Forest industries development in west Africa

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL COUNCIL AND

E/CN.14/rm/lO8

29 April 1966 Criminal* ENGLISH

1

ECONOMIC COmCLSSION FOE AFRICA

Sub-regional Meeting on Economic Co—operation in West Africa

Niamey, 26 September — 7 October I966

FOREST INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT IN ¥EST AFRICA

f

M66-591

E/CF.14/INR/108

FOREST INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT IN WEST AFRICA

Prepared by R. Eklund, ECA Consultant, in association with R.A.

•Le Rosayro, FAO Regional Forestry Officer for West Africa (Chapter III, The Forest Resources), H. LUhr, Team Leader, ECA/FAO Forest Iadustrise

Advisory Group for Africa and the Near East, and L. Hagoda, FAO Associate

Expert (Statistics).

I INTRODUCTION 1 - 2 II SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF FORL3T PRODUCTS 3-22

III IHE FOREST RESOURCES

(1) Bioclimatic Classification of Western

Africa 23 -25

(2) Humid Forests 26 -66

(3) Western Sub-humid to Sub-arid Savanna .... 67 -72

IV DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR FOREST ITOISTRIE3

(1) General 73-78

(2) Pulp, Paper and Paper Manufactures 79-108

(3) Sawnwood 109-164

(4) Veneer and Plywood 165-210

(5) Particle Board, Fibreboard and Woodwool

Board 211-225

(6) General Review of Development Prospects .. 226-231

V POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 232-246

ANNEXES

I WEST AFRICA! Population in 1965 and 1975 and Gross Domestic Product

II Plantation Costs in Nest Africa per Hectare

III Tentative Proposal for the Development of the Pulp and Paper Industry in West Africa to 1975

IV The FAO/UN Forestry and Forest Industries Programme in West

Africa

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1. This report deals with forest industries development in West Africa.—' It covers consumption, production and trade in main forest products, as well as present estimated requirements up to 1975- The products discussed in the study are pulp, paper, paperboard, paper articles, sawnwood,

veneer, plywood, particle board, fibreboard and woodwool board. Certain secondary forest products, such as furniture, joinery, pre—fabricated building components and houses and minor wood manufactures are dealt with mainly as end—uses for primary forest products.

2. The document includes tentative development proposals for forest industries up to 1975- I"t is emphasized, however, these proposals are noi capable of being translated directly into investment decisions for which detailed technical and economic feasibility studies are required in each case. It is hoped only that the recommendations made are use ful for indicative planning and for initiating comprehensive feasibility studies, plantation programmes, forest inventories and management plans, training schemes and other required action.

1/ West Africa for the purpose of this report, comprises the following

14 countries: Dahomey, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Upper Volta.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF FOREST PRODUCTS

3* This chapter deals mainly with the supply and demand of primary- forest products because sufficient data on the output of secondary-

forest products has not been available. Most of the data for this

chapter has been obtained from the study Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa prepared recently by ECA and FAO, from the documentation of

the ECA/FAO/btAO Conference on Pulp and Paper Development in Africa

and the Near East held in Cairo 8-20 March, 1965 and from the annual FAO Forest Products Statistics.

4. Tables 1-3 give the annual consumption of paper and paperboard in West Africa in I96O-62 and of sawnwood and wood-based panels in

I959-6I. These figures have been used as the basis for demand estimates to 1975- While the roundwood equivalent of the consumption of the

above-mentioned industrial products is only about 2 million cu.m. annual

ly, fuelwood consumption reached 56 million cu.m. in 1959-61 (Annex i).

5. Table 4 gives annual production of sawnwood and plywood in West

Africa in I96I-63. No production of particle board, fibreboard, pulp

and paper took place. Comprehensive production data for other manufac tured forest products has not been available.

6. Trade data on wood raw materials and simply processed products (fuelwood, charcoal, sawlogs, veneer logs, pitprops, poles, railway sleepers and sawnwood) indicates the importance of export of these products (Table 5). In 1963 exports were US$111 million, as compared

with imports of US$3.6 million. In 1964, exports from Ivory Coast and

Ghana alone were US$122 million. In I963 exports of sawlogs and veneer logs amounted to 76 per cent of the total export value of the above

products.

Country Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta Region

West Newsprint - - 3-9 0.1 0.1 (0.1) _ 5-9 0.2 0.7 0.1

(0.1) (11.4)

Source:ECA/FAO/BTAOtCcvnf

Africas Printing

TABLE AnnualConsumptionof aaidOtherpaper Writingpaperandpapsrboard 0.1 oa 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.1 (oa) it 0.1 7.0 2.7 0.1 - (oa)

(12.9)

erenceon

1000 0.2 0.1 1.7 0.9 1.1 0.3

(0.3)

ti oa 3.6 2.2 0.2 0.1

(0.1) (11.0)

PulpandPaperDevelo

1 PaperandPaperboardin19uO-fi? TotalpaperNetimport:;of andpaperboardpaperarticles tons 0.3 0.2 7.4 1.5 1.6 0.4

(0.5) (oa)

0.2 16.5 5.1 1.0 0.2

(0.3)

35-3 rffnentinAftH0.

0.3

(oa)

5'9

(0.4)

2.2 0.9

(0.5) (oa)

0.2

(u-5)

4.0 0.9 0.3

(0.3)

27.6

E/CN.I4/INR/IO8

Page3 1 .,Consumptionper 1000inhabitantsin tons 0.6 0.3 13-3 1.9 3.8 1.3

0.31 0.10 1.91 0.60 1.15 O.98

(1.0) 0,24 (0.2) 0,26

0.4 28.0 9.1 1.9 0.5 0.6 62.9 +n.e

0.14 O.56 2.86 O.78 0.31 oa^ 0o74

Country

Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

TABLE 2

West Africa; Annual Consumption of Saroawood in

(Consumption by end-uses in 1000 m )

Period _struction

Con-

_ture

1959-61 1959-61 1961 1961

1959-61

1959-61 1959-61 1959-61

19-59-61 1962-63

I960 1959-61

1959-61

1959-61

Region

12

* 9

150 14

55

214

28

1959-61 (500)

60 4 4

p ^.^ Other End All End Consumption per

G 6 Uses

^Uses

Uses 1000 inhbi

***«#■*

4

..28 .. 4.

2

• • • * ■ •

26 21. ..

6 3...

• • »• • •

1

• • • • ■ •

(110) (95)..

Uses 1000 inhabi- tants in n t

15

1

238 22

22 13

(0.3)

1 261 37

15

6

9

35-1

■7.2 20.1 17.0 3.2 0,4 0.3

5-2

11-9

6.9

4-2

2.5

705 '.3

Source; a/ ECA/FAO Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa

Page 5

TABLE 3

Country

Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

West Africa: Annual Consumption of

Period

1959-61 1959-61 1961 1961

1959-61

1959-61 1959-61 1959-61 1959-61 1959-61 i960 1959-61 1959-61 1959-61

in

Plywood and Veneer

in lOOOnr

0.2

(0.1)

4-5,,.

0.6 2.7.

1.4

0.2 9.0 1.6

0.5

0.1 0.3

1959-61^

Fibreboard in 1000 tons

0.1

..

3.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0 1

. *

.a

5.6 0-7

0.7 0.3

a...Vjal....a

Wood-based

Particle Board in

1000 m"3

0.1

1.6

..

0.3 0.2

• a

-

0.4

-

-

aa a .a • .

Panels

All/Wood-based Panels

in-/ ^ per 1000

1000 m inhabitants in m

0.5

0.1 12.0

0.9 3.7 2-5

0.5

..

0.2

17.9

3.4 1.6 0.6

0.5

0.26

0.35 1.77

0.29

1.X4

1.94

0.L2

\J #MJT

• ■

0.05 0.36 1.09

0.73

0,42 0.14

Hegion

1959-61 21.5

2.6

44.4

^0.52

Sources; a/ ECA/FAO Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa.

b/ 1 ton board 1.6 m (This average factor is acceptable only for

purpose of comparison).

Country

Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leona Togo

Upper Volta

Region

Sources: a/

West

1961

8

422^

17

114 35

9

-

-

330 20

7

0,

962.

TABLE 4 Africa: Production

Plywood in 1000

Sawnwood 1962

10

/ 422^

18 138 30 9

-

-

260 15

(7) 7 ' "".4.1

-.

7 913.1

Yearbook of Forest

cu.m.

1963

4

* •

411

(18) 187 (30)

(9)

-

-

(260)

(15) (7)

■' 5.

9•

926.

of Sawnwood and

1961-63-

1961

—

c a

7.O

_

1

-

- -

20

-

-

6

••

6 28,8

/

Plywood 1962

• ■

7.8

-

7.3

-

■ •

-

-

26

-

-

M ■

41.1

Products Statistics.

1963

• •

■ •

19.5

7.3

• •

-

-

(26)

..

..

-

••

b/ Including sleepers.

Covntry :>raey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Bali Mauritania Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Tcgc TTppe.cVolta

Fuelwood, Charcoal Q.2 0.4 2.4 1

tfestAfrica;TABLE5 Sawlogs VeneerI 192 19 5215,062 930.1

Roundwood andSa^nwoodin1963(in1OCQ Pitprops, Poles,Pilings Pobts,etc^

19,984 0.2

55;722 100113 0.2

103 75 194

Hallway Sleeper

Sawnwood Broadleaved Coniferous Sawnwood Total

Imp, 776 "•--363 -156-168 -45528462

Exp. .* *• — ** _ 55 - ** 293 345

-- •••• -_ 92 -196 •.*• 5— -_

16 4 3:

2 - ,268 *• ,360 -1 0.1 - m* r791 6

159 72 0.2 .. - ,228 215 6 182 347 439

36 60 19:

>252 •• ,187 175 0.3 — 16 »052 6

51,054 24,456 3,639 115,718

:NationalTradeStatistics.

7. Table 6 gives the trade flow of log exports from West Africa in

1963» Not less than 80 per cent of the logs were exported to EEC while

the UK took 10 per cent. Inter-African trade was less than 2 per cent, Exports in I964 f^om the three leading exporting countries % Ivory Coast Ghana and. Nigeria, increased by 12 per cent over the previous year.

Exports to the "Rest of the World"■(North America) and "Rest of Europe"

showed very rapid growth rate.

8. Exports of logs by species in I963 from Ghana, Ivory Coast and Nigeria (Table 7a) consisted mainly of five species which amounted to 76 per cent of the total; 10 leading species accounted for 87 per cent

and 15 leading species for 92 per cent. Somewhat incomplete figures

for I964 (Table 7b) indicate that the respective percentages were '79,

89 and 95.

9. Trade in sawnwood in I96I-63 is given in Table 8 and the flow of sawnwood exports in I963 in Table 9. In 1964 export;} from Ghana decreased slightly but exports from the Ivory Coast increased to 108,000 su.m. Exports from the Ivory Coast to "the Rest of the 'Jorld" increased from 1,800 cu.m. in I963 to 18,000 ou.ut. in 1964. . . 10. Volume and value of trade in wood—based panels in I96I—63 are shown in Tables 10 and 11. , IV 1963 ;iest Africa, had net exports of US#2.2 million in wood-based panels. The flow of the exports of veneer

and plywood in I963 (Table 12) was mainly directed to the UK which took

about 80 per cent of the total. This is explained by the fact that

the two largest plants are British—owned.

11. Table 13 indicates that imports of paper and paperboard have grown rapidly in recent years. The tonnage of West African imports increased by 58 per cent from 1959 to 1963, yet the total imports were

not more than.44,000 tons by 1963 (excluding paper manufactures). Break down of paper imports (Table 14) emphasizes the low volume of imports

of industrial paper. Table 15 shows that imports ;.;f paper articles were more than doubled from 1959 to I963 and at 39,000 tons by I963

Coiuntry Dajaome'y

Gajabia

Ghana

Guinea

Ivory'Coasi? Liberia

Mail

Mauritania Mger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta

E/CN0I4/INR/IO8

Page9 :TABLE6 WestAfrica:Exports^ofLogsin1963- .3 m NorthernCentral ^AfricatAfrioaEasternSouthernWestern AfricaAfricaAfri«t 19,387

16,

\

EECRestofRestofthe EuropeWorld

575,230 ( 83,351 10,5^7

3,4248,340.1,332,31042,87079)850

5,264 267 - :

41

33,372 35,576

I,11

350,820147j54O27,2782,750

Total

721,895

1,518,865 6,242

528,429

Region35,912

3,424 8,419 2,263,624 274,028 117,615 72,409 2,775,431 .Sources:^/National Trade Statistics; FAO Yearbook of Forest Products Statistics: EEC Foreign Trade

Statistics,AssociatedOverseasAreaso

TABLE 7a

West Africai Exports of Logs by Species in X963rJ a/

Species

^iiE.f...J. '■Ai-ton soleroxylon

(obeoho; samba, wawa) Entandrophragma utile

(utile, Eii^oT

Enja_ndrophragma cylindricum (Kapele, abodikro)

Mimusop_s heckelii

(ina"kore

Entandrophragma angolense

(godu-nohcr; tiama)

Mansonia altissima

jQiaya iyorensis

(African mahogany)

excelr.a

Tarietia utilis (nyankom, niangon)

ciliata

Terminalia ivorensis

(idig"bo 5 framire)

(Kokroauaj

ifalnut, dibetou)

AntiariG africana (antiaris)

Guareace dra ta

^oentid, "bosse)

m"

Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria

-Ppg-^L

(a^ba)

(oei"ba)

balsamiferiim

52,026

64,690

30,785

22,456

18,284 48,971

10,811

4,158

25,053

2,008

19,413 1,796

324,035 343,415

420,729 196,567

116,013

85,589

59,87T

39,652

18,866

* •

1/

15,293

14,920

5,685

18,353

1»T78

28,506

4,465

49,1T6

2,664

7.13T

3.768

6,317 14,898

6,844

Total

1,079,487

478,440

279,610

146,798

109,823

77,892

77,477

64,342

50,463 49,176

25,688

25,053

24,438

23,182

23,033

14,898

6,844

TA.ELE 7a (Cont'd.)

E/CN.14/INH/1O8

Page 11

Specien Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Total

Entandrophragma oandelei

Tureanthus africanus

(avodire)

Afzelia spp.

(afzelia)

Sarcocepholus diderrichii (opepe)

Tsrminalia superba (afara, frake) Qjher speoiea ■

3?77O

738

3?O13

141

5,211

504

1,745 178,894

2,452

5,851

2,125

800

,296

6,222

5,949

5,851

5,138

1,445 187,940

Sum

721,895 1,518,865 526,429 2,769,189

Sourcos: a/ National Trade Statistics.

b/ Conversion factor: lt-l«37m .

c/ Included in other species.

TABLE 7b

West Africaa Exports of Logs by Species in 1964*

m3 o/

Species Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria- Total

Triploohiton soleroxylon 378,927 (obeche, samba, wawa)

Bntandrophragma utile

(utile, sipo)

62,904

Entandrophragma cylindricum 55,504

(sapele, abodikro, acajou)

Mimusops heckelii (makore)

Afrormosia elata

(kokrodua;, assamala)

Entandrophragma angolense

(gedu nohorjtiama)

Chlorophora ejcoelsa

(iroko)

Khaya iyorensi_s

(African mahogany)

Mansonia altissima

^mansonia.) "bete)

Tarrietla utilis

(nyankonij niangon)

Mitrag-yna oiliata (abuia)

Lqvoa klaineana

(African walnut, dibeton)

Guarea cedrata

(guarea, hosse) Terminalia i-rorensis

(idigbo, framire)

entandra

9 (ceiba;

Ant-:aris africana (antiaris)

Go sRwe ilorodendron

63,696

11,743

17,237

3,647

3,081

3,516

15,839

362,642 343,415

645,140

40,

4,

19,

782

928

947

143

127

110 ,060

,167

,130

102,775

54,460

25,931

23,452

23,019

14,303

5,685

225,440 18,353

1,778

4,465

28,506

45,404 16,898

balsamiferum

(agba)

49,176

7,137

6,317

2,664

6,844

3,769

14,898

1,084,984

713,729 299,297

183,842

132,095 131,855

107,240

92,202

74,045

71,697 49,176

36,715

32,850

29,199

21,147

19,608

14,898

B/CN.14/IFR/10&

Page 13

TABLE 7b (Cent-a.)

Speoies Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria7F

Total

Ricinodendron afrioanum (ee-esang)

TliiTaeanthus africanua

(avodire)

Entandrophragma candollei (omu)

Afzelia sp?_e_

(afzelia)

Saroocephalus diderriohii

(opepe)

. ^—ninalia superha

(afara, -frake

-:*her species

687

3,419

10,835

8,376

155

25 46O

3,171 63,871

2,452

5,851

2,125

800 7,296

10,835

9,063

5,871

5,851

2,280

1,285

74,338

689,208 1,936,465 528,429

3,204,102

Sources ^ a/ National Orade Statistics.

b/ Year 1963.

0/ Conversion factor; 1 t = I.37

TABLE 8

West Africa; Trade in Satmwood in 1961-1963

Country

Dahomey

Gajibis.

Ghana

Guinea

Ivory Coast

Liberia

Kali

Maiuritania

Kiger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

Upper Volta

Imp.

Exp, Imp0 Exp,, Impe Exp, Imp,

Imp.

Exp.

Imp.

Exp, Imp.

Exp, Imp,

Imp.

Exp, Imp, Exp.

Imp.

Exp.

Impfl Exp.

Imp.

Exp, Imp.

Exp,

Quantity 1000 1961

2.7 0.3

#t

* j

■ it

246 4,3

0.1

39

1.3

-

13.7

0.5

-

62 15.2

—

-

2-9

-

1.3

0.01

1962

2-9

0,3

*.

9 ■

264

2,1

0,02 49

a 0

2.5

4-8

0.5

-

663.4

13 = 4

-

* *

-

5,2

-

7.4

0a04

cu.m.

1963

4.5

0.1

237 ^

* ■

63

« *

* *

3.0

-

2,6

0.6

-

3.4 77 17.2

0.08

-

5,8

-

0.2

9.5

1961

80 5

• ■

11.

17,372

199

12

2,375

a >

# ->

83

—

647

43

-

550

_

-

87

-

92 1

Value US$1 1962

111 6

5

18,017

131

2

3;O63

• *

• ■

. 138

—

208

42

—

292 3,642 494

# ■

248

-

5236

T000

1963

155

2

16,257

. *

3,926

Is■

* ■

171

140

47

292

3,814

660 5

—

195

455

2Q

Region _Imp 42.0

347,3

42,2

379,3

46.6 1-804.5 2,189.0 2,115

377.4 19,753.0 24,734.0 24,033

Source^ a/ Yearbook of Forest Products Statistics %

Foreign Trade Statistics Associate Overseas Areas.

b/ National Srade Statistics figure is 267,000 cu.m.

9 WestAfrica

TABLE9 Exportsof_ggT.jTi'yop'l

s

Northern0-^.^vclSasternSouthernW AfricaAfrica.lfricaAfricaA Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta Hegicn

165 195

4430

3,225 9,294 17 18 4448

216 6,617 I65

UXRestof 26?8C1 37936?42614,5002,069 9,56251,583 47

711 Sources:NationalTradeStatistics;YearbookofForestProductsStatistics^ ForeignTradeStatistics,AssociatedOverseasAreas.

15 Ites-iof thoWorld 1,826 8,822 12,53613,06576,146224,S3929,58147?734

10 216 266f847

64,733

77,312

65

I65

*•

037,^10

19621963

1,3

fe Parole Board. A

Imp- 283 424 540 "l9 152 Exp. ~ ~ r,7r, o tin "i SP^ 17,820 2,330 712 2,430 1,^ Exp. 4,118 12,321 13,834

IraP'Exp.Imp.17,0^^.^^----"iz0Exp.

ImP* •' " ** "1

Imp. •• 66°

74

ImP-

Exp*w

Imp. ^4n~^ 21 52/ ^02/ 3302/ ■ lffiP; ^-^ Si ,?;S 4;S 4:S l.» r,65O l,«50 770 UC

Exp•-~__r

Lecne Imp. 1C0 70 15C •• •; iS' 73 78 105 - 25

n,Q,nl?,oti.rlljo'J^^r■^(--■■-''■v-n'1?,

2*53

>*

_

62C175

a•

31C30

**

**

»■

«*

1,300

850

*■>

135

- •<40■*

435

•*

#•

**

600

l,01C

58C

- i"br_s,

1°~

2,6₁ Bocrd18³²⁰736₆₅₀

•*

■•

,030643440

,00023c

190

"1963'

■•

6

3,020

695

••

•*

**

4,400

830

1,250

175

253

ofF=;vosx:e:.>-)cluo-oce'"ati2*^«i

IiiOiadii?3other^d.3<.

E/CN.14/IHH/108

Page17 TABLE11 a/ WestAfrica;ValueofTradeinWood-basedPanelsfrom196l-1963'S/ (inUS$1,000) CountryVeneerandPlywoodParticle.Boardand improvedwoodFibreboard 19611962

1963

196119621963196119621963 Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togc UpperVolta

Imp, Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp.1, Exp.3, Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp, Exp. Imp. Bxp.

T

790 .■ 116 42 m m 1 5 19 230 330 390 183 14 2

227 2,160 210 114 295 10

66/

133 1,060 3,628 386 124 14 7

32 27 2,270 174

183

143- 27- 22 666 2,902 417 282 20 82

204 35

108 1 *• 26

45 4 •• 20 1

314 39 *> •a 4512

266 •• 55 74

300 •■ *■ 172 52 - 9

701 47

87

52

684 45 37 79 18 13

486 56 105 13 30 RegionImp.2,0652,6701,973 Exp.4,1355,9035,355289148 1502 5451,041 5/nationalTradeStatistics?statisticalOfficeoftheEuropeanCommunities,associatedoverseas areasjYeartookofForestPrcductsStatistics,.

b/ Including other boardss

18TABLE12WestAfrica;ExportofVeneerandPlywoodin1963-3

UcrthernCentralEasternSouthernWesternAfricaAfricaAfricaAfricaAfrica EEC RestofRestofEuropetheWorld Total

Coast

Leone

Volta Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply-Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven,Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven*Ply-Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply.Ven.Ply. 604

117

Venc6041Ply.-132 106816 1721,200

2

65

49 50205 10711,732

1,07819,472 74379

337

10

84

172850108741,2791,28331,204716 2744022313,822

2,2102,81766

-21,025

2,2373,26422334,922

NationalTradeStatistics.

ountry Sambia luinea rroryCoast Siberia lali feuritania Eger. Sigeria '.negal "SierraLeone Volta TABLE13

I?-.;-_AIii2a: (Quantity of T_, ado in Paper and Paperhoard in 19^-196 *&/

tons

Page19 19591960 240 72 4,900 2,000 2>80O 200 (120)

(130)

31 11,009

5,800^/

372

loci/ 200^

Imports 19611962 248 86 7,958

(800)

1,751 360

(120) (130)

57 14,246

5,875

.419 794 199

7 1 18 5

226 38 ,720 800 ,888

(300)

127 134 58 ,399 ,370 542 648 311

218 34 7,214 2,200 2,155

615

188 149

87

19,264 5,299 471 369 474

27,974 33,043 ' 36,561 38,739

470 94 31,796 (2,000) 2,972 (600) 229 70 133 19,380 5,336 507 350 409 44,346

1-2 7-0 8.2

I960Experts .96: 3.0 1.1 8.0

2-5 11.0 3.0 4.0 15.1 17.5 Purees;aj

National Trade Statistics? Foreign Trade Statistics, Associated Overseas

YearbookofForestP-roduotsStatistics. Year1958-

Areasj

1962

"i9^r

30 27.0 57.0

2.0 0.3 35.0

TABLE 14

West Africa: Trade in Paper and Paperboard in I96O—62- 1000 tons

Country Newsprint Printing and

Ifriting paper Industrial Paper

I960 1961 1962 i960 1961 962 I960 1961

Dahomey Imports Gambia

Imports Ghana

Imports Exports Guinea

Imports Ivory Goas_t

Imports Exports Liberia

Imports Kail

Imports Mauritania

Imoorts

0.1

0.01 0.03

4-1 3.3

0.01

0.14

0.08

4.3 1.5 2.2 1,6

0.12

0,05

1.

0,14 0,14 0.15 0.32 0.34 0.52 ^0.

2.10

0.68

0.13

1.3 0,03

1.41 1.07 0.01

0.02 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.23 0.15 0.40

Imports 1'i^eria

Imports Senegal

Imports Sierra Leone

Imports Togo

Imports

_

5

0

0

•

.4

• 2

.2

•

6

0

0 .7

•*

.2

.02

0,01

5-7

0.3

1.8

0.09

5

3

0

*.

.6

.0

.1

•»

7

0

0 .2

* a

.2

.02

0.20

8.1

2.5

0.1

0.03

0.05 0.19

Upper Volta Imports

2.70 3.

2.00

4-

2,2

0,20 0,20 0.2

0.13

*

Region

Imports (10.5) (11.0) (12.5) (11.0) (13-5) (H.O) ( 9*5) (12.0) (12.5)

Exports - - - - - - °*01 °'03

Source 1 &/ ECA/FAO/BTAO Conference on Pulp and Paper Development in Africa and

the Near East.

.TABLE15 WestAfrica:1quantityofTradeinArticlesmadeofPaper

■ -and Pape'rboard frcin 1959-1963-', ■

:■i.Tons

E/CN.I4/INR/IO8

Page21 CcuntryImpcr-ts"Exports 1959I9601961196219631959196C19611962 Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCcast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta

(410) (73) (3,584)

500

(1,600) (536) (303) (143) (173) (6,046)

(3?O36)

(509) (417) (178)

430

(77) (45492)

1,215 1;61C

(527)

(303)

(143) (178) (7,251)

3,291 {666)

(644)

127

360

(83)

6,186 644 2,006

(521)

244 73 152 (9,988) 3,259

(845)

274 270

6 1 1

(10

3

443 85 ,162 7C7 ,999

,467 465

132 298

,550)

,017 89c 344 396

9 2 3

(1

(16 2 1

■435 104 ,063 b/ 707—-* ,442

,467)

6G3

(132)

426

,379)

,458 ,131 257 357

— - - - - - - - 7.c — 3-C - Region

17,513 20,954 24,905, 26,955 38,961

15.0 2.0 10.017.0

2.C 6,0 l.C 2.C 19.c 6.0 36.0

1.0 1C.C 2.0 1.0 l.C l.C 4.0 82.0 2.0 18.0 122.0

12.0 101.0 86.C •* 2.C 1.0 202.0 ources:

i a/ National Trade Statistics; Foreign ^rade Statistics, Associated Overseas Areas; Yearbook of

ProductsStatistics.::■ b/IncludingPaperboard.

Forest

were very high as compared with imports of paper and paperboard, The value of imports of paper articles in 1963 was US$ 26.4 million as

compared with US$ 12.2 million for paper and paperboard (Tables 16 and

17).

12, The bulk (22,500 tons) of imported paper articles in 1963 consisted of paper bags, S3,cks, "boxes and cartons (Table 18). Envelopes amounted

to 1,470 tons and exercise books, registers and other manufactures of writing paper to 4*090 tona.

13* Imports of furniture, trood manufactures and matches are given in Tables 19-21. In I963, th-3 value of the imports of these products

(excluding metal furniture) was US& *J»6 million,

14« Population and GDP figures uaed in this paper are the pame as used

in the ECA/FAO Study Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa (see Annex l)«

Three alternative assumptions have been made with regard to the growth rates of per capita GXEP per annum:,1*3j 2«0 and 2,5 per cent. .

15* With regard to paper and paperboard, the basic assumption is that per capita consumption will increase in accordane-e with the per oapita GDP, but that income elasticity of demand gradually decreases as the per capita. GDP increases. The statistical procedure adopted has been described in the FAO study World Demand for Paper to 1975 and in Secre tariat Paper I of the iSCA/.M.O/BTAO Conference on Pulp and Paper Develop ment in Africa and tht Hear East,

16» Estimated demand in. West Africa for paper and paperboard in pre sented in Tables 22 a and 22 b "by three categories of paper and paper- board: newsprint, printing and writing paper and industrial paper and paperboard. Estimates by countries? presented in Table 23, are rough

approximations onlyo At low inoomo and paper consumption level developments

Country Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Mali Mauritania Nigeria Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta Region

TABLE16 WestAfrica;ValueofTradeinPaperandPa-perb_oard_in_J.959-196^ 1000US$ 1959 60 20 1?339 488 1,318 78

(40)

(20) 26 3,547

1,722?/

119

143^

8,965

I960

^Imports 1961196J-963

69

17 1*780 500 376 116

(40)

(20) 20 4,366 1,179 147 360 41

48 15 1,913 509 552 100 42 24 36 5,593- 1,166 204- 110 71

1, 5, i,

58 13 856 850 503 I84 76 23 56 964 182 175 80 99

86 22 2,804 (800) 718 (180) 59 17 42 5,910 1,224 209 74 75 9,03110,38311,11912,220

0.4 5*0 5*4

2.0 0.3 5.0 1,5 8O8

/

Page23 1959I9601961 1-5 3*0 1.0

1962 3.0 5.0 8,0

1963 5.0 0.4 0,2 5.6

Sources:a/National Trade Statistics; Foreign Trade Statistics Associated Overseas Areas; Yearbook

ProductsStatistics. 1958.

ofForest

24

TABLE17

WestAfrica:ValueofTradeinArticlesmadeofPulp,Paper

and Paperboard from 1959-1963^

US*1000

ImportsExportsi96019611962

1963

I960196119621963

Coast

Leone

Volta (230)

41

(2,007)

213(1,060)(300)

(170)

(80)(100)

3,386(1,700)285

■234(100) 23343

(2,516)

594

1,066

295(170)(80)

(100)

4,061

1,726

373

361

110 25648

3,019

4931,367(300)

17492

116

5,7431,782

486

243191 325

46

2,988

709

1,485

518

300139208

5,697

1,749461285

288 31560

3,506

1,559^

2,186(518)

417138

478

8,599

1,583

594

193

265

0.2 2.07.01.0

6.0

2.0

9,90611,72814,31015,24726,4118.216.082.0 3.06*02.0

14.

CSJ

,0,0 52.0

-2,0

15-03.0 1.01.02.03.022.0

-1.0

1.042.0 3.040.040.0

■.

1.0

1.085.0

&/ National Trade Statistics; Foreign Trade Statistics, Associated Overseas Areas; Yearbook of Forest

ProductsStatistics.

b/ Including Paperboard.

TABLE18

E/CN.I4/INR/IO8

Page25 WestAfrica:QuantityandValueofImportsofSelectedArticles

of Faper and Paperboard in 1963^

Country Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea—' IvoryCoast

t-v • */

Liberia-^ Mali Mauritania

<Js/

PaperBags,Sacks Boxes&CartonsEnvelopes Tons Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpierVolta

6,129 1,454 474 22 298 12,683 986

(311)

64 109

ExerciseBooks Registers,etc. &otherManuf.of WritingPaper 1000US£Tons1000US$Tons1000US$ 2.2(12.6) 1,702572 427 50 11 ■* 389 4,451 417 105 26 39

127 183 9 .. 1,050 121

(164)

19 17

8.4 329 •• 129 77

(63)

1,871 •■ 812 465 92 •• 660 98 106 29 21

70 (1,488)

645 (369)

115 120

42 989 •• 752 233 108 •• 53 997 492 247

84

97

MainCountries ofOrigin U.K.,Austria U.K.,~W.Germany Czechoslovakia, France Prance,W.Germany US,Sweden,Neth. France,Czechos. France UK,USA,Sweden Prance,S.Africa Frnace,USA Region22,5367;6192,2751,4666,1104,094

Souroe: a/ National Trade Statistics b/ 1962-

TABLE 19

Country

Dahomey Gambia

-liana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia

.i-'Iali

Mauritania ITiger

-■igerxa

Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

Kogion

West j

I960

(1)

(240)

32

430

(250)

606 326

••

••

81 959

725 90

64

210

4,013

(2)

226 29

1,037 (240)

417 48O

••

• a

130 4,188

650

265

35 160

7,857

Africa: Imports of:

(1) Wo (21 Metal Furniture

1961

(1)

(106)

26

664 (240)

992

♦ •

(100) (304)

93 1,051

627 264 67

182

4,716

(2) (1)

1000 us 3

(103)

42

1,096

(223)

605

**

(90) (300)

113

3,565

649

306 40 153

7,285 4

(90)

22

257 (166)

963 673

I64

(261)

101 736

546 237 93 437

,746

1962

(2)

38

404

(150)

571 68.3

73

(260)

211 2,341

530 329 21

171

5,927

od Furniture and

1960-1963^/

1963 (1)

' (112) 36

272

■•

668

167 (147) (170)

666

424 243

105 215

3,221

(2)

(110) 53

287

*•

53

33

(147) (171)

1,769

231 244 27 126

3,256

Main Country of Export

France, Ic. Coast UKj Denmark

vf. Germany UK, USSR

W» Germany, USA France

Ivory Coast

UK, tf. Germany USA

France, Poland UK, France France, USA France, Senegal Ivory Coast

i

\

Sources* a/ (l) National Trade Statistics, (2) Statistical Office of the European

Communities, Associated Overseas Areas,

TABLE20 WestAfrica;ImportsofWoodSimplyShapedorWorkedandWoodManufactures

1963^ (in 1000 US $)

E/CN.I4/IKR/IO8'

Page27

Wood Boxes, Builders Picture House-

SimplyCellular„,JCooperageWood-and ShapedWood'Productswork orPanelsp.(DoorsFramessils Workedm,~etc.) ThereofJ

hold MirrorUten—

DomestxoTools,„, r,ttA-iSpools, orOrna-Handles,^'

mental Shoe ** 7 Articles Lasts s

^{Other Articles}

Total ofWood Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea IvoryCoast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta

aa 30.5 aa .■ 12.2 ** 1.2 a.

378.4

13-3 aa 11.7 2.0

0.03 0.05 0.02

2.4 4.9 •• 9.0 72.1 0.02

at 164.0 .. 5-3 71.2 0.2

•a 2.3 a• 10.7 70.7

85.9

* 5 ■ 3 a a

a •7 . .1 a ■

a 2 5 0.3 * •9 aa -2 21.4

69.5

.. 13-C 7.6

4.3 0.2

6.6 11.5 1.6

82.3

19.c 14.8 28.2

(

2 . 0

••»c .2 . .1

..45 8 0

•6.•• .0 .„ .4

*9#* 27 7 9

.)

al •7 .0

11.6 19.8 4.5 25.6 4.0

3-7 '26.0 5-9

•• 69.2 •* 45.1 111.7 3.7 •• •• ••••J 57.8 ■a •. 7.6

59.0 32.9 266.6 •* 126.3 325.7 97.3 131.0 15.0 554.5 232,1 41.0 47.2 59-1 Region449.30.1199.9245.2313.911.162.463.5

65.5 36.4 295.1 1,988.3 Sources: aj National Trade Statistics b/ Including veneer sheets.

TABLE 21

West Africa: Imports of Matches 1960/63^

Country

Dahomey Gambia

Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria

Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

Region

Sources: a/

I960

60 30

584

•*

15 78

36

' 1,00*5 1

-

167 (190)

2,165 2

(1) National

1961

..

71

371

• ■

74

202

..

113 ,196.

-

249 288 236

,800'

O^rade

1962

■ 1000

: 97

212

« *

32 98 204

..

97

■(1,000) '

0.2 162

■ 159

121

2,182

Statistics

•

1963

US $ ' ;

,.

100 ■

523

• ■

22

..

108

• •

. ■

1,059 ■

0.1 227

" 173 188

2,400

Main Country of Import

Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary

Japan, Hong-Kong

France, Sweden

Ivory Coast, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Czechoslovakia, Finland, Prance

Sweden

Sweden, Yugoslavia Ivory Coast

, (2) Statistical Office of the

European Communities, Associated Overseas Area.

E/CN.14/INR/1O8

Page 29

TIABLE 22 a

West Africa: Demand for Paper and Paperboard 1960/62-,

1970, 1975 and 19 80^/ V

1000 tons

1960/62 1970 1975 i960

Newsprint 11 27 48 89

Printing and

Writing Paper 13 33 56 1Oi

Industrial Paper

and Paperboard 39 91 133 jgg

Total Paper and

Paperboard 63 151 237 376

a/ ECA/BTAO/pAO Conference on Pulp and Paper Development in Africa

and Hear Bast, Cairo I965.

b/ Including Portuguese Guinea.

O&BLE 22 b

Vest Africa: Projections of Paper and Paperboard Consumption by 1975

Requirements by 1975 __ ,. *

Consumption r —- : Medium

in Lower Medium Higher Estimate

I96O/1962 Estimate Estimate Estimate Index

7 (1960=100) *

Total paper and

Paperboard 63 150 236 375 265

4

- Newsprint 11 41 4g 6o 22g

- Printing and

Writing Paper 13 46 56 65 - 232

- Industrial paper 39 63 132 250 295

E/CN.14/lNR/lO8

Page 31

TABLE 23

West Africas Demand for Paper and Paperboard 1960/62 and 1975

1000 tons

* Country

1960/62^/ 1975

Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

0.7

0.2 13.3

1.3

3.8

1.4 0.5

0.3 0.3

28.3 9.1

2.2 0.6 0.6

3.2 1.0 43-3

5-9

12.0

3.1

5.0 1*0 3.7 123.0 21.0

6.4 2.7 5.1

Region 62.6

236,4

Spuroei a/ Based on ECA/FAO/BTA.0 Confere»«fc «c Pulp and Paper Development

in Africa and Near East 5 National 5rade Statistics.

in certain industrial £jotora can greatly influence demand for industrial paper. As an analysis of demand "by sectors oi economy lu>.s not "been pos

sible, it is emphasised V-~t tlia country estimates are to "be considered to..present only the magnitude of demand, In a country, such as Ghana, which is aiming at rapid industrialisation actual consumption may grow faster than estimates based on past data may indicate. It is to be noted that domestic production of paper pulp? paper and paper manufac tures may influence consumption various trays. Where imports have been restricted owing to the shortage of foreign currency, domestic produc tion may "bring about rapid growth of demand. On the other hand, examples can be found where inefficient domestic production^ with high prices and low quality; has prevented normal expansion of ]_■:-" or consumption.

17. Income elasticity of the demand for sawnwood has been taken as 1 for all other countries but Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia and Nigeria which are wood surplus countries and where considerable sawmill industry exists or is being developed,, In the wood surplus countries demand for sawnwood is expected to increase at a rate corresponding to an income elasticity of 1»5- This consumption brocdly conforms with the detailed FAO wood consumption surveys in seven African countries.

18. Demand estimates for satrmrood are presented in Table 24. Again' it must be stressed..that .demand estimates, for individual countries are approximations of the requirements levels only. Studies by consumption

sectors are needed to produce valid country estimates. - ■ . ..

19. Implied in the estimates is the cssumption that during the period to 1975? prices of eavnwood will remain more or less constant, both in relation to the general level of prices and to that of competing materials. Actually in some areas where new or more efficient sawmills are being developed pr-icec for cara;;ood may be reduced.

l/ In conformity with the study an income elasticity of 1.5 have been

used for Ghana and Nigsria which will hardly have any surplus of sawnwood by 1975, as discussed in Chapter IV< Consequently, it

might have bean better to edopt an .". :mo elasticity of about 1.2—1.3»

Page 33

TABLE 24

West Africa! Demand for Sawnwood by 10.7^

Country

Dahomoy Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania tfiger Mgeria Senegal Sierra Leone

J.OBO

Upper Volta

Total Consumption in 1000 nr -_in

15

1 238 22

65

22 13

0.3

1 261 37

15

6 9

.Demand in 1975 in 1000 m^

Higher Estimates Lower

Es t imate s

25

1.6 576

19

138 40 22

0.4

1.4

636

59

25

10

15

Medium Estimates

27

1.7

622

42 149 44

24

0,4

1-5 683

64

27 11 16

Medium Estimate Index

b

30

1.9

668

45 160 47 26

0.5

1.7

736

68 29 12

17

183

170 261 204 229 198 I85 143 150 262

173

181 188 174

Sources: a/ Based on EGA/FAQ Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa.

b/ The index refers to estimates before rounding.

20. It is of some interest to note that Ghana with 7 million people consumes nearly as much sawnwood than Nigeria with 55 million people.

It is obvious that the much higher per capita consumption of sawnwood in Ghana as compared with Nigeria does not depend upon the higher per capita income only but is also influenced by the relatively well developed sawmill industry and by the fact that a large part of the population

of Nigeria lives in Northern Mgeria which has very limited sawlog resources. Development of sawnT-rood consumption in Ghana and Nigeria has been rather stagnant in recent years while demand in Ivory Coast has increased at a higher rate than presented in Table 24. !-?hile the

tentative demand estimates in this study are hoped to be useful for

indicative planning, no doubt more detailed demand analysis by countries, considering also the supply pattern, is needed before making large

investments in the sawmilling industry*.

21, Income elasticity for wood-based panels (veneer, plywood, fibre- board and particle board) has been taken as 2.5 for all oountries which

is in line with historical data and expected income ranges. Demand estimates are presented in Table 25- As wood-based panels are subjected to considerable internal substitution, no breakdown of demand estimates into the various categories has been attempted in Ta"ble 25- As West Africa already has a rather well established plywood industry, as well as very considerable potential to expand the production of plywood

(including blockboard), it is likely that plywood will predominate

consumption of wood—ba^edpanels in West Africa, Moreover, correctly glued and insect-proofed, plywood is a technically suitable product for the humid climate of much of the region. With increasing plywood production a wider range of plywood types and grades will become avail able, and in some countries lower prices might become attainable.

Demand for wood-based panels will be influenced by the development of the furniture industry which has promising prospects.

22, Demand for primary forest products by 1975 ^as been summarized in Table 26,

Page 35

TABLE 25

West Africa: Demand for Wood-Based Panels

i*&l

Country

Dahomey Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Liberia Mali

Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

Upper Volta

Total Consumption

in 1000 m"3 in

. 1959/60.

0.5

0.1

n 12.0 0.9

3.7

2.5 0.5

•,

0.2

17.9

3.4 1.6 0.6

0.5

Demand Lower Estimates

1.2 0.23 33.6

2.2 9.0 5*1 1.2

. *

0.50 51-0

7.8 3.8 1-5 1.2

in 1975 in Medium Estimates

1.3

0.25 36.2

2.4 9.7 5.8

1.3

. •

0.54 54.9

8.4

4.2 1.6 1.3

_—k—-f, i^i.

1000 mJ

Higher Estimates

1.4

O.27

39-1

2.6 10.5

6.3 1.4

• a

0.58

59.7

9.1 4.5

1.7 1.4

Medium Estimate Index

(1960-100)

260 250 302 267 262 232 260

m ft

270 307

247

262 267 260

Region 44.4 119.0 128

139

²⁸⁸

Sources. Based on ECA/PAO Timber Trends and Prospects in Africa,

TABI^E 26

ffest Africa: Demand for Primary Forest Products by 1975

Unit

Consumption

1960/62

in

Requirements by 1975 Medium Estimate Lower Medium Higher Index Estimate Estimate Estimate (1960=100)

Sawnwood

Wood—"based panels

Total paper and paperboard

Newsprint

Printing and writing paper

1000 ou.m. 705

1000 ou.m. 44.4

1000 tons 6^

1000 tons

1000 tons

- Industrial paper 1000 tons

11

13

'39

1,590 1,712 1,841

118

150

41

46

63

128

236

48

132

139

375

60

250

243

288

265

229

232

295

E/CN.14/IUR/108

Page 37

CHAPTER III

TEft FOREST RriSOJRCES

(l) Bioclimatio Classification of Western Africa

23.. For the purpose, of. this, survey, the West. African countries comprising this sub-region consist of the following1, grouped according to the

• classification adopted' in the .JCA/FAO study Timber Trends and Prospects

* ' in Africa (TTPA).

Group I Guinea

Sierra Leone - Liberia

Ivory Coast Ghana

Nigeria

These -countries contain significant areas of closed high forest

(practically three-fourths of closed high forest of the Guinea-Equatorial

belt, however, fall within two countries of the Central African sub-

region, viz. Congo (Leopoldville) and Congo (Brazzaville), considered in a separate study).

Group II A Senegal Gambia Upper Volta

Togo Dahomey

* These countries are practically devoid of high forest but contain appreciable extents of wooded savanna.

Group II B Mauritania Niger

These countries are also devoid of closed high forest and contain appreciable areas of sub-desert steppes and desert.

24. The following Table 27, taken from the TTPA (brought up-to-date in respect of some countries), illustrates (l) the position re the total forest

area in relation to the total land area and population distribution and

(2) the extent of the closed forest in relation to the total forest area.

TABLE 27

West Africa; Area of Forest in 1958/1963

Group/Country In

Group I Guinea

Sierra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast Ghana

Nigeria Sub-total Group II A Senegal

Gambia Upper Volta

Togo Dahomey Sub-total

Group II B Mauritania Mali

Niger Sub-total Total West Africa

Forest area million

ha

1.0

(2.3)

12.0

13.7

31.1

65.7

12.2 0.4 8.0 2.2 4.4 28.2 10.0 4.2

(14.0)

28.2 122.1

In % of land area

4.1

31.9 58.3 37.5

57.6

33.7

60.7

40.0 29.2 39.3 4C0

8.62/

3.5*/

(11.8)2/

Per inha bitant

0.3 1.1 4.3

3.7

2.0 0.6

3.9

1.4 2.2

1.5

2.3

12.6 1.0 5.0

Closed In million

ha

O.aS/

0.3*/

5.4 8.0

2.5

9.4 25.8

-

-

-

)

) 0.1

0.1

—

-

25.9

forests In % of forest area

20.0 13.0

96.4 66.7

18.2 30,2

-

-

-

1.5 '

-

a/ Area of forest reserves.

b/ Area of forest reserves and protected forests.

0/ The corresponding ratio to land other than sub-desert or desert is as

follows* Mauritania - 30.0 per cents teali - 6.0 per cent? and

Niger - 29.8 per cent.

E/CT.14/INR/108 Page 39

25. To get a better insight into the actual trend towards the production and consumption of timber and processed wood and the future supply and consumption projections up to 1975, it iB m0Pe realistic to differentiate between sub-regions as recognized in the TTPA, preferably on a bioclimatic or ecolopical basis. Table 28 on page 40 which does not attempt to be comprehensive, is part of a tentative outline bioolia.atic classification 1/

which takes cognizance, also, of the sub-groupings for Western Africa adopted in the TTPA (vide Chapter II, page 25, also Tab.es W-l and W-2).

This classification is of significance since it is closely correlated with the results and forecasts of the TTPA. The l,aP aftor page 40 illustrates the distribution of the respective vegetational types for West Africa according to the classification.-^/

1/ Tliis classification (and the information which follows) w=s oont=i-»-d in secretariat Document ^AO/Africa Timber Trends ConTeLloe - 65/8

entitled "Progress and Prospects of Kan-made Greets in t

'tl 7 Pff^ f°r thS mt

Conference on

"c ob"r 196Or°T? " A?1Oa hSld in :Ialr0M' Ke^a °" 27 September October 1965. Its usefulness was endorsed by the Conference.

2/ Vhis map is mainly based on the UltSCO Vetetation map rf Africa

kiiT?il&Ya?u&eB a^°the ihithiy hLimid f-est.ir r (relerence l) map.

TABLui 28

Bioolimatio Classification of Western Sirica

/"based mainly on Phillip's—' (1959) Vegetation kap of Africa—^ (1958)

and Aubreville—^ (1958) 7 •

Countries grouped

Bioclimatic Zone Main Ve^etational Types according main zones re- •

, presented

Is. Highly humid forest 1. Moist evergreen forest at low Congo (Leo)

and forest savanna and medium altitudes (below Congo (Brazza) raalu1^

rosaic 1,000 m.) ,

2. Forest^savanna mosaic ("de- Cameroon (Upper and i-^t) rived"^savanna), coastal and Gabon

lowland types

3. Mangrove formations (edaphic) (email sections ox V^est and.

Mid-West Nigeria,Angola,

* Liberia; Sp.iDq. Africa)

1b. Humid to sub-humid 1, Koist serai-deciduous forest Nigeria ("rfest, Md-ltest,

uTnVtiTeT^ 2. forest-savanna mosaic (mainly f-t), Ghana, Liberia,

iiBainlj G^megy "dprived"S/ sav^na) bierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Sudan savanna-7) aeiivcd^/ ^v.nna) Central Afr. Rep. (part),

Guinea (part)

2a. Western sub-humid 1. Savanna woodlands with abundant Gambia, li. i\Ti^Gria? Central

to sub-arid savanna Isoberlinia doka and I. Afr. Rep.(part)5 Guinea,

(oahol savanna) dalaielli (part), Senegal, Jppor *

2. Wooded steppe with Acacia and Yolta' To^°' ^^^^

Goriimipnora

2b, Sub-desert to 1, Bub-desert steppe Mauritania, l-:ali, Vigor

desert , Chad m

d. Deesr'G %

References:

l/ Phillips, J. (1959) - Agriculture and .-_oology in Africa, Fs/ber & ?aber, London, 2/ Vegetation Kap of Africa published under auspices of Association pour I1etude

Taxonomique de la flore d'Afrique tropicale, with the assistance of iJI^SCO, Oxford University Pressy I95B-

3/ Aubreville, A. (1959) -Nomenclature des formations forestieres africaines

Second Inter-African forestry Conference, Pointe-'Toire, 1$58, C.3.A.

Publication, ITo. 43, Vol. 1.

_/ Chevalier, A. (I9OO) - ies zones et les provinces botaniques de l'A.O.J.

Comptes Rendus de 1'Acadeir.ie Science 130.

_/ Keay, R.lv.J. (1957) - An outline of Nigerian Vegetation (third edition)

Government Printer, Lagos.

VEGETATION MAP OF WEST AFRICA

CARTE DE LA VEGETATION DE L'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST

■w, .. r S3 G A a 70 N C SIERRA

Dtllrl

SuDdesert steppe

Wooded steppe with abundant Acacia and Commiphora Savannas woodlands (UnditferenTicled relatively dry typesi

" i< With IsoQerlinia aoko & 1. dalzielii

]) D«»ert

2 ) Steppe sufjdesertique

^J Stepp* DoisM oi/ac abonOonce dr Acacia et Commiphora

Q Sovoni, boiw'a d. typ. ..c, non differences

Qj - ■■ Peuolees d'lsobeetinia doka et d'l, datzttrili

tunditlerentialed reloiiveiy moi»t typts) (fi Non differenciees et relativement humid Forest-Savanna Mosaic

Monione Communities (jnOifferentiatBil]

Moi*i Foreit at low and intdium oltitjdes Coasiol Fores I —Savanna mosoic Montane Evargrean Forest Mongroves

[ 7 ) Mosaigue fofBt-savanei

f 8) Communautea de montagna , non diffarancia'ai

^9) Fo'«t dense humide de basse et moyenne oltituOes MO) MosaVqje cBtiire Foret sovone

MM Fori\ dtnta iamp*rvir«nta da monlagna [|2) Mangroves

I 1

initaness finally dttarminvd and th«ir isprDducrlon dati not imply oftleW •ndsritminl or accaptanci by tin —- UnlHd Nation i.

Oani cirta itlin

CART-M-66-22

(2) Humid Forests

(a) Highly humideforest and forest-savanna mosaic

26. It is important to distinguish "between (l ao) the highly humid or true rain forest and (l b. ) the moist semi-deciduous forest, as these

are important differences between their potential and actual productivity

and their methods of treatment. The former type .(1 a.) is associated

with a high humidity and annual rainfall generally over 2,540 mm (100 ins.).

It .is. most extensive in the Cameroon, Gabon and the "two Congos. In West Africa it is more localized, being confined to the coastal areas in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria and is often

associated with specialized edaphic conditions associated with freshwater swamps. In West Africa, with the possible exception of the Nigerian type, the chief indicator species are typically Cynometra ananta; Lophira alata

and Tarrietia (Heriticra) utilis, with Leguminoseae generally pre

dominating u ■ , , .

27. The forest type has poorer height growth (generally below 45 m.) and fewer large trees than the semi-deciduous type though richer in the pole stages and regeneration, Single species dominants are often

characteristic of these i'orests 5 ©•&'• in Liberia species of Cynometra, Gilbertiodendron, Konope-calanthus, Parinari (also in Sierra Leone) and Tetraberlinia,. The impo-^prt point to be underlined and one not often realized, is that the stocking of species of commercial value is low and as a rule these are not present in very large cizes., In Ghana, Mooney

(1959) nas shown that trees of" 4.6 m- (15 f, ; '; ) -irth and over in the rain

forest only occur at 10 - 20 per cent of the frequency in the semi-

deciduous forest and the same apparently holds for the other countries also.

28. Also important is the fact that the rain forest is more or less co

extensive with the oxysol zone of highly leathed, comparatively fertile

acid soils (Brammer, 1962, Ann, 1960).-- Under these conditions, utiliza

tion has to be dependent largely on local consumption,' The maximum

1/ Brammer, H. (1962), Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana, pp. 88-126 and Aim, Peter (i960, The tapping Classification and Interpretation of Ghana

Forest Soils for Forestry Purposes, Proceedings Fifth World Forestry Congress, i960. vol. 1, pp. 506-517*