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Spark plasma sintering : couplage entre les approches : modélisation, instrumentation et matériaux

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(1)Spark plasma sintering : couplage entre les approches : modélisation, instrumentation et matériaux Charles Manière. To cite this version: Charles Manière. Spark plasma sintering : couplage entre les approches : modélisation, instrumentation et matériaux. Matériaux. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2015. Français. �NNT : 2015TOU30219�. �tel-01362029�. HAL Id: tel-01362029 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01362029 Submitted on 8 Sep 2016. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) ` THESE En vue de l’obtention du. ´ DE TOULOUSE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE D´ elivr´ e par : l’Universit´e Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier). Pr´ esent´ ee et soutenue le 16/11/2015 par :. Charles MANIERE Spark Plasma Sintering : couplage entre les approches Mod´ elisation, Instrumentation et Mat´ eriaux. Philippe OLIVIER Olivier GUILLON Kim VANMEENSEL Philippe ROGEON. JURY Professeur Universit´e Paul Sabatier Professeur Docteur Ing´enieur Universit´e de RWTH Aachen Professeur Universit´e de Leuven-KU Maˆıtre de conf´erences Universit´e de Bretagne-Sud. ´ Ecole doctorale et sp´ ecialit´ e: SDM : Sciences et g´enie des mat´eriaux - CO034 Unit´ e de Recherche : Institut Carnot CIRIMAT et CEMES Directeur(s) de Th` ese : ` (DR-CNRS) et Lise DURAND (MCF- UPS) Claude ESTOURNES Rapporteurs : Olivier GUILLON et Kim VANMEENSEL. Pr´esident du jury Rapporteur Rapporteur Examinateur.

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