The development of food processing industries in West Africa

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KEN OUT L lITED

ElcN.14/D~R/7' 21 July 1964

Original: ENGLISH

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DOCUMENTS OFFICE

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~~lrED NATIONS

ECONOMIC

~OCIAL. AND COUNCIL

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ECONonc CCMllISSION FOlt AFIUC"

Conference oh Industrial Coordination in West Africa

Bamako (5 - 15 October 1964)

THEDEVELOfME1~T_Q!"_ FCXID PROCEESING, INl)UST\UES IN ,lEST AFRICA

Note by the Secretariat"

1. The general economic case for paying early attention to the food proce~sing a~distribution.,industry may be eumnardzed as follows:

(i) Family expenditures on food tend to rise and absorb a large part of incomes through se~eral levels of economic development;

(ii) In west ltfrica, the rate of growth

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population and of urbanization reinforces this factor;

(iii) The failure of food supplies in _sufficie.~ variety and quality tends to induce a growing response of supp.Iy t.hrougn imports at a time when development plans on the one hand and an exigent supply of foreign exchange earnings make it essent.La.L to confine foreign exchange expend-

itur0 more and more to durable capital imports and capital s~rvices.

The answer appears to be a great acceLer-at.i.on of import substitution;

(iv) A compr^. ehensfve approach to iln,'0rt substitution would require projections^{I . . ,} of country and sub-regional food balances related to growth rates and the distribution of both population and income, indicating also areas of actual or potontial surpluses or def~citsj evaluation of areas of food deficits would include proposals for locatLlg strategic industries and developing large industrial complexesj evaluation of areas of potential surpluses would require field studies to determine areas of optilnum col1C€Iltrati9D-<:>f-resJ:mrces-focf.ood production and processing;

GE.64-9313 64-3222

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The de'v~lopnemt; of food processing and,dist!'ibution industries would provide

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an Hadditioqal out,le;t for employ,nent as well as a st imulue ,for improvement,~:'

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the quality and variety of ,agricultural food products;

(vi) The deveLopnent; of food processing industries would offer an oppor-tunft.y . for making contributions towards correcting nutritional imbalance, especially in the urban work force and school going population.

(vii) Finally, the prospects of the land-locked countries of West Africa vis-a-vis the coastal c0untries::in regard to the location of industrial plant s suggests_{., . ... .-.".}

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that the natural r-eaour-ce s for food production and processing of the land- locked countries should be fully exploited in order to provide some balance ,in SUb-regional economic development and to provide the land-locked countries

with the means of exchange with'the coastal countr-Ies , For the purpose of this Note, however, at.t.errtd on will be mainly given to the,savannahzone, Le., the southe'rn belt of t.ne Land-Locked countries and the northern :belt of some of the coastai countries.

2. The accelerated development of food industries ona sUfficient scal.e to meet sUb- regional needs would encounter a number of general probl~s, some of which are discussed

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in the following paragraphs.

3.

Production

It is worth rioting that 'some of

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items of food consumption which tend to rise most sharply during perIods 'of rapid econcihic growth and which, where d~estic ^supplies

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fail, have to be met by imports, are more easily produced in the savannah, zone than in

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the coastal fore~t zone, viz., sugarcane, tbbitcco,cereals, meat, dairy products and some vegetable 011seedsi 'liThe' lmiddle'beltI of the'Guinean savannah fringing, the

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Guinean forest zone has bet.t.er-" rainfRll but poorer soils generally"while the more inland Sudanian and Saheiia..'1~avar.nahsand steppes t.end to' have bet t.er soils but less or less

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reliable rain" .,' ThesE' natural advantages can only be fully exploited by a progr-emme

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of concentrated investigations covering soil; 'water and animal resources. The object

or'thi~

investigation\10uldbe 'to identifJ' areas' capable of optimum application of

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resources, for the product.Lon of specific commodities to serve sub-regional needs.

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Africa Survey (1964) _{~ \fe,,~} Africa - Part 1. ^{' -....'", .",}

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E/eN .14/TNR/76

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It is known that a great deal of work has already been done and the first step is to

"3semble and review thG data in t.h.. light of sub-oegi onal, market possibilities. This Ll".y need to be supplemented by P. combined soil and water survey using airborne ond ground survey methods. Simultaneously there would be required a surveyor work done en the mos.t, promising var.i.et.Les of wheat , sorghUlns, maize, rice and other savannah zone

f . cereals from the pbint of view of processing as well as propagation.

4. In the case of meat and dairy products the corresponding review would include:

the distribution of endemic animal diseases, current work on pasture and aninla! nutrition, the prospects of location of plants producing aninal feeding stuffs and transport.

Here also the object is to deternline the possibilities for large scale ranching! meat and dairy complexes dasigned to serve growing urban needs in the coastal countries.

5. Proposals relating to the development of fish resources, animal by-products and to Impr-ovements in the pr-epar-at.Lon of rp.w mat.er-ia.Ls for processing are dealt with in paras.

17 and 18 below.

6. An iJnportant aspect of ir::port substitution of food is the maintenance of supplies.

In other words, the vagaries of r-asporise of small scale producers may have to be under- pinned, in some cases, by substantial nucleus plantations operated on modern commercial and scientific lines.

7. Processing and Packaging

Two

reports recently prepared by the '/,0 on tobacco production and cigarette manu- facture,and on gr-ai.n ml1ling in l~cst Afr1cP. br-Lng out very clearly two of the major, problems of processing. The first is the tendency to lnvest capital in machinery_.. and to

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adopt processing methods which are inefficlent. In cases where the machinery was applied to milling imported wheat, no t.echndca.l, problems arose but attempts to apply it to local wheat and other cereals .immeuf.at.eLy led to dlfficulties. Clearly intense research is needed if the utilization of local grains is to develop extensively. Since the ideal is to produce grains ofs'ltisfactory nutritive value, of mar~etacceptabilityfor further processing and of reAsonable milling characterlstics, ~t,would appear that a proces~of

mutually interacting research and developnent is urgently required. The centre lnwhich such .reseRrchand a~ptatloniscarried out could also, provide documentary and advisory services on grain milling and processing •

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E/Cl". h/IJ>rd/76

g. In the case of tobacco what was most s t.r ikang was the inportance of raising and standardizing the quality of Le af'~ This would .i.nvo Iv e considerable research on leaf varieties, cultivation and drying met.hod s , and in leaf classification, accompanied by an adequate extension service. The problen of standaro_s of Taw products for processing

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affects, of course; a wide range of other pro~u~ts than tobacco. This leads directly

to a consideration of standards in an o t.he r c«spect⁰

9. The development of modern food processing industries in West Africa has been based mainly on national markets. In a few cases such as the production of concentrated fruit juices, plants have been set up to meet export demand. ^In aloost all cases management and supervision have been entrusted to specialists inported for the purpose. The

development of food processing on the SOBle now envisaged raises, however, the question of measures to ensure a high level of sanita~ion and prevention of hazards to health in processing, packaging and transportation. Two reasons may be adduced: first, the expected development will take place in areas 1n which the medical and public health services are seriously underdeveloped and where 1e53 exacting standards of sanitation than would be appropriate for the manufacture of fo06 products are normally to be found;

second, the production and distribution of processed foodstuffs on a sub-regional basis demands the confidence of populations beyond the nacional frontiers of the producing unit. The difficulties of framing appropriate legiel~tion ~nd designing machinery for its enforcement are formidable, but it see~s obvioUJ that they would be even more

formidable, if large-scale food processing is left;( develop with little or no constraint, to irtpose these at a tiwe when vested iiJ.;'e!,Qc,t" woux" have been built'q:> which regard the

status ~uo as satisfactory to them,

10. On the opposite side but also associated with p roc e sr ing are the opportunities i t offers for correcting nutritional imbalanco t.hrougl, ;-'lixtures and food c.dditives. These opportunities deserve examination particularly in rvlation to institutional feeding at school ~d in the f~ctory. Here current research i~ West Africa can, with very great long-term benefit, be strengthened, taking acount of recent successes in this field in

Lat in America.

11. The sub-regional design io'plies the movoment of processed foods over long distances.

In the hot and humid conditions of West Africa this is a factor of great importance from the point of view of the economics of production and distribution as well as of real waste.

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It is therefore not unreazonable to recoonend that close attention should be paid to current researches i~ advanced countries on Dodarn methods of food preservation or to propose that devs l opment :of educati on and training in refrigeration technology should accompany further expansion of the food processing industries •

12. Associated with preservation and directly linked with transport is the question of develdping not only ueans of packaging which are most suitable for the climatic conditions and long distances in West Africa, but which can be produced by industries based on raw materials which are available in the sub-region. It is sufficient to note here that the commonest packaging materials are tin plate, paper, glass, fibreboard and plastics, and that increasingly tha last two have been extending their share of the packaging market.

13. Transport

Since the principal ob ect of developing food industries in the savannah zone is to provide supplies fbr the sub-regional market, located mainly in the coastal zone, it follows that gr eaf in"'b.::rc;"rt iouab. cc a.t-cached to development of the upper reaches of the North-South transport system. Ideally, a wider penetration, at less cost, of the coastal markets could be effect-ed were systems to develop (in response to overall sub-regional needs) which are roughly diagnonal to the main northern centres of production and processing. This ccnsideratio:l may be less important if reliance is placed mainly on air :tro.hsport.

14. Whichever form of transport system develops, equal interest must also be attached to the level of efficioncy of the systernandits corresponding reflection in transport costs. Since proces"ed food products have to be retailed in units of small value, high distribution costs per unit can Irapcas severe limits on ua.rket, expansion and, in cases where -t.he sub-regior-al rnarket is protected,. can, cause a marked reduction in real income with Consequences which do not Qeed·recapi~ulationhere. Since the River Niger offers a promising outl']""; Eor <-: ^"j rfo:L:"~~j.-<,c'J"~~l. movemen-t of goods, e.t.t.en-t.Lon is invited to the

estimated reductio,", L:i a li ght.Ly over 50 per cent of the cost per ton/km i f certain rua"or improvements of this waterway were effected.* As implied in paragraph 12 above the problem of transport cost3 is likely to be accentuated by the need for special forms of transport of foodstuffs, partly because they _ar~ perishable, partly because distances are long and clirnat;.c c ondi-ti cns conducive to rapid deterioration and partly because technology and econo..u c a dictate the bost, means.

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15. The Coastal Zone

So far this Note has been confined to the prospects and means .of development of food industries in the 'northern' savannah zone. In the coastal zone there has already been a reQarkably vigorous development of food processing, e.g. milling of imported

wheat, br~weries, processing of root crop products, 'soft drinks, alcohol, cigare~tes etc . • These industries have the advantage of being located where the bulk of the market is to be found. Precisely the same proble"ls of transport and distribution, facilities and . >

costs have impeded the expansion of their market northwards where they also encounter the markedly lower level of per capita income: "Nevertheless, even under the asseumption that food consumption is not significantly higher among wage-earners and cash crop

farmers in the coastal countries than in the predominantly subsistence areas in the hinterland, the difference in per caput purchases of imported and locally produced manufactures is such that it warrantsth"generalization concerning the difference in

income levels between the two groups of countries".* If therefore the 'northern' zone is to benefit from the development of food industries in the south and thus further

contribute to sub-regional measures to advance import substitution some effort is required to cut down south-north transport and distribution costs.

16. There are, however, great opportunities for the enlargecent of the existing

industries and for the introduction of new ones to take advantage of_opportunities which a sub-regional market would open up. But it must be borne in mind that· the same basic requirements set out under 'Production' and 'Processing and Packaging' would have to be met.

17. In one respect the development of food industries in the coastal zone has failed to exploit sufficiently a remarkable natural resource - fish. The sub-region in spite of recent development in a nt:mber of coastal countries continues to expend considerable foreign exchange on La r je .irnporbs of processed fish in spite of the existence of vast resources of deep sea fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea. In order to exploit these resources sufficiently to replace imports and to provide for additional growing demand it is considered that there should be established as early as practicable an Iilstitute of Uarine Biology and Ocoallography. This Institute would be linked with existing or newly provided institutions for fishing and fish processing. It would also be required to establish a sub-station in an inland country, possibly on the River Niger, to study the

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problems of development and e1<ploitation of inland river fisheJ;ies. . It should be linked with institutions set up iJ;l. c.onnexion with the development of the resources of Lake Chad.

The Institute. should ~lso be entrusted with research. into the design and production of fishing craft and gear. It is recommended that a review should be made of existing facilities for training in deep water fishing.

l~. S~arl of R~~~endations

1. The establish@ent (following a review of existing facilities in the sub-region) of ao least two Institutegdealingwith the processing of agricultural products, mainly for icod and dealing with all questions of food processing ",ethods, nutritional aspects of food processing (including additives), preservation, packaging, transportation, etc. One of these Institutes should be located in an inland country and should pay particular

attention to meat and dairy products, other anioal by-products, processing problems

(ihcluding mixtures) of varieties of wheat, sorghum, maize and other savannah zone cereals.

2. The expansion of one or two existing centres of manufacture of animal vaccines on a commercial basis to serve the sub-region as a whole.

3. In view of the tendency for tobacco consumption to rise as income and urbanization grows, consideration should also be given to the possibility of establishing a centre for tobacco research and 1evelopment, possibly in the Ivory Coast.

4. An Institute of I;jarine Biology and Oceanography to accelerate and place on a scientific basis tIle exploitation of the rich West African deep-sea fishing grounds.

A sub-station u-~ 'the Institute should be located in an inland country along the Niger River to work .n fresh water fisheries. The Institute should also be closely Li.nked with work on the de, eLopmerrt of 't-he Chad Lake fisheries.

5. A sbudy of the trr ospect r: of expansion of sugar production and manufacture in Chad.

6. A study of the present status of the animal feeding stuffs industry and of the

economics of production and ~istribution of animal feeding stuffs in the savannah zone of the sub-regi'm. This study to be, associated with current work on pasturage and animal 7. A review of the possibilities of cattle ranching, meat and dairy-farming complexes ia the sava~ah zone of the sub-region, associated with projects 2 and 6 •

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refrigeration technology.

11. Review of current agro-biological research on savannah zone cereals, and on pasturage and animal nutrition.

12. A study of the problems of instituting and enforcing food legislation in the sub-region.

J. An investigation of the possibilities of production of sacks using locally grown

~terial in the savannah zone, to meet the needs 0f the sub~region.

9. Intensification of soil and water investigations of the savannah zone, with a view to determining the best locations for large scale production of agricultural food

products for the sub-regional market.

1"C. Review of the need for sub-regional facilities for education and training in

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FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN WEST AFRICA

by

Melle Th. Zwankhuizen

EAO Regional Agricul tural Engineer for Africa FAD, Rome

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IP4ustrialization in General

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... Industrialization usually starts in one of three waysl

lucwith .the processing for export of primary produots (agri- .., "; cut tl.!Xal or mineral) which were previously exported in a crude

.ri . state; or . ,

Ic'·L~^•. '2.::"l'1ith manufact.u-ing for an expanding home market; or

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J."withthe manufacture for export of light articles often ,.'.'!"baaed 0'11,imported raw materials.

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Mil.

te:dal~ for Exports":'

The main difficulty 1n the way of capturing the processing of raw ',iIlat$Td.als and,thus of getting the consuming countries to import a finished ... produc,t:, inats'ad c,f"its raw.material, lies in the superiority of the,

oonaumingoountrie.s aa oentres.'.for manufacturing.. Thia superioJ;'i tycia

L :c'base'd on long :experience and alao on the scale and variety of· their manufacturinginduetriee, which is the secret of efficient prcdli.ot:ion.

In this competition the developing countries usually rely on two

""advantages:

(a)' low labour co at s ; baaedvon low wages, and

(b) an advantage'.in transport cost, if the material loaes weight in. the course of processing.

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Low wage.s are not the aame as 101'1 labour costs. In compariaon with :" :·,j.the "industri<Hccuntries labour cost is lower in the developing countr-Lea

only:if the difference· in wages. is great enough to offBe.t the, difference in productivity •. The result varies very much from industrY,to industry, but

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there are a great [l"~lj- o ccupatdonc where the advantage in wage cost lies with the developing aount~ies. Thin advantage then helps to offset the disadvantage ~" ",~or co et s l;iggiJr fu~l bills greater coet of supervision, 'gro:ltcrcost of maintaining equipment, .et o, , which every industry in a developing countz-y has to bear.

T:i.J.e li~tuliLov~ v:: 10'.~ ::'c.."b~~~ cc ct s:'f:Jctting the disadvantage of ope r-at Lon in a nDll-il::iuntrial environment is greatest where labour, Qost is a substantial <;,lc",ont. i!:_..!:Dta! coot. This is partly a function of the ra tio of Labour- t.o cap^i,tal in the induotry.-- I f an i:iperation;llO',ii&:m-ormed mainly by:machinerywith only a oQall element of .labour, i t is almost certain. to cost mo ne iii t::," dovo Lopd.ng courrtz-y than in the industrialized

,>C oountry, because tEe c,,6'O D1 buyLng , erecting,

and

maintaiiung machinery

is higher. in the ~cvelQpiniS countI'y.. Low. Labour' cost is most helpful in industrien where'the a~Dunt Df capital used per head is small. Since the processing of _{l',ca '}:,r raw, rnaterials is' usually very intensely mechanised low labour cost iu often not sufficient tD o~fset the environmental

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d.Leadvan tage of :..~~.3.::. :::':',l:'~:3..c-';,;u::'i.uge

It 'is, morou,;;'"lly an advan ta.go iE t.ranspoz-t costs which de'cisively f'avouns the pr.)ces,,::',,;; 0": :':":-I·cc,t3ri3.1n~" the spot. This advantage arises in the' 'case·oi? tho", ..·, raw IL:ltioric.l s which' lose weight, in the prooess', of manuf ac tuz-e , .!F'or example' it is C'l~upcr to transport sawn' timbe.r-than the eqtt5,7aler.:i; 10g3, steel ·than thCo' e".'llvu:;'en'G iron',ore, sugar than -the

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a.nd so on?.. ^{-~ "}

One ra:..; m:,.!:,e.r-~ ^{Jj. '.} :.c11 jJJ al'tzayo lost in the process .of manuf'aofiur-e is fuel. If f'uo L in :""3iJ,,!)JG side by cido with the material which is to be purchased, the 'procludng Gc:mtry ha<, ";hus a double advantage over all

consuming C01.'LGr:'..0~ ^{',!hiu11 do}

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havs their own fuel.' A sour-ce of fuel is not always iElpe-'<'",,' ':' r'9ria~:~'G come commod.ities supply their own fuel in the form of

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f act"rie3', CO,,"',] mills andpalni oil factories are usually'self-'c;cu:r:;'d,cn'j inf)iol,",_Hp"'\'i.y.er" wher~,coal or oil ha,s,tobe burnt

a raw mat ...~-::,ial .I'::"C::'...i.,:::,:..n~ 'Ct-ut.L'tTy··.i'£, :.t

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disadvantage if i t-..is· short of

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these commodities, because the process~ng of raw materials frequently makes heavy demands on fuel. These de~ands may be so heavy that even the weight losing material ^CcS carried to the 'fuel instead of the fuel to the material.

In spite of the faot that i t takes four tons of bauxite to make one ton of aluminium, the bauxite is usually carried to the fuel and not the fuel to the bauxite. Similarly iron ore is more usually carried to coal than coal to iron ore.

The decisive factor locating the processing of raw materials is thus, to 'summarise, usually not low wage cost, but' loss of 'weight in the process of

manufacture.

Tile 'ifbme Market

ManUfacture for the home market 'shares 'the problems of processing for export, arid has also additional problems of its'own.

There is the same disadvantage of manufacturing in a place where fuel is c.ostli/':',engineering service expensive, public utili ties inadequate and so on, and there is ,the sam~ offsstting ,advantage, in some occupations at any rate, of having low wage costs. The transport factor, however, is different;

the principles are the same, but the consuming market is now 'at: nome 'instead of, overseas. in the oontextof tha West African developing countries, where fuel has to be imported"tue transport factor may be summarised as follows:

Local mariufacture 1s favouredln two cases:

(a)' i f tl1~'industryuses a heavy raw material whioh is e:vailable on the spot, local, manufacture is protected against imports to the extent of the cost of transporting the raw material, or

(b) i f ,the manuf'ao tur-ed commo dd. ty is more bulky than the mat,erials of which it is 'made there is

a

similar protection whether or not the materialsthemsel ves have to be imported.

Local manufacture is at a disadvantage in two cases:

(a) if the raw material has to be imported, and loses weight in the process of manufacture, the transport factor favours production in the 'country which has the raw,material, or

(b) ' i f fuel requirements are large. The cost of transporting fuel is, eliminf'ted ,when commod,i tJes are made where the fuel is to be found.

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T~anspo~t cost has little relevanoe:

(~) '~f the raw material has to be imported, but does not lose weight or aCQuiro bulk in the process of manufacture. For then transport cost is more or less the .uame whethe r the country imports the raw material or the finished a~ticle.

(b) if fuel ~eQ~irements are small,

Apart, however, from environment, wage cost, and transport cost, the Prospect

at

manufacturing for the home market is dominated by another consid- eration, namely the size of the local ,market in relation to the minimum size at which production can be done economically.

The size of the local market for manufactured articles, dep~nds, given the size of the population, up?n how rich or poor the, people are. In ponr countries the lucal, market for many manufactured goods is very small because the people spend the largest part of their income upon food and housing, and have only a small surplus available for expenditure on manufactured items, Most of this surplus has to be spent on cl')thes, and the clothing industries are almo'ilt"the only ones which have any chance of success.

l!anufacturing for Export,

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The countries which are best suited to capture export markets for

finished commodities are those which pOSS8SS cheap fuel and weight losing ilia t,- erials. There are, however, countries which have built up industrialization on, tha baS}B of exporting, without possessing these advantages. Japan, Hong

~ong, and Puerto Rico are outstanding examples. Lacking fuel and raw

materials these countries have concentrated on importing raw materials which are light in relatiqn to their value (so that transport costs are small)

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and which use little fuel in the process of manufacture. Textile fibres, rubber, leather andilaper are the most amport an't rna terialsin these

ca tegorie:s.

A country which lacks advantageous natural ,resources can compete

effectively in foreign markets only

On

the basis of low labour costs. This way of earnjng a livelihood appeals, therefore, only to oountries where

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the population is so large in rleation to its natural resources that even the least remunerative occupation must be fostered.

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^{II. THE} IMPORTANT ROLE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE IN· THE OVERALL DEVELOPMENT OF WEST AFRICA

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The Importance of Food in General, and in Developing Countries in Particular Health "ndeffioiency, and oonsequently the development of a country, depend more On the food eaten. tha~ upon any other single factor in hygiene.

Oood food La the first necessity of life, as much to a community as it is to. an. individual.

Information available from very limited dietary surveys, though inadequate in giving very reliable information, can, nevertheless, serve "!..s .very broad guides., They indicate· for instance· that there is not serious over-all shortage of total calories in the diets of most West African countries.' People tend to take enough cassava, yams, coco-yams, sweet potatoes, maize, guinea cor-n, and millet in their food. In the more urban areas rice" and bread,are also supplying an increasingly signifioant proportion of the '. caz-bohydr-a tefood.

IIhi~e the total food intake, in _g~neral, appears adequate, people in West Africa take insufficient protein foods like beans, oowpeas, meat, milk, fish and eggs in theirdiets. This shortage of protein food is more

pronoll.nced in areas where meat and milk are not

~vaiiable

and where more root crops than grains'_a;'~: gr-own, since grains contain considerably "lore proteins than the roots.

A full-grown adult male requires about seventy grams of proteins in his daily food intake, thirty grams of which should be from animal sources in the form of milk and meat, frsh or eggs. The estimated amount of animal protein at present consumed in the West African countries varies between threo and ten grams per person per day, the overall average having been estimatod at about f;Lye grams., It can therefore be said that the shortage of animal proteip is. ofa widespread and serious nature throughout West Africa, except to a ~rtain extent in the COastal belts and the river and lake areas where

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fish is seasonally abundant.

Since proteins from animal sources in the form of milk, meat, fish and eggs are more expensive than cassava, yams, coco-yams, maize, guinea corn and millet, the distribution of these foods varies considerably among the

~rious income ,'groups.

It is in the case of children that insUfficient protein intake shows . itself most prominently and'dangerously. It leads to retarded and stunted

growth in the children, and in extreme cases may oontribute largely to the clinical conditions known as kwasbiokor, which is widespread _~ong African infants.

The death rate and the viability of the young is a useful index for assessing health in any given community. 'Reliable figures for the infant mortality are nct available since compulsory registration of'births and deaths is not in practice except in some big towna.' Even here the figUres available must be taken with much caution since widespread evasion of registration is practised. Available figures, however, reveal that the

infant mortality in the West African countries varies from country to oountry, and ranges between 86.and 428 per 1,000. ~hese fi~es of high mortality rates show that the West African infant has poor life expectancy. There is not any doubt that with better food for mothers and infants they would be better able to withstand the attaoks of the many trqpioal diseases.

Even in Cases where these diseases are cured, thoo~ sc kept alive are still unlit and feeble because of malnutrition.

While it is the practice in t~e more technically developed countries of the world to wean children from their mother's breast on to cow's milk and

-

^{' ,}

other speoially processed readily disgestible food,African infants are, in general, weaned onto the diet of their parentswhiqh is known to he deficient in good quality protein.

..

The extremely serious condition into which this'laok of 'suitable protein food places most African children, is one

of

the strongest reasons

why there should be a rapid, arid well-orleri'tated development of krrican ^. '

<

E/CN.14/INR.76 Aimex '

page 7

agriculture. Since cow,Smilkistlie most imp()rtantf()od'f.or.t~"healthy growth of the child, agricultural 'development in this 'direction 'as ,well as in the production of good quality meat from cattle, sheep,'"goats, pigs and poultry, and the increasing of fish p~oduction and improvement of smoking and drying processing methods is as urgent and. important as in9reasing the production .9ff()od,s,nd cash. crops.

The RoTe of Agricul turein 'Developing-Countries

•' I~

The size of the local market for manufaCtured goods depends on how rich or poor the people are, and since in most West African countries the local market for manufacturers iavery smal'lits development, +'herefore, depends essentially on improv<-:le -tho C"'Coduotivity of other.economf o. act"ivi ties •

."' .

As the income. derived from a"riculture, mining and other activities ,grows, the local market for manufactured cornmodities also grows "autlillllatically, and this is what makes poasi.bLe the creation cf f&ctory industries catering for a local demand.

From this point of view the most usual path to progress is increasing efficiency in the production of food. In very poor countries nearly the whole of the popula~ion is required in agriculture, just to produce enough ,food for the country. A~ efficiency in food prOduction gDOWS, the proportion

needed to produce food diminishes. In fact the simplest index to producti- vity in a country is to ask what proportion of the population is needed in

"!iricul ture to pz-o duco e"1oc,sh food for the whole countz-y, In -the richest oountries such as the United States and Australia the answer is 12 to 15 percent, whereas in developing countries 60 to 80 percent of the people are required inagricul ture to pr-oduce a standard of feeding hot half as good astha t which the more efficient countries produce' wi th only 12 percent of

, .""

their population.

Ever increasing producti"{i ty in.agricul ture affects manufacturing faVOur- ably in two wayEt. First, 'IS the farmer's prcduction grows, he has '~n ever increasing surplus to cffer in exchange for manufactured goods; ~

increasing productivity in agFiculture means an ever increasing market for

~~~~---_.

__ ._--_._----,---

;> , '

:El!

ON .l4!INF. 7<;

Annex '

page 8

manufacturers. Secondly, as productivity grows and the proportion of the population required in food production falls, labour becomes available for manufacturing industries.

In unenlightened circles agriculture and industry are often considened as alternatives to each other ;., the truth is that industrialization for a home market can make little progress unless agriculture is rrogressing vigorously at the same time, to provide both the market for industry, and industry's labOur supply. If agriculture is stagnant, industry cannot grow.

The most certain way to promote industrialization in the West African countries is to lay the foundation it requir8s by taking vigorous measures to

"raise food production per person engaged in agriculture, this is the surest way of producing that large and ever increasing demand for manufactured goods without which there can be little industrialization.

There are two ways of increasing production per man in agriculture.

One way is tc increase the yie11 per acre; the other is to increase the number of acres worked per msu.

To increase the yield per acre is usually the cheaper way. It first requires that there should be research, to bree~ the most productive seeds and livestock to, determine appropriate crop rotation and to disoover the best use of fertilizers. However, although research results and the Freedom From Hunger Campaign Fertilizer Program have shown the use of fertilizers on

certain crops to be profitable in terms of increased yields at prevailing village prices, there is still the question of what will happen to the prices of these crops if average production is increased substantially by the use of fertilizers. I f there is no outlet for the increased production, crop prices will probably fall. Thus it is likely that before cultivators will use

fertilizers they will need assurance that they will profit by doing so.

This means that the usually poor transportation, communication and marketing systems for produce should be improved. Crop prices shovld be fairly stable and should tear a reasonablo relationship to farm costs, including,the ODst

~of' fertilizer.

•

..

E!CN.14!INB.76 Annex

page 9

The crop marketing system should ensure that a remunerative share of the stabilised price reaches .the farmer instead of being absorbed by distributors and speculators. The farmer should also be provided with fertilizer in the right form, type, and season, and on terms which make ,··it possible for him to ucs it •

.The Departments of Agriculture in most West .African countries have done some work in the abovs-mentioned spheres, and have made the best use of. the scanty resources at thei~'disposal. But, in One sense the surest way to

industriali~etheAfrican countries would be to increase the resources available to the Departments for fundamental research into food production, and then;' as the results become available, to multiply considerably the funds available for extension work 'in the villageS, and above all for· _tr~ining and demonstration ,lhich should also include the field of processing of agricul- tural products.

.

^.

Mechanized Cultivatlon in Developing African Countries

The number of acres a man can work is a function of the amo~nt of equipment he has at his disposal. In some areas, where conditions are favourable, the use of the bullock and the plough are being taught, thereby multiplying by about four the amount of land that a family can cultivate in one year.

Elsewhere there are experiments in meohanical c~ti,vation. Sinc~

agriculture in Afrjca is normally practised by rather poor peasants ^01"

small plots,~eohanizedcultivation is an extremely complex and difficrult problem. Perhaps the greatest improvement in mechanization can be brOUght about by pi·cking but the best equipment already in use in cther countries atld·adaptingthis equipment to conditions and customs in developint

countries. The peasant working a small farm consisting of a number of fragmented holdings can have little use for powered equipment; even if he

could afford it which hi often cannot, in fact, he may be unable to afford . even ahimal power. Moreover, where there is ample family labour, improve-

ments in the immediate future will be best brought about by developing·

E/C/$-l4/Il,ffi.76 Annex

page 10

better tools, simple annimal powered equipment and actual methods of work.

'.

Only when there are good employment opportunities off the farm, which oould absorb some of the labour force, will mechanization in the usual sense reaily be efficient.

In terms of man-hours, the cost of cultivation on smallholdings is ^BO great that the economist assumes that mechanization must reduce the cost of production, increase, yields, and enable the ftarmer to undertake the

oultivation of a larger area. To reason thus is to make an entirely wrong appreciation of t.he situation. The curx of the matter is that many holdings are. so small that .me charu aat i cn is quite impracticable. Furthermore,

mechanized cultivation does not increase yield per acre, in fact yields are less than on a carefully cultivated.holding •. It also does not follow that

the cultivator will wishtq have a larger area, or even that a. further area of suitable land is available for him to develop. Finally, where fami~y

work is involved, costs are not related to man-hours, but only to actual out-of-pocket paJ~ents for services or materials. The smallholder may,.

'~"

however, welcome mechanization to obviate "bottle-necks" in the cultivation operations, or to al]ow him greater opportunities for pursuing other

activities.

In Japan the approach to thi~ subject has been realistic, for they have been concerned with catering for the needs of smallholders by improv- ing existing machinery and introducing oomparatively light-weight powered maohines at a price r-oaeonabLy iwth.:1.n the mear.s of, groups of farmers"

The cost of machinery-fer mechanical cultivation is usually beyond' the means of the individual farmer" In fact, the small use the farmer would make. of an implement in a year might not justif.y its purchase.' Machinery

oannot be employeQ enononically unless it finds full employment. Eventual mechanization in agricul^tur-c couLd^{j ;}therefore, best be undertaken on a contract bapis. These are only a few examples, but it shows clearly that mechanization is a -conp.l.ex nrob.lam which ·requires thorough study and

investigation in aVery indi'ndua] casc.before any equipment is ordered, or before LmpLemerrt i.ng a new .schsmo,

E/ CN •14/J:NR, 76 Annex

page 11

,FJ;'QIll many ,pQ:i.ntsof 'l'iE\W , therefore, eventual progress in mechil.nized ou; ti va.tion w,iU "be slow:, being intimately ,tied .Ln with many ,{)theraspects

..

of development such as training of sta;ff for maintananceand so on._{. ,'. .}

III. SOME COMWJON PROBLEMS IN TID: PROCESSING . OF AGRICULTURAL .PRODUCTS

FACED BY A NUMIl.'8R OF WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES

i ;

Palm' Oil and Palm Produce

Ind:i,genous processing metjlods.f,o,r palm oil vary from oountry to country,_.

- :.

but in general the e:x:t;r,action ;is between 30 and 60 percent only.' An,'

r£f ' ...- .' ' . " _ . . '

improved Lnda ge noue method for bhe pr-o ceaafrig of palm produce> whichi's' being developed, wo~~ increase the extraction to some 85 per cent. The ,improvement is mainly brought about by a new type of .hand-operated hydraulic' presswhioh can deal with 400 Lbs , of digested fruit per hour , The adoption .of this' improved processing mei;hod inj.the palmoilp:;:-oducing oountires,Nigeria,

Oamero~s, ;DahQl)ley~ Togo, Ghana"Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone; Guinea and8enegal WOuld \>.eOf great,eoonomical advantage, .sinoeon the .avanage

sODle, _~O percent more oil, oould be, e:x:tracted from an .equi,valentw.._,~:ght offruit.

Coffee

E/CN•.J,4/:mR.76 Annex

page 12

can be processed into a coffee with:good taste and appearance. Picking, therefore, should-be very selective ·sincenot all coffee berries mature at the same time, and it takes several pickings before a crop is completely harvested.

In processing removal of the sperooderm (silverskin) is very difficult from the beans of green and .black berries, and from slOWly dried berries.

This is the second reason for the normally unpleasant harsh taste of West African Coffea robusta.

In the independent West African countries, where there· are areas with excellent· conditions in which lowland uoffee can flourish, it is discouraging that practically all the coffee consumed is imported. The production of coffee Should, therefore, be increased and proper harvesting and processing methods introduced:. Ccff ae could also be reasted and ground locally and there would nO doubt be scope for firms looking for new fields of investment, to establish coffee roasting, grinding and packing plants. Such firms

could make ·coffee equivalent to the best imported coffees by roasting, grind- ing and packing a blend of properly processed local robusta green beans and irn- ported arabica green beans. The local mar.ufacture of instant coffee might also be possible in the future.

Rubber

Nigeria, Camerouns, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Liberia are countries in West Af'ricawhich grow rubber. Rubber grown and processed on plantations is as a rule Qealt with by firms that have adequate machinery and implements at ·their disposal and are. staffed with experienced su-peri visng personneL It is, however, the local smallho~ders' rubber industry, which is carried on by indigenous peasants, where field and processing operations leave much to be d.esired, and where improvements.are urgently required.

On most of thesmallholdings ts.pping is carried out daily b,)1 means of multiple (mostly three) cuts in a "herringbone" pattern. Practically all

trees are full of calluses caused by careless tapping and bark consumption is exoessive. The great problem in tapping which confronts the smallholders is

..

-

.

.mnsx page 13

+0 plan such a system which, while giving the best yield of latex, will enable ',,,m to conserve the bark and will not impose a strain upon the power of his 'tre'es. Theory, experiment, and practice combd nevto show that these ends can

only be obtained by a system which at most "do e s not exoeed the apparent equivalent of tapping on one-quarter of a tree cvery day.

From 'the above it follows that a first step in bringing about improve- 'ments in the 'smallholder~'rubberindustry is

to

introduce a suitable tapping , system and to teach tappers how propei' tapping '';ithout causing injury tc the

cambium should be done.

Further requisites are cleaning of the, tapping pane L,' the use of sui t- 'ible spouts, and the cleantng of them, the use of wire cuphange r-s or cup

nails 'to redU:ce the 'length of the tapping channel in orier to keep the percentage of ti'eEl' sCrap as low as possIble, the removal of the scrap from the tapping cutbsforethe tapping operation, the placing of the cup in

po sitio'n below' the spout after the tappizi~opbration is completed, so that the latex is not oOntaminated with bark particles andShav:1ngs, ,the introiuction of aluminium latexoups 'tristeai of halved coconut shells, the use of an anti- coagulant in the cups, the use of clean pails for collection and transporta- tion, ea,rlier co'llection to prevent the formation of lumps, proper straining

"net di.Lut a on with,clea,n water, coagulation in clean pains', or tanks, milling , 'wi th proper machinery provided with spray pipes and washing trough, washing

and, dripping pf wet sheets, the .use of improved smoke-houses with good

ventilation, and proper inspection, grading packing and baling of the sheets.

ib.oe

Rice producing countries in West Africa are Nigeria, IV0ry Coast, Char ', Ghana, Liberia, sierra Leone, Guirt:e'a,'Se'negal, Mali and Uppe±- Volta. In some of these'cOuntri'esthe paddy {sparboile'd, in othetilllot~ Parboilirig has

".' great advantages since it increa:se's and mitritivc"v;'lue of 'rice corisiderably, increases the :~ksistal1ce to insect and f~gi infestation and reduc~s ^the .>leroentage of breakage during milling. It is,

th~refci:r~,'

of great' importance that' pa'I'boilil1g be introduced throughout the rice producing oourrtz-Las in West

"'-'.

...._..--.-...__...

_-_.

r/cN·'_4INR.76

.i::...nnex l)age 1tr

Africa. Although parboiling has such great advantages, the primitive way in which parboiling and drying is normally done on the other hand has too many disadvantages.

Since almost every producer parbo~ls and dries his own paddy, there is no uniformity in ~uality, hardness and moisture content, which in general reduces the price fetched for the commodity as it makes efficient milling practically impossible.

Practically all paddy in th& West African countries is mUled in the so-called "Planter: s Mill", which machine combines the complete milling operation, viz. husking, Whitening and polishing. The "Planter's Mill" as such is a good machine for milling small ~uantities of paddy from small scattered plots, but milling of considerable_. ~uantities of paddy with these_{. '} machine is most inefficient, and results in great losses of rice .and

valuable by-products. This type of machine (When milling parboiled paddy)

. ,

turns out'approximately 70 per cent of millen rice (whole ~ain rice mixed with broken·rice), and approximately 30 per cent of coarse bran.

Coarse bran is a composition of ground husks, fine· bran, polishings and a small percentage of broken rice. Since this mixture oannot be graded as there is no mechanical device to separate the pulverised husks from the other valuable by-products, the bulk is simply thrown away, and part of it is used as manure. Coarse .br-an, normally.wasted so far, contains 33 per cent of fine bran, which is a valuable foodstaff for pigs and poultry, There is also a huge calorific potential in the paddy husks now normally being wasted.

..

Summarizing that in most of the West African countries the present

method of parboiling ~nd milling is most inefficient, resulting in an inferior

. > . ' "

qual~~ of rice With a high percentaes of brokenaand a quality with ponr resistanoe to inseots and fungus infestation, and apart from that there are the high potential losses in fine bran for animal feeding and paddy husks for fuel, it isob,nous that ways and means should be sought to improve the

present mehtods of procass~.

EjCN.14frinl'76 .hUuex

page 15

'In order to impro\'eihemethods Of proce~;ing, and to determine what will be required io modernize the outdated

ineff:i.~ient

maohinery, it has already 'boen r-e coramended for E'astern Nigeria to

est~blish

^a

rio~;rooessing

oentre with a view to oolleoting teohnioal data and training "iooal

p~r~onnel

..n~!lded)·Qr thefurth!l:r' implemontation of a modern effioient rioe pI'ocessing : ,indust,...,. , ^{. I~}

A .similar 1Jnited"Nations SpeOial FubdPro jeot, either on a

oo\~t;ry

^or

regional basis might also be the s<:llution to the problem in the "other rioe producing countarl.e.s , '..' , .'"

C§8sava andCass'ava' Produots

., Although caaaavaiand itl> products is not an ideal foodstuff, it is 'very ,PClPular .in Nigeria, ,Da.hQme;r., Togo, Ghana and Sierra Leolie.

.':':.'.

Gai'i is most popular 'hi the' Wesiern and Eastern Region of Nigeria, and

. . ' • iii ~ ,.

in Dahomey it is the ae cond f'obaetuff afto; maize:" In Ghana gari is

£;I'adu.a+J.ybeing ,replaced byoe~ala arid in &ierraLeoneoaseava'is'cbnsumed in the form, of fufu.and:.boiled .raw caaaava; ^':·i.

o •' . ' • _

'P-roc~Bsing'ofgariinihose c6untries where it is still a popt,U~r ^food-

stuff ra' normally done in a mOst inefficient way wi th..)e;ry little or no

iii

profit. Partioularly in Nigeria, Dahomey, and Togo, i t is of paramount .•.;importan.oethat improved methods of prooessing ahour d be il.dopted to trans-

formJh~""importantrura.1industry into'an officient'industry with reason'"

i'~I

able ,earning pO'lsi;biliti,es.·

.Present niethods of gari processing should be improved by adopting some

'-.C,'j ::" .•- " i. ' .:,: . . . , .' ;- . , ' " : ' " :^{i .'}

simple looally made mach.i neir-y and equIpment , and the Governments concerned should encourage the establishment of gari prooessing plante with a p~~due- tion of one ton of gari per.day or so~e 300 tons. percyear. .a.n 0assava' growing areas.

The, fire:\; pl'l"ntshould be a pilot plantIri whioh practioa;l' experienoe

"

;P~H}'4.·be. ^gained. During the ilii til11 'opera tieD' 'Period of thisplaht eventua.lly necess~rlJlodifi·qa:tic.ns,shouldbe ca.rriedout, and fUll dataoh "the 'oost of

E/CNcJ.4/INRt76-

Annex '

page 16

plant and cost of production be collected. A final design should then be prepared and the Government should encourage the establishment of such plants on a rural industrial scale, and work out a scheme for financial assistance if and where reqUired •

. Where production of cassava is sufficient, or where the consumption of cassava and its products is gradually being replaced by cereals, ·itis also reoommended to build a pilot plant for .~he processing of .tapiooa flour and eventually for tapioca seeds and pearle.

The prooedure for the tapioca pilto plant should be identical to that for the gari pilot plant, and after a final design has been prepared th~.

Government should encourage the establishment of ·such plants on ..a rural - .

..t indust.rial. scale. Simultaneously, with the introduotion of improved methods and facilities for. the processing -of cassava produots, and the establishment·

of gari and tapioca flour processing plants, attention should bs paid to

. . . . i . ..

'tne'methods and techniques of cassava cultivation.

Yields.should be increased by .all meansfand it is suggested that the Departments of Agriculture should ;j.ntroduce. and distribute higb. yielding·

planting material. Fertilizer field trials should be carried out and . practical advice and instructions, based on the results of. these trials,

should be given to cassava growers.

A large tapiooa factory, with a prorl.uction of theorder·'of

25

to 40 tons of dry flour per day would, however, ~equire its own scientifically

operated plantation to secure a steady constant.supply'of raw cassava.

Possibilities, for such industries exist in. Nigeria, Camerouns, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and probably Sierra Leone.

Copra

Copra is being prOduced in Nigeria, Dahomey, Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast, but it cannot be termed as a big industry compared \'li th other agricul'tliral products. Upon studying the position,however, it ~s clear that there are higher potential possibilities. The lack

of

knowledge of proper processing methods and poor facilities r-esu.I ting in. an inferior quaE ty of'coprQ ."

.

^,

page 17

and consequently the low price fetched for this commodity are the main reasons for low production. In most of the West African countries the bulk of the coconuts ani' sold and 'consumed as fresh nuts, and a rough calcul'a- tion shows that at a low price for poor quality copra people actually'lose when processing copra under present conditions. To improve the quality of

~opra, to adopt utilization of constituents and by-products of the coconut, and to improve cultivation methods in order to increase production, it is required to:

Harves~ matur-e nuts at intervals of 36 days and to adopt the time-saving method o~ "spike husking".

After the nuts are split, and left to drain for some time, the meat should be processed within a p&riod of four hours to prevent the setting in of deterioration.

,During days with sufficient sunshine the half nuts shouikd first be sun- dried for one Qay, after wnich the shrunken meat can easily be scOoped out of the shells; there.after the meat should be artificially dried ir. a kiln.

During rainy days the half nuts are put on the copra grill immediately . after draln:ng and dried for a number of hours, after which the meat should

be scoop'd out and put baok on the grill.

Improved Ceylon-type kilns should be. adopted as the standard type of kiln. To reduce the cost of material copra producers should copy the kiln by using mainly "bush material". Extension workers should demollstrate to

copra producers hoc.. proper efficient 'drying is carried out in the new type of kilh.

It should be investigated whether the local manufacture ofdesiccate~

coconut for export and the processing of coir and its 'export is economically justified.

Improved methods of cultivation should be adopted to increase production of coconuts. Rhinoceros Beetle pest (Oryctes rhinoceros) which causes serious damage and loss

of

drop should be controlled by keeping _pa~ groves as clean

-

E/CN.14/INlj.7S .b.riilex ^{r ,}

page 18·

as:.possible ·eincethe1lebe,etles hatch·and breed in decaying·palm stems, fallen 'i:'ronds,' rocttan wood, refuse; ate. Replanting where and when neces- sary, .and initical:,plantingshou:Ld be effected by oarefully selecting seednuts from. .paz-errt tr.e.eswhich are noted .f·o,r. their,'·eustained high yielding qualities.

. . , ' r ' . , ' -,

Ca.shewnuts ^{-' . '}

,

-

.

Product~on of cashew nuts is important in Nigeria, Daho~ey and Mali.

'.'"

Processing methods in Nigeria are very inefficient and the valuable by-

product, cashew nut shell liquid, goes entirely to waste, In Dahomey ana Mali wliere :oorisiderableare'as have been planted with de-lihew nuts, which are now coming into bearing, processing methods are coniple'te;i'y unknown. For Dahomey a Freedom·from Hunger Campaign Project haA been suggested which might solve the problem in that country.

General recommendations to improve the processing methods for cashew nuts,to recover the· cashew _nut -shell liquid and toutiliz.ethe cashew nut . appl:1;as:;can be· summarised as f,ollows:

Artificial drying of' cashew nuts should be adopted to reduce losses due . -to fermenta;·ion and deterioration.

Cashew nuts should b~·sorted i~to at least three equally sized grades to achieve ·,miform roasting,

Cashew nuts sh8uld be processed as soon as possible after drying and sorting.

The "open pan" m-rtnod ahouLd be dz s confcinued and roasting of cashew nuts should be carried out either according to the rotary cylinder method or

preferably in a continuous rvasting bath, which permits the

reco~e~y

^ofihigh

percentage. of th~ ^cashew n~t'sheil liquid •

. -;-

To facilitate roasting at high temperatures for short times with a high extraction rate of cashew nut shell liquid and increased rate of whole kernels, i t

-i~ reoom~end;d

to soak the

nut's~

ⁱⁿ

wate~

^{prior· to}

ro~sting.·

('. "

Th\l'flresont inefficient, !lIethod" of h,and-cracking should, be discontinued and replaced by centrifugal cracking, or one of the other methods of

decorticating now under investigation.

E/CN.14/INR76

t'" • • '

l.nnex page 19

Hand peeling of kernels, which results in a high percentage of breakage, should be discontinued and repli..ced'by mol'e efficient methOds. 'In this

connection it is recommended, to carry out e;x:periments based on a more ef-, ficient principle, namely chemical peeling.

'. ^, Experiments should be carried out to utilize the cashewnut apples in the preservation of jam,candy, juice, syrup, wine, brandy and animal feedstuffs.

Caoao

Cacao is mainly produced in Ghana and Nigeria, but also in the Camereuns Togo, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

Although the quality of' cacao produced in the Best African countries is in gene:ral' Very'good, ' it is felt that improvements could be introduced in

, ,

some phases of the processing, not particularly to improve the quality but to economise'and to make pro~essing more efficient.

In Nigeria, Togn and the Ivory Coast better processing methods such as box fermentation, or terrac~-bcxfermentation should be introduced, and tp~

.-_....^~,_.-

become Lnde pendent of the weather it is recommended that ea cao producers build small artificial cacao dryers of the Sam~an type, which particularly applies to Nigeria, Tqgo and ,the Ivory Coast" ,Where. the harvesting of cacao coincides with the rainy season.

Ground dried cacao pod husks have a rather good nutritive value. They

keop well and the yiold of this dried foodstuff the ration for dairy cows.

tent of 8 per cent or less

resemble grass hay in prote~n and fibre content, and can replace oorn i~

Ground dried cacao pod husks with a moisture con- is some 75 per cent of the yield of dry cacao beans, I t is reoomuiended"to' investigate whether the utilization of cacao pod husks as an animal food- stuff would be economically justified under local conditions.

IV POSSIBILITIES FOR AGRO-ALLIED INDUSTRIES IN VARIOUS WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES Vega table Oils

The approximate quantities of oleagi~ous seeds sxported from the

various West African oountries are given below:

"-.~

E1CN.14/INll,. 76 .

l.nnjn[ _J

page 20

Nigeria:

Da,homllY:

Togo:

d .•• ,.,.. ....

Palm kernels Groundnuts Se'i'ame seed Cottonseed Copra Groundnuts Sheanuts Palm kernels_{.;. ~}

.

C8.'ltClr seed

",'

Otber oil seeds

Groundnuts, Palm kernels Copra

Cottonseed

Gz-oundrrutre Castoz- seed Kapok se e,,,

425,000 tons 380,000, tons

?8,000 tons 60,000 tons 7,000 tons

13,000 tons (24,000 tons

by

1968) 3,000 tons

48,500 tons

1,000 tons(4,OOO tons by 1965) 1,001) tons

60,000 'tons (used ali; fuel..a.n<l, manure)

3,000 tons(shel1e~)

11,000 tons 4,800 tons 3,200 tons"

3,500 tons (shelled) 600 tons

10 tons

,

.'

3,000 tons 3,100 tons ' 18,000'tori~

'." " -: ..1',

4,000 tons Ghana:

Ivory Coast:

Liberia:

'.\.

.;~

Copra'

l'alm kernels Palm kernels Cottonseed Pall!lkernels

c.. r·

"20, 000 tons

(10,000

,'",.

tonsb;y '191Q)

Sierra Leone:

Guinea:

Palm'kernels' Groundnuts Palm kernels Sesame

55,000 tons

2,800 tons (shelled) 23,000 tons

375 tons