An extremal composition operator on the Hardy space of the bidisk with small approximation numbers

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An extremal composition operator on the Hardy space of the bidisk with small approximation numbers

Daniel Li, Hervé Queffélec, Luis Rodríguez-Piazza

To cite this version:

Daniel Li, Hervé Queffélec, Luis Rodríguez-Piazza. An extremal composition operator on the Hardy

space of the bidisk with small approximation numbers. 2019. �hal-01987504�

An extremal composition operator on the Hardy space of the bidisk with small

approximation numbers

Daniel Li, Hervé Queffélec, Luis Rodríguez-Piazza

January 21, 2019

Abstract. We construct an analytic self-map Φ of the bidisk D

whose image touches the distinguished boundary, but whose approximation numbers of the associated composition operator on H

( D

) are small in the sense that lim sup

[a

(C

)]

< 1.

MSC 2010 primary: 47B33 ; secondary: 32A35 ; 46B28

Key-words approximation numbers ; bidisk ; composition operator ; cusp map ; distinguished boundary ; Hardy space

1 Introduction

For composition operators C

: H

( D ) → H

( D ) on the Hardy space of the unit disk, the decay of their approximation numbers a

(C

) cannot be arbitrarily fast, and actually cannot supersede a geometric speed ([16]; see also [10, Theorem 3.1]): there exists a positive constant c such that:

a

(C

) & e

, n = 1, 2, . . .

It is easy to see that this speed occurs when kΦk

< 1, and we proved in [10, Theorem 3.4] that a geometrical speed only takes place in this case; in other words:

(1.1) kΦk

= 1 ⇐⇒ lim

n→∞

[a

(C

)]

= 1 .

This leads to the introduction, for an operator T between Banach spaces, of the parameters:

(1.2) β

(T ) = lim inf

n→∞

[a

(T )]

and β

(T ) = lim sup

n→∞

[a

(T )]

,

where a

(T ) is the n-th approximation number of T . When [a

(T )]

ac- tually has a limit, i.e. when β

(T ) = β

(T ), we write it β(T ).

What is proved in [10, Theorem 3.4] is that β(C

) = 1 if and only if kΦk

= 1. Later, in [12], we gave, when kΦk

< 1, a formula for this parameter in terms of the Green capacity of Φ( D ), which allowed us to recover (1.1).

More generally, for N ≥ 1, we introduce:

(1.3) β

(T) = lim inf

n→∞

[a

(T )]

and β

(T ) = lim sup

n→∞

[a

(T )]

, and:

(1.4) β

(T ) = lim

n→∞

[a

(T )]

when the limit exists. It is clear that 0 ≤ β

(T ) ≤ 1, and it is interesting to know when the extreme cases β

(T ) = 0 or β

(T) = 1 occur. For example:

β

(T ) > 0 ⇐⇒ a

(T) & e

, with τ > 0 β

(T ) = 1 ⇐⇒ a

(T) & e

, with ε

→ 0 .

It is coined in [1] (see also [13] and [14]) that β

(C

) are the suitable parameters for the composition operators on H

( D

), and it is proved, for any N ≥ 1, that β

(C

) > 0, as soon as Φ is non degenerate (i.e. the Jacobian J

is not identically 0) and the operator C

is bounded on H

( D

).

As for an expression of β

(C

) in terms of “capacity”, only partial results are known so far ([13] and [14]) and the application to a result like (1.1) fails in general. We gave an example of such a phenomenon in [13, Theorem 5.12].

In the present paper we give a shaper result.

2 Background and notation

Let D be the open unit disk, H

( D

) the Hardy space of the polydisk D

, and Φ : D

→ D

an analytic map. When N = 1, it is well-known (see [4] or [17]) that Φ induces a composition operator C

: H

( D ) → H

( D ) by the formula:

C

(f) = f ◦ Φ ,

and the connection between the “symbol” Φ and the properties of the opera- tor C

, in particular its compactness, can be further studied (see [4] or [17]).

When N > 1, C

is not bounded in general (see [4]).

Let T be the unit circle, and m the normalized Haar measure on T

. A positive Borel measure µ on D

is called a Carleson measure (for the space H

( D

)) if the canonical injection J : H

( D

) → L

(µ) is bounded. When Φ : D

→ D

is analytic and induces a bounded composition operator on H

( D

), the pullback measure m

= Φ

(m), defined, for any test function u, by:

Z

D^N

u(w) dm

(w) = Z

T^N

u[Φ

(ξ)] dm(ξ) ,

is a Carleson measure. Here Φ

is the radial limit function, defined for m- almost every ξ ∈ T

, by Φ

(ξ) = lim

Φ(rξ).

For ξ ∈ T = ∂ D and h > 0, the Carleson window S(ξ, h) is defined as:

(2.1) S(ξ, h) = {z ∈ D ; |z − ξ| ≤ h} .

If f ∈ Hol ( D

), D

f denotes the k-th derivative of f with respect to the j-th variable (j = 1, 2).

We denote by A( D ) the disk algebra, i.e. the space of functions holo- morphic in D and continuous on D . We similarly define the bidisk algebra A( D

).

Let H

and H

be Hilbert spaces, and T : H

→ H

an operator. The n-th approximation number a

(T ) of T , n = 1, 2, . . ., is defined (see [2]) as the distance (for the operator-norm) of T to operators of rank < n:

(2.2) a

(T ) = inf

rankR<n

kT − Rk . The approximation numbers have the ideal property:

a

(AT B) ≤ kAk a

(T) kBk . The n-th Gelfand number c

(T ) of T is defined by:

(2.3) c

(T ) = inf

codimE<n

kT

k .

As an easy consequence of the Schmidt decomposition, we have for any compact operator between Hilbert spaces:

(2.4) c

(T ) = a

(T ) .

If T, T

, T

: H → H

are operators between Hilbert spaces H and H

, we write T = T

⊕ T

if T = T

+ T

and:

kT xk

= kT

xk

+ kT

xk

, for all x ∈ H .

The subaddivity of approximation numbers is then expressed by:

(2.5) a

(T

⊕ T

) ≤ a

(T

) + a

(T

) .

We denote by N = {0, 1, 2, . . .} the set of non-negative integers, and by [x] the integral part of the real number x.

We write X . Y to indicate that X ≤ c Y for some constant c > 0, and X ≈ Y to indicate that X . Y and Y . X.

3 Purpose of the paper

Let us recall that the Hardy space of the polydisk is the space:

H

( D

) = n

f : D

→ C ; f (z) = X

α∈NN

a

z

and kf k

:= X

|a

|

< ∞ o . If Φ : D

→ D

is an analytic map, the associated composition operator C

(which is not always bounded on H

( D

)) is defined by:

C

(f) = f ◦ Φ .

We will mainly here be interested in the case N = 2.

The reproducing kernel K

of H

( D

) is, with a = (a

, a

) and z = (z

, z

):

(3.1) K

(z) = 1

(1 − a

z

)(1 − a

z

) · As a consequence:

(3.2) |f (a)| = |hf, K

i| ≤ kf k

p (1 − |a

|

)(1 − |a

|

) ·

In particular, the functions in the unit ball of H

( D

) are uniformly bounded on compact subsets of D

.

In [13, Theorem 5.12], we gave an example of a holomorphic self-map Φ : D

→ D

, continuous on the closure D

, such that kΦk

= 1, that is:

(3.3) Φ( T

) ∩ ∂ D

6= ∅ ,

and yet:

(3.4) β

(C

) < 1 ,

in contrast with the one-dimensional case ([10, Theorem 3.4]).

Understanding where the difference really lies when we pass to the mul- tidimensional case is a big challenge: it does not seem to be a matter of regularity of the boundary, and a similar example probably holds for the Hardy space of the ball. It might be a matter of boundary: the Shilov boundary of the ball is its usual boundary, but that of the polydisk is its distinguished boundary:

∂

D

= {z = (z

) ; |z

| = 1 for all j = 1, . . . , N } = T

(indeed, the distinguished maximum principle tells that, for f analytic in D

and continuous on D

, it holds max

|f (z)| = max

|f (z)|).

The aim of this paper is to show that this is not the case and, improving on ([13, Theorem 5.12]) and (3.3), to build an analytic self-map Φ : D

→ D

, continuous on D

, non-degenerate and such that:

(3.5) Φ( T

) ∩ ∂

D

6= ∅ , but β

(C

) < 1 .

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 4, we recall with some detail the definition and main properties of a so-called cusp map χ ∈ A( D ), to be of essential use in our counterexample. In Section 5, we prove several lemmas which constitute the core or the proof. In Section 6, we state and prove our main theorem.

4 The cusp map

The cusp map χ : D → D is analytic in D and extends continuously on D . The boundary of its image is formed by three circular arcs of respec- tive centers

, 1 +

, 1 −

, and of radius

(see Figure 1). However, the parametrization t 7→ χ(e

) involves logarithms.

It was often used by the authors ([11], [8]) as an extremal example.

We first recall the definition of χ.

Let D

= {z ∈ D ; R e z > 0} be the right half-disk. Let now H be the upper half-plane, and T : D → H defined by:

T (u) = i 1 + u

1 − u , with T

(s) = s − i s + i ·

Taking the square root of T , we map D onto the first quadrant defined by Q

= {z ∈ C ; R e z > 0}; we go back to the half-disk {z ∈ D ; I m z < 0} by T

. Finally, make a rotation by i to go onto D

. We get:

χ

(z) =

z − i iz − 1

− i

−i z − i iz − 1

+ 1

·

1 0

Figure 1: Cusp map domain

One has χ

(1) = 0, χ

(−1) = 1, χ

(i) = −i, and χ

(−i) = i. The half-circle {z ∈ T ; R e z ≥ 0} is mapped by χ

onto the segment [−i, i] and the segment [−1, 1] onto the segment [0, 1].

Set now, successively:

(4.1) χ

(z) = log χ

(z) , χ

(z) = − 2

π χ

(z) + 1 , χ

(z) = 1 χ

(z) and finally:

(4.2) χ(z) = 1 − χ

(z) .

We now summarize the properties of the cusp map χ in the following proposition.

Proposition 4.1. The cusp map satisfies:

1) 1 − |χ(z)| . 1 log(2/|1 − z|) ;

2) |1 −χ(z)| ≤ K(1 − |χ(z)|) for all z ∈ D , where K is a positive constant;

3) χ( D ) is the intersection of the open disk D

,

2

with the exterior of the two open disks D 1 +

,

2

and D 1 −

,

2

; 4) χ(1) = 1, χ(z) = χ(z) and |χ(z) − 1| ≤ 1 for all z ∈ D ; 5) for 0 < |t| ≤ π/4, we have 1 − R e χ(e

) ≈ 1/(log 1/|t|);

6) χ( D ) ⊆ {z = x + iy ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and |y| ≤ 2(1 − x)

}.

Proof. Items 1) to 5) are proved in [11, Lemma 4.2]. To prove 6), write χ(z) = (1 − h) + iy. Since χ(z) = χ(z), we can assume y ≥ 0. Since χ( D ) ∩ D 1 +

,

2

= ∅, we have

χ(z) − 1 +

≥

; hence:

h

+ y − 1

2

=

χ(z) − 1 + i

2

2

≥ 1 4 , so that y ≤ y

+ h

. But y ≤ 1/2, since χ(z) ∈ D

,

2

; therefore y

≤ y/2, so we get y ≤ 2h

.

5 Preliminary lemmas

In this section, we collect some lemmas, which will reveal essential in the proof of our counterexample.

We consider the map ϕ = ϕ

, 0 < θ < 1, defined, for z ∈ D \ {1}, by:

(5.1) ϕ (z) = exp − (1 − z)

. We observe, since R e (1 − z) ≥ 0 for z ∈ D , that:

(5.2) |ϕ (z)| ≤ exp − δ |1 − z|

,

where δ = cos πθ/2 > 0. Moreover, (5.2) shows that ϕ ∈ A( D ), since:

lim

z→1,z∈D

ϕ (z) = 0 =: ϕ (1) .

Our first lemma will allow us to define our symbol Φ.

Lemma 5.1. One can adjust 0 < c < 1 so as to get:

(5.3) |χ(z)| + 2 c |ϕ ◦ χ(z)| < 1 for all z ∈ D . Hence, if we set, for any g ∈ A( D ) with kgk

≤ 1:

(5.4) Φ(z

, z

) = χ(z

), χ(z

) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(z

) g(z

) ,

we have Φ( D

) ⊆ D

.

Remark. The factor 2 in (5.3) is needed in order to get the following inequalities, to be used later, for z ∈ D and w = χ(z) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(z) u, with

|u| ≤ 1:

(5.5) |w| ≤ 1 + |χ(z)|

2 ,

or, equivalently:

(5.6) 1 − |w| ≥ 1 − |χ(z)|

2 ·

Indeed:

|w| ≤ |χ(z)| + c |ϕ ◦ χ(z)| ≤ |χ(z)| + 1 − |χ(z)|

2 = 1 + |χ(z)|

2 ·

Proof of Lemma 5.1. Set X = |1 − χ(z)|, so that, with K the constant of Proposition 4.1, 2):

(5.7) |χ(z)| ≤ 1 − |1 − χ(z)|

K = 1 − X K ·

For z ∈ D and X close enough to zero, say X < η, we have 2 exp(−δX

) <

X

K

. If we adjust 0 < c < 1 so as to have c <

, it follows from (5.2) and (5.7) that, for X < η:

|χ(z)| + 2 c |ϕ ◦ χ(z)| ≤ 1 − X

K + 2 exp(−δX

) < 1 . However, for X ≥ η, (5.7) says that |χ(z)| ≤ 1 −

, so:

|χ(z)| + 2 c |ϕ ◦ χ(z)| ≤ 1 − η

K + 2 c < 1 , as well and this ends the proof of Lemma 5.1.

Our second lemma estimates some integrals and ensures that Φ induces a compact composition operator on H

( D

).

Lemma 5.2. For 0 < h ≤ 1, the following estimate holds:

(5.8) I

(h) :=

Z

|χ(e^it)−1|≤h

1

(1 − |χ(e

)|)

dt . e

,

Proof. By Proposition 4.1, 5), there exist two constants c

, c

such that:

c

log 1/|t| ≤ |χ(e

) − 1| ≤ c

log 1/|t| , |t| ≤ π ; hence:

I

(h) . Z

|t|≤e^−c1/h

[log(1/|t|)]

dt = 2 Z

c1/h

x

e

dx . h

e

.

Corollary 5.3. For g ∈ A( D ) with 0 < kgk

≤ 1, set:

I(h) :=

Z

|χ(e^it1)−1|≤h

dt

dt

(1 − |χ(e

)|)(1 − |χ(e

) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(e

) g(e

)|) · Then:

I(h) . e

.

Consequently, the composition operator C

defined in (5.4) is bounded from H

( D

) to H

( D

) and is compact.

Proof. Using (5.6), we have, thanks to (5.8):

I (h) ≤ Z

|χ(e^it1)−1|≤h

2

(1 − |χ(e

)|)

dt

dt

. e

.

In particular, I(1) < ∞, showing that C

is Hilbert-Schmidt and hence bounded.

For the rest of the paper, we fix a number σ in (0, 1), that for convenience we take as:

(5.9) σ = 7

8 , a positive integer j

such that:

(5.10) 2 σ

≤ 1/8

(i.e. j

≥ 21), and we set:

(5.11) a

= 1 − σ

and:

(5.12) ρ

= σ

4 = 1

4 (1 − a

) .

We also define, for n ≥ 1 and θ being the parameter used in (5.1):

(5.13) N

=

log 2n θ log 1/σ

+ 1 > log 2n

log 1/σ ·

The next lemma gives a cutting off for χ( D ).

Lemma 5.4. For every n ≥ 1, the image χ( D ) of the cusp map, deprived of the closed Euclidean disk D(0, 1 − σ

/K) and of χ( D ) ∩ S(1, 1/n), can be covered by the open Euclidean disks D(a

, ρ

), with j

≤ j ≤ N

.

Proof. Let z ∈ D such that |χ(z)| > 1 − σ

/K and |χ(z) − 1| > 1/n. We write χ(z) = x + iy =: 1 − h + iy.

Let j with a

≤ x < a

, i.e. σ

< h ≤ σ

. We have j ≥ j

, since h < σ

.

Now, since 0 ≤ x − a

< a

− a

= σ

− σ

, that y

≤ 4h

(Proposi- tion 4.1, 6)), and h ≤ σ

, we have:

|χ(z) − a

|

< (σ

− σ

)

+ y

≤ (1 − σ)

σ

+ 4 σ

; hence:

|χ(z) − a

| < σ

(1 − σ) + 2 σ

= σ

(1 − σ + 2 σ

) . Subsequently, since 1 − σ = 1/8, j ≥ j

, and 2 σ

≤ 1/8:

|χ(z) − a

| < σ

(1 − σ + 2 σ

) ≤ σ

4 = ρ

, showing that χ(z) ∈ D(a

, ρ

).

Moreover, we have j ≤ N

. Indeed, if j > N

, we would have:

|χ(z)−1| ≤ |χ(z)−a

|+(1−a

) ≤ ρ

+σ

= 5

4 σ

≤ 5

4 σ

≤ 2 σ

≤ 1/n , contradicting the fact that χ(z) ∈ / S(1, 1/n).

Our next two lemmas give estimates on derivatives for the functions belonging to H

( D

).

Lemma 5.5. Let f ∈ H

( D

), k a non-negative integer, b ∈ D , and let h

(z) = (D

f )(z, z). Then:

|h

(b)| ≤ k! 2

(1 − |b|)

kf k

.

Proof. The Cauchy inequalities give for 0 < s < 1 − |b| and α ∈ N

:

|D

f (b, b)| ≤ α!

s

sup

|w1−b|=s,|w2−b|=s

|f (w

, w

)| .

The choice s =

gives 1 − |w

| ≥

for |w

− b| = s, j = 1, 2; hence, thanks to the estimate (3.2):

|f (w

, w

)| ≤ kf k

p (1 − |w

|)(1 − |w

|) ≤ 2

1 − |b| kf k

· Specializing to α = (0, k) now gives the result.

Lemma 5.6. With the notations of Lemma 5.5, assume that h

(a) = 0 for some a ∈ D and for 0 ≤ l < n. Then, for 0 < ρ < 1 and |b − a| ≤

(1 − |a|), it holds:

|h

(b)| ≤ ρ

k! 4

(1 − |a|)

kf k

.

Proof. We may assume kf k

≤ 1. Consider the function defined, for w ∈ D , by:

H

(w) = h

a + w 1 − |a|

2

. It is a bounded and holomorphic function in D .

For w ∈ D , let β = a+w

, which satisfies 1 −|β| ≥

. Lemma 5.5 gives:

|H

(w)| = |h

(β)| ≤ k! 4

(1 − |a|)

·

Now, H

(0) = h

(a) = 0 for 0 ≤ l < n; hence the Schwarz lemma says that H

satisfies |H

(w)| ≤ |w|

kH

k

for all w ∈ D . Take w =

, which satisfies |w| ≤ ρ, to get:

|h

(b)| = |H

(w)| ≤ |w|

kH

k

≤ ρ

k! 4

(1 − |a|)

·

6 The main result

Recall that χ is the cusp map and that ϕ is defined in (5.1). The map g appearing in the formula below plays an inert role, and is just designed to ensure that Φ is non-degenerate; we can take, for example g(z

) = z

. This seems to mean that non-degeneracy is not the only issue in the question of estimating β

(C

).

Our example appears as a perturbation of the diagonal map defined by

∆(z

, z

) = χ(z

), χ(z

)

for which we already know ([15, Theorem 2.4])

that ∆(1, 1) = (1, 1) and β

(C

) < 1. This map is degenerate, but the per- turbation clearly gives a non degenerate one since its Jacobian is J

(z

, z

) = c (ϕ ◦ χ)(z

) χ

(z

) g

(z

).

Theorem 6.1. Let:

Φ(z

, z

) = χ(z

), χ(z

) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(z

) g(z

) be the function defined in (5.4).

Then:

1) Φ( D

) ⊆ D

and C

: H

( D

) → H

( D

) is compact;

2) Φ is non degenerate, and its components belong to the bidisk algebra;

3) Φ( T

) ∩ T

= Φ( T

) ∩ ∂

D

6= ∅;

4) a

(C

) . exp(−τ n), for some τ > 0, implying β

(C

) < 1.

Proof. That Φ maps D

to itself is proved in Lemma 5.1 and that the compo- sition operator C

: H

( D

) → H

( D

) is compact, in Corollary 5.3. Item 2) is due to the presence of g, as explained above. The fact that Φ( T

) ∩ T

6= ∅ is clear since Φ(1, 1) = (1, 1). It remains to prove 4).

Once more, the proof will be conveniently divided into several steps. We begin by a lemma which is in fact obvious, but explains well what is going on.

Lemma 6.2. Let λ = 1 −

, where σ, K and j

are as in (5.9), Propo- sition 4.1, 2), and (5.10). Let r

= 1 −

, and let µ

, µ

, µ

the respective restrictions of m

to the disk λ D

, the annulus r

D

\ λ D

, and the annulus D

\ r

D

. We then have:

C

= T

⊕ T

⊕ T

,

where T

is the canonical injection of H

( D

) into L

(µ

).

This is indeed obvious since:

kC

f k

= Z

D²

|f |

dm

, and by splitting the integral into three parts.

We now majorize separately the numbers a

(T

), for j = 1, 2, 3. In the sequel, the positive constant τ may vary from one formula to another.

Step 1. It holds:

(6.1) a

(T

) . e

.

Proof. Let V = z

H

( D

) + z

H

( D

); this is a subspace of H

( D

) of codimension ≤ n

, since:

V =

f ∈ H

( D

) ; D

D

f (0, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ j, k < n . If f (z) = P

max(j,k)≥n

a

z

z

∈ V and kf k

= 1, one can write:

f (z) = z

q

(z

, z

) + z

q

(z

, z

) , with:

q

(z) = X

j≥n,k≥0

a

z

z

and q

(z) = X

j<n,k≥n

a

z

z

,

which satisfy kq

k

≤ kf k

= 1, j = 1, 2.

An easy estimate now gives (since max(|z

|

, |z

|) ≤ λ

on λ D

):

kT

f k

≤ 2 Z

λD²

|z

|

|q

(z

, z

)|

+ |z

|

|q

(z

, z

)|

dm

. λ

Z

λD²

|q

|

+ |q

|

dm

. λ

kq

k

+ kq

k

. λ

, since we know by Corollary 5.3 that C

is bounded on H

( D

) and hence that m

is a Carleson measure for H

( D

). Alternatively, we could majorize

|q

(z

, z

)| uniformly on the support of µ

. We hence obtain:

(6.2) a

(T

) = c

(T

) . e

. Step 2. It holds:

(6.3) a

(T

) . e

.

Proof. In one variable, we could use the Carleson embedding theorem; but this theorem for the bidisk and the Hardy space H

( D

) notably has a more complicated statement ([3]; see also [5]), and cannot be used efficiently here.

Our strategy will be to replace it by a sharp estimation of a Hilbert-Schmidt norm.

We set h

= 1 − r

= 1/n.

Clearly, denoting by S

the Hilbert-Schmidt class:

kT

k

≤ kT

k

=

Z dµ

(w)

(1 − |w

|

)(1 − |w

|

) ≤

Z dµ

(w)

(1 − |w

|)(1 − |w

|) ·

Now, if w = (w

, w

) = χ(z

), χ(z

) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(z

) g(z

)) belongs to the support of µ

, we have max(|w

|, |w

|) ≥ r

= 1 − h

, and, recalling (5.5):

(6.4) |w

| ≥ 2 |w

| − 1 ,

we have in either case |w

| ≥ 1 − 2h

. By Proposition 4.1, 2), this implies that:

|1 − w

| ≤ 2 Kh

. Corollary 5.3 gives:

kT

k

. Z

|χ(e^it1)−1|≤2Khn

dt

dt

(1 − |χ(e

)|)(1 − |χ(e

) + c (ϕ ◦ χ)(e

) g(e

)|)

= I (2Kh

) . e

. But h

= 1/n, so that:

(6.5) a

(T

) ≤ kT

k . e

. Step 3. It holds:

(6.6) a

(T

) . e

.

This estimate follows from the following key auxiliary lemma. In fact, this lemma will give, for the Gelfand numbers, c

(T

) . e

, and we know that they are equal to the approximation numbers.

Let M : H

( D

) → Hol( D ) be the linear map defined by:

M f(z) = f (z, z) , Recall that a

= 1 − σ

and N

= h

log 2n θlog 1/σ

i + 1.

Lemma 6.3. Let E be the closed subspace of H

( D

) defined by:

E = n

f ∈ H

( D

) ;

M(D

f )

(a

) = 0

for 0 ≤ l < n, 0 ≤ k ≤ m

, 1 ≤ j ≤ N

o . Then, we can adjust the numbers m

so as to guarantee that, for some positive constant τ :

codim E . n

and, for all f ∈ E with kf k

≤ 1:

kT

(f )k

. exp(−τ n) .

Proof. This is the most delicate part.

Recall that:

h

= 1/n , r

= 1 − h

, λ = 1 − σ

2 K ·

We need a uniform estimate of |f (w)| for f ∈ E with kf k

≤ 1 and for:

w = (w

, w

) ∈ supp m

∩ (r

D

\ λ D

) .

This estimate will be given by Lemma 5.4, Lemma 5.5 and Lemma 5.6.

Note that we have:

χ(z

) ∈ D \ [S(1, 1/n) ∪ D(0, 2λ − 1)] .

Indeed, if (w

, w

) = Φ(z

, z

) ∈ / λ D

, we have max(|w

|, |w

|) > λ; so either |w

| > λ ≥ 2λ − 1, or |w

| > λ and again |w

| > 2λ − 1 since

|w

| ≥ 2 |w

| − 1, by (5.5). Hence w

∈ / D(0, 2λ − 1). Moreover, we have

|1 − w

| ≥ 1 − |w

| > 1/n, so w

∈ / S(1, 1/n).

Using Lemma 5.4, select j

≤ j ≤ N

such that |χ(z

) − a

| ≤

(1 − a

).

Now set:

A = χ(z

), χ(z

)) and ∆ = 0, (ϕ ◦ χ)(z

) g(z

) .

Our strategy will be the following. We write:

f [Φ(z

, z

)] = f (A + ∆) =

∞

X

k=0

D

f (A) k! ∆

=

∞

X

k=0

M (D

f )[χ(z

)]

k! ∆

=

∞

X

k=0

h

[χ(z

)]

k! ∆

,

with h

= M(D

f ), and we put:

S

=

mj

X

k=0

h

[χ(z

)]

k! ∆

and

R

= X

k>mj

h

[χ(z

)]

k! ∆

.

We will estimate separately S

and R

.

a) Estimation of R

.

Recall that j is such that j

≤ j ≤ N

and |χ(z

) − a

| ≤

(1 − a

).

We saw in the proof of this Lemma 5.4 that 1 − |χ(z

)| ≤ |1 − χ(z

) ≤

σ

. Hence:

|∆| ≤ |(ϕ ◦ χ)(z

)| ≤ exp

− δ

|1 − χ(z

)|

. exp(−τ σ

) .

Now, use Lemma 5.5 and (5.2) to get:

|R

| ≤ X

k>mj

2

(1 − |χ(z

)|)

|∆|

. X

k>mj

2

σ

exp(−τ k σ

)

. 2

σ

exp(−τ m

σ

) . exp(−τ m

σ

) for some absolute constant τ > 0, that is:

(6.7) |R

| . exp(−τ n)

if we take:

(6.8) m

= [n σ

] + 1 .

b) Estimation of S

.

We saw in the estimation of R

that 1 − |χ(z

)| & σ

. Now, remember that h

(a

) = 0 for l < n, since f ∈ E, we then use Lemma 5.6 to get, when we take the values:

a = a

, 1 − a

= σ

, b = χ(z

) , ρ = 1 2 , a good upper bound for

when k ≤ m

, namely:

h

[χ(z

)]

k!

. 4

σ

ρ

.

We then obtain an estimate of the form:

|S

| .

mj

X

k=0

ρ

4

σ

. ρ

4

σ

= exp

− n log 2 + m

log 4 − jm

log 7 8

. exp(−4τ n + Bjm

)

with τ =

log 2 and B ≤ log 4 + log(8/7) ≤ 2; or else, using (6.8):

|S

| . exp(−4τ n + Bjn σ

+ Bj) .

But since σ = 7/8 < 1, the implied exponent, for j

≤ j ≤ N

:

−4τ n + Bjn σ

+ Bj = n(−4τ + Bj σ

) + Bj ,

is ≤ −2τ n + B

log n, provided that we choose j

large enough, namely such that j

≤ 1/4. This implies an inequality of the form:

(6.9) |S

| . e

n

. e

.

Putting the estimates (6.7) and (6.9) on R

and S

together, we obtain, for every f ∈ E with kf k

≤ 1:

(6.10) kT

f k . e

.

It remains to bound from above the codimension of E. Since N

=

θlog 1/σ

+ 1 with σ = 7/8 and m

= [n σ

] + 1, we see that:

codim E ≤

n−1

X

l=0 Nn

X

j=1

m

≤

n−1

X

l=0 Nn

X

j=1

(n σ

+ 1) . n

∞

X

j=1

σ

+ n log n < q n

.

Therefore (6.10) can be read as well, remembering the equality of approxi- mation numbers and Gelfand numbers:

(6.11) a

(T

) = c

(T

) . e

.

Putting the estimates (6.2), (6.5), and (6.11) together ends the proof of Lemma 6.3.

Finally, Lemma 6.2 and (2.5) give:

a

(C

) = a

(T

⊕ T

⊕ T

) ≤ a

(T

) + a

(T

) + a

(T

) . e

, thereby finishing the proof of Theorem 6.1.

Acknowledgments. This work was initiated during a stay of the first and second-named authors in the University of Sevilla in February 2018. They wish to thank their Spanish colleagues for their kindness, and for the excellent working conditions which they provided.

L. Rodríguez-Piazza is partially supported by the project MTM2015-

63699-P (Spanish MINECO and FEDER funds).

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Daniel Li

Univ. Artois, Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Lens (LML) EA 2462, & Fédération CNRS Nord-Pas-de-Calais FR 2956, Faculté Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, S.P. 18 F- 62 300 LENS, FRANCE

daniel.li@univ-artois.fr Hervé Queffélec

Univ. Lille Nord de France, USTL, Laboratoire Paul Painlevé U.M.R. CNRS 8524 &

Fédération CNRS Nord-Pas-de-Calais FR 2956 F-59 655 VILLENEUVE D’ASCQ Cedex, FRANCE

Herve.Queffelec@univ-lille.fr Luis Rodríguez-Piazza

Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Matemáticas, Departamento de Análisis Matemático

& IMUS, Calle Tarfia s/n

41 012 SEVILLA, SPAIN

piazza@us.es