• Aucun résultat trouvé

Géographie Économie Société : Article pp.233-238 du Vol.12 n°2 (2010)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Géographie Économie Société : Article pp.233-238 du Vol.12 n°2 (2010)"

Copied!
6
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

*pRJUDSKLHeFRQRPLH6RFLpWp

GÏOGRAPHIE ÏCONOMIE SOCIÏTÏ GÏOGRAPHIE ÏCONOMIE SOCIÏTÏ

&RPSWHV5HQGXV

7UHPEOD\ 5pP\ HW 'LDQH*DEULHOOH 7UHPEOD\/D FODVVH FUpDWLYH VHORQ 5LFKDUG )ORULGDXQSDUDGLJPHXUEDLQSODXVLEOH"4XpEHF3UHVVHVGHO·8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHF

&ROO*pRJUDSKLHFRQWHPSRUDLQHS

)DXWLOSUpVHQWHU5LFKDUG)ORULGD"2ULJLQDLUHGX1HZ-HUVH\FHOXLTXLVHUDLWO·pFR QRPLVWHOHSOXVHQGHPDQGHjWUDYHUVOHPRQGHFRPPHFRQIpUHQFLHUIDLWODSOXLHHWOH EHDX WHPSV j O·8QLYHUVLWp GH 7RURQWR HW UpVLGH GDQV OD PpWURSROH FDQDGLHQQH GHSXLV TX·LOIXWVXEMXJXpSDUWRXVOHVODXULHUVTXLOXLIXUHQWODQFpVORUVGHVHVSUHPLHUVSDV VDJHV6HUDLWLOPpFRQQXHQ)UDQFH"8QHQRWHGHEDVGHSDJHSSUpFLVHTXHSHX GH )UDQoDLV OLVHQW O·DQJODLV FRXUDPPHQW RU OHV WH[WHV GH )ORULGD QH VRQW SDV WUDGXLWV HQIUDQoDLVWDQGLVTX·LOVOHVRQWGDQVSDVPRLQVGHFLQTODQJXHVGRQWOHFKLQRLV'HOj YLHQGUDLWO·XWLOLWpVHORQ7UHPEOD\ 7UHPEOD\GHSUpVHQWHUGHVWH[WHVYLVDQWjVXVFLWHU XQGpEDWGDQVOHPRQGHIUDQFRSKRQHHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUIUDQoDLVSXLVTXHOHVWKqVHVGH )ORULGD\VHPEOHQWUHODWLYHPHQWPpFRQQXHV/HEXWYLVpRQO·DXUDFRPSULVpWDQWGH SRXUVXLYUH HW G·DSSURIRQGLU OHV GpEDWV HQ FRXUV 3DV PRLQV GH RQ]H DXWHXUV VH SDUWD JHQW QHXI FKDSLWUHV /H WUDYDLO GH FRRUGLQDWLRQ GHV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH FHWWH pGLWLRQ Q·D SXHPSrFKHUOHVUpSpWLWLRQV0DLVVLHOOHVVRQWQRPEUHXVHVHOOHVQHFKRTXHQWSDVFDU VXUWRXWSRXUOHVQRQLQLWLpVOHVUpSpWLRQVWLHQQHQWOLHXGDYDQWDJHGHUDSSHOV&RPPH RQOHVDLWVXLYDQWXQYLHX[SULQFLSHHQSpGDJRJLHUpSpWHUDLGHjPLHX[IDLUHDVVLPLOHU

$ORUVTXHOHOHFWHXUVHSUpSDUHjOLUHVXUOHVWURLV©7ªWDOHQWWROpUDQFHHWWHFKQRORJLH OHVTXHOVDYHFOHVLQGLFHVJDLHWERKpPLHQpFULYDLQVDUWLVWHVPXVLFLHQVFRQFHSWHXUV SKRWRJUDSKHVHWFVHUYHQWjUpVXPHUOHVLGpHVGHFHOXLTXLIDLWFRXULUOHVpGLOHVHQPDO G·LGpHVQRXYHOOHVSRXUPHWWUHOHXUYLOOHVXUODFDUWH

/HWRXWGpEXWHDYHFXQHFRQWULEXWLRQGHODWUqVSUROLÀTXH'*7UHPEOD\XQHDXWHXUH IDPLOLqUHDX[OHFWHXUGH*(6HWGH6'DUFKHQSURIHVVHXUDGMRLQWjO·8QLYHUVLWp<RUNj 7RURQWR&RPPHFHUWDLQVGHOHXUVFROODERUDWHXUVQHPDQTXHQWSDVGHOHIDLUHRQV·LQWHU URJHLFLVXUODUHODWLRQGHFDXVDOLWpHQWUHOHGHJUpGHWROpUDQFHHWVRQSRWHQWLHOVXUOHSODQ pFRQRPLTXH2QHVWWRXMRXUVDX[SULVHVDYHFOHGLOHPPHGHO·±XIHWGHODSRXOH4XHO SKpQRPqQHSUpFqGHO·DXWUH"6HORQ)ORULGDOHWDOHQWHQJHQGUHUDLWODFURLVVDQFHDORUVTXH G·DXFXQVVRXWLHQQHQWOHFRQWUDLUHODFURLVVDQFHDWWLUHOHWDOHQW/HOLHQGHFDXVDOLWpHQWUH OHV GHX[ VHUDLW SOXW{W FLUFXODLUH HW FXPXODWLI HW QRQ XQLGLUHFWLRQQHO FRPPH OH VRXWLHQW

2QWKHPDS«2X6X·DPDSFRPPHRQGLWGDQVOHMDUJRQTXpEpFRLV

(2)

)ORULGD(QIDLWWHOTX·LQGLTXpVDWKqVHIDLWO·REMHWGHWURLVFULWLTXHVSULQFLSDOHV(OOH FRQVWLWXH XQH LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ VLPSOLÀpH GH OD FURLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH HQ PLOLHX XUEDLQ (OOHpYLWHGHWHQLUFRPSWHTXHF·HVWHQEDQOLHXHTXHVHUHWURXYHFHWWHIDPHXVHFODVVH FUpDWLYH(OOHSqFKHSDUGHVFKRL[PpWKRGRORJLTXHVSRXUOHPRLQVGLVFXWDEOHV&·HVWFH VXUTXRLV·pWHQGHQWOHVDXWHXUVGHVFKDSLWUHVVXEVpTXHQWV

$LQVL RQ WURXYH XQ FKDSLWUH VXU OD WKpRULH GX FDSLWDO FUpDWLI GH 0\UWLOOH 5R\9DOH[

GRFWRUDQWHHQpWXGHVXUEDLQHVjO·,15686&GHO·8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHFGRQWOHWH[WHVH YHXWXQHYHUVLRQODUJHPHQWUHPDQLpHDFWXDOLVpHHWDXJPHQWpHWURSG·XQWH[WHSDUXGDQV XQRXYUDJHGHVPrPHVFRRUGLQDWHXUV$YHFVHVSDJHVFHFKDSLWUHQHVHGLVWLQJXHSDV IDYRUDEOHPHQW SDU UDSSRUW DX[ DXWUHV (Q IDLW VRQ FDUDFWqUH DVVpFKDQW HW SDVVDEOHPHQW pORLJQpGXF±XUGHODWKqVHIDLVDQWO·REMHWGXYROXPHLQFLWHOHFWHXUjSDVVHUDXFKDSLWUH VXLYDQWGH0DUF9/HYLQHVHSURQRQFHjO·DQJODLVHRLOVHYRLWRIIULUXQHFLQJODQWHFUL WLTXHGHVDOOpJDWLRQVÁRULGLHQQHV3URIHVVHXUG·KLVWRLUHHWG·pWXGHVXUEDLQHVjO·8QLYHUVLWp GX:LVFRQVLQ/HYLQHHVWXQIDPLOLHUGH0RQWUpDOHWGHODODQJXHGH9LJQHDXOWTXHO·RQ

\SDUOH/·LQWpUrWGHVDFRQWULEXWLRQIDLWSDUGRQQHUDX[FRRUGRQQDWHXUVGHO·RXYUDJHGH O·DYRLUODLVVHUHPSOR\HUOH©MHªHWGHUHFRXULUjGHVIRUPXOHVGXW\SH©'DQVXQLQVWDQW MH«ªRXHQFRUH©-HSUpVHQWHUDLPRQH[SRVpDXMRXUG·KXL«ªFRPPHV·LOV·DJLVVDLWG·XQ WH[WHG·XQHFRQIpUHQFHSXEOLpWHOTXHO$SUqVDYRLUH[DPLQpEULqYHPHQWOHVpOpPHQWVFOpV GH OD WKqVH GH OD FODVVH FUpDWLYH O·DXWHXU HQ VRXOLJQH OHV ODFXQHV PpWKRGRORJLTXHV HW FRQFHSWXHOOHV,OSDVVHHQVXLWHDX[SUHXYHVHPSLULTXHVUHODWLYHPHQWjFHUWDLQHVDVVHUWLRQV GH)ORULGDVXUFHTXLVHUDSSRUWHDXOLHQHQWUHODFODVVHFUpDWLYHHWODSURVSpULWppFRQRPLTXH G·XQHYLOOH(QÀQ/HYLQHH[DPLQHFHUWDLQHVLPSOLFDWLRQVHQPDWLqUHGHSROLWLTXHXUEDLQH

­SURSRVGHFHVGHUQLqUHVOHVH[HPSOHVGH%DOWLPRUH0HPSKLVHWGX0LFKLJDQVHUYHQW G·LOOXVWUDWLRQV2QDSSUHQGTXHSRXUODHWSURFpGHUjGHVDPpQDJHPHQWVGHVEHUJHVGX ÁHXYHDÀQGHV·DVVXUHUO·DWWUDLWGHODFODVVHFUpDWLYHTXLIDXWLOOHUDSSHOHUVHFRPSRVH GHVFLHQWLÀTXHVG·LQJpQLHXUVGHSURIHVVHXUVG·XQLYHUVLWpG·DUFKLWHFWHVGHGHVLJQHUVGH URPDQFLHUVHWDXWUHVDUWLVWHVDX[TXHOVLOIDXWLQFOXUHOHV©SURIHVVLRQQHOVGHODFUpDWLYLWpª

±XYUDQWGDQVGHVVHFWHXUVjIRUWHLQWHQVLWpGHVDYRLU+LJKWHFKVDQWpÀQDQFHGURLWHW JHVWLRQFRPPHUFLDOH2UDX[GLUHVGH/HYLQHRQVHWURXYHLFLHQSUpVHQFHGHODODFXQH IRQGDPHQWDOHGHVWUDYDX[GH)ORULGDXQHGpÀQLWLRQWHOOHPHQWYDVWHGHODFODVVHFUpDWLYH TXHOOH SHUG WRXWH SRVVLELOLWp G·DQDO\VH ULJRXUHXVH (Q UpVXPp /HYLQH FRPPH G·DXWUHV FROODERUDWHXUVjFHWRXYUDJHO·DIÀUPHQW)ORULGDHPSUXQWHEHDXFRXSGXWUDYDLOG·DXWUHV FKHUFKHXUVVDQVWRXMRXUVOHUHFRQQDvWUHHWTXDQGLOpFULWTXHOHVYLOOHVVDQVJDLVHWVDQV JURXSH URFN VRQW GHVWLQpHV j SHUGUH OD FRXUVH pFRQRPLTXH VHV WUDYDX[ VRQW HQWDFKpV G·HUUHXUVPpWKRGRORJLTXHVOHVLQGLFHVJDLHWERKpPLHQGHYLGHVGDQVOHVGRQQpHVHWGH FRQFHSWVGRXWHX[FODVVHFUpDWLYHHWYLOOHV©EUDQFKpHVª

&HWWHFULWLTXHVpYqUHHWGHWRXWHpYLGHQFHSHUWLQHQWHQ·DG·pJDOHTXHFHOOHTXLVXLWVRXV ODSOXPHGH5LFKDUG6KHDUPXU6XUSULVH,OQHV·DJLWSDVLFL«©G·XQHYHUVLRQODUJHPHQW UHPDQLpHDFWXDOLVpHHWDXJPHQWpHªG·XQWH[WHSXEOLpHQHWUHFHQVpGDQVVHVSDJHV YRLUQRWHPDLVEHOHWELHQGXWH[WHLQWLWXOp/DFRPSpWLWLYLWpXUEDLQHGDQVOHFRQWH[WH GHODQRXYHOOHpFRQRPLH,FLVHXOOHWLWUHHVWPRGLÀp/·DULVWRFUDWLHPRELOHGXVDYRLUHW VRQWDSLVURXJHTXHOTXHVUpÁH[LRQVVXUOHVWKqVHVGH5LFKDUG)ORULGD'RPPDJHTXH 6KHDUPXUQ·DLWSULVOHWHPSVGHVDLVLUODSHUFKHWHQGXHSRXUFRPSOpWHUVDFULWLTXHG·LO

\ D TXDWUH DQV -·LQYLWH GRQF OH OHFWHXU j VH UDSSRUWHU j PD UHFHQVLRQ TXL FRPPHQoDLW DLQVL©1RXVUHWURXYRQV56KHDUPXUDYHFXQWH[WHIRUWSHUFXWDQWTXLHVWLPHLQMXVWLÀp

(3)

OHWDSLVURXJHTXHGpURXOHQWLQODVVDEOHPHQWOHVpGLOHVGHVJUDQGVFHQWUHVPpWURSROLWDLQV 0RQWUpDOLQFOXVHVRXVOHVSLHGVGH)ORULGDª-·DLPHFURLUHTXHFHVOLJQHVRQWLQVSLUpj O·DXWHXUOHWLWUHXWLOLVpSRXUDEULWHUVRQ©UHPDNHª

/HWRXWVHSRXUVXLWDYHFjQRXYHDX'*7UHPEOD\HQFRPSDJQLHFHWWHIRLVGH7KRPDV 3LODWLVWDJLDLUHLWDOLHQj7pOp8QLYHUVLWpGHO·84$/·DWWHQWLRQLFLVHWURXYHFHQWUpHVXU O·DQDO\VHGHVFRQFHSWVWKpRULTXHVHQIDLVDQWXQSDUDOOqOHHQWUHODFLWpFUpDWLYHHWOHVGLV WULFWVLQGXVWULHOPLVHQpYLGHQFHSDU%HFFDWLQLHWVHVFRPSDUVHV3RXUFHIDLUHOHVDXWHXUV RQWUHFRXUVjG·LQWpUHVVDQWVUDSSHOVGHO·±XYUHGH-DQH-DFREVPLVHQUHODWLRQDYHFOHV WKqVHVGH)ORULGD$LQVLLOVGpJDJHQWTX·LOQHSHXW\DYRLUGHPLUDFOHHWTXHOHVLQLWLDWLYHV IRQGpHVVXUODFXOWXUHHWODFUpDWLYLWpVRQWULHQG·DXWUHVTX·XQHRSWLRQSDUPLG·DXWUHVGDQV V·HQVHPEOHGHVLQLWLDWLYHVUHOHYDQWGXGpYHORSSHPHQWORFDO0DOKHXUHXVHPHQWSDVPRLQV GHQRWHVGHEDVGHSDJHSRXUXQWH[WHGHSDJHVDORXUGLVVHQWJUDQGHPHQWODOHFWXUH GHFHFKDSLWUH'·DXWDQWSOXVTXHOHFRQWHQXGHFHUWDLQHVQRWHVTXLIRQWODPRLWLpG·XQH SDJHDXUDLWSXVHUHWURXYHUGDQVOHFRUSVGXWH[WH3DVIDFLOHG·pFULUHTXDQGRQYHXWWURS HQGLUH(QÀQ'*7UHPEOD\QHYDSDVVXUSUHQGUHOHVOHFWHXUVGH*(6HQV·DVVRFLDQWFHWWH IRLVDYHFOHUHVSRQVDEOHGHODFROOHFWLRQ*pRJUDSKLHKXPDLQHQRWUHFROOqJXHHWDPL-/

.OHLQGHO·84$0WUqVSRUWpHQWUHDXWUHFKRVHVXUO·pFRQRPLHVRFLDOH(QIDLWF·HVWGH FRKpVLRQVRFLDOHGRQWLOHVWLFLVXUWRXWTXHVWLRQ/DVHXOHDOOXVLRQjFHTXLIDLWO·REMHWGH FHWRXYUDJHWLHQWGDQVFHERXWGHSKUDVH©«FHQ·HVWSDVO·LGpHGHYLOOHFUpDWLYHTXLHVW FRQWHVWpH PDLV ELHQ OD FRQFHSWLRQ pOLWLVWH GH OD FUpDWLYLWpHW GX U{OH TX·RQ SHXW OXL DWWULEXHUGDQVXQHVWUDWpJLHGHGpYHORSSHPHQWª

(QÀQGLVRQVTXHOHOHFWHXUWURXYHUDGDQVFHWRXYUDJHVXIÀVDPPHQWVXUFHTX·LOGpVLUH VDYRLUVXUOHVWUDYDX[GH5LFKDUG)ORULGDHWTX·LORVHGHPDQGHU

$QGUp-R\DO 8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHFj7URLV5LYLqUHV

‹/DYRLVLHU3DULV7RXVGURLWVUpVHUYpV

-HDQ0DULH+XULRWHW/LVH%RXUGHDX/HSDJHGLUeFRQRPLHGHVYLOOHVFRQWHP SRUDLQHV3DULV(FRQRPLFDSDJHV

4XHOOHHVWODUpDOLWppFRQRPLTXHGHVYLOOHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHV"4XHVDYRQVQRXVH[DFWH PHQWGHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVTXLRQWPDUTXpFHWWHUpDOLWpDXFRXUVGHFHVGHUQLqUHVGpFHQQLHV HWTXLODUHFRQÀJXUHQWHQFRUHDFWXHOOHPHQWGHPDQLqUHVHQVLEOH"4XHQRXVDSSUHQQHQW OHVWKpRULHVpFRQRPLTXHVGHODVWUXFWXUDWLRQHWGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHO·HVSDFHXUEDLQ"

/·RXYUDJHGH-HDQ0DULH+XULRWHW/LVH%RXUGHDX/HSDJHDERUGHGHIURQWFHVGLIIp UHQWHVTXHVWLRQV,OHVWG·DXWDQWELHQYHQXTXHOHSKpQRPqQHXUEDLQV·HVWSURJUHVVLYHPHQW FRPSOH[LÀpDXÀOGHVGpFHQQLHVWRXWHQpWDQWGpVRUPDLVFRQIURQWpjXQHQYLURQQHPHQW WUqVFRQFXUUHQWLHOHWSRUWHXUGHQRPEUHXVHVLQFHUWLWXGHVHWVRXUFHVGHGpVpTXLOLEUHV3ULVHV GDQVXQ©pWDXVSDWLDOªLQpGLWDYHFG·XQHSDUWOHVIRUWHVSUHVVLRQVFRPSpWLWLYHVLQGXLWHV SDUODPRQGLDOLVDWLRQHWG·DXWUHSDUWOHVWHQVLRQVFURLVVDQWHVLQGXLWHVSDUODPRQWpHHQ SXLVVDQFH GX SKpQRPqQH UpJLRQDO OHV YLOOHV VRQW j OD UHFKHUFKH GH QRXYHDX[ UHSqUHV

(4)

VSDWLDX[ HW VXUWRXW GH QRXYHDX[ IRQGHPHQWV SRXU OHXU GpYHORSSHPHQW pFRQRPLTXH HW VRFLDO3DUDOOqOHPHQWOHVPXWDWLRQVXUEDLQHVTXLWUDYHUVHQWGHSXLVSOXVLHXUVGpFHQQLHVGH QRPEUHXVHVYLOOHVGDQVOHPRQGHPpWURSROLVDWLRQpWDOHPHQWXUEDLQ©JHQWULÀFDWLRQª HWFGHPrPHTXHOHVSUREOqPHVSRUWpVSDUFHVPXWDWLRQVHIIHWVGHFRQJHVWLRQDWWHLQWHV jO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSUL[GXIRQFLHUSURFHVVXVGHIUDJPHQWDWLRQVRFLDOHFRQÁLWVG·XVDJH GHVHVSDFHVHWFFRQVWLWXHQWGHYpULWDEOHVGpÀVSRXUODYLOOHFRQWHPSRUDLQH/HVpTXL OLEUHVGpOLFDWVHQWUHVHFWHXUSURGXFWLIHWVHFWHXUUpVLGHQWLHOGDQVODG\QDPLTXHXUEDLQHOD VRXWHQDELOLWppFRQRPLTXHVRFLDOHHWHQYLURQQHPHQWDOHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHODYLOOHOHV FRPSURPLVIUDJLOHVHQWUHSUpVHUYDWLRQGHODTXDOLWpGHYLHHWDWWUDFWLYLWppFRQRPLTXHVRX PHWWHQWOHVpOXVHWUHVSRQVDEOHVORFDX[jGHVDUELWUDJHVGLIÀFLOHVHQPrPHWHPSVTX·LOV TXHVWLRQQHQW OD SHUWLQHQFH GHV PRGqOHV pFRQRPLTXHV GX GpYHORSSHPHQW XUEDLQ HW GHV WKpRULHVTXLOHVVRXVWHQGHQW

)UXLWG·XQHFROODERUDWLRQORQJXHHWIUXFWXHXVHHQWUHOHVGHX[DXWHXUV/·pFRQRPLHGHV YLOOHV FRQWHPSRUDLQHV FRQVWLWXH j Q·HQ SDV GRXWHU XQH © SLHUUH GH WDLOOH ª GDQV O·DQD O\VHpFRQRPLTXHGHVG\QDPLTXHVXUEDLQHVDFWXHOOHVHWGDQVODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHVFKDQ JHPHQWV HW LQFHUWLWXGHV TXL OHV FDUDFWpULVHQW '·DERUG SDUFH TX·LO V·DJLW G·XQ RXYUDJH GHQVH PLQXWLHX[ DSSX\p VXU XQH EDVH ELEOLRJUDSKLTXH WKpRULTXH HW HPSLULTXH UHPDU TXDEOHSUqVGHUpIpUHQFHVGRQWEHDXFRXSGHWUDYDX[UpFHQWV(QVXLWHSDUFHFHTXH OHVRXFLGHSUpFLVLRQHWG·DSSURIRQGLVVHPHQWGHO·DQDO\VHGRQWIRQWSUHXYHOHVDXWHXUVQH VDFULÀHSDVODFODUWpHWODSpGDJRJLHGHO·H[SRVpVXUO·DXWHOGHODWHFKQLFLWpHWGXMDUJRQ DFDGpPLTXH(QÀQSDUFHTXHDXGHOjGHODSUpVHQWDWLRQLQWHOOLJHQWHGHO·pWDWGHVVDYRLUV DFWXHOVVXUO·pFRQRPLHXUEDLQHOHVDXWHXUVPHWWHQWXQVRLQWRXWSDUWLFXOLHUjSRLQWHUHW GLVFXWHUSUpFLVpPHQWFHTXHQRXVQHVDYRQVSDVRXSDVHQFRUHRXSDVGHPDQLqUHUREXVWH VXU O·pFRQRPLH GHV YLOOHV 3RXU FHV GLIIpUHQWHV UDLVRQV O·RXYUDJH TXL QRXV HVW SURSRVp FRQVWLWXHjODIRLVXQPDQXHOGHUpIpUHQFHSRXUOHVpWXGLDQWVHQpFRQRPLHXUEDLQHXQH RXYHUWXUHVWLPXODQWHSRXUOHVFKHUFKHXUVWUDYDLOODQWjODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHODG\QDPLTXH pFRQRPLTXHGHVYLOOHVHWGHOHXUVPpWDPRUSKRVHVHWXQJXLGHSUpFLHX[SRXUOHVGpFLGHXUV HWpOXVTXLWHQWHQWDXMRXUG·KXLG·DIIURQWHUOHVPXOWLSOHVSUREOqPHVHWLQFHUWLWXGHVVRXOHYpV SDUODUHFRQÀJXUDWLRQDFWXHOOHHWSRWHQWLHOOHGHO·HVSDFHXUEDLQ

2XWUH XQH SUpIDFH GH 6DVNLD 6DVVHQ 3URIHVVHXU j OD &ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\ GH 1HZ

<RUNHWXQHSRVWIDFHGH-DFTXHV)UDQoRLV7KLVVH3URIHVVHXUjO·8QLYHUVLWp&DWKROLTXH GH/RXYDLQWRXVGHX[GHVVSpFLDOLVWHVPRQGLDOHPHQWUHFRQQXVGHO·pFRQRPLHXUEDLQH O·RXYUDJH HVW VWUXFWXUp HQ FKDSLWUHV ELHQ pTXLOLEUpV FRPSRUWDQW FKDFXQ j OD ÀQ XQ

©PpPRªV\QWKqVHGHVLGpHVFOpVHWGHVOHFWXUHVUHFRPPDQGpHVWRXWHVWUqVELHQFLEOpHV /HVGHX[SUHPLHUVFKDSLWUHVUHVSHFWLYHPHQWGpÀQLVVHQWOD©YLOOHªDYHFXQH[SRVp WUqVFRPSOHWGHVGLIIpUHQWVFRQFHSWVHWXQHGLVFXVVLRQGHOHXUSRUWpHHWHQUHWUDFHQWO·KLV WRLUHPXOWLPLOOpQDLUHGHVRULJLQHVVXPpULHQQHVjO·qUHLQGXVWULHOOH/HFKDSLWUHDERUGH DORUVODTXHVWLRQGHODYLOOHFRQWHPSRUDLQHWHOOHTX·HOOHVHIRQGHDXWRXUGHVSUREOpPD WLTXHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQHWGHFRRUGLQDWLRQ/HVGHX[FKDSLWUHVVXLYDQWVHQWUHQWGDQVOHYLIGX VXMHWG·DERUGjWUDYHUVODTXHVWLRQIRQFLqUHHWLPPRELOLqUHHWODFRQFXUUHQFHSRXUOHVRO XUEDLQSXLVSDUOHVG\QDPLTXHVGHFHQWUDOLWpHWGHSUR[LPLWpLQGXLWHVSDUO·HVSDFHXUEDLQ DLQVLTXHOHVDPpQLWpVTXLOHFDUDFWpULVHQW

&HVFLQTSUHPLHUVFKDSLWUHVSODQWHQWSRXUDLQVLGLUHOH©GpFRUªGHO·pFRQRPLHGHOD YLOOH/HVFKDSLWUHVjFRQVWLWXHQWOHF±XUGHO·DQDO\VHpFRQRPLTXHGHODYLOOH(OOH VHIRQGHWUqVSUpFLVpPHQWVXUOHVORJLTXHVG·DJJORPpUDWLRQHWOHVPXOWLSOHVGLPHQVLRQV

(5)

HWG\QDPLTXHVTXLOHVVRXVWHQGHQW/DPLVHHQpYLGHQFHGHODJHQqVHGLIÀFLOHGHO·LGpH G·DJJORPpUDWLRQHQpFRQRPLHQRWDPPHQWIDFHDXSDUDGLJPHGHODFRQFXUUHQFHSDUIDLWH SXLV O·DQDO\VH GHV SURFHVVXV G·DJJORPpUDWLRQ GDQV XQ FDGUH GH FRQFXUUHQFH VSDWLDOH LPSDUIDLWHHWGHVORJLTXHVGHPRELOLWpGHFHQWUDOLWpHWG·pFKDQJHVLQIRUPDWLRQQHOVTXH FHVSURFHVVXVUHFRXYUHQWVRQWDLQVLPHQpHVGDQVOHGpWDLOSDUOHVDXWHXUVTXLSUHQQHQW pJDOHPHQWOHVRLQGHVRXOLJQHUV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVTXH OHVTXHVWLRQQHPHQWVWKpRULTXHVSDUIRLVDQFLHQVRQWSRLQWpSRXUGHVFRQWH[WHVGLIIpUHQWV RXSOXVJpQpUDX[

/HV TXDWUH GHUQLHUV FKDSLWUHV VH GpWDFKHQW GH FHW © pWDW GX VDYRLU ª GH O·pFRQRPLH XUEDLQHHQVHIRFDOLVDQWVXUTXDWUHGLPHQVLRQVIRQGDPHQWDOHVGHODG\QDPLTXHGHVpFR QRPLHVXUEDLQHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHV/HFKDSLWUHWUDLWHGHPDQLqUHPLQXWLHXVHGHVFDUDFWp ULVWLTXHVHWGHVSUREOqPHVVRXOHYpVSDUO·pWDOHPHQWXUEDLQLQGXLWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWSDUOHV G\QDPLTXHVGXIRQFLHUHWGHO·LPPRELOLHUHWGHPDQLqUHVXEVpTXHQWHSDUOHVQRXYHOOHV ORJLTXHV GH ORFDOLVDWLRQ UpVLGHQWLHOOH 3DUDOOqOHPHQW FRPPH FHOD HVW PRQWUp HW GLVFXWp GDQVOHFKDSLWUHODUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGHVDFWLYLWpVpFRQRPLTXHVLQGXLWXQHUHFRPSRVLWLRQ

²PXOWLSRODULVDWLRQGHVYLOOHVDXWRXUGHQRXYHOOHVFRQÀJXUDWLRQVFHQWUHVSpULSKpULHV UHFRXYUDQWjODIRLVGHVHIIHWVGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQHWGHGLVSHUVLRQGDQVODORFDOLVDWLRQGHV HPSORLVHWGHVDFWHXUV/·DQDO\VHHVWDORUVV\VWpPDWLVpHHWDSSURIRQGLHGDQVOHFKDSLWUH DXWRXUGHO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQQRXYHDXPRGqOHpFRQRPLTXHXUEDLQIDLVDQWpYROXHUOHVFRQÀ JXUDWLRQVXUEDLQHVPXOWLFHQWULTXHVYHUVGHV©V\VWqPHVGHYLOOHVªSOXVRXPRLQVDUWLFXOpV HWLQWHUGpSHQGDQWV(QÀQOHFKDSLWUHpODUJLWGDYDQWDJHHQFRUHODUpÁH[LRQHQH[SORUDQW ODTXHVWLRQFUXFLDOHDXMRXUG·KXLGHO·DUWLFXODWLRQGHVpFKHOOHVVSDWLDOHVGDQVXQHG\QD PLTXHGHO·XUEDLQDXVHLQGHODTXHOOHOHORFDOHWOHJOREDOHWOHVpFKHOOHVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVGX UpJLRQDOHWGXQDWLRQDOVHFRPELQHQWVHFRQWUDLJQHQWHWV·LQÁXHQFHQWPXWXHOOHPHQWSRXU GpÀQLUO·pFRQRPLHPDLVDXVVLO·LGHQWLWpHWOHGHYHQLUGHVYLOOHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHV

2QSRXUUDUHJUHWWHUTXHG·DXWUHVGLPHQVLRQVVDLOODQWHVHWWRXWDXVVL©FRQWHPSRUDLQHVª GXGpYHORSSHPHQWXUEDLQDFWXHOQHVRLHQWTX·HIÁHXUpHVYRLUHQpJOLJpHV$XPRLQVWURLV G·HQWUHHOOHVDXUDLHQWVDQVGRXWHPpULWpSOXVG·DWWHQWLRQGHODSDUWGHVDXWHXUV/DSUH PLqUH GLPHQVLRQ D WUDLW DX U{OH GHV DFWLYLWpV FUpDWLYHV HW GH O·LQQRYDWLRQ SOXV JpQpUD OHPHQW GDQV OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ HW OD FRQVROLGDWLRQ GHV DYDQWDJHV FRPSpWLWLIV GHV YLOOHV HW PpWURSROHV SUpFLVpPHQW GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH GH FRPSpWLWLRQ JOREDOH HQWUH WHUULWRLUHV /HV WUDYDX[DXMRXUG·KXLELHQFRQQXVGH&KDUOHV/DQGU\5LFKDUG)ORULGD3HWHU+DOO$OOHQ 6FRWWSDUPLG·DXWUHVDXUDLHQWDLQVLHXWRXWHOHXUSODFHGDQVODUpÁH[LRQVXUOHUHQRXYHDX GHO·pFRQRPLHGHVYLOOHV3DUDOOqOHPHQWOHVSUpRFFXSDWLRQVHQYLURQQHPHQWDOHVSUHVVDQWHV HWOHVHIIRUWVFURLVVDQWVGHQRPEUHXVHVYLOOHVSRXUV·HQJDJHUGDQVGHVPRGqOHVGHGpYH ORSSHPHQWXUEDLQSOXVVRXWHQDEOHVDXUDLHQWSUREDEOHPHQWSHUPLVDX[DXWHXUVGHPLHX[

FHUQHUOHVFRQWRXUVGHVUHFRQÀJXUDWLRQVXUEDLQHVHQFRXUV/jDXVVLGHQRPEUHX[WUDYDX[

UpFHQWVVXUO·pFRORJLHXUEDLQHVXUOHV©VORZFLWLHVªRXVXUOHV©YLOOHVSRVWFDUERQHª DXUDLHQW SX rWUH PRELOLVpV XWLOHPHQW SRXU UHQIRUFHU O·DUJXPHQWDWLRQ VXU OHV IDFWHXUV GH GLIIpUHQFLDWLRQGHVYLOOHV(QÀQOHVGLPHQVLRQVG·LQQRYDWLRQVRFLDOHGDQVOHVG\QDPLTXHV GHGpYHORSSHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHGHVWHUULWRLUHVHWGHVYLOOHVHQSDUWLFXOLHUDXUDLHQWSHU PLVGHPLHX[VRXOLJQHUODQpFHVVLWpSRXUOHVYLOOHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVGHWURXYHUGHVpTXL OLEUHVVRXWHQDEOHVGDQVOHVSURFHVVXVGHUHFRPSRVLWLRQTXLOHVWUDYHUVHQW3DUFHTX·HOOH HVWSRXUYR\HXVHGHVROXWLRQVFUpDWLYHVGpFHQWUDOLVpHVHWÁH[LEOHVIDFHDX[GpÀVGHO·XU EDLQFRQWHPSRUDLQO·LQQRYDWLRQVRFLDOHFRQWULEXHVLJQLÀFDWLYHPHQWjODFRKpVLRQVRFLDOH

(6)

GHV YLOOHV HW GH OHXUV TXDUWLHUV DX[ SURFHVVXV G·LQWpJUDWLRQ VXU OH PDUFKp GX WUDYDLO j O·DPpOLRUDWLRQ GX FDGUH GH YLH HW GH OD TXDOLWp HQYLURQQHPHQWDOH HWF HW LQ ÀQH j XQ GpYHORSSHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHVRXWHQDEOHGHVYLOOHVYRLUQRWDPPHQWOHVWUDYDX[GH)UDQN 0RXODHUW-XDQ/XLV.OHLQ-DPLH3HFN(ULN6Z\QJHGRXZHWF

&HV UHJUHWV Q·HQWDPHQW FHSHQGDQW HQ ULHQ O·LQWpUrW GH O·RXYUDJH TXL RIIUH UpHOOHPHQW XQULFKHPDWpULDXWKpRULTXHHWHPSLULTXHPRELOLVpGpFRUWLTXpHWDUWLFXOpSDVjSDVSDUOHV DXWHXUVDÀQGHVRXOLJQHUOHVSHUPDQHQFHVOHVFRQVWDQWHVGDQVODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHVSKpQR PqQHVpFRQRPLTXHVXUEDLQVPDLVpJDOHPHQWOHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVOHVQRXYHOOHVGLPHQVLRQV HWOHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVLQpGLWHVTXHO·pYROXWLRQpFRQRPLTXHGHVYLOOHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVIDLW VXUJLU 5pFXUUHQFHV HW pPHUJHQFHV FRQWLQXLWpV HW ELIXUFDWLRQV FRQVWDQWHV HW VSpFLÀFLWpV IRQGDPHQWDX[HWLQpGLWVPRGqOHVWKpRULTXHVHWUpDOLWpV©WrWXHVªGHODG\QDPLTXHpFRQR PLTXHXUEDLQHVRQWDLQVLV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWPRELOLVpVDYHFWDOHQWHWERQKHXUSDUOHVDXWHXUV SRXUVWLPXOHUODUpÁH[LRQGXOHFWHXU&HGHUQLHUWRXWHQVHVHQWDQWSDUIDLWHPHQWjO·DLVHGDQV ODSURJUHVVLRQGHVFKDSLWUHVVXFFHVVLIVFRQVWUXLWVHWDUWLFXOpVDYHFXQHFODUWpHWXQWDOHQW pYLGHQWVQ·HVWFHSHQGDQWMDPDLVGDQVOHFRQIRUWVRQDWWHQWLRQHWVRQTXHVWLRQQHPHQWVRQW VDQVFHVVHVROOLFLWpVWLWLOOpVPLVjFRQWULEXWLRQ(QFHODOHVDXWHXUVRQWUpXVVLOHXUHQWUHSULVH LQWHOOHFWXHOOHHWSpGDJRJLTXH©IDLUHVDYRLUªWRXWHQSRXVVDQWFRQVWDPPHQWOHOHFWHXUj GpYHORSSHUVRQ©VDYRLUIDLUHG·XVDJHUDFWLIGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHª

$EGHOLOODK+DPGRXFK

&/(56(&1568QLYHUVLWpGH/LOOH

‹/DYRLVLHU3DULV7RXVGURLWVUpVHUYpV

Références

Documents relatifs

Pour terminer, nous étudierons les interactions entre certains indicateurs du développement durable et d’attractivité du territoire en prenant comme exemple les 27 pays de

Therefore, this report includes a third measure, the water footprint, which captures the demand placed on national, regional or global water resources as a result of consumption of

Vous avez tout au long de votre carrière exercé de hautes fonctions d’expertise notamment auprès du gouvernement Prodi mais également auprès d’institutions telles que la Datar et

0DULD7HUHVD ) 5LEHLUR HW &amp;DUORV 5REHUWR 6 0LODQL RUJ &amp;RPSUHHQGHQGR D FRPSOH[LGDGH VRFLRHVSDFLDO FRQWHPSRUkQHD 2 WHUULWRULR FRPR FDWHJRULD GH

Les phénomènes de lock in, engendrés d’une part par une distance cognitive trop faible entre des agents porteurs de connaissances trop similaires affaiblis dans leur

Dans leur étude sur les salaires des villes allemandes, Möller et Haas (2003) confirment, également, l’existence d’une prime urbaine, unique- ment pour les emplois

Cet article des Editions Lavoisier est disponible en acces libre et gratuit sur ges.revuesonline.com..

Pourriez-vous nous dire la raison qui a motivé votre choix de vous lancer dans la recherche économique alors que vous travailliez comme ingénieur des Mines à cette époque et que vous