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OS Android
Romashko Artyom Supervision:
Chernyakova E.A.
Android (operating system)
Android
Android is a is a Linux Linux -based -based operating system operating system designed primarily for designed primarily for
touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.
Initially developed by
Initially developed by Android Android , Inc., whom , Inc., whom Google Google financially backed financially backed and later purchased
and later purchased in 2005, in 2005, Android Android was unveiled was unveiled in 2007 in 2007 along with along with the founding of the
the founding of the Open Handset Alliance Open Handset Alliance : a consortium of hardware, : a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open
standards for mobile devices.
standards for mobile devices. The The first first Android Android -powered phone -powered phone was sold
was sold in October 2008. in October 2008.
OHA (Open Handset Alliance)
A business alliance consisting of 47 companies to A business alliance consisting of 47 companies to
develop open standards for mobile devices
develop open standards for mobile devices
Android
Android is open source and is open source and Google Google releases the code under the releases the code under the Apache License. This open source code and permissive licensing Apache License. This open source code and permissive licensing
allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by
device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers.
device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers.
Additionally,
Additionally, Android Android has a large community of developers writing has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices,
applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the
written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming Java programming language.
language.
In In October 2012 October 2012 , there were approximately , there were approximately 700,000 apps 700,000 apps available for
available for Android Android , and the estimated number of applications , and the estimated number of applications downloaded from
downloaded from Google Play Google Play , , Android's
Android's primary app store, was primary app store, was 25 billion. 25 billion.
Android (operating system)
These factors have allowed
These factors have allowed Android Android to become the world's most to become the world's most widely used smartphone platform and the software of choice widely used smartphone platform and the software of choice for technology companies who require a low-cost, customizable, for technology companies who require a low-cost, customizable,
lightweight
lightweight operating system operating system for high tech devices without for high tech devices without
developing one from scratch. As a result, despite being primarily developing one from scratch. As a result, despite being primarily designed for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications designed for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on on televisions televisions , , games consoles games consoles and and other other electronics. electronics.
Android's Android's open nature open nature
Android (operating system)
officially released running other officially released running other for advanced users or bring
for advanced users or bring Android Android to to for community-driven projects, which add new for community-driven projects, which add new
features features
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a enthusiasts to use the open source code as a
has further encouraged a large community of developers has further encouraged a large community of developers and and
devices which were devices which were operating systems.
operating systems.
Android (operating system)
Android had a worldwide Android had a worldwide
smartphone market share smartphone market share of of 75% 75% during the during the third third
quarter of 2012
quarter of 2012 , with , with 500 500 million devices
million devices activated in activated in total and
total and 1.3 million 1.3 million activations per day.
activations per day.
However, the operating However, the operating
system's success has made system's success has made
it a target for patent it a target for patent
litigation as part of the litigation as part of the
so-called
so-called "smartphone "smartphone wars"
wars" between technology between technology companies.
companies.
History History
Android, Inc.
Android, Inc. was founded in was founded in Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California
California in October 2003 in October 2003 by by Andy Rubin Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),
(co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner Rich Miner (co-(co- founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears
Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris and Chris White
White (headed design and interface (headed design and interface development at
development at WebTV)WebTV) to develop, in to develop, in Rubin's
Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and are more aware of its owner's location and preferences. "Despite the obvious past preferences. "Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.
for mobile phones. That same year, That same year, RubinRubin ran out of money.
ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close Steve Perlman, a close friend of
friend of Rubin, brought him Rubin, brought him $10,000 $10,000 in cash in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.
company.
Speculation about
Speculation about Google'sGoogle's intention to enter the mobile communications market intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through
continued to build through December 2006.December 2006.Reports from the Reports from the BBC BBC and and The Wall Street The Wall Street Journal
Journal noted that noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that
that Google Google was developing a was developing a Google-branded handset. Some speculated that as Google-branded handset. Some speculated that as Google Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone
was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators.
manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, In September 2007, InformationWeekInformationWeek covered covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.
area of mobile telephony.
On November 5, 2007,
On November 5, 2007, the the Open Handset AllianceOpen Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology , a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as
companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTCHTC and and SamsungSamsung, wireless , wireless carriers such as
carriers such as Sprint Nextel Sprint Nextel and T-Mobileand T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm , and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instrumentsand Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards for , unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards for mobile devices. That day,
mobile devices. That day, Android Android was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel
platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to The first commercially available phone to run Androidrun Android was the was the HTC Dream, released HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.on October 22, 2008.
History
History
Since 2008,
Since 2008, Android Android has seen numerous updates has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat;
alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat;
for example,
for example, version 1.5 Cupcake version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by was followed by 1.6 Donut
1.6 Donut. The latest release is . The latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean4.2 Jelly Bean. . In In 2010,
2010, Google launched its Google launched its NexusNexus series of devices series of devices - a line of smartphones and tablets running the - a line of smartphones and tablets running the
Android
Android operating system, and built by a operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner.
manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with HTC collaborated with Google
Google to release the first to release the first NexusNexus smartphone, smartphone, the the Nexus One.
Nexus One. The series has since been updated with The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the
newer devices, such as the Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Nexus phone and phone and Nexus 7
Nexus 7 tablet, made by tablet, made by SamsungSamsung and and Asus Asus respectively.
respectively. Google Google releases the releases the Nexus Nexus phones and phones and tablets to act as their flagship
tablets to act as their flagship AndroidAndroid devices, devices, demonstrating
demonstrating Android's latest software and Android's latest software and hardware features.
hardware features.
History
History
Interface
Android's
Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate
manipulate on-screen objects. on-screen objects. The response to user input is designed to be immediate and The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.
provide haptic feedback to the user. Internal hardware Internal hardware such as accelerometers, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes
gyroscopes and proximity and proximity sensorssensors are used by some applications to respond to additional are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a
how the device is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game racing game by by rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel.
rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel.
Android
Android devices boot to the devices boot to the homescreen, homescreen, the primary navigation and information point on the primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the desktop found
the device, which is similar to the desktop found on PCs. on PCs. AndroidAndroid homescreens are typically homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or display live, auto-updating content such as the weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
a news ticker directly on the homescreen.homescreen. A A homescreenhomescreen may be made up of several pages may be made up of several pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though
that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's Android's homescreen interface homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on
tastes. Third party apps available on Google Play Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-and other app stores can extensively re- theme the
theme the homescreen,homescreen, and even mimic the look of other and even mimic the look of other operating systemsoperating systems, such as , such as Windows Phone.
Windows Phone. Most manufacturers, and some wireless carriers, customise the look and Most manufacturers, and some wireless carriers, customise the look and feel of their
feel of their Android Android devices to differentiate themselves from the competition.devices to differentiate themselves from the competition.
Interface
A Samsung Galaxy Note II's homescreen, showing the status bar, a clock and weather widget, a Google search bar, and several app shortcuts.
Present along the top of the screen is a status Present along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and bar, showing information about the device and
its connectivity. This
its connectivity. This status bar status bar can be can be
"pulled" down to reveal a notification
"pulled" down to reveal a notification screen screen where apps display important information or where apps display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or updates, such as a newly received email or
SMS text
SMS text , in a way that doesn't immediately , in a way that doesn't immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user.
interrupt or inconvenience the user. In early In early versions of
versions of Android Android these notifications could these notifications could be tapped to open the relevant app, but be tapped to open the relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as the ability to call a functionality, such as the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call number back directly from the missed call notification without having to open the dialer notification without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.
read or dismissed by the user.
Applications
Android
Android has a growing selection of third party has a growing selection of third party applications, which can be acquired by users either applications, which can be acquired by users either
through an app store such as
through an app store such as Google Play Google Play or the or the Amazon Amazon Appstore,
Appstore, or by downloading and installing the or by downloading and installing the application's
application's APK file APK file from a third-party site.from a third-party site. The The Play Play Store
Store application allows users to browse, download and application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
update apps published by Google and third-party Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with
with Google'sGoogle's compatibility requirements. The app filters compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available applications to those that are the list of available applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or restrict their applications to particular carriers or
countries for business reasons.
countries for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
applications can be refunded within 15 minutes of the 15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for
billing for Google Play Google Play application purchases, where the application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user's monthly cost of the application is added to the user's monthly
bill. As
bill. As of September 2012of September 2012, there were more than , there were more than 675,000 apps
675,000 apps available for available for Android, Android, and the estimated and the estimated number of applications downloaded from the
number of applications downloaded from the Play Store Play Store was was 25 billion.25 billion.
Applications
Applications
Applications are developed in the are developed in the Java language Java language using the
using the AndroidAndroid software development kit software development kit (SDK).
(SDK). The SDKThe SDK includes a comprehensive set of includes a comprehensive set of development tools,
development tools, including a debugger, including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU,
QEMU, documentation, sample code, and documentation, sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported integrated tutorials. The officially supported integrated development environment
development environment (IDE) (IDE) is is Eclipse using Eclipse using the the Android Android Development Tools Development Tools (ADT) (ADT) plugin. plugin.
Other development tools are available, including Other development tools are available, including a Native
a Native Development Kit Development Kit for applications or for applications or extensions in
extensions in C or C++, C or C++, Google App Inventor, a Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web applications various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks.
frameworks.
In order to work around limitations on reaching In order to work around limitations on reaching Google
Google services due to Internet censorship in services due to Internet censorship in the the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China, , Android Android devices devices sold in the
sold in the PRCPRC are generally customized to use are generally customized to use state approved services instead.
state approved services instead.
Android Android
• A S/W stack for mobile devices developed A S/W stack for mobile devices developed and managed by OHA
and managed by OHA
• A free S/W under Apache License A free S/W under Apache License
Operating System (Linux Kernel 2.6) Operating System (Linux Kernel 2.6)
Middleware Middleware Key Applications Key Applications
Android
Android
Development
Development
Android Software Stack
Android S/W Stack - Android S/W Stack -
Application Application
Android provides a set of core applications:
Android provides a set of core applications:
Email Client Email Client
SMS Program SMS Program
Calendar Calendar
Maps Maps
Browser Browser
Contacts Contacts
Etc Etc
All All applications are applications are written written using the using the Java language. Java language.
Android S/W Stack – App Framework
Enabling and simplifying the reuse of Enabling and simplifying the reuse of
components components
Developers have full access to the same Developers have full access to the same
framework APIs used by the core applications.
framework APIs used by the core applications.
Users are allowed to replace components. Users are allowed to replace components.
Android S/W Stack - Android S/W Stack -
Libraries Libraries
• Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by components of the Android system
• Exposed to developers through the Android
application framework
Android S/W Stack - Android S/W Stack -
Runtime Runtime
Core Libraries Core Libraries
Providing most of the functionality available in Providing most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java language
the core libraries of the Java language
APIs APIs
Data Structures Data Structures
Utilities Utilities
File Access File Access
Network Access Network Access
Graphics Graphics
Etc Etc
Android S/W Stack – Linux Android S/W Stack – Linux
Kernel Kernel
Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services
Memory and Process Management Memory and Process Management
Network Stack Network Stack
Driver Model Driver Model
Security Security
