Areas of difficulties encountered by African countries in the development of their trade statistics

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL

Distr.

LIMITED

. 14/CAS. 7/TRAD/2

29 March 1971 ENGLISH

Original: FRENCH

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ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Seminar on Concepts and Definitions

in International Trade Statistics Addis Ababa, 24 May - 2 June 1971

AREAS OF DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY AFRICAN COUNTRIES

■ IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR TRADE STATISTICS

M71-723

E/CN. H/CAS. 7/TRAL/2

Introduction

1. It is particularly important that the foreign trade statistics of African countries should be as. reliable as possible because imports and exports account f or ^a large share of the expenditure charged to the gross domestic product. Further, owing to the structure of

African countries' fiscal receipts, customs import and exports duties represent a sizable part of the budget receipts. Again, as a number of African countries are members of a customs union and sometimes members of a monetary union, the customs duties can be distributed among the union members, solely according, to each country's imports.

Each one's precise share of .must be.ascertained. The countries should, therefore make sure that where the,foreign trade statistics do not cover the whole of their' foreign trade - which in Africa is a difficult

preprequisite - they should at anyrate coyer as large a proportion as

possible. t K .

2. With all the difficulties which African countries have to face in drawing up their foreign trade statistics, it often happens that the data

supplied by the customs services cannot be used for an economic analysis such as they are. They must be corrected bearing in mind, inter alia, cases of fraud, under-registration and over-registration. Thus national accountants in the Ivory Coast must adjust the export figures but

especially the import figures supplied,by the customs, in order to take into account unrecorded, imports of good's from .neighbouring countries.

(Annexes I and II contain the corrections made by the Ivory Coast

national accounts). Tb.e statistical basis of these amendments is

somewhat shaky. Again, the" statistics of the People's Republic of the Congo are inflated by diamonds which' it does not itself produce, but which "are smuggled in from the Democratic Republic of. .the Congo.

3. The foreign trade statistics are a by-product of the activities of the customs services, and national statistical offices are in fact obliged to" use data which do not always correspond to their needs. Thus any change in a geographical nomenclature or code is a lengthy and

difficult matter for the statistician, particularly in Africa, since it depends on customs 'services generally attached to the Ministry of Finance

and on statistical services which are often attached to the Ministry

of Planning. .

Difficulties due to historical reasons

4. For historical reasons trade statistics until fairly recently drawn up for groups of territories or countries which subsequently

achieved independence individually. This applied particularly to former French West Africa, former French Equatorial Africa and the three

countries of former British East Africa. Even before independence and '

e/cn. 14/CAS..7/THAD/2

Page 2

although, they r eraained within a customs and monetary union after independ

ence the countries of the West African Customs Union (UDAO) drew up

their national foreign trade statistics. On the other hand^.the...foreign trade statistics of the countries of the Central African Economics and

Customs Union (UUEAC) are compiled and processed at Brazzaville1 \] ■

while those of the countries of vthe East African Community are dealt - with' by East, African Customs and Excise,- at Mombasa. ■ In both cases,' however, the central body makes the import -and "export figures of each country available, even where trade -fijrires within the Union are less reliable.' Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland remained-within a'customs and monetary Union with the Kepublic of South-Africa'after they became independent,* and the latter's import and export statistics comprise

th-e trade figures of the former territories.- Up to 'the conclusion of the - new agreement, in 1969* customs duties were refunded to these three ' ■ countries by South' Africa in a lump sum. Under the new agreement, : however, the customs duties collected by South Africa are to be refunded to the three countries^ according to each one's share in the total imports.

Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland therefore have t© make inquiries- of the principal importers in order to ascertain the approximate amount of duty levied and refundable. The existence of such customs unions, which :are a feature peculiar to Africa among other developing regions, certainly

'confront the statistician dealing'With foreign \;rade with a number of

■problems, some* examples of which we shall try to give In the'following

paragraphs. ■ .

5. Trade between countries- which were members of larger administrative groupings was seldom recorded because it hardly ever involved the levying of duty. Very little is Known about this trade, especially in the '

sub-regions of West Africa and Central Africa, because it is usually handled-by the traditional sector, while the movement of- goods from one country to another- is hot dutiable1 because the majority of the countries have remained within the customs union. v

6. ■ Again for historical reasons, coastal countries have developed more and faster than have landlocKed countries. Business firms, who are the main importers, therefore have their headquarters in coastal towns

(e.g.' Dakar-and Abidjan), where1 products'~are often cleared through customs

"and nationalised. Then-, while an inland branch (at Ouagadougou, for instance) may"'introduce from the Ivory Coast goods imported from Europe

arid nationalised at Abidjan, 'Such goods as are not dutiable because-the countries are members of a customs union are recorded as intra-African

trade, although some goods (frigidaires, air conditioning units, etc.)

While Cameroon is a member 'of UBEAC, it processes its own foreign trade statistics, - ■ ■

E/CN.14/CA3. 7/TRAD/2

Page 3

were not produced on the"continent. However, the coastal countries

enjoy the benefit of the import duties even though the goods will

finally be consumed in a landlocked country. To ensure a more equitable distribution of import duties,1 countries which are members of the East

African Community tiave set up a system under which the consignor of goods

from one member country to another is required to complete a transfer

form on which, in the'case of imported goods, the c. i.f. ■ value" of the'

goods imported and the date of entry into the Community should be stated.

By recording transfers it is possible to distinguish between direct imports and net imports. (Annex IV contains a glossary of the terms

used by the East African Community and UDSAC).

7. Ui)3AC is faced with a number of problems when it processes the

external trade statistics for the Union as a whole and the individual

countries of which it is composed. In the first place, imports for the UjJSAC as a whole are given in statistical values, i.e. in values on entry

into the UiXEAC, while each republic's imports are stated in the frontier

value, i.e, the value on entering the country (see Annex IV). Customs declarations, however, give only the statistical value or the dutiable

value, and a calculation method essentially based on the data yielded by

the studies made on the transit of merchandise in UDEAC countries has has to be devised so as to assess the frontier value. The statistics thus obtained, however, cover trade only with countries outside Ui)?AC. To ascertain each republic's actual trade, statistics must be supplemented

bearing in mind: a) products subject to the single tax j/ which are ■ manufactured in one republic and consumed in another; b) local products . exported from one republic toother UD^AC members, and c) imported

goods which are declared to be for consumption in one country but

actually consumed in another. 2/ Smuggling must also be borne in mind (Annex III shows the actual foreign trade of Ui)I3AC countries during 1968).

Difficulties in correctly ascertaining intra-African trade

8. Owing to inadequate administration and the extensive land frontiers between African countries, intra-African trade has been considerably underestimated. ' In fact, only, trade by sea or the major comuunication

routes has been accurately recorded. Geographical conditions being what they are, especially in Central Africa and West Africa, the trade in some

products between savanna countries and coastal countries has reached

very high figures. The former have exported cattle on the hoof and

dried fish to the latter 'and purchased cola-nuts, from them. This traditional trade is hardly recorded, if at all, while such surveys as the 1959 Bouake/ survey have shown the volume of the trade circuits.

\j The single tax is applied in the case of industrial products

manufactured in UU^AC" which axe consumed witbin "the'Union market.

2/ The data are obtained by means of a permanent inspection on UDUAC S

States frontiers. t"

|

E/CN.14/GAS. 7/TRAD/2

Page 4

9. . The triangular trade between the Niger, Chad and northern Cameroon, on the one hand, and Nigeria, on the o.ther, can be described. Thus, a

Chad trader may take his- cattled to Nigeria and sell it there; then he mayvbuy manufactured goods and takes them back to Chad. The Chad customs services, however, will not benefit either way from such trade rfhich, in fact-limits imports of dutiable goods and diminishes State revenue,.

owing to the large part-.played by indirect taxation in the fiscal- system.

The, resale-iin French-speaking savanna area countries of goods- purchased in English-speaking .coastal countries particularly 'Ghana and Nigeria, is less worthwhile .in '.Jest Africa now than it was. a few years, ago, because customs tariffs fall in line with the highest tariffs, and the comparative purchasing power of currencies no longer favours the Cedi or the Mgernian pound. At any rate, Nigeria's customs statistics

indicate hardly any imports of cattle on the hoof from the Niger, Cameroon

or Chad. . . '

10. 'Deliberate smuggling is not always evident in the triangular trade

describedvabove. It is usually favoured by the existence of a large . coastal market and the lack, of customs houses. On the other hand,. ■

deliberate smuggling is- evident where two neighbouring countries have a customs, ariff structure as dissimilar as that of the Gambia^and Senegal.

The movement of goods from the. Gambia to Senegal is facilitated by the geographical situation, and..it has so far been impossible to make even an approximate estimate of the extent to-, which smuggling has been carried on. Yet the- fact remains that some Gambian imports have been considerably overestimated and that a large part of the. imports are in fact consumed in Senegal, whose imports have, thus been underestimated. Again, some of Senegal' s- imports are consumed in Mali, aud Mauritania.

11. . Trade may also be diverted, either for monetary reasons .or because the purchase prices fixed by the marketing boards on either side of the frontier differ. F.or example, w.hen an African country's currency is weak in comparison with the currencies of neighbouring countries, goods' may be smuggled-across the frontier and sold in order to. secure a , currency which is regarded as having a .higher purchasing power or being more convertible, into strong currencies. Curing the years which followed independence, part of the agricultural -production of the eastern area of the .Democratic Republic of the Congo was sold, in Uganda. Even - . countries-which, like Dahomey of the People's Republic of the Congo, have no diamond production,, of their, own may export diamonds which actually ■ come from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The traffic in diamonds has diminished appreciably since the monetary reform and the Introduction of a new currency unit, the Zaire. Between Ghana .and Togo, too, there is an unofficial trade in cocoa. Cocoa produced near the frontier is

alternatively offered for sale in one country or the other, according'to the prices that producers are paid by.the marketing boards and, the. ■ comparative purchasing power of the currencies .thus obtained.. Togo's ' cocoa exports are more affected because they are much smaller than Ghana's-

E/CN.14/CAS.7/TRAD/2

Page 5

We may confine ourselves to the diversion of cocoa trade between Ghana and Togo, but similar cases of diversion occur between Ghana and the Ivory Coast? and they may concern other products as well. Sometimes the diversions are designed to circumvent the regulations laid down in an international agreement such as the- coffee agreement»_ A country which h^s exhausted its quota Can have some of its co'ffee sold by a neighbouring country which may have been unable to fill its own quota or which is not a party to the agreement. /

12o* Sometimes the information available on exports tc countries

outside Africa is:very meagre? This may happen"where the marketing ■ : boards1export their products direct and issue the declarations to the customs services rather late, so that the figures cannot be included in the customs statistics of that year. Thus5 "during the period January-December 19&9* according to the Ghanaian statistical services cocoa b'e'=in exports amounted "to 40,050 tons, valued at Cedis 26.2"

million, while the - Cocoa Marketing Board's Statistics for the same year showed exports of 303,762 tons, valued at Cedis 219.7 million.

This is a typical example of the lack of co-ordination between the

statistical services and the customs, on the one hand,' =md the acti- ""

vities of marketing boards on the other* The same"seems to apply to the Ivory Coast, considering the corrections made by the national accountants in the 196*9 exports figures under "Industrial :agriculture

and agricultural exports" (see Annex II). ■■.■•• . . ■ :.

Difficulties in determining values " • ' ■ jv

13« As-a rule, African countries use the value declared'in their: : £ foreign trade statistics. In the case of exports, however, the exporter '■:

certain values-are often known to the exporter only when the goods are {•, sold abroad, generally in Europe. Chana13 statistics of diamond exports k

show tKe London market values although' some of these .diamonds ..are. sold . . '■' in Israel, the Netherlands- or Belgium, as well a.s in the United Kingdom, ,}

at a rate which may differ from the London rate (as there are few buyers, there is actually very little difference in the' rates) <. Even

exports to the United Kingdom may be governed by a price which differ ing from the prices prevailing at the time of export*

14« For" the same reasons (the impossibility of knowing the real ' ' ['•*

selling price of the products at the time of export), the French-speak- " jj

ing countries of Africa use market values which are values fixed by ■ the customs services «nd meant to replace the* value" declared in the customs' documentSo Market values are used particularly in'the Case of bananas, coffee, cocoa: etc From time to time they are adjusted "'■■

and they do not always reflect the sales price of the products concerned.

In the Case of Cameroon, for instance, it Has been noted..that the. "trade balance, which would show a Shortfall if banana exports were estimated at market rates, would show a profit if the values were corrected in accordance with actual prices on the export markets. In the case of Chad's exports of Cattle on the hoof, the value adopted is half the

E/CN. 1 Page 6

market value, to reduce smuggling, which would be still more widespread

if the export duty were based on the market value, ■ ■ [ 15* The problem of estimating exports may also arise in the Case of

crude mineral products such as petroleum, or manufactured products . i

such as copper-. Until fairly,recently, most of the copper exports of the , ;

'Democratic Republic of the Congo were covered by long-term contracts i which, provided for a stable price during the period covered by the ... ;

contract. About three years ago, it was decided to sell a larger part ^ ;

of the production at the rate on the London Metal Exchange. As in the i case of diamonds, the Copper export prices indicated may .in fact differ ■ considerably from actual sales prices, Crude petroleum prices may vary ' according to the country of destination- As a rule, the values adopted

appear to agree with the prices.listed- ;

16. Again in the Ca.se of imports, the value declared "may not represent , : the exact price, especially wher"e goods are bought by an African branch

whose parent company has headquarters in Europe or in the United States , of. America. The values of goods imported in these" circumstances do not ; always reflect market prices, because'the economic interests of the ; consignee and the consignor do not clash* The expenses charged to : African branches in respect of Capital goods or *ny other goods are of

an accounting nature, and the profits are broken down between the " j

parent company and its branches. Sales which are underestimated ' benefit the branches and Sales which are overestimated benefit the . Parent -company. The prices listed for the transactions - and they are i

generally used in customs statistics because of the difficulty of . '

ascertaining figures - therefore depend on the relative rates of the ■ | profit tax on the feasibility of transferring profits abroad, etc

This is.probably one of the reasons why the prices of some goods ; imported by a number of African countries are overestimated. . |

Difficulties in ascertaining the Partner State ' [

17« In imports, but especially in exports, African countries may

!'

j

sometimes experience'some difficulty in distinguishing the country of |,

origin or destination. For a fairly long time, the'destination of some' :■

of the copper exports of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was given . j.

as "Depot de Beira" or "Depot de Lobito". These two ports'lie at the [

terminus of the railways used for transport. Again, Rwanda's statistics \ give the Mombasa warehouse as the place of destination. "TheSe statistics^

relate to coffee-exports routed through the port of Mombasa arid whose

final destination is unknown* Similarly, Senegal's import statistics k of petroleum products sometimes indicate Senegal as the country of origin. ■ !(

The processing of these products from imported crude petroleum is ij

Carried out by the Dakar refinery which the Senegalese customs regard ' !i

as an "usine exercee".

E/CN.14/CaS.7/TSAD/2

Page 7

I80 In an analysis' of intra-African trade, it is vital to know '

exactly which is the countryof origin and the country of'destination.

In the case of the copper and coffee exports referred to above;- obviously the products will only transit through tEe ports and will not be consumed

in Africa* .On the other hand, the geographical codes used by the customs

services of the different countries sometimes group several African

countries, and this does not always make for strict comparability.

Difficulties in processing and publishing foreign trade statistics

19° :Forei-gn trade statistics are now being mechanically or even

electronically processed in most countries,.." Some countries, however, process their statistics manually, which means that there is often a' : fairly long gap between the end of the period covered by the statistics and the time when they become available. The delayed processing-of statistics.is sometimes due to a delay in the transmission of customs documents.'from customs houses far from the Capital or the processing centre- ■ Where the statistics of several countries are processed by the Same service or published in the same document, the customs1 delay in transmitting it may hold up publication. Tardy customs declarations

are in fact usually held over to the following period. ^Distance, and...;.

the lack of communication facilities in most African countries should be borne in.mind*

20c' A further difficulty may arise in the case of a.grouping.of several

countries which did not use the same nomenclature or which followed - . different practices. For some time after former British Somaliland and

former Italian Somaliland united, foreign trade statistics continued to

be published separately, for. the two'parts of the country." Again-, when

Cameroon was reunited, the,eastern area and the western area used

different nomenclatures, different, currencies and different measuring, units. While the. standardization "of monetary units and measuring units has proceeded rapidly, the sqme cannot be said of the nomenclature, snd

for a number of years following" the country's reunification foreign trade

statistics were published separately for. the xwo"states""of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. This presented the advantage of a certain com- .

payability in time.. Now that African countries are endeavouring to... .

strengthen their.links and unite to form larger entities, the problems

posed by'differing practices.in the drawing up of.foreign trade statis- .

tics _ should not" be underrated* ./ . ..

21, While mechanical data processing presents definite advantages as regards speed and reliability, it also gives rise to difficulties where the data processing .centre or the computer is used jointly by

several ministries or services. The payment of government officials ' for example, has to be given higher priority than the processing of

foreign trade statistics.

22O The publication of foreign'tr^de statistics .also poses some

problems.. While a number of data processed statements can be obtained H fairly quickly, the printing of the results for wider circulation is ' !?

Page 8

sometimes delayed, especially when the printing is done by the State ' Press. It would serve no useful purpose to review in this document ' '■

the efforts which the statistical services have made to remedy the ! printing' difficulties. Nevertheless", the offset machine installed "by * ; the statistical services seems to have had the effect of considerably [ speeding up the circulation of foroign trade statistics. ■

Difficulties in analysing foreifgn trade statistics ,j '{

23o In some cases, detailed statistics are supplied by the customs ;.

offices only under SITC sections or by major utilization groups." An :- , analysis of "imports and exports for economic research or national account

ing usually requires other types of classification (economic industry,

equipments final and intermediate consumption, (etc.1). The statistical j

grouping is sometimes done manually by the users although it could be (

done mechanically without unduly prolonging the period of processing. !

The same thing can be said of the calculation of foreign trade indices, f which some African countries, for want of sufficient staff, do not

Carry-out in their statistical services, ■ !

!

Future difficulties foreseen ' ■ [

24• * The processing and printing difficulties should be "overcome at [

an early..dateV The statistical services should also be a"ble to'analyse ;

the rough data more rapidly and in greater detail and-to extract from them !■

particulars by industry of imports and exports, import and export price h

indices, etc. On the "other hand, owing to geographical conditions and. ' i the lack of adequate administrative supervision, the field staff will •'

be limited, and trade in given products will probably continue to be £ under—recorded while smaggling will persist so long as the structure \\

of the customs tariffs in neighbouring countries makes i't worth-while. \\

The user may in'deed haye quicker access to statistics which will still -. %

have the Same gaps as before. . jt

25. Good foreign trade statistics will be increasingly necessary if [j African States join -together* as.they propose to do, in larger entities. 8

We know the importance of statistics" to the proper implementation of " [j the Treaty for East. African Co-operation "(Ea.st African Community), jjj Some paragraphs in Article 20 of the Treaty refer to foreign trade ' [if statistics to justify the levying of a transfer tax on the exchange of ijj

manufacture by. member, countries* . \

26O The distribution of customs duties in Africa has often led to- \\

disagreement "between the members of a customs union. UDAO, for instance, j]

has not operated in"the manner foreseen, and member States h>ve decided :}

themselves to levy an entrance duty on goods (as mentioned above, the

landlocked countries do not receive the full duty to which they are

entitled)„ .It is therefore particularly important that, with the

existing unions or with larger groupings, "the services concerned should pay greater attention to..foreign trade statistics, which alone ensure, an equitable distribution of duties between member countries.

ANNEX I

Ivory Coast corrections to customs statistics for national accounts (millions of Pr. CPa)

1965 1966 1967 1968

1969

Customs statistics *■

UDaO corrections l/ .

Other corrections Total corrections

Exports (national accounts)

Imports

Customs statistics

UHAO corrections \J

Other corrections Total corrections

68 1

2 ,412 .556

964

,520

76,

1,

_

1, 658 752

151

601

80

1 1 2

,263 ,175 ,039

• 214

104

4

5

,887

900

,529

,429

118,

2,

4,

6,

223 356 046 402

58,579 3,830 1,323

5,153

63,613 3,745

38

3,783

65,050

4,249 2,327

6,576

77,628

5,363

1,895

7,258

70,923 78,259 82,479 110,316 124,626

86,284 5,650 2,871

8,521

Imports (national accounts) 63,732 67,803 72,209 83,585 . 95,203

Source; Republic of the Ivory Coast, 1968 and 1969 National Accounts (provisional results).

1/ West African Customs Union.

IvoryCoast

ANNEXII

Imports and Exports in 1969 (millions of Fr, CFa)

ImportsExports

TT Pood crops (excludi ng cola), animal production,

hunting 2.Industrialagricultureand agriculturalexports 3.Forestrydevelopment 4.Fishing 5.Grainandflourprocessing 6.Preserving,tea,coffee,cocoa 7.Beverages,ice 8»Otherfoodindustries,tobacco 9,Energy,water 10.Mining 11.Metals 12.Buildingmaterials 13.Fertilisers 14.Chemistry,parachemistry,rubber 153Woodindustry 16.Vehicleassemblyandrepairs 17.Othermechanicalandelectric industries 18.Textileindustries 19.Leathersandfootgear 20.Fatsotherthanbutter 21•Rubberandplasticarticles 22.Miscellaneousindustrialgoods 23.Buildingsandpublicworks Total

CustomsCorrectionsTotal'CustomsCorrectionsTotal statistics-statistics 2,727

'485

23 407

2,134 1,006 1,796 4,266 4,477 212 4,342 1,771

475

5,972 962 10,142 25,527 11,252 ^1,130

867 2,259 4,450 86,682

5,317

8,044 165

664 371

64

432 935 124 614

485

23

1,071 2,134 1,006 1,796 4,266 4,477 212 4,342 .1,771 475

6,343

962 10,206 25,959

12,187

1,254

867

2,259 5,064

61,910 30,119 26 133 9,535 17 119 1*054

685

580

167

7 1,650 5,023 502 1,606 3,219 179 1,003 60 -457

165

95,203 118,224

5,523

625 835

609 -861 -329 6,402

67,433

30,119

651

133 10,370

17

119 1,054 1,294 580

167

7 1,650 5,023 502 745 3,219 179 1,003 60 128 8 124,626

Sourcet Republic of the Ivory Coast, National Accounts, 1969 provisional results.

ANNEXIII

Foreign Trade of UIEA.C Countries in 1968 (million of Fr. CFa)

Cameroon

Central African

RepublicGabonCongoChad Imports

Official (outside UISAC)

frontiervalue InteT-UEEXCtrade

(a) Local products (b) Products subject' to single tax (c).Imported products

Smuggling Totalimports■:. Exports.■_■:

Official (outside UIEAC) i.o.b. price

Diamonds■■. Inter-UDEACtrade (a)Localproducts "b)""Produc-tssubjectto3ingletax

'c) Imported products

Smuggling- Totalexporta;

46,790

128

684

101 .48,026 '46,326 349 1,810 506 49,491

9;820 ..377 1,341 259 780 12,577 8,816

.161* ^{555 365} 9,897

15,9337:o,6l/+9.494 373 1,324.. "44C

174.

657

94

282 .2,202 739

...'" 3,135 500

18,076;21,674.13,217 3O,3OZ9,323

3,834

18 192

158

677

129

2,931 ;78

510100 1,784

31,171 16,727 9,463 Source: Central African Economic and Customs Union,, Le commerce exterieur de l'UBBAC, 1968,

Notes Camerooni

Central

African' -■■Republic Gabon: Congo; Chad:

ANNEX III (Continued) For want of precise information on frontier smugglings the 1966 figure of 323 million has been taken, which represents dried fish and live animals from.Chad. ^.if.ao.information on smuggling. The figures taken are "therefore those of 1Q66* 450 million for the UDEAC countries and 350'million for countries outside U BE AC. There is some smuggling on-the frontier with.Cameroon and. the Congo,, but it is negligible and no figures are available. - - .= . e e w Smuggling between the People's Republic of the Congo and the Democratic.Republic of the Uongc may m the case of three products be fairly accurately estimated as follows: Diamonds Fr. CFA 2,904 million Cigarettes Fr. CFA 12 million soap Fr. CFA 19 million The inclusion of "the diamond traffic (about Fr. CFA 800 million for the Congo) and" especially of trade with other. UDEAC countries considerably .improves the Congo1 s trade balance. As in 1967? smuggling into the country is estimated at Fr. CFA 500 million, while" smuggling out of the country is estimated as follows: to the Congo and the Central African Republic 655 million; to Cameroon, 323 million, and to Nigeria, Libya and

thebudan,0O6million.

ANNEX IV

Glossary of terms used by UIEAC and .the East African Community in their foreign trade statistics

I. UHEAC

Dutiable value"; c.i.f. value of the unloading p

Statistical value of imports; c.i.f. value of UIEAC imports.

Statistical value of exports; "f,o.b. value of UDE&C exports.

Frontier value; Defined for a Republic, c.i.f. value on entering

the Republic.

ii. east African community

Direct imports; Goods entered for consumption or for warehousing

in each partner State.

Net imports: Goods entered direct, to which have been added or from

which have been deducted imported goo"ds transferred between the partner States,

Net home consumption; Commercial goods entered for consumption or ,

commercial goods ex-warehoused for consumption in each country of the Community, to which'have been deducted imported commercial goods trans ferred between the partner States.

1/ The port of unloading may be in a country other than a UIEA.C

country (Port Sudan, Lagos, .Port Harcourt, Matadi, etc.).

ANNEX V

Existing African Customs Unions

West African Customs Union (UDAO)

UDAG comprises Dahomey, the Ivory Coast, Mauritania, the Niger,

Senegal and the Upper Volta- Each State processes its own foreign '

trade statistics.

Central African Economic and Customs Union (UEEAC)

UIEAC comprises the Federal Republic of Cameroon, the"Central "

African Republic, the People's Republic of the Congo and Gabon (Chad withdrew from UDEAC in April 1968, but its foreign trade statistics

were processed by the UIEaC up to the end of 1968). Cameroon processes

its own statistics, while those of the other countries are processed by the UEEAC statistical services.

East African Community

This comprises Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda.

The foreign trade statistics are processed for the three countries by East African Customs and Excise.

Customs Union between Botswana* Lesotho, Swaziland and.the Republic

of South Africa

This comprises the Republic of "South'Africa, Namibia, Lesotho,""

Botswana and Swaziland. Foreign trade statistics for the"Uniori as a ■ whole are prepared by South Africa. "The'"inform"atidn on Namibia is' somewhat sketchy. In Lesotho, "Botswana and Swaziland, Statistics are drawn up by means'of questionnaires sent to the principal importers and exporters as well as frontier control.