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Lare producttln,.m ~ meparueue.decortemcroiomo051 scumse aia'tcr canectenncsurle,dl o,1trauteur.sit e 1970'C' C'3~.

Canada -

·

i

1

\

IDEi'TIFICATIO N OF FACl·\LEXPRESSiONS BYEPII.EPTICAt\'O NON-:\"EUROLOGICAI.SUBJECTS

by

{t)lI.Wish~rt,B.A.

:\thesis.l'uomiuC'dtothe School

o r

Gr:adu3te. Studies in partial Ialfillmeet

ot

the

~.. requirementsfor the degreeof .M:LSleror Srienee

~

.

..

Department ofPSYfhoiog}"

~lt'morf:tll 'nin:'fsityofXcwfoundland

~1:l~'HIS8

. ' \

• 'Pe rmi s sio n has been qranted

"to th e National',Library of '" ';:'g a n a da "t o .ic r o f lllll.th i s th e s 1e and to lend"or,s e ll .copiesof t.he f11l11. . '

Thell;;t l1.or

(~oPyri9ht

^own:r)

has r e e er-ve d ol'be'r pUbl~at ion rights: lnd nei t er the' t'tIesis no r extens.ve ext.racts"fr o m it may be printe d

or"

otherwise re p r od u c e d without his/her

writtenpermission. --

ISBN

L'autorisaUon"a.eteaccord~e

a

Ill, BiJ:l,liotheque na ti o nal e du Canada de lIa1cro f il mer ceeee'thes e'ee,de "preter'ou de vendredes exelllpl airos du film.

L'auteur.(titulair~ du dro it

d'auteur) -a e re s e rv e· los autres droitsde pUblication:

ni Ill, t.hese. ni de longs extraits de celle-ci ne. 'doi v e n t etre imprill'l~8,,:OU

au t r e me,n t rep r od ui ts,fI:.~na"'"son aut o r l s a t l on.ecrite .. "'.'

,

0-315'-45432'";6

v,

The first goalof thisthesis1\':\$to determinewhetherIHl'\,.i llUS findings regar din g,facial expre ssion precessing:lmon~I'\Irological subjectscouldbereplicatedwith::Lmodified experimentalset-u p.Till' secondgoat-wasl~deter mineiftherew~reanY,dirriculti'cs-ollthe task unique toepileptics. subgroupsofepileptics,orchrodfcnilyill patient s.

" " "

Epileptics,ehronlcillness controlsubjects(dlnbcfics]~IH~uon-

.~ .

patient,controlsllbjyc;tsidentifiedfaci~l'expressio ns,'andtheirnecumcy andlatencywere measure d.Expressions were presente dIor100 msItoone dSU3.1hcrm fieldat.ntime.Th e presen t ati onfor mat wasdesignedtoIll-It-d thesubj ects'style of processin g,that,iswheth er ornot theyprocl:',<'ic(1the emotional .expressicns independently of-the non-emotional Inclnl,' characte ristics. Subjectsweretested:following bothneut ralillSlrlll.'lillll~

andlnst r uc tlonsintendedtop~ovokeanxiety.:

PreviousrelatedFi ndings with non-nl!uco[?gicalsubjccts-were ,replil"atedinpartwiththe-p rese ntexperim entalset-u p.A tendencytoward a right. hemisph./l'{'(!~flvisual field) superiorityemcrgl!d indl'py lltlt'ni J)' of

~otN\t ialinteractingfactorssuchas expression valence,subjl!t lgcudor nud group..The expressions,inorderofdecreasing nccumcy,were,surpris('d,

"

" ,

happy,sad andfearful. Inorderof increasinglatency they wure happy, ' surp risedand sad.It wasimpossible to analyselatencydatarU! rcarful.:

expressions.Xon-neu rologieu l.subj eetsappearedtousebothindependent

'. ,

lindrll'pen~(tnlstyles of proe cssin g the cx pr Cl;sio n wit hrespecttQthe Inec dimension.

Tbe~ew~rc^nolenoughepilepticswith~el)..dcfined^{focitofor m}

stlbgroup~

^based

~n l:J.tl'n.liz~tion

'and nat ure of

the

^focus.Thus epileptics were subclassified accord ing to seizure type (complex partial versus -,prim a ry gene ralized) :U~d.i\ccor d in g:to whethe r"they'scored,like :l

eompat isongroup ofpsychiatric paticii'ts(PSYIOfofnon-psychiatr ic subjectsINonPSY) on thePersonalIkh3.viorlnvento ry.

Grou~

^{differedii]...}

age'a ndyc~ofcdu~a.tionsotheerred 01these variablesWiUremoved

using analysis

o f

ec varia nce.No abnor malities inhemisphericasymmetry, 3rcllrac y,.1:l.tcn~Y or'style [e.g. independence versus depend en ce] of I'xjHt.'SSion id l'n tiricat ion could be lIuributed to.~pileptics. epile prie subg roups orehronic alfyillpeople . Howeverthe groupsappea.red~oreact Ilirrercnll ytotheanxiety inductio n. Non-pa tie nts, diabetics andNonPS Y epilep ticsmain ta inedorTmprovcdtheir accurac yof iden t ir)'ingha ppy expressio ns, whereas PSYellil;p t ics'cecumeydeercased . Nol.!irrl·rences betw een seizuretyp e subgri.up sI·mcq; cd.Thus it m:lYbemore~!ltrulto grou p epilepticsaccordingtoPerson",I'Beh:l\·iorInventory scoresthan - :l.ccording.toseizuretype'wh.enlr yingtoisola tethose vulnera bletothe errcclsoranxiety ontheprocessingorIa cinlarrectinrorin3.tio n.

.»

1"'J,~ttotn3Dk BobAda meefor'$u~rt\'i~ingthistht-si.... ;11111 Christine Arir UendDavidIt.ar tforbeingonth(,.:<IIP\'f\·i."Or~·eommittec.I wouldalsolik~tothankhoke andHuntley Wi...hart,P:l.triri:a Mur ray:11101 Del! Hohma nnfot theirhelpthroughoutthetimethellll'lli"

":I."

I",illr;

. .

.prod uced. The following peopleaL<;odeserver{,l'(linilifl~ for their rontribu.t i~ns^{10thisthesis.They}~re^listed.inebronologicnlorder.S:llIy.

Kuehngavemesomeu;erul·3dvi.e~onwritiJlg,andDnleGruHlY·;lIulntlwis, helped n:'e-:;'it h the wordtproccssing.Gillt'llKirouac l'cli,t.riblllt·c!HII' stimuli, and PalSharpe mad ethesfidcs..'NriiWi!'h nr tandIlulJt lt,),

.

^/

.

^..

wishartobtained thecomput erwhichoperated theequip ment.!l.11l ~r :l. ~·

Thomas spent manynightsprogrammiogtilis computer,and!'l·il1..t:'gS;\·

ca mein(: ,) ': 1his~arat}onto.,hoot.;itup.AI~.WilitfandMike Shcrrirk len ttbcotherrquipment,~nd~brvinOldfordgot itallrunning.Drs.

SadlerandFa rid,helpedwith.r,e(f llitingsubj~ls.Thesubjee tsdevoted their time'and pa tience.Dean Perry help ed wit hsubdass if)'ing the epileptics.Graham Ska nesandAbeRosshelpedwith the dat aannlY:il'!l.

~ Finan:i:llsuppor tcamefromthe SchoolorGraduateStudies-andth Departmentor Psychology atMemo rialUniversit y orNewfoundland..

7

Contentl.

Introduction .

Prolo gue ,: .

Helllilpheric-u JPltry of e:llotional.:

upr u l1 0n idlntification .

Ideutificatioll^{4 0}f part icular facial expre I3to nl :.. . . ..• . . . . ... .. . Facial exp ull i on.pr clce8l ing-It yle.•.

Theimpa ct.ofmoodonperformance.•. . . Effe ctl of lIizun foc ul0.11. hemisphert c

asymmetry .

Ethc tlof..hure fOCUI onlItyle of proCl8ltng facial exprelsions ..

Some emot i onal characte r ilttciof epile pticiand their relat i onshipto ident ifying facial exprellll1o Ul...

....10 ...:10

... . .11.

. .15 .16

· 24 .

. ....27

..28..

.

~.

..38

H~~:;:::~~i~ . ~: . H~~i~~h~;i~X~~~~i;:~; ..

facial expre . . ioD identificationaeong DOD-neurologicalnbjlCt B _... . .•....•... ~:3 8 Hypothllh.2.Accura cy andlatency of facial e:I:pnllion iden t if i cat ioDamoDg

non-ne~rolog~calnbjectl ... .. .. .. ... . . ... . .3 9

:~:~~:g

³

:o~~:~:;o~:~:~i::b~::~: :~~~~ . . ..

^.39

HJPClthlih 4.Cr oup diffenDc"in hemil pher l c ie:r=etq... of facial exprulion

~~::~:~~:i~~nG·;~~~·di;~~'~~~~~~' i~' ~~~~~:~; ....

^40-'

andlatenc yoffacialexpre lli oD

ident ifi cati on. .. . .:....:- ..40 .

:~::::~~; :~y~:~~p diff~~~~~~~ . ~~

^.

~:~~~~~on

^:41\

Hypothuh7.Groupdiffere nces

in :

^{rupons e}

to aUlat y induc t i on. . 41

";"" ..49

.. ^.

Met.hod 43

~::~:;::: : :: :\ :

^{" -}

^: :::::::::::: :: :. : :" :'

Materials •." ~ " 411

Experimentalset-up.. . .46-

Procedures. . . : 47

Pre limi na r y condition1.Fat "id en t i fic ation :49 Prelimill.uy cond i tioD2.Gender

identifi ca tion...

.Preliminarycondi t ion 3.Col or

.idljDt i ficat i on ..,. ..-. 50

Experime ntalconditiODll. • .•.• • • ••• • •50 Comple tion'of quest ionnaires. ," 52

Me th odologi calCo nsiderations. ', ..54

.\ .

De.signCop siderat ioDs.. . . 57

Sta t1stiealAn'a.lyaes 62

General designand missingda t a, 62,

Pat i ent grollpings.", ..63

Ba ck gr ounddifferen cesandAnalysisof _ Covar i a n ce... '. ' ..." .. 64

Tn t aSs~lllpti~~. . ....67

".:Re s u l t s, '.68

Hypothe s es 1.HelD i s p"he r i c aSJlll1lletryof f~c1alexpressil;\ll id e ntif i c a:tion among

non- n euro l ogi c a l nbjectli ' ..68

Hypothnis 2.Accuracy and lat enc y of fac1al -expresBton"iden tificationamong non-neurol ogi calsUbject8..." ., ..68 Hypotheo183. "Fa c rn expressionprocees ing etyle among non-neurological.sUbjects.. . ".69 Hypothu88 4.Group differenc88in

bemispheric asymmetry of facialexpression

id en tifi c a t i on . . ,74

Hypothe sis5.Groupdifferenc esiil accu ra cy and latencyof facia l exp re lllion

identification,. . ...75

Hypo thu il6. Groupdifferencuillfacial..

expJ:ul1on procell ingItyle. . ..76

Hypo t hu il 7. Groupdi fhrenctl in'r ee poD-1e 'toanxietyi.lld~ctiOtl.• . ... . . ... ... .:...:...78

~:~~D~:~;r~::u~:~~~~~ :~tatl-T~~~~ . ~~~~~.

⁷⁶

allpOn to neutral·facu.: 77

}.Ilal ylelfor difference! ilLaccura cy and

'.latlncy.. . . ." -, : ..77

D~fflrenclIin accuracyudlat l ncy &!Iloug·

NPC;·DC ud E. ... . . :78

DU'.fereucelin acc uracy and latlncy&!Ilong NPC,DC,CPSaDdpes... . . . •"..1"••• • • • • •"."81· Difhreuceliu accuracyatd'l a t eu cy"amoug. NPC.DC.NonPSYudPSY • ". ,.".83 Further"analYlel ....". ." "87

Preliminarycondit ionl __. . 90

Dhculli on. . ... . ..•92

HJpothOlIl1and,,:Hemispherica8Ymetry offacialexprlll10nid'lltific~tiou^among. non-ne ur ological au~epilepticsubjects _.92 Hypothll ie2.Accuracy,and latflDcyof _facialupreee10nident i fica tioll atlong

non-nlurologi ca llubjIC tl... . ..•'...•.•. •'. ..96 Hypothllh3.Facia l~xprea,!ionpr.oc' lI in g Ityll.amongnon-ne l1rologi c i!.l l!Iu.bj ects... . . .97 Kyp o t b uie 6 and6.Group ditfe re ncu in accurae·y.'tat ene r and Ityle of be ial ".

exprllJsionprocell i ng ... •.102

Kypoth ll h 7. Group difference I1nrllpoD"

to.ilUX1ety inducti on . .t03

ConclusioJls" ".". " " " " . Refe re nc l e

Append i c es

. .111 .:.,. 114 .123

Li,stof,Tables

,r;ble'1:v';,ria.blesin the'presentIIIperime~t. . ^{.... 58} Ta b le 2. !lean ageandeducat i onfor_e..!chgroup. .',.66 Table3.Id en t if i c at i on'of-part icu l a rf~cial expreSlli onBbynon:"neuro log icalBubjectll in"the "".

orthogonal (ne'Jtral. ill6tructioue) con:d1tion,". "... ."~70. '...: Tab l e 4..Res idu a laccuracyfor eachIIxpressionin . .th','orthogonalCOllll.ltl'.one(N

=

^{51) :..... . . . -,}

Table 5.Ratillg!of sslected·aurasby PSY and NonPSY,

ep.ilept 1cl!... . , 109

Lb tof Figur..

Figurl1.PrO~Ill "ir.b^{stJl.. ...18.19} .Figur"2.Accuracyaer e.. cond"iti onlforea c h

expressi onamong1:.o n-nea r ol ogi cal" s ub j ec t s. . . .."72 .figurII3.Late"uc]aerOB8condition I among'

non-neurologi'cdo;"Jbj e c t l - ....•73 .Figurl

4..'

Ident1ficaU ouothapPJ,U prlllll loZlIby"

h"PC,DCan~E groups in theorthogonalcondi t ionl

~ithuutr"l (0::) &.lI.d ande ty(OA)instrtlctions.. . .79 Figu re5.Idlntit1cit.ti~nof happy np re u ionll by. NPC,DC,P~S'and CPS groupsintheor t hogo nLl co ndi t i on swit h"neut r a l (ON)and au1ety(OA) inllt r ucti oDlI :.•.. .".•_..; ~.,. ..82 figuree."Identifica.t i OD ofhappy.exprellslonsby KPC,DC,PSY andJl onPSTgr oups illthe or tbogonal condi tio n. with Dlu't n l (Olf)and ande t y (01.)

ins truct lo n.. . ... . . . "... •.84

...<.

/

. .

...:..List·of Appendices: AppendixA..

Pflrsona.~ Belia~i.or :In~en~ory

^.123

;.. Appendix'B. Ana Quest.ioD ,n'a1re.: '. ,..150 Appendi x·C .Perllcnal BackgroundQUIIIlItionnaire .. 164 Appeudix

D , .

Coneent Form. . . .~l1ia-'- Appundi:l: E.Demographic informationandteo'toIlcorel!';17'o":

Appendix F.MANOVA'table.s,_{/ '} : ' ~.175

" .

.

'\ '

ix

."." \.

'0 _

Cert:l.i!,int erict alchanges in·e~otton . b~~'\Viorand,tho ught

·hu c.I>I-enl\.ltrihUI~loLli.ciIIubgroli pofepilepticswho haw: eOIn.plex p::lfli:."1seiaurcsICP S) .Alt hn"ghth~:lUributio n is contro,-crsia( ther ehas~ IWt'l\some consensusthat<'lmepS)"in'!;en,l i.sch:tr:'lrlcriz('t! by:I.~i.gh inti.IINlet·orsomeemotlonal'problem s. Themain purposeorthep;('!;~n t

•~t1^..1ris10'I';:llllill('tile pcrrOfrn:lIlCCOr (>pill'ptir nnd('QUlTOIsubjectson:I.

, ; ,;" .'i''':~'''' ^; """?"",,r'k . : F"i,1. .tP,: ";;". "

^is

~'" .or ., "',"'

il1ll'",1:1II1.cha norls

or

nonvcrb alcommu nicat ion (E k man/;.:t-'r('iscn,Hl.' 5).

·AsFrij,b(IJ18li )st:\t t'li.,-lilt,P'llCL'S.'>orrccogl~i zingraci~l'xJ,lrl'ssions..

.

.

IOlldw.~uponIIII'~t'lwralproblems ofkno\wing oilierIIlincl"andof:'(>("1;\1

·r"llIl1li;ni(":I.lioil"

Ir.:m1r.

C:inmtl_lC.JlOSSi~ml)·that{'j,il"flIicsor"lIbgrol~ps ufl'l'ill'l'lic:;he ve'emot ion..t1difrieullielii,thesellirtielJlt i~1Il3~' m3llir~1.

tll;'IIl",·IVt'S :I.. ~ :I (li~tll·fh:l.Il("C} id~lJtirYi~J; l'lIlot~,":I.1

^{bri:l.!expressions.TIll,!}

experimentsinthisthesisweredesigned totestthispOl'.(ibility.

:\ ".:'~\·(llI:I.! (''CX:l.lllill:lliollor.thisidl':l:~hollld '('on~illl'r1,10: ',:

jk"l.plefreeofllt'u relogi<':t1rifO~lemsprocessf3ri:ll

:l rr !'("t'-

I~u~10ecnsidcr in..hlll:~.laL hC~li"p~Fri~~~~IIl:!r)'^for:th~'k,^{(b) the}pa~tieul3r^{f3ri 31}

' Jllfl-sSi~"S uscd '~'

^stimuli,Ie)

r~dal express~n

processing style, or

th~

'. ,, : ;,tiQl';h;P

'0;

p~,,,:~".'m;'io"'1 I "",

cxprcsslcos10

P "'''';""

^the•

. non-emctjonnl-charaeteristies or (:fecs.and [d jtheimpee t ofinternalmood

¥ ' . . . . . . .

• onpl'rcl'P~ionof.crhers'emotions. Oncethe'( h;r3d eristics,'0(.norm~l

L

II,

Incinl expressionldentilie aucnnavebeen1'$I :lbll ~h\'1 1.till'pl·,fn rl\l:\i!l'l'nr

•theepilepticsaadepilepticsubgroupscanbecompan-d toth;'i"fthenon- neurologi-c.i'uhj("M$,inclu dingIt medicalcontrolgroup.tol!ph'Tmint'

Hemisphl'tie:lsvm~!'tr\'!:!!('mot.ion:,l ('xN('<;s;on il!l'nt ifient illll

. \. '

Studies('x:\m!ni ~theq'll'~~ inn~lrIll' misplil' ri ras)"llllllt'l r)'Il:IH' lnferrod itsexisll'nc('\wlwn mOll oh (,ll\i~ pl11'rka ll)' ptl·'H'i,ll· dslimufi nre processedfU:;IC formOTI'n~/"!.ral c1Y^hyOIW~ilh'^orL!H'hrn~lI!h:11l^{th,l'r;IlIl·r.}

l~tha t. case (oneh(.misphcrchas1)('1'1l snidto~how';lll:Hh·;mtagt.«vvrllll\...- oth er. C.('ner:1I1)'',heresearch10bc'd!s('us-<:cdilltill'rol~nwil1gp;lr:lgr:~ ph';

indicatestill.'righthemis phere Isl;llp~rior'10 the.h.rl in.prn('"l,.~~inl!,;^f;u'bl

('x:pn'~sio'I;S,

^{:l.hhnllgh'there·may}be

~i~niri<-:1II1

lntoract ions with1!;1'1l<h-r.

, ' ,,>- '

h:indl,".d~(Oss.alldexpressio nvalence,

'Some'rrsc;lrcher~ ^have (OllTI!-'Il? sil;llifkant 11l'111is pllt'ri('

~s.YI~metry n~ong '

non-neurclogleal#

sUbi~,c's

^{on tnsks}

i~I\'fll

^{...illll;ftH'1:'11}

expression stimuli(I-li'r~thm~ n&,Safer,1082:'T.h/llllPs/)n;HIRaI. 'l1l1'Y

'.argue thatvarious metho dologic al.fa ctors·

r:a.Il.~'

^{accountfurtbe vluekof}

significantfindings.

/

_~.

I"

. . ..

/

/ .

. ',;.' .

:i~':"i,'~Y'ofl;:!.IIu:!.d irrt;l'.nt l:l.<;Ir.sJlbn!lthk j' imnol...UIXO;IM1nclis.,.:\ "":l1 A:.I'Nrel, 1979;I.c~&IJrydc n,'I07Q;Straussk Moseovilcll,10SI; Suber!::

Md";l'cv'~r,1017).IlhaSbeenhypothesizedthatolle.hemisphere may IlIllCt...negativeexpressionsbeuer whereas the et herhe'misplft!'fc processc's

~itive^..xpri-s.'iio~:Reuter-Lorenz^{&.Da vidson,}

1 9S1 ).

V~lcnec

"lwcifkilyofhemisp~hi~su per iority wascx.a~ ~ncdill.threeQrJhcabove sf.udir-s,hut not su ppor tedina.nyofthem (4Y&.Dryden,Illi O;Strauss&.

M"sC'·tI~ilch.

^H18I;Suberi&

MeK~\·cr.

^{10171. .}

I.

^<_

^~

Further support.forthe,sp~cblization,of.therighl~1misPh crc' '\~.

rurthr-processing orfacial expressions1;3-~comefro mst udiesofsubjects

. . ,' t

with I:lh'r:l.lizcdhr:tin disor.cJcf.lI!<ing\'3rio~scxpenmcntalt:LSksi[Cicoue, .W :lPIlt'tkG~fdnet,lC80;DeKosky ,Heilma n,Do~'e~&.Ya lenstein,

!J18O;.

l\oih

, t:

Taylor,Iqal,;

l~rig1\t:l!1l1

&.&br3m,

1 ~8~1. ':'1i~";;,

possibilit yof

\·1\1('111:('~fll'Ciri<:it}·ofhemisphericsare riorily ....::Is_iu\"\.'oIt ig:l.tyd.int~\'llof

.

^~

lh~studies. I'rig::l.t:moEt.Prjbram(lg~1fou nil0.0suppo rtIor valence'

~llt'firicilYI whereas,Clconc ct ~.1.-((gaO)foundtll:!t right hemisphere

d:"n:.p;~

^;"1\Sassociated withn.nelevatednumber

or mis~:Ikcs-with fiapp~'~

.toxJ,r('S>.;"lllslilllUli~

ConOidi ngevidenceconcer n ingvalences~eineity WlL~roundin l-wust udies curriedoutby, Reut er-Loren e andcolleagues[Renter-Lorene&.

" :r ' ":

J):l\'idson,IOSI;Reuter-Lorene.GiviskMoscovit ch,(083 ).Theyused an

'." " ~iond" kl'" p",.iign':~h;'h'

^as

~'':' (i.0~61 not~,.,~~

. ' f '- . ~-

s '0

.

, .. :~; ^{". :-"'.}

~.

<.

.

^'

" ,

,

(h:\pp}'or$:\(1)r;'l('(' in onevisual rid,1and:IIlwulr:atr:t:c.·in!Ilt'ulln·r.

Subjects,Wrrl':\.4:1'11'toidr nlirythe,;iih·011whid lU~e:ul' rl's:<i",'r:l..·.·

appea red.'Al leas t:\lIIon grighth:lnd" r"thert"~cti(lns.Iilll;'"fur~"rt."'1

, "

responseswer:....r:\.~lcr·tf)^Idl\'is;131 riddpr~...entalions(lr,~:\llbl" 'S:a1;,1ri~1tt visual fieldpresentationsofh:lpp}'Iaees. (;ivcn1I1:ltUli,;l'n"elis "pposit ,·

10lhalfo undby,Cieon;etul.(10801,eud that,,(,vI'ralstudi.'!!1t:t~,"Y il'l,h'(1 nosupportroe.t hevalencespecificityhypoUI~'Sis,therelationsll iphl'lwe~ll hemispher ic supcriQr it.yand expres sionvalencercmainsin'IUtc~lioll.

'In,sulIlmary, a\lhongh ther e,isuncert:lint y:I!luut' SlUlll'isl""""

reg~rd~ng

^the

1u.';I:il'IIIH.&:L~rmnl~~;y ~r' ^{ra:i:l l} e~I);('l't'\i':lI I:ro." ~'i{[;g,

^"'''11''

. .

eonsistenefes have~Isubeenround. Wlicnl:xpres.~iolld" ll,'c t iflllp'lr~digllls .were

.II~ ,

e\,i:lcn,l"','Icr\·:Ik'IlC(,:"s[N."('iftc

hl'lllisl)h~ril" SUI~;i~,rilr

;';ll"r g,·,l.

. '

.' . . .

,tn Tost sludies.

u:o;.i~g ·

^oiber

p:lr~diglJ'" (in('hldill~ ~'lIl';"'<Iir.f" rt'"1

,par3dig~l.agl:ner:l.lri~w.hcmlsp1le~ielil.ll>criclrilye41!l'r~L.J.'1,'\:"11,""110:11

valeecespcciflelty\\:asinv~lig·atc·d..

Otheri",,>"I':'r....l;arding.thelte~i~Jlheric.::L~Yl1\lIId.ryof r:irial:(.

c~p.r~ssion.Ilroec~illgh.n~l~cllJcen^{resolved.Forexa mple,}d"l!a~ I'Jl:~S ^':~ .conti~ued^:IStowhejhcrnnyll\'~al1sIIperiority

o r

therightIWlI\isph"j.[~r;,r

facial expressionpro~t'Ssing.isdependent011'il.,slljlerio tilY;rorpro.:,!ssilll!:

otherncn-cmotjonaleharneterlsticsoffaces{l)eKo:o;.ky et:1.1.,WHO;llansd l.'

. > : ..

.'. '

..

:,'

',·f

.: ",

.

.s-.

-,:

' .

. ' -

,\.~I'i r~!ltol~,^{1080: Ley}"'~llrydr/l,.l.9.fI,;Sarl'r,1081:Si~311~'^&.M~~vitC'h.

'1081; Sube r!&,Mc~ccyer,^1077):

Therc have

31~ ~c:~ ~h:cd findi~'gs

^OIl

's ex 'dirrcren;~'

^in..

hf';lli:~pbcE(isuperiorityio'r'racial affeci,i.deniincnlion.L~d:\Vt,.s,Umiltll.and .

f;ic~i.lJiiii (~080J

ro.u: <ta

~'i~hi IIC~is;;i~~{~~pt'r'~riiY ~on~

Iemales and.

Ilnhemisphere_•

di~rcren'cc ;llf'l(t~g

_{". •} ^male;_"0 ^inspeed'or_I

mai('hi~g expr~sio~s

_{. ,·1 ,}^to

prc~viollsl):presente dexprc:;.Sj:mlabels 'in,a~}.:nogopuadigrri.O'nUIC, ulhcr'1;;,\u:1

S;'\f~;' i;O~I'I-rO:ln~I'~ rigJ;~ h~lJ~isPh erc supc~io;iiY

^{aJ ong}

mai'~~-- ";

,," '0 h,m.Pb.'~'

^"dl"" "

;~on ^•. I,m~''; ^;", ."";,,y ' 1 , ve ,b~ly

illl,.:iirying

{"~~~~sS;ons ·n.s ·;'~m.c·

^or

.difrerrill~~ rr~~

^iarget

~vl!cn s~bj~ets

:••w ••

~;.'i'," ^{. :: ::'. ;:; ::::' ,} :'::":: ::" ;,,,',, .·,,~~,;iin.' ^{th e} f.~m:'Ph"i'

:Il'ylllTlwtryorverbaleUlOii!H1;\1rUllC' tions. Ithasbeenshownth3t left

" ' ,. . .. ' . .. ., I ·

hl;Il'lisph('r.~.da mngedccr l':.'scs'fomIH~hcnsjonortheCIllOii~llalcontentof: wnr{I~J.CironeC.i' :l.l.:l~~;Kolb..~·. T:t~· 19r. I~l),whereasrighthemisphere

~1:1~11:lll;t:'

^der;C;ISC'!l

u·ndcrsl ;l·I~·dil~g. or

^ernotionnltOu'es'orvoice(HeHm:'ln< '

:'~('i'{;II'"

K.

W~t~n,

loys;':rUlllpkin!t4':"bkcf.'joSS).lIo.weve rIh.nscb.:&:

~. l;iri~;1tll{;

^(IOSI)

f~:~d

^{Ilo:signific:tllt}

diir~r:l'lI.~cs

^hihemisphericasymmetr y

. ... .

^"

.. -. ' .. .. . .

; . '

'. Ior.rt'C'og:.n:~lOnlIIe,I.II.0rrornl'U.lf3I.:~.('rs~ISemotionalw~nd.s

wllia

^.semc-

(lirr~'r('~ft;\.~~. ,AlsoSehl~ngCf,Se~I~MgCr&~('rsim::,-n(lQ1~~.r undno.

.•'~cllu...ph~titsup,cri~rity ^with.~mo;~~n31.\'ac"31tone,s;im~li.^Thus.even' (.;\ \'illlill

l,xlw·i'iml'nl~'· lisil.r~)in;i.lar

^types

·O~'_Sii~l\l~i. dis:l.gr.ecm~~t .

^has

- .

.-,,'

...

..1...

"' J. '

.~

":

15

Insummary,'?ci chas been some agreemen tthat valence, ,specifici tyemerges when expressiondetectionpnrndi~msnrc'l~~d,Right'

hem isph ere superiority-eme rgcs,regardless.ofexp ression\,nIClICl',when other paradigms (includi ngsame-differe ntpar~digmslareuscd."Dobnte has continuedas~.^gender dirrer ellc('s inbemisphericilS)'llllllCtf}'

or"

racial express ion processing,

t'bc

_hemisphe~i~ asymmetry of,'rrlla] umutionu l functions,andtherela tionshipbetw eenprocessingoffn('i a]I'Xpf(~i~'1Iand processing of ot herIacialchar~cter.i~tics,

.

".;

Id('ntifkatio~

2f

par tl cu.lar~:tc'i~1 ('xpr~<;i<;n~

Ithas beenfoundthatcertain expressions nroidcll tificrl·r:l.st~r nndmor encc\lrat('I~'tha notherswhenpresent ed tothe centerofthe visu:i Field,~that'is to both hemispher essi~nuitancollsly~^{Ithasbeen.Icundlha l} theorde rofdecreasing;('curacyandincreasing latency of ldenufienrion

f.,r

_ . .

the following expressionsisasfollows: happl ucss.sur prise,sadIll'S.'; :IIlJIenr,

. ...

^{' .}

'.

alt houghthediHl'rcnce.s werenotncccss,a ril)'~iJ;nifjc1'lnt(JIjts('h~lanund Safe( j'9S2;Kirouac and Dore,1933 ).Manda! andPnlcho udh ury (l085}

':iou'n'da simila rpallernexcep~that.Jea r wasidcntified'mo~eaccur-ately tilan surprise.The abovefacial expressions'a;'~^{those usedjn}the present

,~l •

'0

:<ludy.The pOle-nli:l1inlC~attingIeetcrofsubjectgende rhubeenfound to have nocrr('('l on the

r3~k

^orderof accuraeyand/orlatency.inwhichtbe .('xpr($Siollsareidentified(Hirschman

.

&.Safer}1082;

.

Kirouac&.Dote.

Ifl8.1,IQS.I;\bndalk.Pakbcudhury,Hl851.

...:

. . ",

.

E~ mannndPriescn(HJ75) descr ibed the Iaceasa rnultlrnessage• syste m. ecmrnunicnting suChinformation"nsag~, sex,~~llI.r3.cteT an,d ill\{'JJigellc;' :ISwellus('molia.n.In theprcscnjthesisthe word·e.x.prcssi6~·

rl'fI' l"S 10the emetjonthefar eportraysandth~^word"race"referstotbe. rest.ofthe informationtheface. conveys. MoreoverEkmanandFriesen 1197;' )...heraetceizedpereepricnoffat iltlexpres6ioD'AS:topfOC£"SS ofselective, :ll~t'ntjon.Processin gof bc131 inlorrnetionb3Sbeenin'"csliga.wl.~roma l'C1l'tl jn'attentionpr~:<p('cti,"ebyEtccrr(UIS·I)"She adapted Garner's

!HliG) selectiveattention':lr:Jdigrnfromthe spa.li31perceptio~liter3tu~eto the question oC·t.hl'independen ce~ffaciill identityprocessingand Iaeia l.

.

" ' . '

l·xpn·""'iJ nrr(l('('S..~ing. Thcre~\'crethreeconditionsinthe design.Int~e const antconditio n(C'O:"I.(Inc s;imulus

dimrnsl~~

^rema;ned.co nsta ntwhile the ot hervane d:that'

f-

^{one Ince}-pcr truyed

rll

the expresstcns. In'the

• I

('orr~~l:tted ('on~iti~n (C~ J,

^{thetwodimensions}

e~varied

^..For

examp~e,

^one.

Iacc portrayedhappinessandanot her Iace portrayedsadness.In tpe'

or thogon al ('on-dit ion,(OJ. dimensions.were countcrbnlnn ccrlfo r each subject:that is,ench fate portrayedeachexpressio n..

Figure I depicts five'ofG:mrer's (lOiGl conditio n cjrcct patterns.Thesepa tt er nsTen~ct^Jivedif'f~rentdimension iuternetionIYlws (Herecalle dprocessin g $tyll's):scpnruble(~l'r.l'cnllodiud('p~d\'lIt,llfh 'r Etcoff,1(84 ),integral,eonfigura l,optional separable[here called ollt ionall)' 'ind epend ent ), and asymmetric sopnrnble [here (':,lIed nsynuuetrlcally independent),Alltheprocessingstyles,execpt.optionallyil\lIl'Jwn~lt'nl"an' empiricallybased.Garnerinvestigated;,lIcs('

pro('es.~iJlg

51)'lc5'using'\':)ri011s non-face st im uli. Etcoff tWa ·I),using Iace stimuli, Iound tha t non- ncurol~gieal^{subjectsused :In}.lndcpeudcntprocessingstyt:: Th eother

pt~('('Ssing

^{styleshatenot}

yet bee~

demonst ra tedwithfatestim uliamong no n-neurological su bj ects, Because Etcolf'sndnptation of G:lTlIt'r's paradigm isuseful.forunder stnndingtherelat ionship or raceprocessslng and

. - ,

expression processing,it will be described iiidetnilin-t he follo wing .parugrnphs.,Eteoff'spa radigmIISCSt\\'l)d\,!?cndcntmeasureslaccumc y nnd latency]and Ia ce stimuli,'In the cxnmplesbelow,Incia l expr ession is~lit.

targetdimensionand face isthe non-targetdimension,

Thebasic assumptionofindependent precessing is th a toneelm attend to the f~tgetdimension without nttcndlng to the-ncn-ta eget dimension.Thus m'ith cr.degree of variationillthenon-t argetdimension (ra ce ) nordegreeofcO\;3r!~tiono'r;;ht'twodim(.'~sions(fac\'lInd.bri:ll

.\

It

, I

/ I

/ _{1 1}

·1

I~

· 1;

I

f

~

• • ^s

t>D.~al".;

" ^{0 ,}

:;

~

i

I 7 ....

_'

_.... ^{If \" I,} It

.v ^,!

^!e

^-

¹ 1l" _1.::- ^,

-, \ ,

^{' 0f~}

• • • • • • ^{" t. •}

s ^< _~:

,::c..

~"'~

~

.'

·/1

equal aeros s eonst:fnt.,ecrrclated and orthogonal

\

2•

.?~~c^Ieteney

ron ditio~

T'lle

h:l."!~-·II.'i.~lImPti~~

^{;'rin;l-gr:ll}procCS!ling,isthat whenone :itll'lIds to the t:ugel.dillll'lIsio n, one:',I!iOalt~n~sto the non,t~rgcf

·dimension. Th:lt is,theIaeial stimuli areproC~"cd^eswholes.I~intcgr~1

/ .

~:. Ilrc.x:~...ingisused,perfoenmnceill the('o~r('lalt'llcondit ionis.bcilila tcd or

im"II-ovcdrel:alivetoth:oatint_~'ceonslan~condition,a~d perrorm:lncein the

ort hogonalconditio n det eriorat es.

relat~ve

^{to that}in the consta ntcondition.

·,r hism:lY arise,iflhesti mu liarc processed3...whol~,beca use thevari3~io~

among expressionsimposc~ by'vnriation inthe'.facesdiffers'~e~oss comlitions. Degreeof-,'nri:ltiollamongexpressions referstohowdirre~ent- eachexpressionisr~omtheothers,thatisthedlseriminabilityor the

. 0_' .

·expressions. The morediseriminnbletile expressions,theeasier they areto- identify, Gre::Lte;tdiscriminnbllityof expressionsis achieved-in the

- . . .

^{. .}

.

c?rrcl::Ltcdcondition,ifthe~ti'.flu liare processed::LS~holcs.becauseeach

. . .

expression isportray edonauniqueface. Forc:;xampletheface which portraysthehappy expressionrna)'have alarge mouth anddark eyebrows whereas tJn!sad.face

~lay

^{havea smallmouth and}blonde eyebrows;the ph)'slc'al featu res of the Iaecs increase thedtrrerenee between the expressionsthat theyport ray:Contrast this high levelofdiscriminabilit)'to that in the constant condition,in' which)thcsameface

'p~;trays

^aJl

~I

expressions.Tbe zero

\"3.ri~tion

^{'in the}

rae~

^dimensioniroposcs-tro \'n;int!ou'

\" " ,th; '.:''''1

expression.In theconstant condition then, inlormnt ionin

tho

racedi~eDsioD^{neith er}ln~l'Ca.ses^nordecreasesth~discrlminability oftill' expressions, when thestimuli are processed aswholes.Thereforeit ismore difficult with such a processing st}"ll!--to.discriminatenndid~lItifyllw expressionsinthe constant condition thanin thecor~elatedcondition, Itis most ~ifficulttodiscriminateandidentifythe expressionsinthe orthogonal . condition, whenprocessingthes'timuliaswholes,becausethe vanntionin the face dimension imposeserror variation onthe expressiondimension,III

.

~ .

thisconditioneachof the "facesprescntseach 'of.thc expressions.1"0~, examplea young ;n; n withsmall eyesand an oldwcmnnwith large eyes might · e'ach portray.happyandsadexpressions,If'subjectsareprocessing thestimuliaswholes,thenthe happyand slidexpressions.PO(,~T:lY('dhythe ma,n

a~e

more similarthan usual

b~

virtue of being onthysarhcrace.

'~hus

the error var iat ion inthe expressiondimension',imposed

hy

ib orthogonal

va~;;tion

^withtherace'

dimensi~n

^whenthe stimuli

ar~ pr;~cs.~c'c1

^{as ;hOlcs,}

decreasesthe diseriminability of the expressions. With allintl'grai processing style,."performance isbest in',the corrcl~ted condil'~6~.' intermediate in theconstant

-conditi~

^andpoorest in the

ortli~gon:J.1

condition.

\Vitbeo~figuralprocessing,when one. attendstoth~ ' ~n·tget'.

dimension, one alsoattendsto the non-target dimension, as with inti!gral

,

.

^'

:"rcl(';.:.,...;ing.Tho:ditrerenec~~~hat\~iI.!!.!onfig:ll r3 1^processingthe-C'0\:3ri3tion Qfinfor m3.:ion in t.h", ecrrelatedeonditjo n is.not usedtoinerecse~timulus .di~rimin:JhjliIY.and performanceisnotreelnreted.Onbcgonalvariatio nof.

Ieee :lhdIaeial"expressioni~form;lti?n^stillcausesinterfercn~e'with abili.ty Itlidrnl ir}·the expressions,andtherefore $tillcauses poorperformancein.

't henrlhogoll:lJcondit ionaswithintegralprocessing.Noexpla natio nof •"

conflgumlprocessin g hasbeenadvanced.'Tobe surethatprocessingis (·,:j'lfigura l and not

int ('grlll,.'~t

^should

be~l(!ar

^thatthelaek

'~f

Iacilitaticn

i~

^.

therorrclntcdeondirionisnot3.eelllng cllect. ,

Garner

('lg7G~

discussedseveral

tht'Or~tically ~ible

processing styles, including the.optionallyinde pendentstyle..Thebasicassumpti~Ilof oPtion311~:independen tproccssin~^istbat:he subjec tusesinfon:n3tio~~n lhe non-targetdimensiononly when it helpshis.perrorme nee,'~~ari.tioD ofinfcrm at jonintheeerrelescd-eondiuc nisusedtofaciliULteperjcrmence... hutforneitherdimension docs nl'thogon;\1!nterfe~ence'occur, Thoughhe had noI"mpiric:li evidenceIh3t'thisstyle

~xisb.

^henoted

th~t'

^it

wo~ld

^be

an ide al

st~'le

hI"{"3ul'e.itwou ld

p~ovide ' fo~timal , p~rrorm~nce

^across

condit ions.

Withnsymrnetricallyindependen tp~ocessing,perrorm~neeⁱⁿ

•tlie 'correlllted condition is.facilitated-by the increase in stimulua, diserimina bility.arrcrded b}' the eovaeiatlon of infcrmeticc in the. dimensions. Perform anceisnoterreetedby orthogonalyari:t.tionof

.. .:

)

-infor.m~l ion·^with o~,~^'ofthetarget dimqnsions [Iaclnl ,expression ,for ,example].ilowevcr~hentheallier dimension (face, for,example]isthe'

target, or thogoD:lI'inte rference occurs.Thllswhendimension ,Iis

nil'

" ' • I _"' , ' " .'\

,t~rgetlthestyle.~f processin~islikeoption~lI~ i~deJ:l('~d~ll tprOrCs.~il~~.

.When dimension2isthe target , the prQ<;rssjngstyleis

i,~tegr:ll.

⁾

In.the present tb ~sis the term "precessingCstyle- W:Ul·.

suJstitllted.for Garner's te~rn'-dim~nsion inter:J.ction~^{GarnN ;s term} seems to imply that -integm l.-, "conligu r nl'", etc. arc unchungiug propertiesofthestimuli,however itmaybe thattheyareehnmeteeistlcs of,

,ort hogona lly\'a,r)'ingdimensions, Boyd en and Gilpin(ID78jfoundthat,at least among

males,,(>~r~rs;on the"~Jai~hing

^Familiar

Figu'r~s

Test corrqluted significantlywitherrorsontheStroopTest, 'suggest ing.that males with higherimpulsivity attended to

.

thenon.t:lTgetdim;n sionrnore thnn. ~bosc

with.lower

'impulsi~'ity,

evenwhen

doi~g

so disrupte d'their pc;rorm allce.

Thus itsee~reasonabl e to suggest'~hat,'pcrform~nce'o~':ltask sueh:L~

?nrne r's depends more.on theind i~idual'sprocessing'stylethan onthe sti~llllus. ^{Garn er 'ster ms'were}cha ngedto accommod ate'tllepossiliility

r ", . . .

.thatlndlvid ualsmightdiffer, intheirmethodofdealing withthe stim}lli.

. The·sty les .9f processi: g cnnihe

ranked -in·. 6~~er " of J~ir

favor ablen esswithrespect too~timizini perforin:J.nccacross conditions.

Thesty les,inorder

' o r

decreasi ngTavorublenessare cptjonully independent ,

2-1•

inv~ti g31iJl~ bei31 expressionidennfiea rion,itisuse~ul to det ermine,

~'ht'lhN

^{subjeets!-Ise anoptimalor lessthanopti malstyleof'}processing.

; \iso..

^ifIaeialexpressionun

b~ proc~d '

indept'ndently.of theface

dimt'lIii~n,

^{this wouidlend}

c:red~nce ,

^tothe!ideathat resear chintoIacial -

~)(pr(.'ssi()~

^pra<:t'5sing tel15'

u~

^{so,melhing'about"}emotion processingin.-

gl:neral.#I{not',itwould3ppe~r^thatexpressionproce~sing^{is a'}spat ia lly,

~ .

. .

^'

.Hnkcd"process,Irom"which genemlizaricnsto?mot,ionprocessingwo~idbe

more••lifficult.

r

.Till"

~ 2!

^mood2!!.

()Crf~rml\nce

.BOwt'r ~D811reported3.setoj experimentswhi~hshowedthe t'rrct'l,ofh~' p'n ll":d~··indlicedItl~ en-ru ctionsto stimuli,~peda"ly

:3mblguollssti~uli,h:example,hehypnotic-all}'inducedeitheranger or

h~ppiu('$$

^{iii"subj cers,}3nd then ::lSked thcrn'

t~.

^Iree

~iate to

stimulus

,8 _ '

'.WlO(dS i~"one. experiment, and to ereate ,stories about Thematic ..-\ppt'rr'''!l!ion'~('jI t('3rd!!in anotherexperiment.TwC? !ndcpendl'utjudges rated,th(' ,;sso<'i:ltl'S:Intistories35augr),.orhappy,andthese ratings

" t.- · . .- ' . ' ." . ' .

"cerrclaredsi~nifi(,l1nt ly"with the inducedmood,ofthesubj ects inbcth. -srudies.. Sincemanymethodological detailsare

mi'ssi~g"rro~:tbe

repor t, it'

•• II .' • •

i~.impi:'l$sibleto"~rit!!allyevaluate,the experiments, Extrapolutitrgfrom

Bower's1,l QS1'jJinding.;:,.the inductio n of n

n~gllli~:c' iil~U\I'Sll('l~';lS ;ll~'\il'ty

mayincreasethe

n~~l"r,

^of

anxi~ty-reb.·t('d

^01'

n\.'~:I,in" 1n'l'r;1~~i:l~;(lnl'

^,of.

stirquli's~'~h

^asIacial

('xpr(,s~16n~, ~

^{. . .}

Alternatively,if, the.in,crease in anxiety is\"('Q:groat, itmay.

•inte r fere with performance

(He~b:

jgG.I)."llb.tt (UIG,iL not edtim!

crfi'~lcllt

perfor ma nceofbothsim ple

and~

complexreeks\\':1.5

:l.,,<;ociatr.~;"d'lvn;ed :

^.

arou sa lus measured phys,iologictll'ly·.'·lie'suggested,'tb at wlren nrousul

. ~ 'I

rea ch edvery highlevels

.

lsuc~as'panic];'.perforrunnee

.

would·~lclni(.t:I·11' signif~'l.n tly.1I00H' \' ('rhe couldno.tcl h i.c~lIY·testthishypoth~sisinan

,exP('rime~t,

C~rtain"suhjcets^may-respond morett'anotherstoilll~gilmll}l^..

"Inducedanxiety, par ticulurfythosewhoarean~~ielyprOI;~^{.•They mny};,:ho\~'

'. '(1.grea te r

in('f~ase

^innegative

inte;pretatio~s ~l"slimu-li

^thont.I!at

P~l'{liCI.I'\1

r~r

('om pa ; i;o nsubjects011thebasjsor

fiowcr'~ ( lQ8i~1;1-;){lJ

co ng ruenc y hypothesis:Xllern tltiv ely theycouldsho w

grl'~ter p(:j. rornhnC;i;.ltcrferl'l~(:1'

tha nthat predict ed forcornpar fsonsu bjects on the bnsis or'U.l\.' invcrte(i

'; f

hypo thesisIHC'bb",l(1G·I), but.onlyiftheir nnxll't :o; bceorilesvery-"h"igh.·

26..

.

~::"

..

~

~

^ErrflctsQ!

~f!i1.11re

^focus

^sa hemi~~h~rj.c.a..4rr:met;r · ·

^{" .. .../}

Litt le.inrorm ation,exists'r;gar ding'

t~c

^effects

~~1~~~ ~~:"

-processingorrada.l·infOlmationwi~hiD,thcecntext of the~u<::s^deseeibed above. Neverthdcss evidence doeseJCistIce tbe aller .:1tionor.'other -..;...rsyehologic.:11~biJitiesb~seizure disorders.This~videnee.L~^{prescnt edin ...}

1I1crollowingsc'~tjon~. ^{.( ....}

;u.

Fin'din~rromseveral.studies suggest tha.tunila teraltemp or al d:unageimpairsprocessin~ orverbal an'dnonverbal au.ditorystimuli pre5f!nt~to thecon tralesio~:tlear,regardless orthe normalbemlsph etie :Lsym~etryroun'drcrthese.tasks.''I:hisphenomenonisknownas'the lesion erf<'et'[Kim ura:1061; Ma zw cehi'and Parln:\., 10.8; Schu!horr~~nd

<:~I&"I3SS,·1900). Epilept.icswith unib.tcra;lbrain damageevidentusing eourputcriaedtornO&ra~hy,.deetrocn~j1b3los:raphyandclinicalbistor)' are saidtoharea.lesional locus,

. .

^{' .'} andshewa1~'Si~n^eneete~en^{ir the}

^'"

^{.Iceus site} ...is non-temporal[Moeucchi ctnl.,HlS5),Epilepticswit houtSuchevidence".

or brain d3lJlage,but-withcleM cle<:ir~en(';~.ph:llogr:lp~l}c evidence of

·Imibtcl"f1.1epilept icfocus,eresaid toha~canonlcsional locuslMa n uccbiet- -

·at,·IOSS).Among such epileptics,some lunctions'no rm allyper; ormedb) '

~

thelocu;hen.lisphere

a~e

raeilit.1led, and.lunetio es

1I~~mal1t perror~ed

^{by ,}

·th~.1l0n.locull'hemillPht'rearc perfor med bet terby~or·attr3fte~·to)the Ioeushemisphere.Thishas beencalledtheparadoxe(lect [Mazaucchict-

•I·'· • • ~

al.,1\)85). Thepnradoxandlesionen('cl-shave bc:cn dt'mon$ltatN'·:IOlon-e:

epileptics\\'it~tempon!and

. ,

.:.\-,

, :.'.

,

. '.

uon-tompomlIoc us"ill'"on measures of:"p \·,'d

nttenlio nnl.:and P~f('cptll:ll.t~sks.using;'·"illlpll' ,·("u:'\l . auditory nnd ..

cl;t:lnCOI;~·~t·im\lblion

llll in:kovt:

Xlosblo:~·~,-'\mij;' ~!:l~"lu,'('hi

^t\:P:UIl1:l,

·~n?8; ~ ~~:lZZl!r('hi~i

^{al.,H18S'1,- Jacob"(HJ80)}

^MI;I

^Hunter,

~l,it;~:'l;~

^:lIld

"EU;ingcr (llJ76)

·I~.po!t cd p:'fa~o~-iik~_:crr""cIS

ⁱⁿ \"i,,·iol;and Ic:un in g' , .rl'S~cc,t.ivcly:~pafadQ~ . ~r('ct·.!:a.~,,"ot yet brcn,invcstlgeted with

('m.ot ion"l~ ,,~i,m'~l,li: \Yh~'J:I ('x:\~ining f:'lrbl ,(,X~rl'~"'i~idl'"liric:\li(}n

^illll;Hlg.

·~~il('Plics;t1H.,. rll;paHofseizurefoci~,nth('nor malhemispln-riensynunvtry forthetaskd('sefv~s~~:lIninai:ion .·

Etcoff..

pos·n

ccmpnred non-neurologica lcontrol subj Cf'ls l"

J>:II.ientswiih

~it,hN

^leitorrigbl brain

'r1:Ullngc.\lIhj ~,("t:

^wore

askt'd.~o

^{sll r l}

picturesoftwoworncu quickly according10irk rrt il)·unsome trials:lllcl according tcrJlr ial'c xpression [hnppy.\' I'['$IISsad) on otlll'r rrfuls..TIll'

,..- . . .

p~tit'llt~with righthemis phere(hm:lg~rou nd it.h:ml10nneudonl)' tu fal"l' .oronlr'tvexpression infhcorthogonalc:of'hlilioii.;1S;vid.t'!l'I'I'.lI.'hr'tlu;.:..

.

.

decreaselJltheiruccuraevnndspeedm thiSeonduion Till>;YoISnola ,,, ,,.,1problem with

</5~'''O''

^{stnc even""«,}hI hemisphere pauentssorted

g~~~lrl,~r10f' ^",,,I

^speed

^,,,<I

uccurncy according ' to colorandsha peae0 ...conditions Etcorrmft'rrrdthntrlghl bruin

r: '(

- J

(

-

...~.::

.~

,

...

.. .:.

.",

-.->,

('Xl!r.:os.;-iorl.:rh'~~^.a!inL:..m~y^{.exist·among}'.~_~ift'Pf;~, (!,:"otiOn~l.~nd^. h('h :n·io~:JI·prtlhll'fJIS, and def'jcit~ in Iaeial.l!xpr~ion.precessing;' .

Epih·Pli ~~·

difficulties

i~ ~.!()(,CSSing

expressionsm:'lymanirest

the~I\'es

ⁱⁿ

'.their nceuteey,I:'llpn('yorstyle'(optimal·,·ersus.,sub-optimal) or'racial

.<,xprrssiollidentificntion,cr in thel.'rrer t,oramoodindu('tiori proc~~l.'00.

theirperforman ce.

. Hermann.~~d Whi.tm:'l~~.{1{)8~ 1Te\·~(,Wl!~reportsor..-n~mero~s emotional andbehavioraldi$tur~~nceswhichh~,\·ebeenri~~tly'or!wrongly

'!\l

~tlrib\1! ed1-0~pileptil'Sill gcncrnlorto CPS pnrioutsinparticular.Th,'y,

.

^.

,identifiedsixproblemtypes:·· SI' XII'l ldysrllnri ion,'psyrhosis.,agl;rl·ssi'l1l.

personality

ch~ngc. tlffct:lh'~

disorder

~.n~!

^,..generulP,""FhulJ:liholngy (pA52),.General psyahopathoicgy,cove reddisturbnucr-s evidenced fur exa mple h,ypresenceof-n psychiatric diagnosisorahnorma lSf'Or t'Sun psy cho logical ,1l'S!S such ns t~(' ~lin r1t'sola'~ l ll it iph:is~rsullalit ~·

Invent ory ortheFearqucsnonnnirc

Thoseproblems,iftheydo rhnr:I('lt'ri'ZI' SOI!.lI"or1\11t'pill'ptits, 1113yberelatedto"ph~;si('nlr;~torsintr insic1,(>('llik llsyorInt' xtrill;k. sol"i:ll andphysicalIactoeslinked~"'it hepilepsy.'l'hcrotl'lltiah.x~ri ll sicrnd.orsill the

.

developmenttoremotional. ,~n'd' hcl~n~'ii'lral'prohlcmsamong~pilcptits ,nnd/orCPS pntients'ineludemedications,lh'cIircsl,yl\' lhnltanonsimposctiⁱ

..

"" .

^'

'b}'·t1;epresen ceor achron i~medical disorde r [includingunemployment]..''

....

loss of(,O::ltr0~?"l'r one's own body~nd't hesocialstigmanttuched,to.

·_~pilepsI.;, Potc~ti~l'illtrin~ic

^factors

in'~lude pr~s~nc-e

of

,st.rlJ~tllr~l _

^lrrnjn

.' ^' .,.

.

•..'d:'l~~ge~(i:gree~rseizure control,..;..gl'ilt"ons~t^{(If epilepsy,}dura tion of thl'

"disorder ail,d~eizurc:tHe,(II~rm3.nn&.Whitman;:liJ~,I).-Irlcn.tillc.atiop

or

psychologir all}'vu'ln~~",bleepilepticshas ortce.be~n:'llt('~pteju~ingseizure type.".qinnthe purported'role or~he SQPl~lm^(a.lim.biestructure],a~OIlf;

wit hothe r"brainregions,inarre~tive?,ehaviorIKolb:&~\Vh ish:J.\~,_lg8;;),it has beenh}"pothesi~ed'thatepilepticswhose seizures eman,atc.rromncar

.," " .-

.

thisregion ofthebrai~,~.ould,const itut e~hl'psych ologicalrisk'gr/Jup

f

30

. .

(SI:,uk-.\d aOlN'tol31. 1(kl.'i1 These l'PIk-ptlt'Sare usua llyIdentifiedby

presence or CPS However. as discussed

bl'~S

^{annbutlon IS}

conlru v('rslalb~311~etherelevant studieshu e

ene

been disconflrmater y ancJjnrlIIelhod olo l';! ~3 I1y,u"3k

ThesI U(Ii~to be discussedintberollo~ving para~ap'~ls^{used a} v.:uit'I)· oftests.two ofwh~~h\':eresp('('irical~Ydesignedtoexami~ethe

.

^{. . .}

emotional and (jrh:l\"iornl-pecbtcms aunbured.to epileptics.Theset\'vo

. . .

!l'~lr;, the,Pcrsonnl-Invcnrory(Beer&Fedio,IlJi i)andthePerson al. Bdlil\'ior Inventory (pOI;Stark-Adnmccetal.,HIS.;)will bedescribed

in

sometit·,nil.'.

Th~r~n311~vcntory

^covers18 traitspreviouslyattributed 1.0 l'pilcplies, includtn,l. eup horia, sadness,anger,~ggressioD:obsess}on~~ism,

·paranoia,hum('lrl~ness,andeireumsta ntia.lity.Subjects rateIlv eitems per

·tr:lit

~

^{trueorIalse,and}

.~ighel~ ~ s~rC'S

^{indie:l!Cgreat er}applicability of'the trait toth3.1person.St3J'k-Ad3.mecet

:i.

(1085) developedthePS I asa modifieatlcn of rhePl'JSOD alIuveatory. Clust er :lIialysis showedthe

oi

lestil~ms^{'onthe PSI}r~rmed¹¹catl"gOri';'withyado us numbers

or

·itemsin-each:(3.)religiousity.(b) elation,[e].emotionality,'l in cluding"

dt'l'ression),,td),confusion ,~el·dependence on ol hers\

Jrl

anger, Igj

hllmorlC'~S~~S~.

^·(hl.

de('rease~ '

^{sexual activity, (iJ'} ('ompu.lsiyity,

,~~)

hypc rgraphia--and(4.;)~l'lingthato~e'sownlife story is·important.·Thl's~

·ill\·.l'nl~ri~^{ere among}the tests usedlo~('~ami.ncepilept icsIor psychological.

problems.

~r.

D,~;pr(>;;sion llndnnxlctyarc~1O~lgl!t,^',0heC0111UlOllinh'r it'I<)1 '

•associatesofepilepsy. but their exactincidence isnotknown (lIN 11I:l1ln:i.lld .whitrran.1084;Rob ertson,1085),The·illd dence ord('pr~s~i2!\^amollg_

epileptics bas beenexamined inatleastfour controlled.studies.AlmostiO per cen t ofepileptics,ns compar edto just ever,10per cvnt orcontrol subjectswit~comotordisorders,hadmean scoresnbovet~lccul-ofr"on thedepression'''t'~'y^'ofthePresent 5"" Exumlnntion

Isi,,,d,",

;,,,1 Fenton.HI/ 5),~^thePerson al Inventory. Mung.,s( HI82)Ioundvuo si:;i\in~an~differe ncesonthe depression(s~dlltis) 'sl:hsca l"c:'Il11on!;.CPS, psyehiatr-icand neuropsyc hiatric patien ts. Slark~Ada~JlC~.et.ul.(Hlg.",)

'.

. .

^.

compar.ed·theresponsesof) pileptics.(with,'a.rio~sseizure rypes],paticnts.

w~th

^{ether medical}

probl~mf' .

^?nd h('a,lthY adult controls . .

o,~.

^I,h;'

"emotion al" category,which.conta ins items perta ining to de"f{'S.~iol\ ,

'mood~n~s

^and,guilt , the epileptics.rnt ('d'

the.mselVC~

^higi,er than tl.L\' compa risonsubjects, Kcr georgos,Fonagyand Scott (1082)cla..·;siri!!d

,

. " .

^{" .}

epileptica~dnon-epilepticneurological subjects into psychiat tie riskand non-risk groups.usingthe

ao-uem

Gencr alvl lcal thQuestionnaire.The epileptics inthe riekgroupscored significantly higher.on the del'ft ossi(llI.

s~bscale

(nTnong.othe r

sUbs('~lcs)

^{than did the}

ep~lepti~

^{in .the}

~on.risk

group.The non-epileptics in thepsychiatr icrisk groupscor~d^asIfJ~'^{ali the} (,tlon.epih~pticsinthenon-risk gro upon thedep~ession'sllhs~~lc Inether words;.epileptics who.ehcwed psychiatri c risk were:likelyto lrnve

',;..

- 32

_depression among their.problems. Thus at,le3Stsome epilepticstend to - '). .!>b~ depressjoo which exceeds'tbat of ecmpa riscn subjects on p.~}'chologic 31testing.'

.Ineltlea~tthree studies, attemptsweremade to see i.f

depj.~ion

^{wes,specifictoany}

sUb~roup

^ofepileptiC: Bear'and redio

~. '" '

(l~771.found.th~tdeyr('S5iqn.,as measuredon their.PersonalInventor y,

ehnrueteeizedthe,C,PSpatients intheirstudy,However·without3.seizur~

'control groupcomposed,for'example:ofprimary·g~tier3.1i2ed^seizure(PG~I.

pllti('.~!~no conclusionsaboutthespecificityof depression toCPS.pat!ents could bemade011thebasisoflh,eirstudy.Kcrgecrgcset·al.(198 2) found thatfocal epilepticswere'110more depressedthan

p es

patients.This howeverwas notmean t tc-beatruetestof depression differencesbetween

. ' .I .

('PSend otherseizure p:lti eots'becausethefocalgroup ecntelued asmall

~mb" " <iif'

non-tem poral

Ice

us,

u ;';'

tho

~ ,~"' S~" ^{E " m} ;."io.,

St:ln~ ageand Fento n(lD7&)fotl~dnoevidenceofspeci ~dtyof.depression 10.CPSpatients ascompa red topatientswithether.s eizuretypes(15

pes

:10,03non-temporalfocal epileptics}. Thusof three st udies invest igating subgroupspl'd ricityofdepression,ani)'one (Stan da geand Fenton,1975) wnsmethodolc,>gir:'lll)··equipped t,odeal withthequestionofspecificity to CPS p:ttients, 'ffhrresultsofthisstudyweredisccnfirmntc ry.

. Ant '!"tristhoughtto becommonamongepileptics,and iscrteu fou nd inr"nju nc lionwith depression{Currie,Hli'a,thfiel.d,Hensonand

-Scott.·i~il;'Robertson,1085). Brodskyandcolleagues.proposedthat .cert ain cases ofintracta bleanxietyarc due10 subictnl {Iopileptiform actiYitl~'They successfully treated tensUfhcascs.of nuxlcl.y with anticonvulsant medi~at.ions (Brodsky, Zunig;, Cns('n:u:,"Ernstorrnnd Sachde\", 108~)" However nnticonvulsantsmay reduce nnxiol.y Ill' somo means~t herthanreducing-'epileptiformaetivit~·,'sothisfindingmust be i~le~retedcautiously. Insummary,thereis someevidencerm a

r~"

con nectionofepilepsywithanxiety nnd depression.

E:xcl.'Ssi~· e emolion£-n;~ponsh'~ncss I~as

been nunbute d

~o

^CI'S

patients inparticular. Afcording to Dear's(Ini g)hypothesisofsensory- limbichypcrconnec tion,stimulation [kindling f-o flirnbic stnlclurt'smay lower their firingthreshold,leadingto"increased limbic and therefore emotional rcspondin'g(Bear,Schenk and Benson,'1081). Dearoral.'(1081) foun'dthat CPS

p~tients

shcv..:cd-a larger"clccrrcdcrmnl

rCJ<pon~

to

I~(jlli

" l, _ ' .

neut ral and emotiona lvisualstimulithana healthy adultcon~~o lgro up.

Bear&Fedio (l 97i) foundth; tCP.~^patientsscored significantlyhiglJ(~r thanhealt hynorm aladultsandpilii;n tswithneurom usculardisorders011

.

^{, -\-}

items perta ining to excessive emotionalityon their Pcrsonullnvcritory.Due to tilelackofa controlgroupwit h,anotherseizuretypein both studiesby Be~rand C'olleag'tlp;,spe<'ificityofthe Iiridings!2.Ct:'Spatientscannotbe inferred.B.ellur, Camacho,I-!~rm:llln ,Kempthorne and~teCannc(11)851 fC?uridno differencesamong~hcir,CPSgroup, epilepticswit houtCPS(non-

3.

" ~ 'I

CPS)arid theirht'althy.ro~lrol^{groupsintithe',}hu rtrat e orel~lrod~rma.1^,"

~.

respon seto :an emolio n:l1lyehs rged film.Differen ces

am~ng

groups may

·

havl! .~n·obseured

^{bytfle laekof}a.·'homOlcnrou,s epilepticcont ro l'group

·

:lnd7~r U :e

^{use of} :Lmxkedly

einot~nal ~film.

^{Thus because}

o r

met hodological probl~m~ in.^thesestu~ies,"1he ques tio n,of excessive~

·cmoti bnnlecsponstvenessamongepilept ics. or'CPSi~particular remains- npcn.

Bear nnd Fedto (19, 7, usedtheirPersonalInven tory,described l':,rli cr,inannlt.cmpl!odelineate3.CPSpatientb~h:l~iorsyndrome. In their st udy, lilt' CPS'patients scored higher Ih:10 pa tients with

·neurom usculardisordersand healthy:adult controlsuhjt-cls~neach of the I~^traitssll n'e):~d

b y

theinvcnlo~y. ^Howeverthe beha viorsynd rome the}'

;llIr id nh-dC'n~nol^{heatt rib uted}to CPS patientsirrpar ticular becausethey

.didnetuse3Drpilrplic.rontrolgroup,composed,Iorexample,of

pes

1):llil.'lIts: Using the same questionnaire,~Iung:ls(1982)foundn?signil'ic:lnt

" "

.

.,

-: . (

Ilirr~reDI:('Son:ln~'ofthe18 trait,scoresamongCPSpatie nts,psych i3.tric patients endnon.pt<~C'hi3.t~irpa tien ts.Ag3.inthr re~I"asnqinvestigat ion er. .

·

3n?"~her

specificseizuretypegroup,so

s~cr ificity

^{ofthebehavio rs;'ndrome}

to CPSpaue ntecannotbeinfer red.

,

,

Sterk-Adamecet,3.!.(HlS5)administeredthePerso~ alBehavior Inventory

(pail

to~^sampleor70 epileptics,~8^{dialysispatients(3.}C'hroDi~

.'iIln(':;.S contro lgroup).'il:!p~'rhiatry^{patients(with3.rangeofdiagnoses]}

and:U, nonpatjpn ts.Theyfound that an;lmhefofthe ch:'lr:H'tl'fislics supposedto.comprisetheepileptic'orCPSpatient behavior syndrome, actually charaa;rizcd.other medicalpatie nts:'ISwell.Usingj:H'kkJ~Hc discrimin an t3n;\ysistheyfeiiud thatjustover"o ne-thirdofthest'izur~

patients(here calledgro\l~^{PSY)respondedlike the}WI11 I:tlrisllll 'group llf psychiatrypatients onthe.rBtThesubgroupsbased on'seizure1)' p l'Sof CPS,CPS with secondary generalizatio n andPGS did"not diilcr fromr-nch

, _ r ·

?,hcrontheirstor eson nny of lhJinvent or.y's11C:lIl'gOril'l','TJw~cIindings help refutetheno lion tha t"Vi!rptic sin general or CPS pntlen tsin

. - ,

pnrtiflar are ('hara~.:~rized by an nbnonnnl emcrionnl/behnvior ul s}'nJ rome.

Astile prccecdlngpnrngmphs sugg<.:;'t,cnutrovl'[sY surrouuds v

theUSl"ofseizure typediagnosis:IS :Ipredictor\Ofpsy ~hlllogj('alprohll'lIl~

among e1,lilcPlit:S"St :lr.k.A: : l . damet: etnl.U08.iJ nttomptedtoIind ub,d L('t

.

, .

^{. . '}

predictor thanseizurely o hj'siologicnl1}'.hns,·dpsyd,ological'risk among

C~il-"'P:it:S'

^Knowingthe'possible':'roleorthe septum. (a

~

str uctu re)and,ot h er,nnnto rnically

~('lat:d

str uctures

;r:;rrl.ct~I'(' IJCh:lv-,i~r

[Kolb!::Whish'3W,IDS':;), and thefact,t.hatlimbic kindlingpf(,li1l<'eslollg- termbehaviorchangesin animals[Ad am ec andSturk-Adn mee.:HIS:~).llll'l

~eecJ.with o:th erresearchersth atan indicat orof limhit:'epileptifor m nctivity was,nl'£'d ed;,Inthe search forn moninvnsive.ind ic-.ato r,tll(·)' hypothesizedthat an auraorsetof nuras'mightt:h:>rll('l.~ri7.ccpil"lltkswit h

\ .

dirr..rent degrees or limbic in;oln' OlentiE.~eirSl..izu~t?" ^Therdo;ethey Jl·n:1oped theAur aQu~tionn:l.ire.which_consists or33,descrip; ions of '

:lllr:'l.~rhe t have beenrepor ted intheliterature.The broad a

O

priOri

.

.

.~ . .'

('":t!l'gt>ril'Sorauj.~on thequestionnaire'pertainto perceptualchang es,

.

.

oo:aily st'u:>'1Iio ns: t1loughl5 ~nd "emotions,~.The~" admin istered this:

questionnairetothe subjectsofthestudy

describ~ f a~~'f!

JStark-Ada.mec ('I,nl.,HIS!)), ThePSYepilepticgroupwascharactcriz~d^bysignificantly highl'~scoresthant1~otherl;ril~pliC's(KooPSYjonsixa\l r~.!hfive"~ich h:l\'~ill fadbeennoproduC'c:dwith"sl:imulationof.thehumuulimbic,syst em.

Th<'S<'were(al changes.inHiebrightnessorlight,[b]perceptionoffor~ed image-s,1(.l~h3 n~l'Sinloudness,pitchorquality orsounds,(d)hatredasan

'~JOtion ;w'~';e;;

^cpmf'S

~Ollt

^oftbeblue",

(~J dizli~rss. IQ'

^mind

be~mes

' ." ; ~ , " '

stuckon a~inglcillc.3, Perrypog,)incr eased the sample shes ofthe Stark-Adamce('I 31,. (l0851~tud)'andfound th3t ag3in.3boulon~thirdor l'pill'pli<"1<scoredlikl' therom~a.ri$Ongroup orpsychiatr ic"p3tienL:>on the PBlfl;h<,:,eI?$'Yt'pi!e"pti ....swereehaeaete riaedh)'signi(jC';nll~-higher scores Ihnnotherl'pilt'pli(,:l on 3 dirrl"r('nt st!toffiveauras.,I,hrce ofwhich have beenreproducedin humanswithlimb~C'stinrulaticn.Th:--£':UHau~aswere (n)percept ion of form ed Images,(b)[amaisvu, (cl percl'ption'of .time speeding up'or,slowingdown,(d)irritabi lity,~and (e)'perception of hummingorbuzzin g~~u.ndso The~\'orkofidentir~'ingdefinith· clim~k aurasi~stillinprogress.and aurasmayprovetobe goodpredictors'of; - ps~'(-hologic31disturb3nce amongt:-pilrptiC'S~

c· ··

O"O ~

.

^'~.

'~oIio"l ,J:~:":::S:::b:~::O;:"::';:;::;:::';::'::'b::~";~':t,::,i,::~::; ^I::, ,~

epilepticsas a group

~

^{to thesubgroup}of epilepticswithCPS.A'isotill'

, ~I

^hasbeen

US~d.

ⁱⁿco njunct ion

wi~I~';-th("A\lr~'

Q:lb tionnr:it c,to

i~h'lInrr

the epilept ics'~thsuch prob le.ms.Hsomcor :lll-or-these grlllips hnve e!J]btion,3,1orbehavioralproblems,theproblemsinn}'manilost lhl'lnSI'IH'S

. . ' r•

.asdiffcrcilces bl?I\\:('ClI,thce c sllbjc('l$:'I ndcontro lsubjectson the,raci:ll l':q)rc ssionidenlifi ea t iontask . Diff('; ellc('s'eouldar iseintheir necurnr-y,

may show poorernceuracy or la-ll'lIcy sl'orc s,.Hl'bt ivcl.n contro l suhj\'('!s.,.' thefnlnr USI:'a lessfavora ble[thntis,int('g~:llorwnfi!il~tal )st ~'ll'or processing Iacialexpressionwilhrespeeltorhe!:It t'dinn-nslon.Dillcrcnce, er nonggro ups cou ld alsoarise,inthe effccl~11auxietyinductio nprtlfl'llllt,.

hasonthei r IH·rfNm:l n{'(',.GIventhe possibilityrhntthey nrcmort'nuxious and emot.ionaily responsive,epileptics orcertainsubgroups of('pilt'p tks

/

.The firstgO:L1of tb is thesisisto ascertain how peopleIeee of nl'lIrolo~:31^disorderid('~tiry^Ieeialerpressjons.~le:l.suresof hemispheric 3syminet rY.·:l.C'(,li~3t}·.bl~ncyand5t)'1eoffacialexpress ionidentificat ion :lre.ohl:'lint'd io determine whetherpre\"ious'related Iindings withsueh subjectsdbhe rcplieatedwiththepresentexpeeimenralset-up.Hypotheses 1,2and3pl'rt:tin'tothisfirstgcnl. Thesece ndgl'J3l.ofthis thesis isto doturmi ne

_.

whether

';ln~' _.

difficultic;

i~ _.

facia l expression

_{. .}

idcutilication

_{. . . . .}

cnn

b i. _I

atlribuh,d to.chronlcnllyillpooplc.~cs·and epileptics).toeJ>ilepti~s

o~

^{to'slIhgrCl1JI)S'}

~/~Pii/:,pti~~'

^In

~ddition

^to

bt"i~g .

^{examint'-don11;('}

vneinblcsaho\·c,li.t

3r~

^alsoinvestigalt>d

ror'dirr~l't'nccs

ⁱⁿ

the err~llt 0/3 '.~

• . > ' . '' . '-".

moodind ~cl ionprocedureontheir perform:lnce:1I}'pothcscs'4;6,G and-;

IIvPoI.h~i~ t.- . Il('mi~Ph;ri~ ·~~l'mmetf\' cl r:a~i:l1 expr~ion

^{id('ntific.3tJon} ,;;';on...non·n l'uro!Mie:t1~ub;ects

Based.~^{theconsensusin the}iiteratu re,.itjshypothesisedthat _among righl:h:tndl'd non-neur ological-subjeets,

t~ere

^{will'be'a right}

hemisphere edvnntage;n3«Ur:u:y andlatencyforidentification- orell ,expressio ns.

.. ~

~ non-n(,ll ro logi(, :lI . ~uhie('l$

^/

"

A('('urftc;' is defined:1$the number of umos~1f:\('i:ll ;'xl'fI·ssinn .•

iscorrectly identified, andlatencyrctcrs'10tbciillll'tnkeuto,lIrrurtlldy id en t .ily[a cia lt'xpr<'ssions{ On the basisof findi ngslJ)'lIirsd llllall and Safer(Il:l82 ) and Kirouac. and, ;Da re [Ifl83, 11l8-1}. ilis h}'pntlll'sizl!dthat .among non-neurological subj ectscert ain('~pn'l;.sion;'will.beid,'ulifil',dfasT'-T

aitd more nccurut ely th

.

an others. TI\('('xpn·s.~ions

.

inprl·(lk ll',1or.!,-ror decreasing aecumevcndill('rc~singlatcncj-arch:iIlPiJl\'1's,1'1Ir r,rise,s,ullll'';&

and tear.

Y (

Hv po lh cS.is;t FlIrt;)1cxpre.<;.<;ionpro~('5singslvlerimll~fTll~ln·IH'lIrf>I()~i('711 s'ubj('cis

• .Ba~~,on.thenndin~byEtrorr (J08-1)thm'healthy-notrual adults processthe Iacial expressiondimension independent lyor1I1l' OUll'T_

:

~tics

^{ofth e lace}

(thal~s,

of the face

dimc~Sj'on),

^itis'

hypotli'~;iJ:('d

~ :-~£at

³¹¹

non-~euTologieal

slIbj e("ls' willlise . , independent

str:lh'~)'

^illth:!

presen t st u dy. .T hismeans that'sp~ed ~nd aetUT3CYor expression id:ntifi(,,3tionwill not sigrlirk a nl lydiffer acrossconsta nt, co r relat edariil orthogona lcandition::fo~theseSUbjeCls.~