أثر الصدمات النفسية في حدوث الاضطرابات السيكوسوماتية لدى مرضى القصور الكلوي

ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳﺪﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا ﺔﻳرﻮﻬﻤﺠﻟا

République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire

ﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟا ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ة

Ministère d L’Enseignement Supérieur Et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Akli Mohand Oulhadj Brouira

Tasdawit Akli Mohand Ulhag -Tubirett- ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻟاو ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ةرازو جﺎﺤﻟوأ ﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛأ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ - ةﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹاو ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﻢﺴﻗ : ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟا مﻮﻠﻋو ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻢﻠﻋ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ : يدﺎﻴﻌﻟا ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻢﻠﻋ

عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا

:

ﺲﻧﺎﺴﻴﻠﻟا ةدﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ عوﺮﺸﻣ

ﺔـــــﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟا داﺪﻋإ

:

-

ﺔﺠﻳﺪﺧ حاﺮﻗ ﻦﺑ

-

ﺔﻨﻴﻬﻛ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟا ﺔﻨﺴﻟا : 2018 / 2019

ﺮ ٔ

ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟا تﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟا

ثوﺪ ﰲ

ٕﻻا

ت اﺮﻄﺿ

ﺔﻴﺗﺎﻣﻮﺳﻮﻜﻴﺴﻟا

يﻮﳫﻟا رﻮﺼﻘﻟا ﴇﺮﻣ ى&

ءاﺪﻫﻹا

:

ﻰﻟإ

ﺔﻴﻧﺎـﻔﻟا ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎـﻓﺮﺣ ﻲﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ

ﻰﻟإ

ءﺎﻄﻌﻟا عﻮﺒﻨﻳ

عرز يﺬﻟا

ةﺮﺑﺎﺜﻤﻟاو حﻮﻤﻄﻟا ﻲﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ

"

ﺪﻟاو

ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا ي

"

ﻰﻟإ

ﻦﻴﻤﺛ ﺰﻨﻛ ﷲا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﺿرأ ﻲﺘﻟا

ﻰﻟإ

ةﺮﻫﺎﺴﻟا ﻦﻴﻌﻟا

ﻰﻟإ

يﺬﻟا رﻮﻨﻟا

ﻲﻨﻌﻓﺪﻳ

،

ﻰﻟإ

ﻲﻨﻛرﺎﺸﺗ ﻦﻣ

ﻲﺣاﺮﻓأ

"

ﻲﻣأ

"

ةﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا

"

ﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟا

ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ تﺮﻬﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔ

ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗو

لﺎﻃأ

ﻢﻫﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﷲا

ﻰﻨﻤﺗأو

ﺎﻤﻬﻟ

ماود

ﺔﺤﺼﻟا

ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻌﻟاو

.

ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻦﻣو ﺐﻳﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻨﺘﻠﺋﺎﻋ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﻨﺗاﻮﺧأو ﺎﻨﺗﻮﺧإ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟإ

ﺎﻨﺗﺎـﻘﻳﺪﺻو ﺎﻨﺋﺎـﻗﺪﺻأ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟإ ﺎﺣﻼﺳو اﺮﺣد ﺎﻨﻟ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟإ

.

ﻰﻟإ

ﻊﺿاﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ يﺪﻬﻧ ءﻻﺆﻫ ﻞﻛ

ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﻞﻜﻟ اﺮﻴﺧ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻳ نأ ﷲا لﺎﺴﻧو

ﻢﻠﻋ

.

ﺱﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺱﺭـــــﻬﻔﻝﺍ

ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ

ﺀﺍﺩﻫﺇ ﺱﺭﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ﺃ

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

02 _{ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ} 04 _{ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ} 05 _{ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ} 05 _{ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ} 05 _{ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ} 06 _{ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ} 08 _{ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ} 09 _{لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ}

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﺨﺍﺩﺘﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺇ PTSD ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ

ﺱﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻋ

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ﺔﺤﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻋ ﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺴﺠ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻼﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍﻭ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ 1 ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ 2 ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ

ﺱﺮﻬﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻋ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ 11 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ 12 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ 13 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ 14 ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ 18 ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ 20

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ

:

ﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻌﺴ ﺔ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺴﺠ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻨﻴﺭﺠﺃ 06 ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ 27 -64 ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ – ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ .

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ

ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﻤﻴ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺽﻭﺨﻴ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻲﻤﻭﻴ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺄﺒ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻪﻝ ﻙﺭﺘﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻤﺯﻤ . ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ لﻜﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻓ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻭ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻺﻝ ﺙﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻁﺴﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺩ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺎﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻪﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺄﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻔﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻁﻏﺎﻀ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺫﺅﻤ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻴ ﻭ لﺸﻔﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻴﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ . ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺩﺤﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﻻ ﻭ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﺤﺼﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﺼﺇ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒ لﻭﻁﺒ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻲﻋﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺽﻴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﻭﻴ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺄﺸﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

1

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ

2

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ

3

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

4

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

5

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ

6

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

:

ﺩﻘﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﺎﻨ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻠﺠ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻸﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻠﻝ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻋ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻜ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻋ . ﺩﻴﻭﺭﻓ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ " ﺔﺸﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺕﻗﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺠﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ لﺸﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻀﺭﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ لﺎﺤﻤ . ) ﺱﻴﻝﺎﺘﻨﻭﺒ ﺵﻼﺒﻻ 1997 ﺹ 300 ( ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﺠﻨﻴ ﺩﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺩﺼ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻭﺴﻔﻨﺭﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺩﺼ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ DSM . ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ : ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﻋ – ﻡﻴﻁﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻭ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺭﺍﺫﻨﺇ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻝ ﻕﺒﺴﻤ ﻲﻤﺩﺼﻝﺃ ﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻊ ﻥﺃ ﺊﻴﻬﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺜﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻴﻓ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺜﻹﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻤﺍﻭ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺩﻤ ﻭﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻁﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ لﻴﻁﻌﺘ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﻷﺍ .

Mezhoud Noureddine, Chorfi Mohamed Seghir p-p 6-10) ( ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺘﺒﺜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻠﻗ ﻙﻝﺍﺫ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺎﻌﺘﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻭ ﺝﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﻰﺘﺭﺎﻤﺭﺎﻴﺒ ﻙﻝﺍﺫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ لﻬﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺒﺴﺘﻤ .

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ

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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

3 ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﺒﺴ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ 1976 ﻭ Leuy 1885 ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺒﺫﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ . ) ﻱﺯﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺃ 2001 ﺹ 12 ( ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﺃ ﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ H Maudsly 1876 ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝ . ﺔﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻀﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ O.M.S ﻑﻴﻨﺠﺒ 1964 ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺏﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﺘ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ . .. ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻀﻹﺍ . ) ﺯﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻤﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 2004 ﺹ 7 -8 ( ﺇ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺎﺴﺄﻤﻭ ﺔﻌﺠﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺃ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻝ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﺤ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ) ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ( ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺍﺫ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﻡﻝ ﻕﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ : ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻻﺍ ﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀ ﺕ ؟ ﻰﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

1

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ

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ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﻁ ﻡﺘ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ لﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺈﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻋ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﻲﻠﻴ :

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ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺘ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺅ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ .

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ

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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

5

2

-ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

:

ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ : -ﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻑ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ . ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ . -ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ . ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ . ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ .

3

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

:

ﺢﻀﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ( ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺕﺤﻀﺃ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻭ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺂﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ . ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ .

4

ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ

ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ

:

ﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺄﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻴ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

5

ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ

:

1

-5

ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻐﻝ

:

ﺼﻝﺍ ﺩ ﺎﻤﺩﺼ ﻪﻤﺩﺼ ﻪﻠﺜﻤ ﺀﻲﺸﺒ ﺏﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻀ ﻡﺩﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤ : ﺔﺒﺭﻀ ﻪﻤﺩﺎﺼﺘﻓ ﻪﻤﺩﺎﺼﻭ ﻡﻬﻤﺩﺼﻭ ﺎﻤﺍﺩﻁﺼﺇ ﺎﻤﺩﺎﺼﺘﻓ " ﺭﻤﺃ : " ﻡﻬﺒﺎﺼﺃ ) ﺇ ﻥﺒ ﻨﻤ ﻅ ﺭﻭ 1914 ﺹ 242 (

ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ Truman ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠﻭ Trumata ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺡﺭﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻭﺠﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﺘﻤ . ) ﻕﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 2006 ﺹ 73 (

ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ

:

ﺎﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ : ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻗﻭﺭﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻭﺴﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺎﺤﻭﺭﺠ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﺄﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻠﻫﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘ ﺀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻰ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻴﻔﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﻴﺼﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻌﺒ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ . ) ﻡﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻔﻨﺤﻝﺍ 1994 ﺹ 924 ( . ﻥﻴﻜﺘﺎﻴﺩ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ Diatkine ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻋ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻔﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻪﻴﻓ , ﻭﺃ ﺊﺠﺎﻔﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺇ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭﻝ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﻭ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻌﺘ ] ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻻ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻲﻗﻼﺘ ﺔﻗﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻠﻘﻋ ﻥﺎﺼﺭﺇ ﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺭﺘﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺠﻨﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻭ لﻼﺨﻹ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅ ﺩﺎﺼ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﻑﺜﻜﻤ ﺕﺒﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺜﻹﺍ ﻑﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻹﺍ . ) ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺭﺎﻗﺯﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻲﺴ 2002 ﺹ 74 (

ﺇ

ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠ

: ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻴﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺊﺠﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻁ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺙﺩﺎﺤﻠﻝ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻴﺭ ﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﻫﺎﺸ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥ ﺏﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺠﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ .

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

7

2

-5

ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ

:

ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ

:

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ Psy cha ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺡﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ Souma ﻥﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ . ) لﺼﻴﻓ ﺩﺍﺯﺭﻝﺍ 2000 ﺹ 27 (

ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ

:

لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ STRESS ﺩﺤﺘﻻ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺩﺴﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴﻓ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ Aexilhimie ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺎﻜ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺠﻝﺍ , ﺔﻴﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ . .. ﺦﻝﺍ ). ﺱﻭﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ 2004 – ﺹ 13 (

ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ

:

ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻑﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻅ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻔﻴ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﻪﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﺯﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ . ) ﺭﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ لﺼﻴﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ) 2000 ( ﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻸﻝ ﺴ ﺔﻌﺒﻁ ﺔﻴﻤ 01 ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺱﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ – ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ( . ) ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺱﻭﻤﺎﺠ 2004 ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻼﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﻁ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ , ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺯﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ – ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ -( .

3

-5

ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ

ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﻴﻁﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﻤﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ لﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ) لﻤﻋ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻗﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ .

ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ

:

ﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺭﻁﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﺹﺼﺤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﻤﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺫﺇ لﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

6

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻲﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻭﺒﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﺒ ﻻ ﺎﻴﺭﺎﻜﺘﺭ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻭﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﺔﺘﻭﺒﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ , ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﻘﺒ ﺏﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ . ) ﻲﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺴﺤ 2003 ﺹ 2018 ( . ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ " ﻡﺯﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺽﺭﻤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﻭﺴﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ , ﺓﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻭﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀ . ) ﻑﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍﻭ 1984 .( ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻨﺯﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺩﻴﺭﻓ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ FRIEDMAN et ROSENMAN ﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ , ﻁﻤﻨ (A) ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻜﺘﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﺌﺍﺩﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﺘﻴﻭ لﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻜﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﻘﻠﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺒﺼ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺄﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﺸﻤﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﻔﻴﻭ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻭﻬﻨﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻡﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﻌﻀﻴ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺔﻤﺭﺎﺼ ﺕ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ (B) ﺍﺀﻭﺩﻫ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺍﺭﺒﺼﻭ . ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ لﺼﻭﺘ 1989 ﺀﺎﻴﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻋﺎﺒﺸﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻬﺘﺠﺎﺤ , ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻠﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ 1994 ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺎﺒﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ 1989 ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺸﻜ ﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴ . ) ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1984 ﺹ 62 -63 ( . ﻲﻠﺒﺴ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ 1976 ﻭ Leuy 1885 ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ

Helxng – Stpoete etal 1981 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺒﺫﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻻﺃﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻭ .

ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ

:

ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

9

ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

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ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻲﻜﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ لﺼﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﺒ ﺕﻌﻀﻭﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻔﻠﻝ ﺕﺩﻬﻤﻭ .

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ

2

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

3

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ

ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

11

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ

:

ﻥﺇ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ، ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨﺴ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘﺴ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻱﺃ : ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨ – ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ – ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ .

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

1

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

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ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﺼﻴﺨﺸﺘ لﺠﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﺸﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﻤﻁﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺝﻼﻋ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺇﻭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ . ) ﺱﺎﺒﻋ لﺼﻴﻓ 1983 ﺹ 14 ( ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻠﻏ لﺼﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻭ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ . ) ﻱﻭﺩﺒ 1999 ﺹ 05 ( ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍ ﺫﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻱ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ . ) ﺩﺒﻋ ﺝﺭﻓ ﻪﻁ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ 2000 ﺹ 91 ( ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﻭ ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻠﻜﻹﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ . ) ﻲﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺴﺤ 1992 ﺹ 141 (

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

13

2

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ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

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ﻡﺘـﻴ ﻥﻤﺯـﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭـﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭـﺼﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺎـﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﺩﺼﻗ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﺎـﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻪـﻀﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﻭ " ﻥﺎـﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩـﺒﻋ ﻱﻭﺴﻌﻝﺍ " ﺔﻴﻠـﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔـﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺹﺌﺎـﺼﺨ ﺱﺎـﺴﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺎـﻘﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻁﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ . ) ﻱﻭﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 1980 ﺹ 52 ( ﺎـﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻠﻜ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻥﻴـﺒ 27 -64 ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻭـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻴﻭ ﺔﻨـﺴ ﺓﺭﻴﻭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﻁﻘﻴﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ .

2-1

ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺇ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ

:

ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻼﻜ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﺇ ﺩﻘﻝ ) ﺭﻜﺫ – ﻰﺜﻨﺃ . ( ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ 27 -64 ﺔﻨﺴ . ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ : ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﺘﺨﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ : ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺴﻴﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ : ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻤ – ﺏﺯﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﻴﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ . ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ : ﻰﻀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻠﻝ .

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ

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ﻊﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻴ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺙـﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻘﻴ ﻙـﻝﺍﺫ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﻭ ﻪـﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕـﺒﻠﻁﺘ ﺩـﻗﻭ ﻪﺘﺩﻋﺎـﺴﻤﻝ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻹﺍ ﺔـﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﻲﻫ :

ﻻﻭﺃ

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ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﻩﻭ : •

ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻪﺠﻭﻝ ﺎﻬﺠﻭ لﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ . •

ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻙﺭﺩﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ لﺤﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ). ﺩﺸﺍﺭ 2008 ﺹ 108 ( ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻔﺴﻜﺃ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ : ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ لﺠﺴﺘ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﺓﺩﻫﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻙﻝﺍﺫﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺫﺨﺄﺒ . ) ﻥﺎﻴﺯﻤ 1999 ﺹ 97 (

ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ

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ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻑﺭﻌﻴ Strang 1949 ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﻝ ﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﺼﺒﺘﺴﺇ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺹﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻭ Trull 2007 ﻩﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻪﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻤ لﻜﻝ ، لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ، ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓﻭ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﻥﻭﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ . ) ﻯﺭﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍ 2011 ﺹ 415 ( ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ – ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺜﺩﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ) ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻓ ( ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻱﺭﺠﺘ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻔﺘ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ .

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

15 ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﺘﺨﺇ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ لﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺴﻹﺎﺒ ﺹﺤﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻭ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺇ لﻜﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻪﻌﺠﺸﻴﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . ) ﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻫ ﻱﺭ 2011 ، ﺹ 417 (

ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ

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ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻅﺇ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ

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ﻥﻭﺴﺩﻴﻓﺍﺩﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺭﻜ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺘ Davidson ) 1987 ( ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩﻋﺈﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) 2006 ( ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﺇ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺯﻐﺒ ﺱﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ( ﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﻥﻭﺴﺩﻴﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ 17 ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ لﺜﺎﻤﺘ ﺩﻨﺒ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻴﺨﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻨﺒ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺇ 17 -4 -3 -2 -1 . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻹﺍ 16 – 15 – 14 – 13 – 12 . ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ 05 ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ) ﺭﻔﺼ ﻥﻤ -04 ( 0 ﺍﺩﺒﺃ 1 ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ 2 ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ 3 ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ 4 ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻡﺗﻳﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺇ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ ﺜﻼﺜﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ﺏﻨﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﻕﺩﺼﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ . ) ﻥﺴﺤ 2006 ﺹ ، 27 (

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ

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ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻲﻫ ﻱﻭﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﺸﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺇ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ

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لﻭﻘﻴ Festinger Katz ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ . ) ﺱﺭﺠﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﻭﻤ 97 – 2006 ( ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺼﻘﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﻓ ﺭﺭﻀﻭ لﻠﺨ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻕﺤﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ – ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺈﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻕﻭﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻠﺤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺎﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ . ﻍﻭﻠﺒ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ لﻼﺨ ﺽﺭﺤ ﺏﺼﻨﺇ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﻭﺜﻭﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺉﺩﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﺘ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝ ﻁﺒﻀﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻨﻝ لﻜﺸ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ . ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﺠﻨﺍ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺏﺴﻨﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ .

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ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻕﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ – ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ – ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ – ﻁ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺭ 2 ، 2006 . ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺇ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ – ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ – ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ – ﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊ -1914 . ﻲﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺴﺤ – ﻲﻜﻴﻠﻜﻹﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ) ﺩ -ﻁ ( ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﺒﻗ ﺭﺍﺩ – 1998 . ﻲﺘﺍﻭﺭﺭ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ – ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ – ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ) 2008 ( . ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻲﺴ – ﻥﺍﻭﻀﺭ ﺭﺎﻗﺯﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ – ﻕﻫﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺍ – ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ﻱﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ – ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ – ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ -1999 . ﺩﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ لﺼﻴﻓ – ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻸﻝ -2000 . ﻪﻁ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺝﺭﻗ – ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺃ ) ﺩ -ﻁ ( ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻗ ﺭﺍﺩ ) 2000 ( . ﻱﺩﻤﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ – ﺏ -ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﻼﻌﻝﺍ – ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ 2004 .

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ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﻤﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ

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ﺵﻨﻼﺒﻻ ﻥﻭﺤ -ﺝ ﺱﻴﻝﺎﻨﺘﻭﺒ 1997 -ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻤ ﺼ ﻰﻔﻁ ﻁ ﻱﺯﺎﺠﺤ 2 – ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ – ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ .

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ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ

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-ﻲﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴ لﻤﺃ ﻯﺭﺘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻭﻤ ﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﺴﻭﻜﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺓ – ﺓﺩﺭﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺘﺴﻴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ – ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ – ﺓﺯﻏ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ .

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ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ

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Chorfi Mohamed Seghir – Mezhoud Nourddine (2005-2006) type de néatique