalill' 10 I'C and g(.'nerall~ produce 1)1 Ie lalue~
simiiarlothw,eofll·rreSlriaIC.planIS
Di~~(lh cd C;lrbon in frcslillater l'c()~~,tems Gill hal l· lariahk 1)1'(" I alm:s due 10 Ih ...
JilTerences in the composition of 10GII gl'ologies Ihm pro, ide dissol'ed bic:lrhon;ltes. For inslanlT. dissolled carbon 1)1'(" 'alues in a singk Can;!di;!ll drain:!ge s~stem lIere found 10 rangl·
01 ef
:ww.,
(Ililchson and Krouse I 972). Addilionall~l("\oP.. contributing tll "lIrim;()n in lrc~IIII:llel l'c()s~slem I)IIC lalues includc 1I:ller temper:lHlfe. \later column deplh. hahit:lt variatioll ami species composition (llcck) and IIc~sclin 191)5: Katl.l·nhcrg and Wehber 1(99). For Ihese10
rca sons, ca\l1ion should be t~lkcn II hcn intcrprct ing 8 1-'C v~ll\ICS in contc~ts Ilcrc Ircslm alcr rcsoul"Ccs111ayhavccontributcd todict
The isotopic distinction be1l\cen dillcrcnt C:lroon sourccs uscd by aqu:l1ic and terre~trial planh ~an allo\\ for the dill~rc'nti:l1ion ofdicts oasc'd on marille am] C, dominated tl'fre~trial ccos~stems (Chisholm et al. 1982: Tauber 1981). Consumption ofC. and I'C enriched ~lquatic phlnts Gill produce si111ilarol'C sign~lt\lrcs. Thcrd'orc. Ilhen considcring OI'C lalucs from hWll;lnslhath;uJon:upi(:denvimnmentsconlainingappreciahIcamollnISofC.lplants.nrh:l(J practiced a C!-foeuscd agricultural ~)stcm, intcrprct:l1iollS ofaqllatic '"a,11I.1 tan'strial diclar~
carbon sOllrccsshollld bCTlwdl' "ithL::tlltioTl ("'(('ringer 198-1) and!or "ith th .. ·ennsidcrntion 01 additional i~otope s)stcms(c'.g.I'riv<\tct;iI.1007).
2.3.3 Variahili~' in Slahll' CarlinI! Isolopes
This thcsis considers stable isotope dat:l from dilli:rent cnl ironmclllal contc.\ls.
Therdorc. a varicl;, ofOlhcr factors contributing 10 \(II-1;nion in I)I'C \,al\ICs arc hornc in mind
Thcsc S<lurl'e~ (lj" 1)1
'c
\'ariahilit~, operating 011 ph)siological and "'11I·inmTlll.'11tal SI·:llc ... ullllcrlilll.' tlwimportanccoj"Cllt1tn:tuaiit;ingis'ltopedata\lhcninterprctingdictSome rescarch has indicated lhat a small and ponrl~ understood incrL:~l~C in 1)1 '(' ma) occurbetllccntrophic lcl;;b during digestion of pi am andcspeciatt) animal tissues and
suh . .,cljuclll incorporation into th;; con,umer'Slis~ucs (Sdmcningcr I'J85: Van "":Iinkcn ct al 2000:-16·-17), Estimates Vat) oct\\c;;n studies a~ \lctt as thc specics allal~t;ed but a trophic lelcl inCfC:lSC of hC1l1ccn 0 and 1%0 (Bocher~ns :lnd Druckcr 2003; Illxchcrclls and Mariotti :!O():!: 1.1:!X,132'J) is I11OSlcol11monl~ obscrvcd
II
rhe 8 1'(' composition of <lullospheric C<lrOOn fI.wd ill10 org:mic materials b) plants h:IS I'aried ~p<ltiall) and temporall). For instance. re~earch has documell1ed Iclller 8 1 \' lalues in pl;lI1ts Irom densel) forested areas (Vogel 1(78) relative to opl'n-air elll'ironment~ oIling main!) t,) the r.:latile1~ sl(l\\ mOl'ement and rl'pealed ree)l'ling of I 'c dt'pld ... d air through f()re~tl'd enl ironments (t1.kdina l't al. 1986: Van der Menle and Medin:1 19911. All110spheric 8 1'l' ("omposition has abo been rai~ed b) over IX ... since the induslrial r.:lohl1ion due tn anthmpogenic cmOOn contributions from los~il fllel burning (Friedli et <II. 1')8(,: Van der Ml'flle 1989:109-112)
Local enl ironment<ll conditions 111(1) atlcct plant ph)siolug) and thus <\1 \: e"mpu~i\i(ln ol"eonsumers' diets (Ambrose 1(1)3:86·I)ol: Tieszen 1')')11. For ins\:mee. fac\"r~ such asd1.-C\ining irradianCl'(Ehleringl-r('\al. 19S6).nulril-nt sln,;ss",s.and lOll lemrcralUres(TieS/en 19(1)hale b":1.'!l found to increase plant 8 11(' lalucs. Meanl\hi1c.lilCl0rS suetl a~ ;lridit~ and I\aterstres~
(Farquhar and Richards I 98ol), incr.:1Lsingaltilllde(Kijrnerdal. I')SX), high salinit),and oSll1os1ie stresses (e.!!. GU) et al. 19XO) hal'" been f()undl()d(.-er(.'a~1.'plant I)I'C lalues, rhl'j)''c CUll1lXlsitions ofe I and CAr-'i plants arc more strongl) al"fccll'd b) such enl ironmental inllilencesthan thoseofl' .. plants (Tics/en 19(1).
2.ol Ni\n)~l'n iso\opcs
Nilrngen is 11 subst;mlial and iSolopicall) hotllogeneousnllllponl·l1tofear1h'satTl),'sphl'fc.
Fur this rl'aSUl1, a I)I'N lalul' 01'0%0 for AIR (Ambient Inhalablc \{esefloir). IIhich is mm<)~ph.:rie N2. has beenllsed as the incertwtiollal standard ror st:tblc nilmgen is<)I<)Pl' "n:LI~Sl's (Marioni 19831.
12
2A.1 Slabll-Nitrogen ISOIOIICS .. mllhe Trophic Ll'nl Effl'el
Archaeologic(llly. the most signilicant aspi.'~t ofo"N information is a stepll ise enrichl11elll of I'N rela!;\e to liN \\ ilh e~lCh ascending trophil' le\ l·1 ofa food IIl'b (D~Nir() and Ep~teirl l(lKI: I""inagal,aand Wada 19K-t). While the wuse of this enrichment is not full) undl·Nood. it is thought to pal1iall) resul1 from hiokenclic isolopl' Ir:lclionation ;r~ \\ell a~
i"rat·tionalion II ilhin Ir:m~;rmin:ltion and deamin:rlion pools during rlll'laoolic pn"l<:esses and urea e.~crelion (Ambrose 1991: M;lCkoet al. 19X6: lor discussion Sl'l' Ambros.: 1993:9J·101: Van 1\.1 ink~n ~t :II. 2{)0{):-t 7·-tX). Although thl're h;rl l' Ix'en contlk-ling r~~ults as to II hal Ihe enrichment "llue hetlll'en trophic Inels is.l11o,t rl'~earchcrsagrcetha1.aS:lgcneral rule. ;,I'N
\:llue~ increase b~ bet\\~l'n 3 and 5%0 !x·tlll'en !lutolrophs and herbi\orcs. and herbin'res ;md
carni\(,res \lledgcs and Rc)nard2{)07).
In addition to pro\ iding information on trophic Il"Icl.lir<N \ alucs can gile :If) inJie:lli<m of mar inc dietar) input (Sl"IlOeningl'r et al. 19K3). As marinc and frcsh\\ater ecos~st~m~ can otkn ha\e food chains \\ith se\~ralln~b ()fcarni\or~. high trophic Ind marinl' mammab.
birds. and l1sh olkn hal~ ler~ high 81'N \alu~s \\hich do not usuall) ()~CUr in tl·rTl·~trial ecos~~tel11s (Schoeninger lind DeNiro 191'i-t). Based on this distinction it h;)s h,'~n po~sihle 1\' ditfcn:mi:lte human diets hased on marinl' H·DI/.,· Il'rn:~trial t'.>od~.
Thl' 81'N trophic lelel efkct also apillil's to hre:lslfn'ding rdati()nship~ h~t\\een inl;lIlls and mothcr~ (Fogcl d al. 1989). lnt~mts arc oom Ilith 8" N \allies m;ltching their nHlthcrs. Onec' bre:t~lrceding hegins;1I1 inf;mt II ill clrcctil'd~ h<.' onc trophic Incl (1i1'N_+ 3"'.,) abole the
indil idu:tI from \\hich thcy nursed. As the infant is \lcaned onto the tt'ods consumed h~ its mother. tIll' I\I<N values of the inl;mt", n~" I} synthcsized collagen II ill begin 10 COlli l"rgc \Iith Ih"se()fadult~(assul1lingan isotopieall) hOlllogenou,dicl hctllecndill"crent age group,). 1\ lin
IJ
th.:\\cnningproecssiseomplet.:.inlarnol·'Nvalues\lillrernaindevatedinbolleeollagen formed during breast!i;eding ulltil this material has been repi:Jeed by nnv bone (.:(lilagen formed
during(.:hildhood grOllth. aesellr(.:h(.:ondlKt.:d 11) Fulicrand collcagllcs(2U()(')(ln ini":.lIlt flllgcr nails nmfirt11S that this tmphic icwl rclati(lnshiphetl\ccn mOlhcr and child 'li<N \'alucsals(l C'lends 10 the 0"(" ~il:!I1alUrC\\hich he(.:omcsenrichcd h) ~+ IW.,(sl'c lIoriwrensand l)ruc\;er 211(3).lIa~cd(lnlhisrelationship. rcscan.:lwrsarc ahkt(lrc(.:onstfllct I\eaningpracliccsamnnga p~1I1i(.:ul~lr group by analyzing bonc and dentinc collagcn of inflHllS :Hld adults (c.g. Schllrr I 'J'JX' I loit2(10'J)
2.4.2 Variability in Stahk Nitrugl'!I IsolOpcs
Sel'cralph)silliogicalandl'nvironmentalfaet(lrscontributelovariahilityin
at\:hacolugic;iI ol'N signaturl's. ConsiJeratiou ofthcsc sourel's ofvariabililY call help eontc.\tllalizeisotopcdataduringpnlcodil-Iaryrceonslrlletions.
The degree Ofl'N cnrichmcnt occurring bet\lecntrophie levcls C~HI he intlueneed 11) physioll>gical f~lclOrs ina I·arietyufllays. Forinstancl'. protl'ill slrb'o(Hohson alldClar\; 1992 Ilobson et al. 19(3) and bone pathologies (Katzenberg and IOle11 1(99) hale ocen found hl innl'a .... l' "N l'nri,'hmt""nl. Meal1\lhik. the dlcCls ofa high protl'in dil·t arc poor!) understuud.
hal ing becn lound 10 bolh increase (e.g. Pearson et ai, 200.1: Sponheimer lIt ill. 200.1) and d~~n~asc (~.g. i{obhins Cl :11, 2()05) i5N enrichmcnts ~tl\cen diet ~lI1d hody ti~Slll'S. AdJitiulial lariahilit~ in "N enriehnwnt h~I'leen diet and animallis~U(." ha'o been noted 011 inter-tisslie (I/ohson IHldCl~lr\; 1992: Iloi1sol1et III. 199.1). -indil'iJuaL and-speeic's(Minag;!l\a;lI1d Wada 198~: Hl'dgl'S and R('ynard 2007) lewis as \Icll as bC!\leen aninwls I\ilh diHcl'ent drinking habits (i\mbrosc and DeNiro 1(87) and digestil'c ph}siologies (Spnnheimc::r Cl al. 200.1)'
14
hn",,'la, proeesses ulHkrl~ing this variabilit) remain poorl) understood (I ledges and I{e)n:lrd 2007: V:mderlditl and l'on~:rrd2(03)
As nitrogen olkn enters Ihe food dlain through plants, tlw degre .. · of "N enriehllwnt lound in an eco~y~tem "ill he rdative to Ih .. · ii"N ,ahK's of local autolrophs. In tl'rre~lrial el1\ ironmell1S. many pl'lIlt~ satisl) their nilrogen need . ., b) taking up nilrug"'nous ('<Jmround~
~u('h as nitriles from adj:rceln soil. Uiologicall) alail:rhle nitrog{'n in soil Gill h:lle \lidel~
lari:lbleoi'N I:rlliesolerler) small and large distances. Fal'lOrs suth as arid it) ur\lak'rslre~s (Ill-aton and Vogel 1986),lkIlinit) (1lealOn 1987), soil ammonia 1010lil:Hion (Mi/llwni el al 1985). high 1Iltitud~ (~'I:rrioni ~l :11. 1(80). :md 1111." nalUr~ and qu:nnit) of IOl'al h:I .. 'tni:ri a,,'li, it) (I'or rCliell se .. · Van Klin(...en .... aL 2000:43-(,) hall' b..· .. ·n found 10 increa~e 6"N lallil'S ofsoib and surrounding eCOs)sl .. 'nb. Nalural lariahilit) in iil'N I ailles in certain nll1le~ts is 1iJr\h~r l'omrlicntl'd h) anthrorogellil' intluences on soil nitrogen COTllroSilioli. For inswnce. thc l'ontinucd aprlication of manufC or modcrn S)l1lhClic tCrtili/ers to Iklds wn inl'rcasc (Fraser ct
al. 2011: Koerner ct al. 1')<)')) ordeer .. 'asl' (DeNim and Epsli"'n 1981: Fr .. 'yer and i\1~ 1')7-l).
respecti,cl),6 I'N I'alue,ofallecled soils and Ihe plantsgro\lingon them
i\nothersourceofisotopicvariabilit) in h:rrestrial and marin"'\partil'ularl) curalredi.)
and l'stuarine CCOS) Siems comcs from plantsslleh as legumes:llldblue -grcenalg,le\ph)lum"f c):lnohacleria) 1h:11 have a s)mhiotic relationship \lith nitrogl·n-tising hal·k'ria. I'his s)mnio~is allollssollleplantstodra\\II1l'irnitrogenfror1l;rtr1losphericsolirceSI\ilhliuletbcti(lIl:rlion(,1
~tahk nilrogen isntopc ratios. For Ihis reason. Ihese plants lJsuall~ have 6"N valul's or,ITUlrnJ O\%'., (e.g, Capone and Carpentcr 1982: Vergini:r :rnd I)cll, iehe 1(82)
Consid~ringthescpotential sourec_,orlari;rhility in soil:rndphrntii"N "lilies, and lhat pl:mlS r"'prc~ent the junction at "hidl much nilrogen CnlCfl( lertcbrate lood IIchs. il i~ import:ml
15
to cnrefull) considcr thc ecological and agricultuml context IIhid1 frames a givcn palcodictar~
2.5 TisslIcs Analyzrd
While. stable carbon and nitrogcn isotope ratios cnn be measured in most biological tissues.llwdiclarl sign:l1ureslhey represent can lary hel\lcendiffcrent t~pcsoflissucs be'longing 10 till' same individual due 10 dilTerl"lKes in fOnl1alion time. l·oll1po.,ition. and ratl' of
turnover (c.g. Ilobson nnd Clark 1992). Dumblc osseous lissuc~ (i.e. bone nnd tooth mnterials) ..:t>lllmonly sUflivc in the archaeological record nnd lor this reasnn:1re ol\cn used h~ stahle iso\()peanal)st, j()rpaiemJietary rccunMruclilHlS
Fresh bOlw tissue is l'Omposed ()fr!)ughi~ 25% org;mic matter and 75% inorganic milll'r;ti
b) Ilcighl (lor revie\\ sec Ivlarlin et al. 1998:29-77). Nim:t) jX'n:enl ofllll' organi .. nlatter is [IHl1IX)sedofTypc 1 cnlbgen,;lprolcinmndeupoflhr":":IXlI)peplid..:ch;linsinlripleh..:li.x
formation, The remaining 10% oforgani(." mailer is made-up ofnon-collagl'nous prul<"ins and lipids. non..: coli;lgen tibrils nosslink tonning n bnicc Slructur..: Ilhich nCls as a I\:inforc..:m..:nl mesh ~uh"tra\c upon II hich hinds th..: mineral pha~..: nfhon..:. pr..:dnminan1I~' h)df():..~apatitl·
cr)~tab.
I~onc collagen is Ih..: an;ti) Ie in Ihis Ihcsis and has be..:n n prilllar) lllat..:ri;ll slUdi..:d during
~tablc' isolOp..:-ba~ed pah:.'odietar) rn'onslrudions in arl'haeolog) for multiph.· rl'asons, During carl) stahl.." i~()tOPl' methodological dl'lelnpment. collagen lIas an attradile;lIldnJllIl'nient material becausc procedures for extracting Ihis prolcin from archaeological bonc \\crC;llrcad) al'ail,lhic fnHll previous radioC:lrbon d'lting work (Kat/cnhcrg :WOX:.J IS). Als,). rartiall) I'" ing 10 l'ntaSenll'nlllithin th~ mint'ral phase ofhnne (Collins 191J5). l'oliagen Gm ~uf\il": intal'II,'r
16
long periods oftimc. thous.:l11ds of ~cars or pi.'rhaps l'Icn longcr. lmder ideal pO~I·deposition:1I conditions(e.g.llocherenselai. 11)9(,: Iwci c·t al. 2005). Olherfatlors making bOric c,-,lIag,'n an
;Ippmpriak" n1alnial for anal~sis inciudc its conservative structure (Ambrose II)IH:?:!). its insoillhilil) and cas.:.' "fcxlfal"lion (11i.·dges and Lal' 11)89). ilsabundmlCc in bone. and ilS ri.·(·urding of a relalhe!) long period ofdictar~ intake (Collins CI :11 20()2). Ih·se:lrch ha, also foumJ Ihal Inctors stich as agc and sc~ do not :11Tcc! hOll Done coll:lgcn recurds sl:lhlc isolope diCI:lr~ inli>nnation (c.g. DeNim and Schocningcr 1983; Lowll cl :11. 1l)86)(althollgh inl;lI1ls ;Ir,' cxpccted to he one trophic 1.:Iel highcr than adults in ol'N -sn· S,·,:tion 2.4.1: c.g. Sdlurr 19(8).
1\'lost importantl). ho\\cvcr. collagen 1ll0icCllil's conl:lin ("arDon:md nilrogcn in sufneicm quantities lorcfficiern i<;Olopiccharaclniz:ltion.
Oln 30 }ears of rcsc;lr("h (Gc)h 2001: I kdgcs ct al. 2007: MallOlagas :W()O: Stenh"11SC and Ba.\ln 1979: Uhclah'f ('I al. 2006: Wild CI al. 2000) has dcmonstr:Jled th:l\l)1l1le tissuc formation and hOll1coslasb OCCUf more slO\I I~ than in othcr hodil~ tissu,·s and th!lt hlHll' collagcn Illa~ conlain di('laQ signaturcs rdlccting up 10. or morc than. 20 yC:lr~ ofdiclar} inlah· (c.g Wild Cl al 20(0) Thc pacc at IIhidl old OtHR' m:ltnial is ri.·plan·d II ilh nCII honc is ~;llIcd thc lurnolcr r:lte. Hone tUrllOlcr ratcs arc knOlln to var) according to sCI cTal fadofs irll"luding n..'IlC dmsit).thickncss.agc. sc~.;lIld p:llhologital intlucnccsas \\cll a~ 11) skclewlelernCn1:lIld locali/cd geomctrical bone grollth ral1ern (1lcdgcs et !II. 2(07). Dcnsc and thil'~ rq~i<llls Ill' c(Irtical honc turnover m(lre sl"" I~ than spo(lng~ thin l';Illl"Clious hom: (SIl) d,:r l'l al. 11)75: 75). For thisreason.Otlllc rromskclcl:t!c·lemclllssuL"llasrihs"illturnOlcrinafractionofthetimc (pcrhaps less Ihan a de("adc) t:rkcll h~ compact bonc from a tCmur and II ill cont:lin pror(lrti"nall~
17
morc bone collagen laid dOlI!] ,11 later ~t,lges of Ii fl·, For this reason. analY/_ing skeldall'kml'nb lI'ith different turnover rmcs from the sam!.: individlllll (,til Iwlp lls~es~ dietary (hanges OWl' tim~
k_g. C<1', and Seal~ 1997: Se;iI) et al. 1995), Bone tissue formation and n::modding arc 'K(~lerakd during (hildho(ld grollth (ur ttl 10-1 S%,turnon'r/year bdl\<,eT\ ages of I 0 to IS) but
SIOlI uo\\nasan indilidual reaches adulthood {I-Icdges ct al. 2007). Research b;. I kdges and eolleagues(2007)hastelllativel) suggested that bone turncller rates are more filpid inadoks(cnt
m:lks th,ll1 in km:lks of the same ,Ige Their stud) also demonslrated the orr()~it~ for adults II ith kmak hone collagen llIfl1m'er rates changing fwm ~% turlllller/year \() 3% tUflKl\eri)car heilleen the llges 01'25 llnd XO. and maks turn(lIer ral~S ~I(l\\ing frum 3'% tUrIlOll'ri)car to 1.5%
lurn()l'eriy~ar during th~ same age reriod. I kdg~~ and colleaglle~ (2007) further indkatc that compktc·turtlovcrofbonecollagcn bctllccn thc stllges of adolescence and adulthood may n,'l hl'
:UWined Ilithin dcnscr and thidcr bonc tissues such as femoral ui arhyses, Bonecllllagcl1 IUrn(ller Ill'-l) also hl' inllucnceu in a larid~ of'lays h;. bonl' patholog) ill allcctcd I'egions 01 bone, For instance. bone material formed in the process of healing :1 fr:!Clure II ill C<1!lI:lin hone collagen reflecting diet during and alicl' the healing process. As Ihe effecls of hllne p~lth"logies
on stable isotope composition of bone collagen llre poorl;. understood. it is a COmmlll\ pral,tin'to '-lvoid sampling bone 1111ic11 i~ su,.,pcetcd ofhal'ing bcel1 inllllcnccd b~ p'1tholngical processe, II hen samrling hone mall·rials t()r the purp(l,.,e "rst'-lhi<' isot0p'-'.ha,.,cd palcodktar) reconstruction {e.g. Kauenbcrgand Lo\'ell 1(99)
25.2 I)iet"!")' COlllponents Renected b~' 6 1\: and (,I~i\' Valul's uf Bunl' Cull:lgeu
Dietary isotop<: signatures Ii'om bone collagen do 1101 accurately rcprc~ent an a\'Crag~ "I all components ohll)ole diet carbohydr:!1~S. lipids. and proteins hUI r~llh~r tend t(l he hiasl,d
18
((mards th~ proh:in ~ontributions to dkt (e.g. Ambrose and Norr I'll)]). C~lfh-ohydrah:S and lipids do notl"lJlltain nitrog .. ·n and. I"or this reason. mo~t researchcrs assunli: th~H bono: coll;lgen (j1'N values must rdkct only dietary protein (e.g. Ambrosect al. 1997: Vnll Klinken et ~1120()O:51) Clrbon. un th~· otha hand. i~ pres~nt in all three dietar) components. As a prOle in. collagen is composed of('.%ential amino acids (EAAs). "hich cannot Ix· s)nth .. 'siz;:d b) the human bod) and must be d,·rived from dicl~lr) sources. and non-~ss~nli,ll amino acids (NEAAs). \I hith tlw hunwn bod) i~ tapabk ofs)nthesizing de 1/0\"0. Carbon atom~ incilldo:d in tho: EAA eompono:nt "I" dio:t II illno:ce~~aril) rdkct only dio:tar) protein ~ources. Lit.:o: EAAs. NF/\As m;l) ;llso h~ routo:d dirO:CII) from Jiet but can addition;lll) h-o: l·onstructl'd fmm amino acid pr~cursor nwlcTuk .. , dni, ing from ,·arboh)drat .. ,s. lipids or olhn protl'in~. For this r~ason. NEAAs conlributing to c()lbg~n s)nlh .. ·si., may ha,~ slable '·'Iroon isotope' ,allics rdkcting n..)th prOl<.:in and non-pro1ein
di,·t;!r) ,·omponl"llts (for r<':1 i .. ·" sn' Jim d al. 2(06). The proportion ol"NEAAs eonstrucl<.:d I"fI'm dk1ar) pro1<.:in a~opposed 10 nOll pro1<.:in sourcesma) b<.:dcpcnden1 on selerallJ<lorl) understood met;!bolic processes occllrring in de,uninatiun and tr,msaminaliun pools a~ "<.:11 a ..
1;I\:!orssuch as ph)siolog) ordidar) slresses(e.g. Ambrose et al. 19971.lndependen11) pwducing NEAAs de 110m Ilouid be less o:nerg) d"licientthan reusing ~.\isling Nt·.AAs d..-ri, ing frOllldietar) prOicinintat.:cand. baso:d on Ihis reasoning, it iscoillmonl) asSutllnllhalsom .. · NEAAs u.,.·d in cullag .. ·n s)ntlwsis I,ill also hale becn routed directl) I"rom dictar) SOllrccs (Alllhro .. o: CI al. 19(7). SClcral controlled fc~'ding c\pcrilllCllls ha\"~ ~Upp()rtl'd this Ilwor) b~
~hu\\ iug thaI bon~ collagcn stabk l":lrbon i~otopc lalue~ more s1rongl~ rcllcct diClar~ pmtcin sourceslh;lIl othcrhOIlCCOlllponcnlSSlich as hOllC lllinl"r..tlurcholcstCTul (l'.g. Aillbros~and Norr 19')J: Jim ~t al. 2004. 200(): Ti~~Zl'n and Fagre 1(93). Thc implications ol"lhcsc c)(perilllCnls I'lr inlaprCling bon,' collagen ~tablc i~OIopc informa1ion lor Ih~ purpo .. e ofpak(ldict;lr~
I')
rl'tOl1structioll arc: I) thm all i)1'N values relkct diewr) protein SOllrl-e~: and 2) th<l(. I,hnl' ~t<lhl.:
[<lrhon isoto[JI.' compositions diner hetl,een protein and non-protein diewry components, hllne collag.:nli l'CI<lluesllillnOITc1kctllhokdi(.·t.hlltr:lthnllilisholl a bias tOllardsth.:prolein component.
Contfolledexperimentshawsho\\nlhaldilli:rl'lltlissllesfromllwsaml'imJividllalGm hall' slahl.: isolope lalill's IIhich arc tOllSiSh:nll} oltwt Irom thOSl·ofllhol.: di.:t (e.g. Ilohsl>n and C!:ir).. 1992). rhe ollset in sl<lhl.: isotope composition ofbUlw l'ullag.:n mllst h.: ].;n(>\\11 in ordnto reCOl1strlil't diel using this m:lIcrial. Although subswnti:11 lari:l1ion rcl:l1ing hl di':l qllalit~
and dill;"reIKes hetl\een iii
'c
lallies ofproll'in and non-prolein di.:taT) componenls has he.:n ohsl'Tll'd in somcsludicsle.g. Ambrose and Norr liN]: Ti.:szen and F:lgre 1993).mllSI r.:se:ln;h.:rs assun1l'llll alerag.: I'C .:nrichmenl 01'5%0 bctllCl'n "holl'diet and human bon~collagen k.g. Il.:dges 20U]: Jim et :iI. 200fl). Asid., from the trophic I.:w\ .:Ill·et (llItlin.:d in Section 2..1.1. ol'N \'allll'~ aTe nOI OIlSd IWIIIl'l'n did and Ill(.' honc collagen ofa consumn (DeNim nnd i:pstcin 1981: Ambrose 199]:97).
Bone collagcn diagene~is, as l'onsidered here. b the ph~siclil or ch~mical alter:l1illn Ill' biogenic swbl.: isolOpe Inlues of bone colhlgen occurring bctll.;.;n Ih.; tim.; all indilidunl dil'd :md the time ofexcal'ation. Stabl.; isotopl'-hased pal.:ndietar) rl'O.:onstructions l-,1Il hl' sh'".:d it diagl'l1dil' prtll'esses have altl'red the stab I.: isutupe compositions ofa specim.:n such lhal lh.:~
ar.:dissimil;lrtoth.: biog.:nic stabk isolOp.: ratios (1I.:dg.:s201121.I-urlhis r.:asul1. id.:nlilie:ttiul1
