10 0

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PULSED TEA ¹CO~ LASER ANO ITS SYNCHRONOUS COUPLING 0 A RUBY LASER

CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES

TOTAL OF 10 PAGES 0 LV MAY BE XEROXED

(Without Author's Permission)

GARY M. C.A.SE

C I

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1 :"ITS SYNCH~ONOUS COUPLING. TO A RUBY LASER ' ...

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/ · . Gary M.

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Case, B."Sc.

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· · · .Submitted ·in ·partial f,uJfilm~nt · .: ,.. ·

· ·of .the requirements for the degree of ·Master of. .Sci~nce

Memorial Univers~ty. ^'· _of N~wfoundland . ·

©

September, 1974 ·

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ABSTRACT

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A 3-nietre pulsed TEAico

2 laser·,

produc· f~ng ~9.6

J.lm r(!diation; ·was_

·~onstructed,

^{and its}

o~t~ut ·· chara~teristics - inve~t1gated.

^'The

las~r

^was

i

' • • ' ' • • I ' • •. • : t ' r I ' ' •

- ^~

of the helical pin.electrode configuration wi.th nominal 1000--o resistor~.·

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-

^\

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^{~ . . . . . , ' .. ..}

a~ the cathode,· an~ thus o~e~~t~d in the TE~oo mode. _·The f~ont laser

\'/~nd~~

^{.was' a}

pla~~ ~er:ma~f~m

^{mirro.r ..}

wit~5%;ie:flect1vi,ty.- : whf~~

^{the_, back}

window was arspherical silicon mirror with\ r.adius of. curvature -of 10m

' ^~.

....

^{' . .}

. ... , > ·'· :

..

·.-

I .

,...\ • •• • f •• • • • l

·and

a

refiectfvity of 99.4% .. ·Input :energy was su_pp11ed by a ~d-lO;KV. power

1 .

• . - . I • • •

·supply utilizing a triggered .03 ~J·capacitor which provided the pulsing

0 ' ' • '

.,m~chanfsm ^for ~he ^laser. us'fn~ ^{a gas·} mixture·:of:88%· H~,-~%-N

2

^{,- and: 6%·co~, · '}

t.he peak· power at.JO KV. was_. _appro~fm~tely 2~'4 _{' .} MW and :the ,

.

output' energy ^. tnorie~ ^. than .5

J,

effectjng an efficiency ot'almost-4%.., An .image1:onverter ·streak·

.

^{.. ~ ' . . . . .}

. ~ ··camera and a ~tant ·pulse ruby laser were simultaneo_usJy synchronized to the

TEA/~0 2

^{laser_. .. The}

^{pu~p~se _ of ~his'} syn~hroniza _ti~n

^_was to pro,vfde a.

sy~te~

( • I

.

.

^-

Whi~h could later be used to inve·stfgate stil'nu.lated ruby -laser 11.ght · .

• 0 ' t

scatte~ing i,n co2 laser·_ind'uce~- plas!"as.' _S~nchroi11~at1on was ·achieved w;th . the aid of s.treak photographs of

the . pias111a~. - Pla_s~as'

^{in air}

w~re

^easily

J -

obta-ined ·using geman;ium lenses

of

focal .lengths_of'·up to 1a·cm. Preliminary

, I " ,

' ' D ' •

~easurements were aJso ~ade on the streak camera photographs _wh4ch showed·

0 •

th~t the co2 laser~fhdu~~d plasma expan~e~ toward the· laser with ~ ·velocity.

on.

^thb

~~·d·e~

^{of ,106-'cm}

· s~G- .l

^{•.. Also,}

t~e

^{size of· the·}

plas~a ·

was ·found to-

I •

. '

• . . . . . I •

increase when the ruby laser was focused on_ the.-pla~ma and fired .s1mul ..

' 1:1' • • • • ~ ... ;,;,..~· ..... , ,. : . : . ,.; • •

taneouslywiththeTEA/Cp2·1aser. ,- · ·~-. · ' - ·

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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"The. author w1 ~es ~o."gratefolly atknowl~dge the following people. · · · · ·,

4 n \... ~ "* '" • ,

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.

^{. ' '}

whose assistance m~de t e,present work possible: . . . ^{' •} .

. ..

.

^{.. . . .}

Dr.

·c . .

W. Cho';l for· his. $uperv1sion af'ld.c,ounselling 'during the · ent·fre .progra~·; ^{· .} ·~ ^{t. • . . ·},. · · · .} ""

. ... ,·

. '\ . .,

_)

. Dr.

H: Kieft~;

^for

hi~ di~ectio~·~r~ughout th~·

_{I •} ~ •o

~r~ject~

' ' ^{· · · ·_/'\ ·} • '

· --

.

_{. •'}

o • o • I 0 •

Dr.

^{N. D .. ·i=·}olt , for

his

~ssistance in set-ting up .the ruby lase~; . .'

.' .,..

•

Messrs.

Ter~y hit~.

Adrian Wals.h,

~nd Mi:chae~ ~~· ;

..

i.Qr~~:c9~str~~: t~ ·

• I' • t . . . .. • ' ~ . .

ing_ the

co

_{2 raser} c0m~on nts; . ' ·. · ~

· Messrs.'_-Alex

~

^Cloy.

a~d

^Ray

p·e~ney.

^·f'or

t~ei ~ ~~~istanc.e

^{with the. }· .. I ' · ,}

. '

.

^. . '

electronics and the sy~ r~nization;

. -:· .Mr •. Russ Tucke

~.for h1s·ass~·sta~~e wi~h: ·the

^{draw1_ngs·}n ;the'}

'

· thesis;

..

.... ·.

. . .

1

. · Mr:· Ralph Ale)Cander~ .for hfs ass-istance with the pho.tography; ·

.J • t .{! ; - . .. ^{0 • •}

·.. I . .. " .

Miss Deanna Ja~es. for tYPJ.ng· the·manuscript. , ... .,

. ' . . . . . J . . "\.

. Th~· author is als·o indebted tci his wife·, Bar~ara, for:

her .

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continufng support. n

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.ABSTRACT

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. ' 'ACKNOWlEDGEMENTS :. ^' . . .. ^·' I ^I •

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. LIST. OF. FIGUR~S .

.

. . ~cHAP.TER 1

,/·

i-2 ·

Gas Lasers.· . ~:- . ^'

1-3 · Statement of the Problem ..

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.CHAPTEB 2 A Resume.~f tbe Pr"1~1pl:s ~~an lnfrar~

. co

₂ lase~ . . · '

.. ., 2-1 · _I

vibration~l:Energy

_{. •.}

: tev~ls. df

^{·car.bon. o·1ox1de .}

5 ''5

..

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. ~2

^·.

··s~l~~t1~-. E~c1·~~1on. 'H .echan;sm~

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2-3.

b • • • • I . • ... ~

Oe-excitation·Mechanisms

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2-4 · Ro~~~onat str~ctur~

.

of the Vibrat~onal ~evels^{. '} ·of

co

₂ ^l~

' ' I I

"11 r:

..

CHAPTER 3 · Design and Construc1!'1on

of

the. Laser.

3-~·

^·.

·M~h~Jl\c~ CqnS.~r~ct1on

^{.. \ .·. · p 0}

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3-2 .'Opt1~a1 Arrangement

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'14

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3-3 · POl:(~r,.~~pply an_d Related Electr,1,cal. _setup ·

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3..:4 ·. Opti~a·l Al1.gr1n~nt

aiKf

Qfleratfon of. ~as·er. · ^{22 ·_::}

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cHAe.!ER ·4 :·~.._~~ra~te~~st~cs of ~:~~-er __ ~ -·~·-:r:~ ^;{-' ~:~-. ^{. .} 2.5 t · : . :.1·_..-

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a Ruby La.ser '

•,

_Ob'serv~t-ions

of ·the

~cQ

2

^· ~~ser-·rndtic~d · f)la~ma • ·r

' ' ' / A ' r , 1 • '

Synchr~~~ :z~~.i o~ of t~e ~uby and ~c·o

2

^{· Lasers}

"

LIST QF.REfERENCES

·.o:.

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LIST OF

TABLES

·--...

..

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Sl~pes

^of,

~raphs

^of

. co

₂

lase~haract:eristf~s

^''

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Estim~ted ^{-l.Pit1a 1} ve1oci

ty.

of. th'e

.co2·.

1 ~ser-indu.ce~

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···; plasma· ·

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FIG. 5 '

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FIG·. 8 FIG. 9

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FIG~ 10 I ^t FIG. 11

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FIG. 12 FIG. '13

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LIST ·o~ FIGURES ,

,.

C0₂ mo ~ ecu 1 e v1 brat fona 1 modes .

~ r

·• .·

.. .

· lower v·fbrat1ona·l levels of co₂ _and N₂. molecules .

• • • • ' I

' .

important~ _{. . " ..} for laser' action

.,.

. ·.

Mechanisms for the excita'tion or·co2 mol_ecules .t~ the

(1!1 ' . .

.(OOl}l.evel.-' · '. · .. · · · ·.. ,_·

\ r.•

'

.

^{' . '}

Mechanisms for the de-~~ci tat1ori. of.

co

₂ r:nol~ctil es from

. . '

the (~00~ leyel -~o _groun~ level ⁰

Section of ·la.ser tube illustrating the-_electroae . ..

. '

'

^..

configuration ' I

co

₂

^{l~ser · and}

^assoc1.ated experimehtal apparatl:Js

. . . ..

.co-₂.-laser end support and window hold~r . ··

•. 1' ' . . •

. ^~

. •\ t . .

. -Exper1inent~ 1 setup for measurement. of

co

₂ ^{laser ..}

~ ~. I .

• opera tiona 1 characteristics

' I I • -·

. '

• I

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C0₂ Jaser. pul~~ shapes

co

₂ lase:. pulse. ~el_ay versus el ectr1caJ input energy ·

I . ^{I . . -}

co₂ ..

1~ser .

^{pulse _.hefght}

~ersus. ~lectrfca

^{1 1np_ut enerJy .}

, c0

₂

1J~e; p~lse

Width versus.:e;ectrical input eno!rgy. ' ·

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FIG. 17

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co

₂. laser·-_output .. energy ver_sus eLectHc~l input

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• 0

·: • • ,· • ' • •

~i~( . ·

.:·co

₂ las~r p~~k output· power v~us electrical

energy•·

input

• .

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^{' .}

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^-.

. ^en~rgy ·

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_0~}:~

_{. . .}

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Experimental

~etup

^'for

~~ue synch~on'i

^zation

-~f

^{a streak}

' :

camera and a· ruby· laser to. the

. co

₂

laser

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^{•1 ' - • . ~ •}

co

₂ laser-ind~ced p~asma_ in ·a i~

.Streak photogrjiphs o~. the _plasma in the dual-beam

· laser field ·

. . .

. .

· Streak photographs of the plasma in the cross-beam

.

··laser field

.

..

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•

I "

·.K . .

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, .

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vli

·

34·

36

41

45

46 ..

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.·.

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.

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:··· _{'I .: •}

... _;. ; : ,,.:~.c ~;~ .

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.

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•

^{... ..}

_•

^{' /}

. '

: 1

• • (>

/ ' CHAPTER ·t .

INTRODUCTION'

. -

' . . 1 .

· ·. · . 1-1. Developn~nt of lasers ·} ..

.,

I I

/ ·

^r_

. -

--·---· -·--~

-... ~-

;<

' • I '

! . .. ^_ .... ....

. As early as 19SO, speculation. on.

~he po~sible

^{·use _}of stimulated

. . . . . ^- ~ . . . - : . ' . ^•' .

.

^{. .} . .

• emission for-elect'romagnetic wa·ve amplificati n in· a narrow frequency · · ... . .

~~jo~ ar.os~ [l~2] ^{. .}

^Working

~H~h ~hi~ 1

^{idea-,· • ·H.·}

^_To~es. d

^his

^~

^{. .}

' • ' . J ^{r •' • • ' "}

assoc1at~:Fnc~ived the ·first-_suc~e.ss~~l s~

erne

for-. microw_av~ al'!lQ.lf_\~ca~ -~

tion.1n 1954 [3,4],-and, applied ·it. to the construction. of.a ··'mas~r'.• an .·: .

: : - . . 'I . . . ' ' . ' . . ' . . . . . . . I

acronym fpr mfcr.owave amplfffeation by the stimulated emiss1o'n of rad1ation. . . The ;developnent <?f ·the maser

then - ~a -v~d

^{the wa;}

i~-r ~he inr;Yenti~n-· a~~

^.

~

^{· ._ .·.:}

development of the.·, laser{ ,.·~s -p-hysicists sought to· apply ·the ·stimulated

. .

.

^{. . . ( .. . . . . . . .}

emission· principles t.~ the infrare4 and optical .regipns. . ··

' . . ^'

Maiman's invention of. the ruby laser in _• 1960 [5] _. ··was the f1rst · _r

"" . ..- . -' . : . . I

• step towa~d the now ~astly a~'t_i_ve field' of l~r techno:~~9Y· .. S.everal ?th.er soHd state lasers also appeared in· that year, ·1nchid1og

o~e

of thJ be.tter

o • ' • • ' • • ; • ' .~'I{ '\ I ~ ': '

' • •• • f '

known utilizing neodrnium gla·ss as t~e laser medium. -~.

• J • _,

The op_~ation of the ffrs~ gas laser also occurred f_n' 1960 .[~]"._. ~- ·

' . , . I t . ,

. The

las~r med1~

was a mixture

of· h~11~ _an~

.n_eo,1ch

~a~ exc~te·~ . b~

.. an:

_·~.

electr.ical discharge through the gas. A number of ^o~her· gas las-ers h,ve --

-~ appea~ed~_ ~i-~ce ~96o ~.nd'

^{som-e of}

·.th~se

^{will be ·gi_v,en}

mo -~ ~ ;etaile~ d.1s quss1o~

.... • . I

in

th~

·next

s~t1~n

....

- -s~i-co~ductor

fasers ·

a.P~~a'red -~~ :9 . ~2. ,

foll

owe~·

by .- ^~

1 iquid and chemical lasers

fn

1~63.

1-2· Gas lasers ^{/ _... ~}

·'r: . . . .

Gas lasers fall .into. ~hree main--categories ac~o!"d~ng .to~· .. the g~s

. ; .I . . , . . . - . . .

media us'ed, the thr,ee type~ being.... , .at~;c~ ionic; and molecular,· .. 'The f~rst ·

I . .. . '

. . _.· ^. _{: .} .

I •

...

.

..

•.

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· . .

_{..f .•}

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. '· . . . ^~ .

.J

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• ''' I

'.' '

.

. .

^~

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: .

^~

a I, ~