Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering for Year Ending May 1961 including membership list of Canadian Section

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Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering for Year Ending May 1961

including membership list of Canadian Section

Crawford, C. B.; Butler, J.

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL O F CANADA

ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON S O I L AND SNOW MECHANICS

ANNUAL R E P O R T of t h e

CANADIAN SECTION of t h e

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY O F SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

F O R YEAR ENDING MAY 1961

INCLUDING MEMBERSHIP LIST O F T H E CANADIAN SECTION

h~~ P r e p a r e d b y C. B. C r a w f o r d and M i s s J. B u t l e r T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m No. 68 OTTAWA J u n e 1961

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FOREWORD T h i s Annual R e p o r t i s a s u m m a r y of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of C a n a d i a n m e m b e r s of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y of S o i l M e c h a n i c s and F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g f o r t h e p e r i o d J u l y 1960 t o May 1961. It i s published f o r t h e p u r p o s e of k e e p i n g C a n a d i a n s i n f o r m e d of t h o s e s o i l m e c h a n i c s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which a r e b e i n g

conducted i n t h e i r own c o u n t r y . In t h i s way, it w i l l a s s i s t i n o v e r c o m i n g t h e n a t u r a l h a n d i c a p o f f e r e d by t h e w i d e s p r e a d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i -

bution of s o i l m e c h a n i c s work i n Canada, It w i l l s u p p l e m e n t t h e Annual Canadian Soil M e c h a n i c s C o n f e r e n c e which h a s b e e n h e l d s i n c e 1947 u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e A s s o c i a t e C o m m i t t e e on S o i l and Snow M e c h a n i c s . T h e r e p o r t i n c l u d e s a l i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s by m e m b e r s of t h e C a n a d i a n Section, In a d d i t i o n , it i n c l u d e s a l i s t of known t h e s i s t o p i c s p r e s e n t l y u n d e r study and a l i s t of s u g g e s t e d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . It i s hoped t h a t t h e s e l i s t s will d e v e l o p i n t o u s e f u l s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n . A s p e c i a l e f f o r t h a s b e e n m a d e t o r e d u c e r e p o r t s on r o u t i n e work. It i s p r o b a b l e h o w e v e r t h a t s o m e of t h e work noted w a s of a r o u t i n e n a t u r e but w a s c o n s i d e r e d w o r t h including b e c a u s e of p o s s i b l e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t . B r e v i t y i n r e p o r t i n g t h e work h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d .

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(ii) T A B L E O F CONTENTS P a g e 1 . S o i l P r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e i r M e a s u r e m e n t 1 2. T e c h n i q u e s of F i e l d M e a s u r e m e n t a n d S a m p l i n g 7 3. F o u n d a t i o n s of S t r u c t u r e s : ( a ) G e n e r a l S u b j e c t s a n d F o u n d a t i o n s o t h e r t h a n P i l e d F o u n d a t i o n s 9 ( h ) P i l i n g a n d P i l e d F o u n d a t i o n s 1 3 4. R o a d s , Runways and R a i l - T r a c k s 1 5 5. E a r t h P r e s s u r e on S t r u c t u r e s a n d T u n n e l s 21 6. E a r t h D a m s , S l o p e s a n d O p e n E x c a v a t i o n s 2 3 A P P E N D I X "A"

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A l p h a b e t i c a l L i s t of M e m b e r s of t h e C a n a d i a n S e c t i o n of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y of S o i l M e c h a n i c s a n d F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g . A P P E N D I X "B"

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L i s t of M e m b e r s A s s o c i a t e d with O r g a n i z a t i o n s . A P P E N D I X I'C"

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M e m b e r s ' P u b l i c a t i o n s s i n c e J u n e 1960. APPENDIX "Dlf

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A c t i v e G r a d u a t e T h e s i s W o r k Known t o M e m b e r s . A P P E N D I X " E f l

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S u g g e s t i o n s of Needed R e s e a r c h .

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1. SOIL P R O P E R T I E S AND THEIR MEASUREMENT

H. G. A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d :

L a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h , p o r e p r e s s u r e , and consolidation p r o p e r t i e s of t i l l s , clay t i l l s , and

l a c u s t r i n e d e p o s i t s , including a s t r a t i f i e d c l a y of unknown g e o l o g i c a l o r i g i n . A s s o c i a t e d G e o t e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s L i m j t e d : ( a ) Utilizing a s e r i e s of c a l i b r a t e d s p r i n g s i n p l a c e of s o i l s a m p l e s , l a b o r a t o r y t r i a x i a l t e s t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o r d e r of p i s t o n f r i c t i o n u n d e r c o m b i n a t i o n s of t h e following conditions:-

s t a t i o n a r y p i s t o n and bushing, s t a t i o n a r y p i s t o n with b u s h i n g t u r n i n g , s a m p l e e c c e n t r i c i t y , v a r y i n g r a t e s of s t r a i n , v a r y i n g c e l l p r e s s u r e a n d v a r y i n g s a m p l e s t i f f n e s s . T h i s w o r k h a s b e e n c a r r i e d out on a Geonor a p p a r a t u s .

(b) Multiple s t a g e c o n s o l i d a t e d u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s with p o r e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t w e r e c a r r i e d out on f i n e g r a i n e d f l y a s h with a high void r a t i o t o d e t e r m i n e s h e a r s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s i n t e r m s of effective s t r e s s , In addition, c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t i n g w a s c a r r i e d out t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m o d u l u s of e l a s t i c i t y of t h e fly a s h . L. J. Chapman: Development of an i m p a c t t e s t f o r t h e c o n s i s t e n c y of t h e sandy s o i l of d i r t r a c e t r a c k s . A d y n a m i c t e s t w a s adopted a f t e r s e v e r a l s t a t i c t e s t s f a i l e d t o e v a l u a t e p r o p e r l y t h e s o i l s of f i v e l o c a l r a c e t r a c k s . D. F. C o a t e s : T r i a x i a l s t r e n g t h study of a c o m p a c t e d , u n s a t u r a t e d m a t e r i a l v a r y i n g d e n s i t y , m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , c o m p a c t i o n e n e r g y and s t r a i n r a t e . P. M, Cook: ( a ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n of e f f e c t of following v a r i a b l e s on t h e a n g l e of f r i c t i o n of a s o i l containing a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t i e s of m i c a

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( i ) Density;

( i i ) N o r m a l load and confining p r e s s u r e ;

( i i i ) R a t e of s h e a r ; (iv) P e r c e n t of m i c a i n f r a c t i o n p a s s i n g # l o 0 s c r e e n , (b) S e p a r a t i o n of t r u e f r i c t i o n and i n c r e a s e i n c o h e s i o n by r e d u c t i o n of w a t e r content which a c c o m p a n i e s i n c r e a s e d c h a m b e r p r e s s u r e i n t r i a x i a l t e s t s on m a r i n e clay, D e p a r t m e n t of Highways of O n t a r i o : A r a p i d consolidation i s being t r i e d on a v a r i e t y of s o i l t y p e s t o d e t e r m i n e if s a t i s f a c t o r y t e s t r e s u l t s c a n b e obtained by r a p i d

loading a s a g a i n s t t h e s t a n d a r d loading method.

Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council:

L a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e a s u b s t a n t i a l r a n g e i n computed p r e - c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e of L e d a c l a y depending on t e s t p r o c e d u r e . S t u d i e s h a v e b e e n extended t o i n c l u d e m e a s u r e m e n t of p o r e p r e s s u r e d i s s i p a t i o n a f t e r loading i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e influence of p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y consolidation. L a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a r e continuing t o a s s e s s f u n d a m e n t a l and e m p i r i c a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s of L e d a clay. In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e i n f l u e n c e of w a t e r m i g r a t i o n d u r i n g t r i a x i a l t e s t i n g i s being studied. T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of s e n s i t i v i t y i s u n d e r r e v i e w b e c a u s e t h i s i m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t y h a s b e e n found t o b e g r e a t l y dependent on m e t h o d of t e s t . S t u d i e s a r e u n d e r w a y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t of r e m o v i n g c e m e n t i n g a g e n t s on t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s of s o i l s . The influence of clay p a r t i c l e o r i e n t a t i o n on t h e r m a l conductivity i s b e i n g s t u d i e d i n o r d e r t o a s s e s s s t r u c t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s of u n d i s t u r b e d c l a y by m e a n s of a s m a l l t h e r m a l p r o b e , T h e m a p p i n g of t h e a r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of p e r m a f r o s t i n Canada w a s continued t h r o u g h t h e c o l l e c t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e

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t e c h n i c a l and s c i e n t i f i c l i t e r a t u r e , f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d b y m e a n s of a q u e s t i o n n a i r e c i r c u l a t e d t o n o r t h e r n s e t t l e m e n t s . F i e l d s t u d i e s w e r e conducted a t N o r m a n W e l l s ,

N.

W. T . , t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of c l i m a t i c , s u r f a c e and s u b s u r f a c e f a c t o r s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and n a t u r e of p e r m a f r o s t .

J.

A. El son: Study of published d a t a on t i l l , r e l a t i n g g r a i n s i z e a n d lithology t o e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s ; c o m p a r i n g n a t u r a l t i l l w i t h a r t i f i c i a l l y p r o d u c e d s o i l s . A l a b o r a t o r y s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d out t o o b t a i n t h e e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of c o m p a c t e d Q u e e n s t o w n s h a l e , A d i f f e r e n c e w a s found b e t w e e n t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d on u n s a t u r a t e d , c o m p a c t e d s a m p l e s and on s a t u r a t e d , c o m p a c t e d s a m p l e s when g a s p r e s s u r e s w e r e not t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e t e s t s on t h e u n s a t u r a t e d s a m p l e s . T h i s a g r e e s with t h e r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s of B i s h o p ,

Alpan, Blight a n d Donald (1960). V a r i a t i o n s of e f f e c t i v e a n g l e of

i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n

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and p o r e p r e s s u r e f a c t o r

(g)

with m o u l d i n g w a t e r c o n t e n t w e r e s t u d i e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e d e s i g n of a h i g h e m b a n k m e n t . H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o : . _{( a )}_{S t u d i e s of t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of c l a y s w e r e continued} p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e e f f e c t of t h e r a t e of s t r a i n i n both d r a i n e d and u n d r a i n e d t e s t s ; t h e p r o b l e m s of m e m b r a n e l e a k a g e i n l o n g - t e r m t e s t s h a v e r e c e i v e d p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n . ( b ) L a b o r a t o r y c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out on p e a t : t h e t e s t s h a v e c o n s i s t e d of d r a i n e d a n d u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l t e s t s , o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l and t r i a x i a l c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t s , p o r e p r e s s u r e d i s s i p a t i o n , and k o t e s t s . ( c ) A d e t a i l e d s t u d y of t h e p r o p e r t i e s of a v a r v e d c l a y h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out including c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e s t s , c o n s o l i d a t i o n , s h e a r s t r e n g t h and p e r m e a b i l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

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N. A, Huculak:

Continuing t o m e a s u r e t h e effect of s a n i t a r y s e r v i c e s on t h e t h e r m a l r e g i m e of soil. Attempting t o c o r r e l a t e t h i s effect with m e a s u r e d d i f f e r e n t i a l f r o s t heaving on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e s t r e e t .

J. E, Hurtubise:

( a ) Study of L a u r e n t i a n clays:: s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n , s e t t l e m e n t p a r a m e t e r s , l o n g - t e r m deformation; s e t t l e m e n t u n d e r l o a d s lower

t h a n p r e c o m p r e s sion.

( b ) D e f o r m a t i o n up t o f a i l u r e and with t i m e of s o i l s in situ.

_--

( c ) E x p e r i m e n t a l f i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s on t h e s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e p a r a m e t e r s of g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s .

B. Nicholls:

S o m e w o r k was c a r r i e d out in r e l a t i n g s e i s m i c v e l o c i t i e s with m a t e r i a l rippability. In g e n e r a l i t w a s found t h a t m a t e r i a l s with v e l o c i t i e s of l e s s than 2500 f e e t l s e c . could b e e x c a v a t e d , m a t e r i a l s with v e l o c i t i e s of 2500

-

8000 f e e t / s e c . could b e e i t h e r e x c a v a t e d o r r i p p e d , m a t e r i a l s with v e l o c i t i e s 8000

-

10,000 f e e t l s e c . u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d b l a s t i n g , o v e r 10,000 f e e t / s e c . m u s t b e blasted. C . A. Noble: Study of r a t e of consolidation of s o i l s t h r o u g h p o r e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t u s i n g a s p e c i a l l y designed a p p a r a t u s .

Studies a r e continuing on t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h , swelling and consolidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of highly p l a s t i c c l a y s , c l a y s h a l e s , and compacted c l a y s . Recent t e s t s on c o m p a c t e d c l a y s u s i n g high air e n t r y p o r o u s s t o n e s have allowed m e a s u r e m e n t of negative p o r e p r e s s u r e s and h a v e shown c o n s i d e r a b l y d i f f e r e n t s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s f o r undrained

a T r ! c o n s o l i a t e d u n d r a i n e d t e s t s t h a n s i m i l a r t e s t s u s i n g low a i r e n t r y p o r o u s stones.

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N. W. R a d f o r t h : R e f i n e m e n t s i n p r e d i c t i n g indigenous t r e n d s due t o i n h e r e n t f a c t o r s and p h y s i o g r a p h i c e n v i r o n m e n t h a v e b e e n m a d e t h i s p a s t y e a r . In p h y s i o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of m i n e r a1 sub- l a y e r t o t h e o r g a n i c o v e r b u r d e n h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d and p r o p o s a l s m a d e . D i s t r i b u t i o n a l phenomena applying f o r o r g a n i c t e r r a i n i n Canada h a v e b e e n d i s c l o s e d l a r g e l y with t h e a i d of a e r i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i v e method. F r o m t h i s w o r k , a m a p of Canada h a s b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d t o show w h e r e e n g i n e e r i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t o b e e m p h a s i z e d b e c a u s e of t h e m u s k e g f a c t o r . Riplev and A s s o c i a t e s : L a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e on consolidation p r o p e r t i e s of p e a t s o i l s .

J.

T e r a s m a e : F i e l d s t u d i e s of e x p o s u r e s m a d e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e e x c a v a t i o n of t h e T o r o n t o Rapid T r a n s i t Subway E x t e n s i o n and c o m p l e t i o n of r e p o r t b a s e d on geological s t u d i e s i n t h e St. L a w r e n c e Seaway P r o j e c t a r e a and the m a p p i n g of suri'icial d e p o s i t s i n t h e C o r n w a l l , O n t a r i o , m a p - a r e a .

R.

C. T h u r b e r & A s s o c i a t e s Ltd: L a b o r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e s w e r e d e v i s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m d e n s i t y of s a n d s . Effective s t r e s s s h e a r p a r a m e t e r s w e r e m e a s u r e d on s e n s i t i v e g l a c i a l l a k e c l a y s i n a new constant r a t e of s t r a i n t r i a x i a l a p p a r a t u s and supplied t o a s s e s s l o n g - t e r m s t a b i l i t y . A s y s t e m of photographing u n d i s t u r b e d s a m p l e s t o i l l u s t r a t e s t r a t i f i c a t i o n and v a r i a t i o n s i n t e x t u r e w a s d e v i s e d a s a p r e l i m i n a r y s t e p i n laying out a t e s t i n g p r o g r a m m e involving a l a r g e n u m b e r of Shelby tube s a m p l e s .

D. L. Townsend

S a t u r a t e d a r t i f i c i a l l y l a y e r e d s o i l s of c o n t r o l l e d l a y e r

t h i c k n e s s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and t h e s t r e n g t h e v a l u a t e d i n t e r m s of t o t a l s t r e s s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e

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p a r a m e t e r IfA" and between t h e p e r m e a b i l i t i e s between t h e l a y e r s a r e t h e significant f a c t o r s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e combined

s y s t e m . The work i s a n i n i t i a l study of v a r v e d s o i l s and a bibliography was a l s o p r e p a r e d i n conjunction with t h e study.

University of A l b e r t a a n d / o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council:

( a ) S h e a r s t r e n g t h of over consolidated c l a y s h a l e s o i l s ; ( b ) Ion exchange phenomena a s affecting s t r e n g t h , consolidation and physical limit c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s t u d i e s of s o i l s ;

( c ) F i e l d investigation of m o i s t u r e m i g r a t i o n i n s u b g r a d e s o i l s ;

(d) P r e p a r a t i o n of Engineering S o i l s Maps. N. E. Wilson:

R e s e a r c h i s being continued on t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of v a r v e d clays. Hypodermic tubes embodied i n t h e b l a d e s of t h e l a b o r a t o r y v a n e provided a m e a n s of m e a s u r i n g p o r e p r e s s u r e s along t h e s h e a r i n g

s u r f a c e ; e a r l y indications a r e t h a t high negative p o r e w a t e r s t r e s s e s e x i s t i n t h i s zone. R. Yong: T h e following s t u d i e s a r e p r e s e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s : - ( a ) Evaluation of s o i l s t r u c t u r e and p a r t i c l e o r i e n t a t i o n on b a s i c s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s ; ( b ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n of f o r c e s of i n t e r a c t i o n i n a s o i l - w a t e r s y s t e m ;

( c ) Study of p e r m e a b i l i t y of Bentonite and Kaolinite s o i l s ; ( d ) Evaluation of significance of p o r e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s and applicability of effective s t r e s s concept t o Bentonite s o i l s ;

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( e ) D e t e r m i n a t i o n of s w e l l i n g p r e s s u r e s u n d e r d e p r e s s e d t e m p e r a t u r e s and r e s u l t a n t p a r t i c l e i n t e r a c t i o n ;

( f ) S o i l f r e e z i n g and f r o z e n s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ;

( g ) B a s i c p r o p e r t i e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of A r c t i c s o i l s . 2. TECHNIQUES O F F I E L D MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING: A s s o c i a t e d G e o t e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s L i m i t e d : I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o s o u r c e s of e r r o r a n d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n t h e r e s u l t s of f i l l d e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s b y t h e s a n d c o n e m e t h o d . W . G. E . Brown: E n g i n e e r i n g s i t e a n a l y s i s f o r h a r b o u r p r o t e c t i o n s c h e m e a t S e p t - I l e s , Q u e b e c , i n c l u d i n g a n a l y s i s of t i d a l and c u r r e n t a c t i o n i n build-up and e r o s i o n of t h e s h o r e l i n e . O v e r b u r d e n d e p t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n s by r e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c t e c h n i q u e s i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of O n t a r i o . L. J. C h a p m a n : M e a s u r e m e n t s of p o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n f r o m g r a s s a t N o r m a n W e l l s , N. W. T. continued i n c o - o p e r a t i o n with t h e D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa.

D. F. C o a t e s :

E s t a b l i s h i n g a f i e l d p r o g r a m m e t o study t h e s o u r c e of g r o u n d w a t e r u s i n g r a d i o a c t i v e t r a c e r ,

Studying i n s i t u s t r e n g t h and d e f o r m a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s u s i n g

_--

p l a t e - l o a d t e s t s .

Division of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council:

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scintillation-type n e u t r o n m e t e r was de.signed, built, and c a l i b r a t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and i n the field.

The thawing effect of bodies of water on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p e r m a f r o s t was investigated by m e a n s of a d r i l l i n g p r o g r a m m e

c a r r i e d out in A p r i l 1961 a t a lake i n t h e Mackenzie R i v e r d e l t a , N. W. T.

( a ) C o r e d r i l l i n g of p e r m a f r o s t was c a r r i e d out a t s e v e r a l s i t e s in t h e A r c t i c during s u m m e r conditions in July and August. A p o r t a b l e gasoline-power ed r e f r i g e r a t i o n unit of 1 t o n capacity was u s e d t o cool k e r o s e n e t o below 32OF. f o r t h e d r i l l i n g fluid. The o p e r a t i o n w a s highly s u c c e s s f u l with c o m p l e t e c o r e r e c o v e r y in NX s i z e of p e r m a - f r o s t containing t h i c k n e s s e s of up t o five f e e t of c r y s t a l l i n e i c e ,

(b) Study of published l i t e r a t u r e on in s i t u v a n e t e s t i n g and

_--

c o m p a r i s o n with field r e s u l t s . T h e influence on m e a s u r e d r e s u l t s of s u c h v a r i a b l e s a s amount of s t r a i n c o n t r o l , r a t e of s t r a i n , d e g r e e of d i s t u r b a n c e a t t h e b a s e of c a s i n g and o v e r a l l techniques of p e r f o r m i n g r e m o u l d e d t e s t s w e r e evaluated.

G o _{C. Morgan:}

C o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s w a s achieved in s a m p l i n g v e r y loose c o h e s i o n l e s s sand, beneath t h e w a t e r t a b l e , using d r i l l i n g m u d and a thin-walled open Shelby tube s a m p l e r . T h e u s e of a piston-type s a m p l e r did not significantly i m p r o v e t h e s a m p l e r e c o v e r y . The effect of a r e a r a t i o , d i a m e t e r of s a m p l e r and r a t e of p r e s s i n g on s a m p l e d i s t u r b a n c e was a l s o studied,

B, Nicholls:

We have designed a new one-channel i n s t r u m e n t f o r shallow r e f r a c t i o n and r e f l e c t i o n s e i s m i c s u r v e y s . Based on the u s e of e l e c t r o - s e n s i t i v e ( f a c s i m i l e ) p a p e r , t h e f a c s i m i l e s e i s m o g r a p h a u t o m a t i c a l l y

d r a w s a t i m e - d i s t a n c e plot a s t h e s o u r c e i s moved away f r o m t h e r e c e i v e r . The r e s u l t i s t h a t t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n c a n b e done d i r e c t l y on t h e s e i s m i c r e c o r d (in t h e f i e l d ) without any m e a s u r i n g , counting o r note taking.

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N. W, Radforth:

I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r a s s e s s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , m o i s t u r e and d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s of p e a t i s v i r t u a l l y c o m p l e t e d .

Ripley and A s s o c i a t e s :

P i e z o m e t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n s t o 300 f e e t depth below ground s u r f a c e t o m e a s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s of g r o u n d w a t e r l e v e l s i n c o m p l e x g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s d u r i n g pumping t e s t s . W a t e r l e v e l s r a n g e d f r o m 200 t o 260 f e e t below ground s u r f a c e . J. D, Scott: L o c a t i o n of t h e a c t u a l s l i p s u r f a c e i n t h r e e s l o p e f a i l u r e s by m e a n s of b o r i n g s and d e f l e c t i o n s of f l e x i b l e s h e e t - m e t a l tubing. R. C. T h u r b e r & A s s o c i a t e s Ltd: T e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d out t o d e t e r m i n e m o i s t u r e l o s s f r o m p l a s t i c b a g s with a view t o u s i n g t h e m t o c o l l e c t and s t o r e s a m p l e s

of fine g r a i n e d s o i l s . P i c z o m e t e r r e c o r d s h a v e b e e n c o m p i l e d extending o v e r p e r i o d s of s e v e r a l y e a r s i n s e v e r a l l a n d s l i d e a r e a s . D y n a m i c c o n e p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d out a c c o r d i n g t o new C. S. A. s t a n d a r d s and c h e c k e d with s t a n d a r d p e n e t r a t i o n r e s u l t s . 3, FOUNDATIONS O F STRUCTURES: ( a ) O t h e r t h a n P i l e d F o u n d a t i o n s H. G. _{A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d :} ( a ) Continuation of f i e l d e x p l o r a t i o n s of p e r v i o u s l i m e s t o n e foundations f o r about 16 m i l e s of p r o p o s e d d y k e s t o r e t a i n t h e r e s e r v o i r f o r a l a r g e h y d r o - e l e c t r i c development. Continuation of d e s i g n of g r o u t c u r t a i n b e n e a t h d y k e s and d e v e l o p m e n t of f i e l d d e s i g n a n d t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r m i x e s f o r p r e s s u r e g r o u t i n g of s t r u c t u r e s a t t h i s s i t e . ( b ) D e s i g n of f o u n d a t i o n s f o r c o n c r e t e i n t a k e s t r u c t u r e 300 f e e t long, 120 f e e t wide, and 130 f e e t high with adjoining wing w a l l s

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2 5 0 f e e t long and 8 0 f e e t wide on r o c k containing f r a g m e n t a l l i m e s t o n e , a r g i l l i t e with clay and s a n d s e a m s , m u d s t o n e , and a h a r d p s e u d o - b r e c c i a .

R. Audy:

Study of t h e s e t t l e m e n t i n a c l a y foundation: d e s i c c a t i o n c a u s e d by t h e heating p i p e s running i n a b a s e m e n t without any c o v e r i n g on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e clay.

Study of t h e s e t t l e m e n t i n a c l a y foundation r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e lowering of a n e a r b y roadway.

S e v e r a l s t u d i e s i n connection with t h e d e s i g n of footing and r a f t foundations on L e d a clay,

J,

B r a v :

A new technique f o r combining r o c k bolting and low t o m e d i u m p r e s s u r e grouting i s u n d e r a c t i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t . Ottawa:

Upon r e q u e s t m a d e by t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n B r a n c h t o t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l B r a n c h , t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l B r a n c h is p r e p a r i n g t h e "thawing i n d i c e s " f o r N o r t h e r n Canada.

During t h e coming s u m m e r i n connection with t h e p r o g r a m m e of thawing i n d i c e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n , a study w i l l b e m a d e of t h e depth of thaw p e n e t r a t i o n i n N o r t h e r n C a n a d a u n d e r v a r y i n g : (i) Thawing i n d i c e s ; ( i i ) S o i l conditions; (iii) Vegetation c o v e r . In t h i s w o r k , t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n B r a n c h i s c o - o p e r a t i n g with t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l B r a n c h and t h e T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s B r a n c h . T h e s e

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F o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of foundation c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of d i f f e r e n t foundation s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e Canadian N o r t h , a s u r v e y i s b e i n g conducted on t h e e x i s t i n g foundation s t r u c t u r e s . Division of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council:

T o e v a l u a t e l a b o r a t o r y v a l u e s of p r e - c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e of s e c o n d a r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n , o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e continuing on t w o l a r g e e a r t h f i l l s . S e t t l e m e n t s , p o r e p r e s s u r e s a n d l a t e r a l s p r e a d a r e being m e a s u r e d .

A t e n - y e a r r e c o r d of s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h r e e

a p a r t m e n t buildings founded on s l a b foundations on L e d a c l a y w a s p r e p a r e d f o r publication, A t e n - y e a r r e c o r d of s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s on a t w e l v e - s t o r e y h o s p i t a l founded on a c o n c r e t e m a t on q l a c i a l t i l l w a s p r e p a r e d f o r publication. F i e l d s t u d i e s of m o v e m e n t s of shallow f o u n d a t i o n s i n t h e C a n a d i a n mid-W e s t d u e t o s e a s o n a l a n d l o n g - t e r m s u b s o i l v o l u m e c h a n g e s w e r e extended d u r i n g 1960. Study of a n u m b e r of h o u s e s b u i l t on s l a b s - o n - g r a d e d u r i n g t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s r e v e a l e d c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t o r t i o n . S e v e r a l y e a r s of o b s e r v a t i o n s of shallow foundation m o v e m e n t s i n O t t a w a w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r publication. T h e s t u d y of p e r m a f r o s t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d p e r f o r m a n c e of f a c i l i t i e s a t Inuvik, No W. T o w a s continued by m e a n s of ground t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of foundations of v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r e s e r e c t e d on p e r e n n i a l l y f r o z e n ground. A p r e l i m i n a r y r e c o n n a i s s a n c e w a s m a d e a t t h e new townsite of T h o m p s o n , Manitoba, a n d a d j a c e n t a r e a s with a view t o i n i t i a t i n g , i n 1961, f i e l d stud-i e s of tkc d i s t r i b u t i o n of p e r e n n i a l l y f r o z e n ground

and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of e n g i n e e r i n g s t r u c t u r e s i n t h i s a r e a of d i s c o n t i n u o u s p e r m a f r o s t .

( a ) S t u d i e s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n of t h e s t a b i l i t y of t w o g r a i n

e l e v a t o r s e a c h founded a t s i t e s c o v e r e d by 40 t o 50 f e e t of s a n d o v e r l y i n g c l a y which w a s 50 f e e t thick a t one s i t e and 150 f e e t thick a t t h e o t h e r .

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S e t t l e m e n t s of 1 t o 3 f e e t had o c c u r r e d s i n c e construction. In e a c h c a s e t h e computed s t a b i l i t y on i n i t i a l loading w a s c l o s e t o unity and l a r g e d e f o r m a t i o n s w e r e e x p e r i e n c e d a t t h a t t i m e . Effective s t r e s s a n a l y s e s using p o r e p r e s s u r e s obtained by p i e z o m e t e r o b s e r v a t i o n s indicated t h a t t h e s t a b i l i t y of e a c h s t r u c t u r e had i m p r o v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n the 30 y e a r s s i n c e construction, E l a s t i c o v e r s t r e s s computations w e r e u n d e r t a k e n with a view t o explaining t h e d e f o r m a t i o n s e x p e r i e n c e d by the s t r u c t u r e s on f i r s t loading.

(b) Detailed s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e t a k e n d u r i n g s t a g e t e s t filling of a l a r g e d i a m e t e r o i l s t o r a g e tank founded on a l a y e r of

soft clayey fill,

H v d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of Ontario:

F i e l d t e s t s on t h e r e s i s t a n c e of e a r t h a n c h o r s t o uplift h a v e been continued.

G o G o _Meyerhof:

B e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of wedge-shaped foundations i n c l a y s and sands.

A f r o s t r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e was continued, p r i m a r i l y t o d e t e r m i n e the effects of f r o s t a c t i o n on spillway s t r u c t u r e s . Apparatus h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d t o m e a s u r e t h e depth of f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n , t h e amount

of heave due t o f r o s t a c t i o n , and t h e fluctuation i n groundwater levels. Seventeen s i t e s a r e u n d e r observation. The r e s u l t s t o d a t e i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e amount of h e a v e i s not p r e d i c t a b l e .

O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e continued on t h e h e a v e a s s o c i a t e d with spillway s t r u c t u r e s founded on c l a y - s h a l e and o t h e r c l a y s o i l s . Rebound gauges have b e e n i n s t a l l e d p r i o r t o excavation i n a n a t t e m p t t o m e a s u r e t h e h e a v e a s excavation o c c u r s , An excavation 50 f e e t d e e p h a s h e a v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0. 5 feet. T h i s i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e e l a s t i c movement.

R. C. T h u r b e r and A s s o c i a t e s Ltd. :

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t o a s e v e r e v i b r a t i o n p r o b l e m e n c o u n t e r e d a t t h e l o c a t i o n of w a s h e r e x t r a c t o r u n i t s i n a c o m m e r c i a l laundry.

R. Yong:

Study of d e e p foundations a n d a p p l i c a b i l i t y of b a s i c c o n c e p t s of b e a r i n g stability. L a b o r a t o r y study i n c l u d e d u s e of m o d e l s with t r a n s p a r e n t r e s t r i c t e d c o n t a i n e r s f o r evaluation of m o d e of f a i l u r e and a p p l i c a b i l i t y of m a t h e m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s .

3. FOUNDATIONS O F STRUCTURES:

( b ) P i l i n g and P i l e d F o u n d a t i o n s H. G. A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d :

D e t a i l e d study t o p r e d i c t pi1.e c a p a c i t y f o r a foundation of s a n d o v e r l y i n g c l a y t o b e c h e c k e d by f i e l d p i l e loading t e s t s . A s s o c i a t e d G e o t e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s Limited: Collection of p i l e d r i v i n g d a t a a n d a t t e m p t i n g t o o b t a i n c o r r e l a t i o n with s o i l p r o p e r t i e s . Study and d e s i g n of p i l e s s u b j e c t e d t o h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e . Study a n d d e s i g n of f r i c t i o n p i l e s i n L e d a clay. J. C. B r o d e u r : Load t e s t e d one s i z e 420 H e r k u l e s P i l e d r i v e n 110 f e e t t o r o c k a t C o n t r e c o e u r , Q u e b e c , d u r i n g August 1960, T h e m a x i m u m load r e a c h e d w a s 270 t o n s without p i l e f a i l u r e . J. V, Danys : T i d a l c u r r e n t s a n d w a v e s u n d e r m i n e d a l i g h t h o u s e p i e r standing i n 24 t o 40 f e e t t i d a l w a t e r s . A s t e e l s h e e t piling w a s d r i v e n

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a r o u n d the b a s e of t h e p i e r and a s t e e l c o v e r w a s welded t o t h e p i e r and t o t h e t o p of t h e s t e e l s h e e t piling. T h e s e o p e r a t i o n s w e r e c o m p l e t e l y u n d e r w a t e r o p e r a t i o n s c a r r i e d out by s k i n d i v e r s . It i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s t e c h n i q u e w a s a p p l i e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n C a n a d a o r e l s e w h e r e . T h e s t e e l e n c l o s u r e a r o u n d t h e b a s e of t h e foundation w a s g r o u t e d with c o n c r e t e . D e p a r t m e n t of Highways of O n t a r i o : Abutment m o v e m e n t s h a d b e e n o b s e r v e d on two s t r u c t u r e s r e c e n t l y c o n s t r u c t e d i n s o u t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o . F r o m i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u n d e r t a k e n , i t w a s found t h a t t h i s m o v e m e n t w a s c a u s e d by a r t e s i a n conditions a t depth. A d e t a i l e d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m m e w a s s e t u p t o m e a s u r e t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e and f u r t h e r m o v e m e n t i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h t h e type of r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s r e q u i r e d . T h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e s t i l l underway. T h e Norwegian C o r r o s i o n Device w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o t e n t i a l c o r r o s i v i t y of t h e s u b s o i l a t s e v e r a l s i t e s . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e p o t e n t i a l a t t a c k on s t e e l H ' p i l e s f o r b r i d g e foundations. T e s t i n g of load c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of p i l e s i n n o n - c o h e s i v e f i n e g r a i n e d s o i l o v e r l y i n g d e e p soft c o h e s i v e soil. R e p e t i t i v e loading u s e d .

B. Nicholls:

T h e o n e - c h a n n e l s e i s m o g r a p h h a s b e e n u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s o u n d n e s s of p i e r s . It w a s found that t h e v e l o c i t i e s r e c o r d e d i n sound p i e r s w e r e i n t h e o r d e r of 1 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t / s e c .

T e s t s a r e being c a r r i e d out t o check t h e d e s i g n of a n c h o r

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h e a v i n g t h a t o c c u r s b e n e a t h c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s c o n s t r u c t e d on B e a r p a w S h a l e foundations. S i n c e i t i s not e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o d e s i g n p i l e s t h a t would c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e t h e s w e l l i n g of t h e foundation, t h e p i l e s w e r e d e s i g n e d s o t h a t t h e y could s t r e t c h t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t without f a i l u r e . A. P r i o r : S c a l e t e s t s on pulling r e s i s t a n c e of p i l e s i n c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s . E, I. Robinsky: E x t e n s i v e m o d e l t e s t s a r e planned f o r a r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o t o study t h e e f f e c t of v o l u m e d i s p l a c e m e n t and p i l e s h a p e on t h e c a p a c i t y of p i l e s i n c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s . S e c t i o n a l m o d e l p i l e s a r e t o b e d r i v e n and t h e n t e s t e d u n d e r s t a t i c load. O b s e r - v a t i o n s of s o i l d i s p l a c e m e n t a r e t o b e m a d e b y t h e u s e of r a d i o g r a p h y .

4. ROADS, RUNWAYS AND RAIL-TRACKS:

W. G.

E.

b r o w n :

S o i l m a p p i n g and a g g r e g a t e m a t e r i a l s e a r c h i n n o r t h e r n

O n t a r i o , i n B u r w a s h , ' S p r u c e R i v e r and S a v a n t L a k e a r e a s a l o n g p r o p o s e d r o a d r o u t e s f o r O n t a r i o D e p a r t m e n t of Highways.

Route location and m a t e r i a l s a n a l y s i s f o r C a n a d i a n National R a i l w a y s i n n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o with p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o m u s k e g a n d f r o z e n ground.

Canadian National R a i l w a y s :

F i e l d s t u d i e s a r e continuing on t h e p r o b l e m of f r o s t h e a v i n g of r a i l w a y t r a c k . At a n o f f - t r a c k s i t e , c h e m i c a l s m i x e d with f l u o r e s c e i n w e r e applied by both p r e s s u r e i n j e c t i o n and s u r f a c e s p r e a d i n g m e t h o d s .

T h e s i t e w a s t h e n e x c a v a t e d and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e c h e m i c a l s t r a c e d . In l a t e s u m m e r , s e v e r a l c h e m i c a l s w e r e a p p l i e d on t r a c k w h e r e f r o s t h e a v i n g h a d b e e n m e a s u r e d d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s winter. B o t h p r e s s u r e i n j e c t i o n and s u r f a c e s p r e a d i n g m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d . F r o s t h e a v i n g w a s

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m e a s u r e d during the following winter and t e s t s r e s u l t s a r e being utilized. D. F. Coates:

R e s e a r c h on d e t e r m i n i n g r h e o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of s u b g r a d e s by field and l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g f o r u s e i n pavement design.

D e p a r t m e n t of Highways of Ontario::

P a v e m e n t Design and Evaluation Study Sponsored by C. G.

R.

A. ( a ) Highway Inventory

Benkelman B e a m deflection m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e s e c u r e d using a s t a n d a r d 9-kip wheel load, f o r a n additional 3,000 m i l e s of

flexible pavement i n s o u t h e r n Ontario. A pavement p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g was e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h inventory s e c t i o n and a r o u g h n e s s index

m e a s u r e d by a B. P.

R.

r o u g h o m e t e r .

(b) S e a s o n a l V a r i a t i o n

T h e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n study begun in A p r i l 1959 was ' continued f o r 1960. T h i s work included deflection m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r

40 s e l e c t e d s e c t i o n s of flexible p a v e m e n t s of v a r i o u s d e s i g n s built on g r a n u l a r t i l l and clay s u b g r a d e s . T h e v a r i a t i o n i n deflection under a

9-kip wheel load i s now a v a i l a b l e f o r two f u l l y e a r s . ( c ) Load-Deflection Study

T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between deflection and load w a s studied f o r flexible p a v e m e n t s c o n s t r u c t e d on s o i l s r a n g i n g f r o m light c l a y s t o gravel. Axle loads of 10, 14, 18 and 2 2 k i p s w e r e u s e d a t eight t e s t locations.

(d) Half

-

load R e s t r i c t i o n Study

In o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e m o r e fully t h e c r i t e r i a f o r r e s t r i c t i n g flexible p a v e m e n t s d u r i n g t h e S p r i n g p e r i o d , d e f l e c t i o n s w e r e a g a i n m e a s u r cd f o r t h e s a m e s e c t i o n s covered i n the F a l l of 1959. The r e s u l t s c o n f i r m e d t h e c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y u s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s e c t i o n s of r o a d s that should b e r e s t r i c t e d o r b e c a p a b l e of c a r r y i n g

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f u l l loads.

Two e m b a n k m e n t s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r v e r y d e e p d e p o s i t s of soft clay. T h e e m b a n k m e n t s w e r e not h i g h enough t o d i s p l a c e t h i s c l a y y e t h i g h enough t o c a u s e a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of s e t t l e m e n t . B l a s t i n g w a s u s e d a h e a d of t h e f i l l t o liquefy t h e clay. T h i s study included t h e r a t e of i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h of t h e s e n s i t i v e c l a y i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r a t e of b l a s t i n g a h e a d of t h e backfill, D e p a r t m e n t of R o a d s of Quebec: (a) P a v e m e n t E v a l u a t i o n Study T h i s s t u d y , s p o n s o r e d b y C. G,

R e

A. and i n i t i a t e d in 1959, r e q u i r e d a n i n v e n t o r y of a r o a d net t o e v a l u a t e t h e s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n i n t h e load c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t i e s of v a r i o u s p a v e m e n t d e s i g n s on v a r i o u s s u b g r a d e s . In 1960, 500 m i l e s of r o a d s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l 4000 m i l e s h a v e b e e n i n p r e p a r a t i o n . In 1961, i n v e n t o r y w i l l continue and d e f l e c t i o n s t u d i e s w i l l b e m a d e d u r i n g a l l t h e y e a r f o r a t o t a l length of 4500 m i l e s . ( b ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of Road o v e r M u s k e g F o u r t h o u s a n d f e e t of f i r s t - c l a s s r o a d w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g s u r c h a r g e t o a c c e l e r a t e c o n s o l i d a t i o n of a d e e p s t r a t u m of f i b r o u s p e a t and s e t t l e m e n t , l a t e r a l d i s p l a c e m e n t and p o r e p r e s s u r e w e r e c o n t r o l l e d by f i e l d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n . A l a b o r a t o r y study of m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h i s p e a t w a s a l s o c a r r i e d out, ( c ) S o i l C e m e n t Study T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s l a b o r a t o r y s t u d y , m a d e on s a n d f r o m d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s , w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e o p t i m u m c e m e n t c o n t e n t f o r m a x i m u m s t r e n g t h with and without c a l c i u m c h l o r i d e u s i n g d i f f e r e n t m i x e s . C. B. R. t e s t s and f r e e z i n g and thawing c y c l e s w e r e a l s o c a r r i e d out.

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Department of T r a n s p o r t , Ottawa

( a ) Load c a r r y i n g capacity of r i g i d p a v e m e n t s m e a s u r e d by field load t e s t i n g , b a s e d on investigations conducted i n 1959-60.

T h e f i n a l r e p o r t on t h i s subject i s being written.

(b) A s m a l l - s c a l e investigation is being conducted a t Halifax International A i r p o r t f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e effect of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e gradient i n a c o n c r e t e s l a b on t h e m o v e m e n t ( c u r ling) of t h e

slab.

( c ) Thin and thick flexible o v e r r i g i d p a v e m e n t s will b e

load t e s t e d i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a c t u a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e load c a r r y i n g capacity of r i g i d p a v e m e n t s i n v a r i o u s conditions due t o t h e overlaying by a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e m a t e r i a l s and with sandwich c o n s t r u c t i o n of

c r u s h e d stone -and a s p h a l t i c w e a r i n g s u r f a c e s .

(d) A r o u g h n e s s study will be conducted d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r on a i r f i e l d pavement using a B r i t i s h manufactured profilometer.

( e ) The Spring load r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r i s being d e t e r m i n e d a t four s i t e s a c r o s s Canada with t h e u s e of C.

G.

R.

A. B e n k e l m a n B e a m t e s t i n g and the c o r r e l a t i o n developed by t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t between Benkelman Beam rebound m e a s u r e m e n t and p l a t e load c a r r y i n g

capacity.

( f ) A study will be p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of pavement deflections under a c t u a l a i r c r a f t loading f o r t h e v a r i o u s s u b g r a d e s o i l conditions and pavement t h i c k n e s s e s .

The s c o p e of l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s of peat was i n c r e a s e d . The consolidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of peat a r e under study; i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e r e l a t i v e influence of p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c o m p r e s s i o n . F u r t h e r s t u d i e s w e r e m a d e of t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of f i e l d v a n e t e s t i n g in peat s o i l s .

F a c t o r s which influence f r o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of s o i l s w e r e studied in t h e laboratory. T h e s e include r a t e of h e a t flow, magnitude

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of t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t , and density. P a r t i c u l a r attention i s being devoted t o the i c e c r y s t a l o r i e n t a t i o n i n i c e l e n s e s , P r e s s u r e f r e e z i n g point d e p r e s s i o n beneath a n i c e l e n s i s being studied.

( a ) An investigation w a s c a r r i e d out f o r a tunnel c o m p r i s i n g p a r t of a p r o p o s e d highway d i v e r s i o n t h r o u g h L a Cadena r a n g e between Aguadilla and A n a s c o i n P u e r t o Rico. The w o r k included d r i l l i n g two h o l c s about 400 f e e t long inclined a t about 5 d e g r e e s below horizontal. In t h c s e h o l e s , and i n o t h e r v e r t i c a l h o l e s , s a m p l e s of t h e v e r y stiff r e s i d u a l clayey o v e r b u r d e n w e r e obtained s u c c e s s f u l l y with a Denison S a m p l e r .

( b ) T h e study of two f a i l u r e s of low e m b a n k m e n t s located on t h e s h o r e of Lake S u p e r i o r . At e a c h s i t e a g r a n u l a r s t r a t u m i s

o v e r l a i n by a n extensive clay deposit and c o n t a i n s w a t e r u n d e r a n a r t e s i a n liead of a s m u c h a s 2 2 f c e t above lake level. T h e e m b a n k m e n t s , which a r e s o m e 15 y e a r s old, a p p a r e n t l y only f a i l e d t h i s S p r i n g b e c a u s e of llighcr a r t e s i a n p r e s s u r e s t h a n e v e r p r e v i o u s l y e x p e r i e n c e d .

P a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a National P a v e m e n t Evaluation p r o g r a m m e co-ordinated by C.

G o

R.

A.

Began s o m e work on t h e s t r i p p i n g pr.oblem i n a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e runways.

G o

C.

Meyerhof:

Influence of s h o u l d e r s on f l e x i b l e pavement strength.

B e a r i n g capacity of r i g i d pavements.

B. Nicholls:

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i n which s o i l t y p e s , e a r t h e x c a v a t i o n and t o p o g r a p h y h a v e b e e n t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e r o u t e . P h o t o g r a m m e t r i c m a p p i n g h a s b e e n u s e d o v e r p a r t s of t h e r o u t e s . R. C. T h u r b e r & A s s o c i a t e s Ltd. : Continuing f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s of f r o s t h e a v e p r o b l e m s w e r e m a d e . E l e c t r i c h e a t i n g c a b l e s o p e r a t e d f r o m a p o r t a b l e g e n e r a t o r w e r e u t i l i z e d t o m a i n t a i n f r e e d r a i n a g e i n d i t c h e s and c u l v e r t s d u r i n g s u b - z e r o w e a t h e r . F l e x i b l e d r a i n a g e i n s t a l l a t i o n s of p l a s t i c pipe w e r e d e s i g n e d and i n s t a l l e d t o c o n t r o l g r o u n d w a t e r d u r i n g r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a l a n d s l i d e a r e a . D. L o Townsend: F i e l d t e s t s h a v e b e e n conducted t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y c o n c e p t s f o r t h e c o m p a c t i o n c o n t r o l of g r a n u l a r b a s e c o u r s e s . While t h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m e t h o d i s g e n e r a l l y s u i t a b l e , o n e o r two r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t new m e t h o d s of d e t e r m i n i n g a b s o l u t e m a x i m u m d e n s i t y m u s t b e developed. An e v a l u a t i o n of t h e f i e l d f r o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of highway s o i l s w a s conducted. T h e e x i s t i n g c r i t e r i a t e n d e d t o b e s a f e f o r 80% of t h e t i m e but a l s o excluded m a n y s o i l s which did not h e a v e . A c r i t e r i a b a s e d upon e f f e c t i v e p o r e s i z e s i n t h e s o i l gave a s i m i l a r s a f e t y f a c t o r but w a s m o r e e c o n o m i c a l i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h o s e s o i l s which would not h e a v e . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a / A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council: ( a ) Continuing s t u d i e s on f r o s t a c t i o n p h e n o m e n a i n both open a n d c l o s e d s y s t e m s ; (b) E v a l u a t i o n of load d e f l e c t i o n p h e n o m e n a i n l a y e r e d p a v e m e n t s y s t e m s ; ( c ) A n a l y s i s of p a v e m e n t p e r f o r m a n c e i n o r g a n i c t e r r a i n a r e a s ; ( d ) Continuing s t u d i e s on c h e m i c a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l s t a b i l i z a t i o n

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of s o i l s f o r highway p a v e m e n t s ;

( e ) Analysis of pavement p e r f o r m a n c e i n c o - o p e r a t i o n with Canadian Good Roads A s s o c i a t i o n S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e on P a v e m e n t

Design and Evaluation. V. E. Vaughan:

Effect of r e p e t i t i v e loading on s t r e n g t h and d e f o r m a t i o n s of c o h e s i v e s o i l s .

S t r e n g t h of c e m e n t - s t a b i l i z e d g r a n u l a r s o i l s . 5. EARTH PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES AND TUNNELS: D. F. Coates:

Analysis of ground shock effects produced b y a n a i r b l a s t wave t r a v e l l i n g down a tunnel.

M e a s u r i n g loads on s e t s i n t u n n e l s u s i n g load c e l l s and

p r e s s u r e in a d j a c e n t ground u s i n g p r e s s u r e c e l l s . M e a s u r i n g d e f o r m a t i o n of t h e s e t s ,

Studying s u b s i d e n c e m e c h a n i c s , analyzing e m p i r i c a l d a t a and e s t a b l i s h i n g a field p r o g r a m m e of ground m e a s u r e m e n t s .

Designing s t r a i n gauge i n s t a l l a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e ground p r e s s u r e on a c o n c r e t e lining.

I n s t r u m e n t s a r e being i n s t a l l e d t o m e a s u r e d e f o r m a t i o n and e a r t h p r e s s u r e s a g a i n s t a 10-foot d i a m e t e r tunnel located a t a depth

of 65 f e e t and a g a i n s t a s h e e t p i l e r e t a i n i n g w a l l 7 5 f e e t high. P i e z o m e t r i c l e v e l s and ground m o v e m e n t s a r e being m e a s u r e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e

influence of the c o n s t r u c t i o n on t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a .

J.

Z . _Dobrowolski:

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of the foundation walls s u c c e s s f u l l y prevented damage t o t h e Saskatoon A r m o u r y building by e x c e s s i v e swelling of heavy c l a y s o i l t y p i c a l

f o r t h i s location. T h i s building w a s e r e c t e d i n 1957. The approximate swelling f o r c e v a r i e s f r o m one t o four t o n s / s q . ft.

Readings w e r e continued on two s t e e l s h e e t p i l e a n c h o r e d bulkheads which have been i n s t r u m e n t e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . Deflection r e a d i n g s w e r e t a k e n with t h e Wilson Slope Indicator device and t i e r o d s t r e s s e s w e r e m e a s u r e d by s t r a i n gauge. T h e s e r e s u l t s w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n a paper t o t h e Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference i n M o n t r e a l t h i s y e a r .

In a potash shaft in Saskatchewan, t h e sinking o p e r a t i o n s a r e c a r r i e d out through t h e B l a i r m o r e f o r m a t i o n under t h e p r o t e c t i o n of cement grouting. Until now, s i m i l a r s h a f t s w e r e sunk u s i n g t h e f r e e z i n g method a s protection. If t h e s u c c e s s s o f a r evidenced by t h e grouting p r o t e c t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d t o t h e end of the job, t h i s method will have p r o v e n to be a g r e a t saving of t i m e and money. The w o r k s a r e underway,

J.

E. Hurtubise:

T h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s on b e a r i n g capacity and e a r t h p r e s s u r e s ,

P.

F.

R. A. :

M e a s u r e m e n t s a r e continuing on t h e deflection of flexible m e t a l c u l v e r t s i n s t a l l e d beneath a n e a r t h d a m and a highway fill.

A p r o g r a m m e of s t r a i n and d i a m e t e r m e a s u r e m e n t s on 25-foot d i a m e t e r r i n g b e a m s i n s t a l l e d in c l a y - s h a l e h a s been initiated, T h i s h a s r e q u i r e d t h e a s s e m b l y and c a l i b r a t i o n of a s p e c i a l Lo-Var Tape E x t e n s o m e t e r capable of m e a s u r i n g d i a m e t e r s t o t h e n e a r e s t thousandth of a n inch.

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6.

EARTH DAMS, SLOPES AND OPEN EXCAVATIONS:

H.

G.

A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d :

( a ) Study of t h e g e o t e c h n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of i m p e r v i o u s fill m a t e r i a l s i n Canadian d a m s .

( b ) F e a s i b i l i t y study of c o n s t r u c t i o n of 70-foot high zoned f i l l dyke a c r o s s r i v e r c h a n n e l both i n t h e d r y and i n t h e wet.

( c ) Review of p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s f o r t h e d e s i g n of a r o c k f i l l d a m 650 f e e t high above t h e e x i s t i n g r i v e r b e d on foundations c o n s i s t i n g of a s a n d and g r a v e l d e p o s i t 120 f e e t deep.

(d) Design of a r o c k f i l l d a m of t h e double e m b a n k m e n t t y p e , 65 f e e t m a x i m u m height, c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e wet i n w a t e r 30 f e e t d e e p on foundations c o n s i s t i n g of p e a t and soft g l a c i a l l a k e c l a y 35 f e e t deep.

( e ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r t h e d e s i g n of a f r e e - s t a n d i n g c e l l u l a r type c o f f e r d a m on r o c k t o r e s i s t a c o n s t a n t 62-foot h e a d which p r e s e n t s s p e c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o b l e m s .

(f) I n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s i t e a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g u n d e r s e e p a g e conditions b e n e a t h a p r o p o s e d r o c k f i l l d a m 120 f e e t high

s u b j e c t e d t o a r t e s i a n h e a d s 20 f e e t above p r e s e n t r i v e r level. Foundations c o n s i s t of soft c l a y and t i l l u p t o 80 f e e t t h i c k , u n d e r l a i n by g r a v e l d e p o s i t 80 f e e t thick. D e t a i l e d pumping t e s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d s o u r c e of groundwater w a s l o c a l i z e d , t h e n e e d f o r a r e l i e f w e l l s y s t e m , a n d no n e c e s s i t y f o r a g r o u t e d cut-off.

( g ) Continuing o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of e a r t h f i l l dykes built on p e r m a f r o s t foundations.

(h) Continuing o b s e r v a t i o n and study of u n d e r s e e p a g e beneath a s m a l l e a r t h dam.

D. F. C o a t e s :

Studying s t a b i l i t y of high s l o p e s i n p r e - c o n s o l i d a t e d s o i l s a n d i n r o c k s .

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Monitoring m o v e m e n t of a n , e a r t h d a m on a foundation with a s a f e t y f a c t o r of 1.

F i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y w o r k i s continuing i n a n e f f o r t t o develop s a t i s f a c t o r y m e t h o d s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y of n a t u r a l s l o p e s . A s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s being m a d e of a s o i l f a i l u r e which f i l l e d a n o p e r a t i n g m i n e .

O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of s a n d - f i l l d y k e s c o n s t r u c t e d on p e r m a f r o s t i n n o r t h e r n Manitoba w e r e continued by m e a n s of ground t e m p e r a t u r e , s e t t l e m e n t gauge a n d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s .

( a ) M e a s u r e m e n t s of m o v e m e n t s of t h e bank of t h e Welland C a n a l w e r e t a k e n o v e r a o n e - y e a r c y c l e . T h e r e a d i n g s w e r e t a k e n with t h e Wilson Slope I n d i c a t o r d e v i c e i n s i d e s l o t t e d p l a s t i c tubing. They w e r e s e t up t o give w a r n i n g of p o t e n t i a l d i s t u r b a n c e of t h e bank due t o a d j a c e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s . T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n p r o v e d t o b e s o

s e n s i t i v e t h a t a s e a s o n a l m o v e m e n t of t h e s l o p e of about 1 i n c h h o r i z o n t a l l y w a s o b s e r v e d due t o d e w a t e r i n g t h e c a n a l d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r . T h e bank w a s o b s e r v e d t o m o v e out when t h e w a t e r w a s r e m o v e d and t o m o v e b a c k in when t h e c a n a l w a s r e f i l l e d . ( b ) T h e d e s i g n of i n c l i n e d p r e - s t r e s s e d t i e - r o d s a n c h o r e d i n t o b e d r o c k , t o hold b a c k s o l d i e r b e a m s u p p o r t s f o r t h e s i d e s of a l a r g e excavation. By t h i s m e a n s t h e e x c a v a t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e l y f r e e of s t r u t s and b r a c i n g .

E.

Huni:

( a ) Computation of t h e Efficacy of a Deep G r o u t C u r t a i n i n A l l u v i a l s

T h e g r o u t c u r t a i n u n d e r M i s s i o n D a m on t h e B r i d g e R i v e r , B , C.

,

w a s c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1958-59. It i s 500 f e e t d e e p , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 f e e t t h i c k , and c o v e r s a n a r e a of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 8 , 0 0 0 sq. ft. of a l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l s . P i e z o m e t e r s w e r e i n s t a l l e d a s e a r l y a s 1957 up-

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a n d d o w n s t r e a m of t h e g r o u t c u r t a i n a n d t h e w a t e r Levels w e r e followed throughout t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e g r o u t c u r t a i n . (b) M e a s u r e m e n t s of U n d e r g r o u n d W a t e r f l o w s At G r a n t R a p i d s D a m s i t e , M a n i t o b a , m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e m a d e of t h e v e r t i c a l u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r f l o w i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n b o r e h o l e s d r i l l e d down t o 4 0 0 f e e t i n t h e d i f f e r e n t Limestone l a y e r s u n d e r l y i n g t h e s i t e . I. D. MacKenzie: I n v e s t i g a t i o n of p r o p e r t i e s of l o c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s t o develop p r o c e d u r e s f o r e a r t h - d a m c o n s t r u c t i o n u n d e r p o o r c l i m a t i c conditions. A c c e p t a b l e d e n s i t i e s h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d i n d r y g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s c o m p a c t e d d u r i n g s u b - z e r o t e m p e r a t u r e s u s i n g n o r m a l c o m p a c t i o n e q u i p m e n t but with i n c r e a s e d c o m p a c t i v e e f f o r t . F i e l d p i e z o m e t e r s i n s t a l l e d a t t h e l o c a t i o n of a n e x c a v a t i o n h a v e shown good c o r r d l a t i o n b e t w e e n d e c r e a s e i n p o r e p r e s s u r e with

e x c a v a t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e i n p o r e p r e s s u r e on r e f i l l i n g o r i n c r e a s e i n load.

J.

D. Scott: F i e l d a n d l a b o r a t o r y s t u d y of t h r e e s l o p e f a i l u r e s i n stiff f i s s u r e d c l a y s c o n s i d e r i n g both t o t a l s t r e s s a n d e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s s h e a r s t r e n g t h . R. C. _{T h u r b e r}& A s s o c i a t e s Ltd. : L a n d s l i d e s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n a v a r i e t y of s o i l c o n d i t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m n a t u r a l s l o p e s i n s e n s i t i v e g l a c i a l l a k e c l a y s t o e m b a n k - m e n t s a n d c u t t i n g s i n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d p a r t l y s a t u r a t e d highly p l a s t i c c l a y s .

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N. E. Wilson:

O b s e r v a t i o n s a r e p r o c e e d i n g and r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d f o r a s m a l l e a r t h d a m which i s leaking; with s e e p a g e g e t t i n g p r o g r e s s i v e l y w o r s e , "piping" m a y b e c o m e s e r i o u s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .

Study of s t a b i l i t y of s l o p e s u n d e r e x t e r n a l l o a d s a n d s u b j e c t t o s e e p a g e action. Model s t u d i e s involving v a r i a b l e s s u c h a s c o m p a c t i o n , s lope, s o i l t y p e and s e e p a g e p r e s s u r e .

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APPENDIX "A"

MEMBERS O F T H E CANADIAN SECTION O F T H E INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY O F SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

N a m e T i t l e o r Occupation A d d r e s s Adarns,

J. I.

A n d e r s o n , K. 0. A n d e r s son, A.

G.

L. A n d r e w e s ,

P.

J. A r m s t r o n g ,

M.

D. Audy,

R.

B a s a r k e , N. S. E n g i n e e r H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o , 620 U n i v e r s i t y Avenue, T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o . A s s i s t a n t Highway R e s e a r c h Division, P r o f e s s o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council, U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a , Edmonton, Alberta. F i e l d Investigation R i p l e y & A s s o c i a t e s , S u p e r v i s o r 1930 W e s t B r o a d w a y , Vancouver

9,

B.

C.

P r o j e c t E n g i n e e r R a c e y , M a c C a l l u m & A s s o c s . Ltd.

,

27 C a r l t o n S t r e e t , T o r onto, Ontario. S p e c i a l P r o j e c t s M a t e r i a l s & R e s e a r c h E n g i n e e r S e c t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of Highways, P a r l i a m e n t B u i l d i n g s , T o r o n t o 5 , Ontario. A s s o c i a t e P i e t t e , Audy & Le'pinay,

11 34 Chemin S t - Louis, S i l l e r y , Quebec. S e n i o r Design B r i d g e Division, E n g i n e e r D e p a r t m e n t of Highways, P a r l i a m e n t Buildings

,

T o r o n t o , Ontario.