!" #"$$"% & &' #(("
)*) ( + (',-
.
/"(("01'(',-$$,"
23456785
9:;<;=<> ?@A>B :BA>CD E;?> FC;A@F@BG;<<H ;?B@A>A
I
D@GJ>GE;G:>K>GFL<;H>CM NOP@GQBCK;F@BGFBRC>L
A@:F FE> =;D> <;H>C MSOPT DB ;D FB ;?B@A DBL:;<<>A
UAC@QFVW XD ; C>D
I
<FTFE>H ;C><>DD >Y:@>GF FE;G ;
BG>L<;H>C:BA>CW Z@G>[C;G
I
<;C@FH9:;<;=<>M Z[9P
:BA>CD ;?B@A
I
D@GJ NO @GQBCK;F@BG FB RC>A@:F FE>
NO;D\><<TD
I]
>C@GJ>?>GQ
I
CFE>C@G>Y:@>G:@>DW ^G
FE@DR;R>CT\>>_R<BC>; D:;<;=<>?@A>B :BA>CFE;F
;<<B\D AC@QFT =H RC>A@:F@GJ FE> SO QCBK NO @GQBCL
K;F@BGW `B\>?>CT \> DEB\ FE;F FECB
I
JE :;C>Q
I
<
K;G;J>K>GF BQ FE> ;KB
I
GF BQ AC@QF @GFCBA
I :>AT
FE> ?@A>B a
I
;<@FH ;F <B\ C;F>D @D BG<H K;CJ@G;<<H
\BCD> FE;G FE> AC@QFLQC>> :;D>T \E@<> FE> B?>C;<<
:BKRC>DD@BG >Y:@>G:H @D GBF K
I
:E \BCD> FE;G ;
BG>L<;H>C>G:BA>CW
b cd
56efg85he
d
iBKRC>DD>A ?@A>BT \E@:E
I
D>D RC>A@:F@?> :BA@GJ
;<JBC@FEKD;GA?;C@;=<>L<>GJFE:BA@GJT@DD>GD@F@?>
FB G>F\BCj@KR;@CK>GFD D@G:>FE>D>:;G :;
I D>>CL
CBCRCBR;J;F@BGW X D@GJ<> =@F>CCBCBC>C;D
I C>:;G
:;
I D>D
I
=DF;GF@;<A>JC;A;F@BG@QGB ;:F@BG@DF;j>G
FB DFBR BC <@K@F FE> >_F>GF BQ >CCBC RCBR;J;F@BGW
kBF@BG :BKR>GD;F@BG ;<<B\D FE> >CCBC FB RCBR;L
J;F> =BFE F>KRBC;<<H ;GA DR;F@;<<HW S>:;
I D> BQ
FE@DT FE>C> E;D =>>G >_F>GD@?> >
]
BCF @G FE> ?@A>B
:BKK
I
G@FH FB A>D@JG G>\ F>:EG@a
I
>D FE;F <@K@F
FE> >_F>GF BQ >CCBC RCBR;J;F@BG lm nW `B\>?>CT;<L
KBDF ;<< ;FF>KRFD FB <@K@F >CCBC RCBR;J;F@BG A>L
:C>;D>FE>:BA@GJ>Y:@>G:HTDBK>AC;K;F@:;<<HDBW
oB>GD
I
C>FE>=>DFBR>C;F@BGBQFE>?@A>B :BA>C@G
;G >CCBCLRCBG> :E;GG><T FE> =;<;G:> =>F\>>G C>L
D@<@>G:>;GA>Y:@>G:HK
I
DF=>K;G;J>A:;C>Q
I
<<HW
9:;<;=<> :BA@GJ ;<JBC@FEKD :C>;F>; R;CF@F@BGL
@GJ BQ FE> :BKRC>DD>A =@FDFC>;K @GFB KBC> ;GA
<>DD @KRBCF;GF R;CFDW oE@D ;<<B\D ; G;F
I
C;< :BKL
=@G;F@BG \@FE A@
]
>C>GF K>:E;G@DKD FB RC@BC@F@p>
G>F\BCjFC;GDRBCFTQBC >_;KR<>T K;Cj@GJ <>DD@KL
RBCF;GF R;CFD QBC >;C<H A@D:;CA lqnT ;RR<H@GJ
I GL
>a
I
;<>CCBCRCBF>:F@BGlrnTBCQ;:@<@F;F@GJC;F>K;F:EL
@GJ =>F\>>G >G:BA>C;GAG>F\BCj lsnW tE>G
I D>A
@G:BG u
I
G:F@BG\@FED
I
:EF>:EG@a
I
>DTD:;<;=<>?@A>B
:;G=>?>CHC>D@<@>GFFBG>F\BCjL@GFCBA
I
:>A>CCBCDW
N;C<HD:;<;=<>?@A>B:BA>CDM<@j>kvN[Lq9wx
D:;<;=@<@FH M9wx9P lqnP ;<<B\>A AC@QF MFE> RCBR;L
J;F@BG BQ>GE;G:>K>GFL<;H>C MNOP>CCBCD @GFB FE>
=;D>L<;H>CMSOPC>:BGDFC
I
:F@BGP=H
I
D@GJ<B\LRC@BC@FH
NO @GQBCK;F@BG FB RC>A@:F FE> E@JELRC@BC@FH SOW
`B\>?>CT@GC>:>GFH>;CDTFE>A>?><BRK>GFBQD:;<L
;=<> ?@A>B >G:BA>CD M<@j> `Wq
yr
9wx9 ;GA DR;L
F@;< D:;<;=@<@FH M99P lm nT;GA lzT
y
T {nPE;DQB:
I D>A
BG ><@K@G;F@GJ AC@QFW ^G FE>D> ;<JBC@FEKDT FE>
SO @D RC>A@:F>A BG<H QCBK SOW oE@D DFC;F>JH E;D
=>>GF;j>GBG>DF>RQ
I
CFE>C@GFE>A>?><BRK>GFBQ
k
vN[Ls Z@G> [C;G
I
<;C@FH 9:;<;=@<@FH MZ[9P lsnT
@G \E@:E FE> NO @D ;<DB RC>A@:F>A BG<H QCBK SO
@GQBCK;F@BGW
`B\>?>CT \E@<> C>:>GF D:;<;=<> ?@A>B :BA@GJ
;<JBC@FEKD ;C> =>:BK@GJ KBC> >Y:@>GF ;F :BKL
RC>DD@GJFE>?@A>BTFE>H<BD>:BKRC>DD@BG>Y:@>G:H
=>:;
I
D>FE>H@JGBC>;<<NO @GQBCK;F@BG\E>GRC>L
A@:F@GJ FE> SOW ^G R;CF@:
I
<;CT >_R>C@K>GFD DEB\
FE;F \@FE kvN[Lq 99TkvN[Ls ;GA `Wqy
r D:;<L
;=@<@FH KBA>D ;<< D
I]
>C QCBK |WzLmWz AS <BDD>DQBC
>?>CH<;H>ClqT}nW Z[9E;DR;CF@:
I
<;C<HRBBC:BKL
RC>DD@BG @G>Y:@>G:H l~n =>:;
I
D> BQ @FD C>DFC@:F>A
RC>A@:F@BG DFC;F>JHW
>DR@F>FE>RC>ABK@G;G:>BQ;CJ
I
K>GFD@GFE>
<@F>C;F
I
C>K;@GF;@G@GJFE;FDHDF>KDDEB
I
<A=>A>L
D@JG>A GBF FB ;<<B\ AC@QFT FE>C> @D DBK> >?@A>G:>
FE;F AC@QF G>>A GBF => ><@K@G;F>A :BKR<>F><H lqT
m|nW oE>C>QBC>T @G lmm n \> @GFCBA
I
:>A ; ioL
=;D>A KBF@BGL:BKR>GD;F>A D:;<;=<> ?@A>B :BA>C
@G\E@:EFE>SO:;G=>RC>A@:F>AQCBK R;DFNO@GL
QBCK;F@BGT \E@<> FE> C>D
I
<F;GF AC@QF @D :BGFCB<<>AW
t>DEB\>AFE;FFE@D>G:BA>CT\@FE;D@KR<>E>
I C@DL
F@: A>:@D@BG ;<JBC@FEKT D@JG@:;GF<H B
I
FR>CQBCKD
=BFE FE>Z[9 >G:BA>C;GA FE> BG>L<;H>C >G:BA>C
IQ IQ
IQc
IDCT
IDCT
IDCT Motion
Comp.
FMf
FMc Motion Comp.
Drift Comp.
Decoder Output
Base VLC
f a
Base bits
p ^ nf p ^
nc
Control information (motion comp. + macroblock type) Bit−Plane
VLC
Bit−Plane VLC 2nd part of enhancement bits
1st part of enhancement bits
Z@J
I
C> m o\BL<BBR A>:BA>C \@FE AC@QF :BGFCB<
;:CBDD FE> C;GJ> BQ :E;GG>< C;F>DW ^F E;D =>FF>C
:BKRC>DD@BG >Y:@>G:H FE;G Z[9 QBC E@JE>C =@FL
C;F>DT \@FE BG<H D<@JEF<H A>JC;A>A C>D@<@>G:> QBC
FE> <B\>C=@FLC;F>DW
^G FE@D R;R>CT \> QB:
I
D BG @KRCB?@GJ FE> A>L
:@D@BG ;<JBC@FEK QBCFE> io D:;<;=<> :BA>C\@FE
AC@QFW 9>:F@BG
q
RC>D>GFDFE>J>G>C;<D:;<;=<>:BA>C
\@FE AC@QF :BGFCB<W ^G D>:F@BG
r
\> RC>D>GF BRF@L
K@p;F@BGDFC;F>J@>DQBCFE>D:;<;=<>?@A>B>G:BA>CW
9>:F@BG s A>KBGDFC;F>D FE;F B
I
C :BA>C R>CQBCKD
=>FF>CFE;GDBK>;<F>CG;F@?>>G:BA>CD;:CBDDKBDF
BQFE>C;GJ>BQ:E;GG>< =@FLC;F>DT>?>GFEB
I JEB
I C
:BA>C D
I]
>CD K;CJ@G;< R>CQBCK;G:> A>JC;A;F@BG
;F FE> <B\>DF =@FLC;F>D :BKR;C>A FB FE> GBLAC@QF
>G:BA>C ;<F>CG;F@?>W
6h5 8ed56ef 8ef6
oE>D:;<;=<>ioA>:BA>C\@FEAC@QF:BGFCB<DEB\G
@G Z@J
I
C> mF;j>D FEC>> <>?><D BQ @GR
I
FW oE> =;D>
=@FDT\@FE =@FC;F> T ;C>;DD
I
K>A FB => ;<\;HD
;?;@<;=<>W oE>CDFR;CFBQFE> >GE;G:>K>GF=@FDT
\@FE =@FLC;F> TK;H GBF =>C>:>@?>A =H
FE> A>:BA>CT =
I
F @Q C>:>@?>AT ;C>
I
D>A FB RC>A@:F
FE> G>_F QC;K>W oE> D>:BGA R;CFBQFE>>GE;G:>L
K>GF =@FDT \@FE =@FLC;F> T K;H GBF =>
C>:>@?>AT ;GA ;C> G>?>C
I
D>A FB RC>A@:F FE> G>_F
QC;K>W
SBFE FE> A>:BA>C ;GA FE> >G:BA>C K;@GF;@G
F\B QC;K> K>KBC@>DW oE>
A>R>GAD BG<H BG FE> =;D> =@FD ;GA G>?>C AC@QFDW
oE> @D
I
RA;F>A =H CDF :BKL
=@G@GJ =BFE KBF@BGL:BKR>GD;F>A QC;K> K>KBL
C@>DT;GA FE>G;RR<H@GJ FE>=;D>=@FD;GA FE>CDF
R;CF BQ FE> >GE;G:>K>GF =@FDW
o
E> G> K>KBCH
AC@QFD \E>G DBK> BQ FE>D> >GE;G:>K>GF =@FD ;C>
<BDFW
O>F
;GA
=> KBF@BGL:BKR>GD;F>A RC>L
A@:F@BGD QCBK FE> :B;CD> ;GA G> K>KBC@>D QBC
AC@QF :BKR>GD;F@BG =B_ @G Z@J
I
C> m :BK=@G>D FE>
:B;CD> ;GA G> RC>A@:F@BGD ;::BCA@GJ FB ; kS
FHR>@GQBCK;F@BGW oE>CDFBRF@BG><@K@G;F>DAC@QF
=H F;j@GJ FE> :B;CD> RC>A@:F@BG
BG<H M;D @G
Z[9PW oE> D>:BGA BRF@BG ;<<B\D AC@QF =H F;j@GJ
FE>G>RC>A@:F@BG
BG<HM ;D@GkvN[Lq9wx9PW
oE> FE@CA BRF@BG C>A
I :>D =
I
F AB>D GBF ><@K@L
G;F> AC@QF =H ;?>C;J@GJ =BFE RC>A@:F@BGD M
P
q
W ZBCD@KR<@:@FHT\>BG<H:BGD@A>CE>C>FE>D>
FEC>> BRF@BGDW
oE> D:;<;=<> io >G:BA>C MZ@J
I C>
q
P FC;:jD
=BFE QC;K> K>KBC@>D
I
GA>CFE> ;DD
I
KRF@BG FE;F
;<< =@FD;C> C>:>@?>A =HFE> A>:BA>CW oE> >G:BA>C
K;j>DD>?>C;< A>:@D@BGDFE;F;
]
>:FFE> ;KB
I GF BQ
A>:BA>C AC@QF @G FE> G> K>KBCHW oE> CDF A>:@L
D@BG @D FE> D><>:F@BG BQ ; RC>A@:F@BG KBA> QBC FE>
AC@QF :BKR>GD;F@BGW oE> D>:BGA A>:@D@BG @G?B<?>D
FE> G
I
K=>C BQ =@FLR<;G>D FE;F K@JEF =>
I D>A @G
FE> RC>A@:F@BG <BBR FE@D @D ;::BKR<@DE>A =H ;AL
u
I
DF@GJ FE> a
I
;GF@p;F@BG C><;F@?> FB FE> G;<
a
I
;GF@p;F@BG W @
]
>C>GF @K;J>D E;?> A@
]
>C>GF
FC;A>LB
]
D =>F\>>G >Y:@>G:H ;GA C>D@<@>G:> ;D ;
Q
I
G:F@BG BQ FE>D> AC@QF :BGFCB< A>:@D@BGDW oE> >GL
:BA>C K
I
DF K;j> FE>D> A>:@D@BGD ;GA D>GA FE@D
@GQBCK;F@BG FB FE> A>:BA>CW oE> >G:BA>C K;j>D
FE>D>:EB@:>DBG ;kS =;D@D\@FEFE>JB;<BQBRF@L
K@p@GJ FE>FBF;< DHDF>K R>CQBCK;G:>;DA>D:C@=>A
@G D>:F@BG
r W
oB K@G@K@p> FE> @G¡
I
>G:> BQ AC@QF @G J>G>C;<T
\>
I
D> ;G >K=>AA>A :BA>C lmmn FB :BKRC>DD >;:E
@GA@?@A
I
;< QC;K>W oE@D ;<<B\D KBC> D@JG@:;GF
NO =@FLR<;G>D FB => C>:>@?>A ;GA A>:BA>A >?>G
@Q FE>G>F\BCjAB>DGBFE;?>D
I
Y:@>GF=;GA\@AFE
FB D>GA FE> >GF@C> NOW oE> SO ¢Oi ;<DB C><@>D
BG ;C@FEK>F@:=@FLR<;G>:BA@GJT=
I F :B
I
<A@GDF>;A
=>@KR<>K>GF>A
I D@GJFE>
I D
I
;<`
I]
K;GK>FEBAW
k;:CB=<B:jFHR>@GQBCK;F@BG ;GA KBF@BG ?>:FBCD
;C> @G:<
I
A>A @G FE> SOW t>
I
D> FE> D;K> KBF@BG
?>:FBCD@G =BFE FE> SO ;GA NOW
£ ¤d
8ef6 e¥5h¦h§75he
d
oE>FC;A@F@BG;<MBQF>G@KR<@:@FPBRF@K@p;F@BG\E>G
A>D@JG@GJ;D:;<;=<>:BA>C@DFBK@G@K@p>FE>K;_L
@K
I
K RBDD@=<> A@DFBCF@BG ;F FE> A>:BA>CT D
I
=u>:F
FB FE> :BGDFC;@GF FE;F FE> :E;GG>< C;F> @D @G
FE> C;GJ> ¨ © ©¨W oHR@:;<<HT =BFE ¨ ;GA
¨
;C>jGB\GT;<FEB
I
JEG>@FE>CFE>@GDF;GF;G>B
I D
:E;GG><C;F>GBCFE>;?>C;J>:E;GG><C;F>@G DBK>
F@K>@GF>C?;< @DjGB\GW oE> K;_@K
I
K A@DFBCF@BG
@D ;:E@>?>A QBC FE> K@G@K K C;F> ¨W oE DT BRL
DCT Q c
I DCT I Q c
FM f
VLC Bit-plane VLC Q f
I Q f Input
signal
First bits
Base bits Q a
Second part of enhancement bits Arithmetic encoder
Bit-plane Arithmetic encoder
part of enhancement VLC
FM c
I DCT drift
control
Z@J
I C>
q
o\BL<BBR >G:BA>C \@FE AC@QF :BGFCB<
F@K@p@GJ
I
D@GJ FE@D:C@F>C@BG <>;ADFB ; RC>A@:F@BG
RCB:>DDFE;FAB>DGBFFB<>C;F>;GHAC@QF@GFE>SOW
`B\>?>CTFE@D;<DB C>D
I
<FD@G<;CJ>CFE;GG>:>DD;CH
A@DFBCF@BGD ;F C;F>DG>;C ¨W
^G lmmn\>_>AFE>a
I
;GF@p>CD ª ª;GA
;GA
I
D>A ; D@KR<> E>
I
C@DF@: FB :EBBD> \E@:E RC>L
A@:F@BGDEB
I
<A=>
I
D>AQBC>;:EkSW`>C>T\>:BGL
D@A>C:E;GJ@GJ=BFEFE>a
I
;GF@p>CD;GAFE>RC>A@:L
F@BGT
I
D@GJ ;GBRF@K;<;RRCB;:EW ^F:;G =>DEB\G
FE;FT;DD
I
K@GJ FE> RC>?@B
I D a
I
;GF@p>CD;C>_>AT
FE>BRF@K;<:EB@:>QBCFE>RC>A@:F@BG:;G=>A>F>CL
K@G>A =H :EBBD@GJ FE> RC>A@:F@BG FE;F K@G@K@p>D
Mm«P<BJM¬
®
P«<BJMmmq¯
®
Pª\E>C>
@GL
A@:;F>D FE> RC>A@:F@BG =>@GJ >?;<
I
;F>A ;GA
¯
®
@D
FE> ;KB
I
GFBQ K@DK;F:E=>F\>>G FE;F RC>A@:F@BG
;GA
W v;C;K>F>C « @GA@:;F>D FE> C><;F@?> @KL
RBCF;G:>BQFE>C;F>LA@DFBCF@BGR>CQBCK;G:>\E>G
;<<=@FD;C>C>:>@?>A;GA\E>GBG<HFE>:B;CD>=@FD
;C> C>:>@?>AW
oE> :EB@:>;=B?> :<>;C<H A>R>GAD BG FE> :
I CL
C>GF :B;CD> a
I
;GF@p>CW `B\>?>CT @KR<@:@F @G FE>
:EB@:> @D FE> A>R>GA>G:> BG FE> :B;CD> ;GA G>
a
I
;GF@p>CD @G FE>RC>?@B
I
DQC;K>W ZBC>_;KR<>T;
G>CG> a
I
;GF@p>CQBCFE>QB
I
CkSD @G FE> RC>?@L
B
I DQC;K>
I
D>AFB :C>;F>
\@<< C>A
I :>¬
®
=
I F@GL
:C>;D>
¯
® W oE
I
DTuB@GFBRF@K@p;F@BG@DC>a
I
@C>AFB
:EBBD> FE> =>DF a
I
;GF@p>CD @G FE> RC>?@B
I DQC;K>
;GAFE>RC>A@:F@BGFHR>@GFE>:
I
CC>GFQC;K>W °GL
QBCF
I
G;F><HT ; Q
I
<<H uB@GF BRF@K@p;F@BG \B
I
<A C>L
a
I
@C>; RCBE@=@F@?>D>;C:E DR;:>W
`>G:>T \> RCBRBD> FB A>:B
I
R<> FE> BRF@K@p;L
F@BG =H :BGD@A>C@GJ CDF FE> :EB@:> BQ FE> =>DF
a
I
;GF@p>C QBC >;:E kS @G FE> RC>?@B
I
D QC;K> ;DL
D
I
K@GJFE>BFE>Ca
I
;GF@p>CD;C>@A>GF@:;<TQB<<B\>A
=HFE>:EB@:>BQFE>=>DFRC>A@:F@BG;DD K@GJFEBD>
a
I
;GF@p>CDW ZBC FE> CDF DF>RT QBC >;:E kS @G
QC;K> ± m \> A>F>CK@G> FE> ;
]
>:F>A kS²D @G
QC;K> ± ?@; C>?>CD> KBF@BGL:BKR>GD;F@BGW ZBC
>;:E BQ FE> RBDD@=<> a
I
;GF@p>C ?;<
I
>DT \> ;DD
I K>
FE>D
I CCB
I
GA@GJkSD
I
D>FE>D;K>a
I
;GF@p>CT;GA
\>A>F>CK@G>FE>=>DFRC>A@:F@BGBQFEBD>;
]
>:F>A
kSDW oE>G \> :EBBD> FE> :B;CD>LG> a
I
;GF@p>C
R;@CFE;F K@G@K@p>DFE> \>@JEF>A :BDF BQFE>RC>L
A@:F@BGD @G FE> ;
]
>:F>A
k
SDW ³G:> ;<< a
I
;GF@p>CD
QCBK FE> RC>?@B
I
D QC;K> ;C> A>:@A>AT FE> :EB@:>
BQ FE>=>DF RC>A@:F@BG QB<<B\D ;D =>QBC>W
´ µ
4g54
t>:BKR;C>FE>R>CQBCK;G:>BQB
I
CAC@QFL:BGFCB<<>A
:BA>C FB ; BG>L<BBR >G:BA>C \@FE GB AC@QF :BGL
FCB<T ;GA FB ;G Z[9 >G:BA>C lsnW X<< FEC>> >GL
:BA>CD ;C> @KR<>K>GF>A
I
D@GJ :BC> :BKRBG>GFD
QCBK `WqyrT\@FE KBA@:;F@BGDFB B=F;@G FE>C><L
>?;GF RC>A@:F@BGL<BBR DFC
I :F
I
C>W X<< FEC>> :BA>CD
;<DB E;?> FE> QB<<B\@GJ ;AA@F@BG;< KBA@:;F@BGD
FE>`Wq
yr a
I
;GF@p>C@DC>R<;:>A=H;D:;<;=<>a
I
;GL
F@p>C lynT ;GA FE> =@FDFC>;K >G:BA>C @D C>R<;:>A
=H ;G >K=>AA>A io :BA>C lmmnW oE>>K=>AA>A
:BA>C
I
D>D ; =@G;CH ;A;RF@?> ¶L:BA>C lmqn ;DDBL
:@;F>A \@FE >;:E BQ FE> SOT CDF R;CF ;GA D>:L
BGA R;CF BQ FE> NO @GQBCK;F@BGT FB :C>;F> >YL
:@>GF =@FLR<;G>>G:BA@GJDW oE> RCB=;=@<@FH A@DFC@L
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