INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME
Ecohydrology
Advanced Study Course
Ecohydrology concept as problem solving approach
Edited by
Maciej Zalewski lwona Wagner
IHP-V Projects 2.312.4
IHP-V 1 Technical Documents in Hydrology ( No. 34 UNESCO, Paris, 2000
SC-2OOOlWSl3 1
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
UNESCO Advanced Studv Course in Ecohydrolom - 8-22 September 1999
Content
Introduction ... 5 General information about the Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology ... 7 List of the Projects of the Advanced Study Course Participants ... 13 Projects’ description and potential upgrading by Ecohydrological approach ... 2 1
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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohvdmlom - 8-22 Sevtember 1999
Introduction
According to the International Conference on World Water Resources (Paris, 1998) serious decline of water resources have been observed in many parts of the World as a result of the lack of knowledge of how to establish sustainable systems of water management. The gravity of the problem increases in the face of global development and large-scale degradation of environment.
The patterns of water, nutrients and energy cycles in the biosphere have been established by millions of years of biological evolution and thousand years of succession after last glaciation. These cycles have been degraded in exponentially accelerating pattern during the last 100 years, by human activities mostly due to lack of environmental consciousness and mechanistic approach to the management of natural resources.
Concerning the water resources, the one of the most serious effects of the above
process is that thenutrient loading of rivers in highly developed areas has increased by an order of magnitude. Now, the most important problem to solve is how to restore and adapt the hydrological, biogeochemical and biological cycles to the new conditions of high population densities and activities, without obstructing development.The new approach requires an understanding of the dynamics of water and biogeochemical processes with special emphasis on the role of biota in the catchment and aquatic systems as being the very vulnerable but easy to manage component of the freshwater ecosystem.
Ecohydrology is the concept, which aim is to create a new, interdisciplinary background for the assessment and sustainable management of freshwater resources. The goals of the programme are:
. To improve the understanding of basin scale processes by integration of hydrological and biological factors toward enhancement of resistance and resilience of freshwater ecosystems against anthropogenic stres;
. To develope cost effective methods of water and nutrients cycles restoration in river basin scale by using ecosystem properties as a management tool.
The Programme on Ecohydrology has been launched within the framework of UNESCO International Hydrological Programme IHP-V 2.3/2.4 projects. The Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology has been organised to promote ideas of Ecohydrology among the scientific community. The course provided a forum for young scientists of different specialization from 24 countries all over the World. The scientific programme enabled them to meet internationally recognised scientists and exchange up-to-date views on both basic research and applied aspects of Ecohydrology and water management. The international character of this meeting provided a unique opportunity to obtain a broad view of the problems related to water resources quality and quantity in Europe and other continents.
During special sessions students presented various problems of water resources management in their countries. The potential ecohydrological solutions were discussed and proposed on the basis of their data and the knowledge gained during the course. The major outputs of the course are provided in this document as one-page syntheses, which also act as a submission of the participants’ research activities for development within the framework of the UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme.
Maciej Zulewski & Iwona Wagner
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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohvdrolom - 8-22 Sevtember 1999
General information about the Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology
Date and venue:
l University of Lodz, Center for Ecohydrological Studies, Poland g-10.09.1999
l The Tatra Mountains National Park, UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve, Poland 11-12.09.1999
* University of Vienna, Austria 13-14.09.1999
l Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kis - Balaton Laboratory in Keszthely, Hungary 15-17.09.1999
l Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management, Croatia 1 g-20.09.1999
l UNESCO Venice Office, Italy 2 l-22.09.1999
The Course was organized by:
l UNESCO Venice Office, Regional Office for Science & Technology for Europe, (UVO-ROSTE)
l UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, (UNESCO IHP)
l Center for Ecohydrological Studies, University of todi
In co-operation with:
l United Nations Environment Programme, International Environment Technology Centre, Japan (UNEP IETC)
l University of Vienna
l Hungarian Academy of Sciences
l Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management
SCIENTIFIC
PROGRAM:
Lectures:
POLAND. Center of Ecohvdrological Studies. Universitv of Lodi
l Ecohydrology - low cost, high technology approach for sustainable management of water resources, Prof. Maciej Zalewski
l Global climate changes scenarios and hydrological pattern of different types of river systems, Prof. Zdzislaw Kaczmarek
l Possibilities of implementation of Ecohydrology approach in water management, from the point of view of environmental law in EUC countries, Prof. Marek G&ski
l Background for the ecohydrological studies - geological history and recent processes of the Vistula River floodplain near Plock, Poland, Prof. W.L.F Brinkmann
l Risk evaluation through bioassays and UNEP-IETC related Projects, Prof. Vicente Santiago POLAND. The Tatra Mountain. UNESCO MAB Reserve
l Human impact on mountain river ecosystems - methods and strategies of conservation, Dr. Barbara Bis, Prof. Maciej Zalewski
l Cultural, social and economic aspects of protection of The Tatra Mountain, UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve, Dr. Marek Kot
AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna
l The influence of the river catchment on hydrological pattern in different types of river ecosystems, Prof. Dieter Gutlcnecht
l The effect of flow on macrophyes biodiversity and biomass distribution in a river channel, Prof. Georg Janauer
l Land/inland water ecotones: intermediate habitats critical for conservation and management in Danube River, Prof. Fritz Schiemer
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Emhydrology - 8-22 September 1999
HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratorv in Keszthelv
l History of the construction of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS), its necessity, hydrological features and mechanism of operation, Dr. Andras Magyarics
l External-internal nutrient loading, efficiency of retention and the effects of meteorological and hydrological regimes on the operation and the water quality of L. Balaton, Dr. Vera Istvanovics
l Primary producers, the regulatory effects of emergent and submersed macrophytes on water quality of the KBWPS, management of macophytes, Dr. Piroska-Pomogyi
l Trophic relationships within the food webs, the role of fish communities (top-down, bottom-up effects) in the regulation of water quality as a potential for management of the KBWPS, Dr. Istvan Tatrai
l Ecohydrology from the water quality and environmental management perspective: the example of Zala river catchment, Prof. Geza Jolankai
CROATIA. Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management
l Problems of sustainable water management on the islands of Croatian coast, implementation of ecohydrological processes, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan
l Biodiversity of the Northern Adriatic islands and the related importance of freshwater resources, Dr. Goran SuSic
ITALY. UNESCO Venice Office
l Welcoming addressed by Prof. Pierre Lasserre
l The Role of the Advanced Study Course in the UNESCO IHP Programme, Eng. Philippe Pypaert
l Ecohydrology - use of ecosystem properties as a tool toward sustainable water management, Prof. Maciej Zalewski
l Historical approach to Ecohydrology concept development, Prof. Georg Janauer
Technical and laboratory demonstrations
POLAND. Center of Ecohvdroloeical Studies. Universitv of Lodi
l Assessment of algal blooms toxicity (toxicity biotests), Dr. Malgorzata Tarczynska & Dr. Vicente Santiago
l Application of biofilters for elimination of zooplankton excreted nutricuts-aquarium experiment, Dr Adrianna Wojtal
l Ground water hydrochemistry in the agricultural catchment, M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek
l Constructed wetlands and restoration of river systems, M.Sc. Jan Bocian POLAND. The Tatra Mountain. UNESCO MAB Reserve
l Experimental assessment of resilience and resistance of mountain stream on various forms of human impact, M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek
AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna
l Restoration of riparian forests and back water systems of the Danube, Prof. Georg Janauer, Prof. Fritz Schiemer HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratorv in Keszthelv
l Visit and demonstrations at the Kis - Balaton Reservoir System; Constructed wetlands for nutrients load reduction, Dr. Istvan Tatrai
CROATIA. Croatian Waters - National Agencv of Water Resources Management
l Visit to the Island of Krk - the perspectives of catchment management for improvement of water retentiveness, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan
l Visit to the Island of Cresand, the protected area Beli and Vransco Lake; Roman water supply systems, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogy - 8-22 September 1999
Participants presentations
AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna
l Sanchita Boruah (India) ,,Ecohydrology of the Indian stretch of the Brahmaputra River”.
l Rodney Ferdinands (Australia) ,,Regionalisation of a medium size catchment using baseflow turbidity as a dependent variable”.
l Michael Trepel (Germany) ,,Quantitative simulation ofbiochemical processes for water quality enhancement, an ecohydrological / landscape approach”.
l Angela Davenport (UK) ,,The development of a hydro-ecological classification of urban rivers”.
HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratory in Keszthely
l Claudia Silva (Brazil) ,,Effects of deforestation on fish community in Brasil”.
l Ryan Teuling (Netherlands) ,,The relationships between water quality and nature in the Nethrlands”.
l Maria Alexandra A. Teodosio Chicharo (Portugal) ,,Contribution to the Guardiane estuary management:
hydrological and geological approach”.
l Yung-ta Chang (Taiwan) ,,Isoetes transplantation and the water resources in Taiwan”.
l Samuel Gitahi (Kenya) ,,Lake Naivasha monitoring: problem areas, prospects and constrains”.
l Kamau Mbogo (Kenya) ,,Ecohydrological problems associated with the Lake Naivasha ecosystem: general review”.
l Ana Laura Ruibal Conti (Argentina) ,, Environmental situation of San Roque Lake.”
l Terhi Helmio (Finland) ,,River rehabilitation in Boreal conditions”.
l Dennis Doherty (Ireland) ,,The Shannon Catchment in Ireland”.
l Matthew Thomas O’Hare (UK) ,,Flow preferences of benthic invertebrates”.
l Luigi Dal Cin (Italy) ,,Ecohydrological design and management aspects of constructed wetlands in PO catchrnent (Italy)“.
l Anne-Christine Gouder de Beauregard (Belgium) ,,Aquatic vegetation and havy metals: a case study on a storm water basin”.
l Tomas Virbickas (Lithuania) ,,Towards ecohydrological approach in the menagement of river fish communities”.
l Sanda Jebelean (Romania) ,,Ecohydrological features related to ,,Raul Mare” case study”.
CROATIA, Croatian Waters - National Agencv of Water Resources Management
l Ljubica Pojatina Basta (Croatia) ,,Lonjsko Polje - The solution between water management, flood defence and biodiversity preservation”.
l Bard&h Gabrielyan (Armenia) ,,Problems of Eutrophication of Lake Sevan, Armenia”.
l Gabriel Torres (Belgium) ,,Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake Njivice and its catchment (Omisalj - Island Krk, Croatia)“.
l CCcile Picouet (France) ,,Geodynamic of tropical large river: case study of the upper Niger and inland delta in Mali”.
l Jerome Genin (France) ,,Relationship between agriculture and sustainable development. Applicaton in the case of an integrated management of ponds: LaDombes (France)“.
l Steffen Zober (Germany) ,,Hydrogeochemistry of Vistula river floodplain sediments”.
l Manasse Bokros (Hungary) ,,The ecological role of aquatic humic substances”.
l Bemadett Boncz (Hungary) ,,The macrophytes of the second part of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System”.
l Beata Pataki (Hungary) ,,Potential role of ecohydrological process in water quality management in Hungary”.
l R.J. Rao (India) ,,Biomonitoring in the Indian Rivers: Ganga experience”.
l Gadis Sri Haryani (Indonesia) ,,Changes in ecohydrology of Lake Poso catchment and its effects to the life cycle of eel Anguilla Mamorata”.
l Rebi Nijboer (Netherlands) ,,Restoration in the catchment of a lowland stream”.
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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydroloa - 8-22 September 1999
l Harper Shona (UK) & Monika Zalewska (Poland) ,,Development of Ancient Roman Low and its connections to Environmental Low today”.
l Iulia Urda (Romania) ,,A study of the ecohydrological features resulted after the construction of the hydro- energetical and navigational system iron gates”.
l Richard Noble (UK) ,,Factors affecting the availability of fish to bitterns (Botaurus stellaris) in UK reedbeds:
Implications for conservation management”.
l Sergiy Dubnyak (Ukraine) ,,Hydrodynamics of the Dnieper Reservoir as a factor of river ecosystem functioning”.
l Lisa Sarma (USA) ,,The use of vegetation in river restoration projects”.
LIST OF LECTURERS:
l Prof. Maciej Zalewski
Chairman of the Scientific Steering Committee of UNESCO IHP-V 2.312.4 Project on Ecohydrology Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz,
ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND
ph. (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax. (+48) 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Zdzislaw Kaczmarek
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. KS. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, POLAND
ph. (+48) 22 691 58 51, fax. (+48) 22 691 59 15, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Marek G&-ski
Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 59a, 9 1- 13 1 Lodi, POLAND
ph. (+48) 42 635 46 00, e-mail: 602579602Beranet.pl
l Prof. W.L.F Brinkmann
Department of Geosciences, J.W. Goethe University,
Georg-Voigt Street 14, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY
ph. + 49 (0) 69 798 25060, fax. + 49 (0) 69 798 23336, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Vicente Santiago-Fandino
United Nations Environmental Programme,
International Environmental Technology Centre, Shiga Office 109 1 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu City, Shiga 525-000 1, JAPAN
ph. 81-77-568-4585, fax. 81-77-568-4587, e-mail: [email protected]
l Dr. Barbara Bis
Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND
ph. (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax. (+48) 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]
l Dr. Marek Kot Tatra National Park,
ul. Chalubinskiego 42 a, 34-500 Zakopane, POLAND
ph. (+48) 18 206 32 03, fax. (+48) 18 206 35 79, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Georg Janauer
Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A- 1090 Vienna, AUSTRIA
ph. + (43 1) 3 13 36 1486, fax. +(43 1) 3 13 36 776, e-mail: [email protected]
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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrologv - 8-22 September 1999
l Prof. Dieter Gutknecht,
Institute of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 12, A- 1040-Wiena, AUSTRIA
ph. (+43 1) 58801-22300, fax. (+43 1) 5056212, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Fritz Schiemer,
Institute of Zoology, Department of Limnology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, A- 1090 Vienna, AUSTRIA
ph. (+43 1) 3 13 36 12 75, fax. (+43 1) 3 13 36 778, e-mail: [email protected]
l Dr. Andras Magyarics
Chief Administration of the National Water Authority, Budapest, Man&y u. l/c, HUNGARY
ph:+36 12120779, fax: +36 12120778, e-mail:[email protected]
l Dr. Vera Istvanovics,
Technical Univ. of Budapest, Dep. of Sanitary and Environ.Engineering H- 1111, Budapest, Miiegyetem rkp.3, HUNGARY
ph:+36 1463 1535, fax:+36 14633753, e-mail:[email protected]
l Dr. Piroska-Pomogy,
Transdanubian Water Authority, Kis-Balaton Laboratory, H-8360 Keszthely, Csik F.s. 1, HUNGARY
ph:+36 83312886, fax:+36 83 314220, e-mail:[email protected]
l Dr. Istvan Tatrai,
Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, HUNGARY
ph. +36 87 448 244, fax/ph. +36 87 448 006, e-mail: [email protected]
l Prof. Geza Jolankai,
Department of Water Quality Management at the Water Resources Research Centre VITUKI, Kvassay Jeno ut. 1, Budapest H-1095, HUNGARY,
ph. (+361) 215 53 60, fax. (+361) 216 15 14, e-mail: [email protected]
l Eng. Ljudevit Tropan
Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management, Zagreb, ul. Grada Vukovara 220
ph. +385-l-6307-575, fax. +385-l-6151-793, e-mail: [email protected]
l Dr. Goran SuSiC
Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management, Zagreb, ul. Grada Vukovara 220
ph. +385-l-6307-575, fax. +385-l-6151-793
Field and Laboratory Demonstrations
Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND
tel. (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax. (+48) 42 679 06 21, M.Sc. Jan Bocian, e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Malgorzata Tarczydska, e-mail: [email protected] . M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek, e-mail: [email protected] . Dr. Adrianna Wojtal, e-mail: [email protected]
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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogv - 8-22 September I999
List of the Projects of the Advanced Study Course Participants
Country Name 1 ARGENTINA AnaLaura
Ruibal Conti
Title
Environmental Situation of San Roque Reservoir: ecohydrological approach for its restoration
Page Address Ph./fax/e-mail
23 National Institute for Water and Enviro- Ph./fax.: + 54 351 4682781182, nment-Center of Semiarid Region. e-mail: [email protected] Ambrosio Olmos 1142. 5000 Cordoba
ARGENTINA 2 ARMENIA Bard&h Gabrielyan
3 AUSTRALIA Trevor Rodney Ferdinands
4 BELGIUM Anne-Christine Gouder de Beauregard
Gabriel Torres
5 BRASIL Claudia Silva
Ecological Problems of Lake Sevan (Armenia)
24 Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthylogy Ph.: + 3742 52 38 30, National Academy of Sciences Fax.: + 3742 15 10 48, of Armenia Department of Ichthyology e-mail: [email protected] 24d Bagramian st, room #907, ARMENIA
The development of a predictive 25 Department of Chemistry, Water Studies Ph.: + 61 3 9905 4076/4146, mathematical model as a tool for catchment Centre Monash University, Clayton Fax.: + 61 3 9905 4196,
management using turbidity as Victoria 3 168, AUSTRALIA e-mail: [email protected] an independent variable and catchment
factors as dependent varaibles
Biological epuration of heavy metals in highways waters. Study case:
Ctdrogne’s storm water basin, Belgium
26 Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Facultt Ph.: +32 81 I62 22 44 Universitaire dessciences Agronomiques Fax.: +32 8 1 / 6 1 45 44, de Gembloux Passage des Deport& e-mail: gouder.acgfsagx.ac.be 2 - B-5030 Gembloux
BELGIUM Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake
Njivice and its catchment. Proposals for sustainable management
27 68, rue Dodonee - 1 I80 Brussels, Ph.: 32 2 344 91 02,
BELGIUM e-mail: [email protected]
Ecohydrological Perspective for Conservation and Restoration of Rivers Systems in Brazil
28 National Institute of Reseach Ph.: t 55 (92) 643 3254’
in Amazonia (INPA), Fax.: +SS (92) 643 3226, Department Aquatic Biology (CPBA) e-mail: [email protected] INPAKPBA.
Cx Postal 478 Manaus-AM BRAZIL
6 CROATIA Ljubica Pojatina Basta Ecohydrology - Solution for Water 29 Croatian Waters - National Agency Ph.: + 385 01 6307 536, Management in Croatia of Water Resources Management, Fax.: + 385 01 6151 794,
Water Pollution Control Sector, e-mail: [email protected] Ulica grada Vukovara 220,
10000 Zagreb, CROATIA 7 ENGLAND Angela Davenport The Development of a Hydro-ecological
Classification of Urban Rivers
30 University of Birmingham Ph.: +44 121 414 5682, School of Geography and Fax.: +44 121 414 5528,
Environmental SC., Edgbaston, e-mail: [email protected] Birmingham, B I5 2TT, ENGLAND
o\
Country Name Title Page Address Ph./fax/e-mailENGLAND
8 FINLAND
9 FRANCE
10 GERMANY
Richard Noble Factors affecting the availability of fish 31
Shona Harper
Tehri Helmio
Jerome Genin
Cecile Picouet
Michael Trepel Ernst-Walter Reiche Klaus Dierllen Steffen Zober
I I HUNGARY Manasse Bokros
Bemadett Boncz
to bitterns (Botauvus stelluvis) in UK reedbeds: Implications for conservation management
Role of environmental law in sustainable use of environmental resources
Myllypuro Brook Restoration Project
Ponds managements in “la Dombes”
(France): an opportunity for Ecohydrology
The role of the inland delta hydrosystem in the regulation of water, sediment and dissolved matter budget of the Niger river in Mali
Quantitative simulation of biochemical processes for water quality
enhancement, an ecohydrological / landscape approach
Hydrogeochemistry of Vistula river floodplain sediments between Wyszogrod and Plock
Effects of humic substances on ecohydrological processes
The role of the reconstructed wetland Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) in water quality management:
Dynamic processes in the vegetation structure
32
35
36
Hull International Fisheries Institute Ph.: + 44 (0) 1482 46642 1, (HIFI), Hull University, Hull HU6 7RX. Fax.: t 44 (0) 1482 470129, Royal Society for the Protection of e-mail: [email protected] Birds (RSPB) UK
University of Leicester, Leicester, LE 1 7RH UK
Helsinki University of Technology, Ph.: +358 9 45 I3 814, Laboratory of Water Resources Fax.: +358 9 45 13 827, P.O. Box 5300, 02015 HUT, FINLAND e-mail: [email protected] European Continental Hydrosystem
Engineering, Part Grandmont, 37200 Tours, FRANCE Institut Superieur d’Agriculture
Ph. fax.: + (+33) 03 86 37 43 12 e-mail: [email protected]
Rhone Alpes, 3 1, Place Bellecour, 69002 Lyon, FRANCE
Universite de Montpellier II, Ph.: + 33 (0) 4 67 41 64 50, IRD Laboratoire d’Hydrologie Fax.: + 33 (0) 4 67 54 54 71 06, BP 5045 34032 Montpellier cedex 01 e-mail: [email protected] FRANCE
Ecology-Center, Ph.: + 49 43 1 880 4037,
Christian-Albrechts-Universitlt, Fax.: + 49 43 1 880 4083,
Schauenburgerstrasse 1 I2 - 24118 Kiel e-mail: michael@pz-oekosysuni-kielde GERMANY
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Ph.: + 49 (0) 69 798 25060, Department of Geosciences-Hydrology, Fax.: + 49 (0) 69 798 23336, Georg-Voigt Street 14, D-60325 e-mail: [email protected] Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY
University of Veszprem Ph.:+3688432291
8220 Balatonalmadi Veszpremi u. 133/c, e-mail: [email protected] HUNGARY
Lajos Kossuth University, Department of Applied Ecology H-40 10 Debrecen, HUNGARY
Ph.: + 36 52 512932, Fax.: + 36 52 431148, e-mail: [email protected]
Country Name Beata Pataki
Title
Treated or partly treated wastewater discharges-of large cities into small recipients - Debrecen Case Study
Page Address 40
Ph./fax/e-mail Water Resources Research Centre Ph.:+ 361 215 6140, VITUKI Rt., Institute for Water Fax.: + 361 216 1514, Pollution Control, H-l 095 Budapest e-mail: [email protected] Kvassay J. u. 1, HUNGARY
Istvan Zsuffa Ecological revitalisation of the Gemenc floodplain in Hungary
41
12 INDIA Sanchita Boruah Ecohydrology of the Indian stretch of the Brahmaputra River System
42
R.J. Rao Biomonitoring in Indian Rivers:
Ganga Experience
43
,,Eotvos Jozsef’ College, Department Ph.:+
of Water Management and Utilisation Fax.: + 36 79 322 763 6500 Baja, Bajcsy Zs. u. 14. e-mail: [email protected] HUNGARY
Department of Life Sciences, Ph.: + 91 373 324321;
Dibrugarh University Fax.: + 91 373 324568,
Lankashi Tea & Seed Estates (P) Ltd., , e-mail: [email protected];
Chowkidinghee East, Dibrugarh, Assam sanchita@gwl .vsnl.net.in INDIA 786 003
School of Studies in Zoology, Ph.: + 91 751 346782, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P. Fax.: + 91 751 341450, INDIA 474 011 e-mail: [email protected] 13 INDONESIA Gadis Sri Haryani Changes in the Ecohydrology of Lake 44 Indonesian Institute of Sciences, R&D Ph.: +(62-2 1) 875 7073 ext. 104
Poso catchment and its effects to the life Centre for Limnology LIPI, Fax.: +(62-21) 875 7076, cycle of Eel Anguilla marmorata Cibinong, 16911, INDONESIA e-mail: [email protected] 14 IRELAND Dennis Doherty Ecohydrology and the River Moy 45 National University of Ireland, Galway, Ph.: + 353 91 750526,
catchment in western Ireland Zoology Dept, IRELAND Fax.: + 353 91 750379
e-mail [email protected] 15 ITALY Luigi Dal Cin Reconstructed wetlands: research
experiences in the PO Plain (Italy)
46 University of Padova Ph.: + 39 49 8275527, Department of Chemical Processes Fax.: + 39 49 8275528,
Engineering, e-mail: ldalcin@uxl .unipd.it
Via Marzolo 9 - 35 13 1 Padova, ITALY 16 KENYA Samuel Githai
Kamau Mbogo
Sustainable water management in Lake Naivasha, (Kenya)
Sustainable management of the lake Naivasha ecosystem, Kenya
47 Lake Naivasha Riparian Association Ph.: + 254-2-890171, (L.N.R.A.), P.O. BOX 74662, Nairobi Fax.: + 254-2-217613,
KENYA e-mail: [email protected],
[email protected] 48 Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research e-mail: [email protected]
Institute, Naivasha, Box 837, Naivasha, KENYA
17 LITHUANIA Tomas Virbickas Estimation of the changes of Lithuanian 49 Institute of Ecology, HEFL, Ph.:+3702796813, river fish communities depending on Akademijos 2, Vilnius 2600, Fax.: + 370 2 729257,
=1 natural and anthropogenic factors LITHUANIA e-mail: [email protected]
&
Country Name 18 NETHER-LANDS
Rebi C. Nijboer
Ryan Teuling
19 POLAND AgnieszkaBednarek
Jan Bocian
Kinga Krauze
Monika Marczewska
MaIgorzata Tarczyliska
Adriana Trojanowska
Iwona Wagner
Title
Restoration of Stream Catchments in the Netherlands
Page Address Ph./fax/e-mail
50 Institute of Forestry and Nature Research Ph.: + 3 1 (0) 3 17478728,
Wageningen, Fax.: + 31 (0) 317424988,
THE NETHERLANDS e-mail: [email protected] Wageningen University, Bomsesteeg Ph.: + 31 (0) 31-317-410691 1 - 20A, 6708 GA Wageningen Fax.: + 31 (0) 31-317-484180 THE NETHERLANDS e-mail: Adriaan.Teuling@student.
Restoration of the Noor brook in South Limburg, The Netherlands
Experimental assessment of resilience and resistance of stream ecosystem to various form of human impact (The Tatra Mountains
UNESCO MAB Reserve) The abioticibiotic interaction in constructed wetlands for polluted water treatment - small scale experiment Biodiversity conservation based on the mode of mechanisms regulating ecosystem functions
Applications of EH approach to reduce non-point pollutants
Effect of hydraulic water retention time on the appearance of cyanobacterial blooms in a lowland reservoir The role of Enzymatic Processes for Phosphorus Internal Load Dynamics
Potential reduction of eutrophication and toxic algal blooms in the shallow Sulej6w Reservoir (Central Poland) by control of tributaries and reservoir hydrology
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/l 6, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
University of Lodz,
Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND
whh.wau.nl Ph.: + 48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: + 48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]
Ph.: + 48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: + 48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected] Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected] Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected] Ph.: 148 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected] Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected] Ph.: (+48-42) 635 44 38, Fax.: (+48-42) 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]
Country Name
Adrianna Wojtal
Monika Zalewska
Title
Effect of the trophic cascade and hydrological condition on filtering zooplankton activity
Role of environmental law in sustainable use of environmental resources
Page Address Ph./fax/e-mail
59 University of Lodz, Ph.: (+48-42) 635 44 38, Department of Applied Ecology, Fax.: (+48-42) 679 06 21, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, e-mail: [email protected] POLAND
32 Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz, ul.Namtowicza 59a Lbdi, POLAND
20 PORTUGAL Maria A. A. Teod6sio How will the Alqueva dam affect the 60 Universidade do Algarve Ph. + 351 289800900, Chicharo aquatic biota in the Guadiana estuary U.C.T.R.A. (Aquatic Resources Fax. + 351 289818353, Luis Manuel Zambujal (South Portugal)? Preliminary results Department), Campus de Gambelas, e-mail: [email protected]
Chicbaro based on an ecohydrological approach 8000 Faro, PORTUGAL
21 ROMANIA Sanda Jebelean The influence of sediment deposits 6 1 Facultatea de Hidrotechnica Ph.: (+40) 56 19 85 87, (40) 56 19 38 72
on river bed Str. George Enescu l/A Fax.: (+40) 56 13 35 01, (40) 56 20 78 67
Cod 1900 Timisoara, ROMANIA e-mail: [email protected]
Iulia Urda Not provided on time Facultatea de Hidrotechnica Ph.: (+40) 56 19 85 87, (40) 56 19 38 72 Str. George Enescu l/A Fax.: (+40) 56 13 35 01, (40) 56 20 78 67 Cod 1900 Timisoara, ROMANIA
22 SCOTLAND Matthew Thomas Macrophytes as Invertebrate Habitat 62 University of Glasgow,EEB-IBLS, Ph.: + 44 (0)141 330 6569,
O’Hare Rehabilitation Tools Division of Environmental & Fax.: + 44 (0) 141 330 5971,
Evolutionary Biology, Graham Kerr e-mail: [email protected] Building, Glasgow G12 SQQ, UK
23 TAIWAN Yung-ta Chang The water management of Fei-Tsui reservoir in Taiwan
63 Bio. Dept. National Taiwan Normal Ph.: +886 229 333 149, University. No. 88 Sec. 4 Ting-Chou Rd. Fax.: +886 229 312 904, Taipei. TAIWAN. R.O.C. e-mail: biofv03 [email protected] 24 UKRAINE Sergiy Dubnyak Hydrodynamics of the Dnieper
reservoirs as a factor of their ecosystem functioning
64 Institute of Hydrobiology, Ph.:+380444187448, Ukrainian Academy of Scienses, Fax.:+380444182232, Prosp. Geroyev Stalingrada 12, e-mail: [email protected] 2542 10, Kiev 2 IO, UKRAINE
25 USA Lisa Sarma Ecohydrology : An Inspiration in the Development of Civil Engineering Guidelines
65 Stanford University,
Department of Civil and Environmental Ph.: + (650) 498-0660, Eng. Rains Houses Apt. 1 C, e-mail: [email protected] 704 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Emhydrology - 8-22 September 1999
Projects’ description and potential upgrading
by Ecohydrological approach
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology - 8-22 September 1999
Environmental situation of San Roque Reservoir: ecohydrological approach
for its restoration
Author
ANA LAURA RUIBAL CON~I
National Institute for Water and Environment-Center of Semiarid Region.
Ambrosio Olmos 1142.5000 C6rdoba ARGENTINA San Royue Easm Cordobo A,p,r,,,a
phone/fax: (54-351) 4682781/82, e-mail: [email protected]
Problem
Basically, two general problems can be detected in the San Roque catchment (Subsecretaria de Gesti6n Ambiental, 1987):
l Deforestation and others factors which have reduced the vegetation’s capability to diminish rain and flood impact, caused lower infiltration and thus increase flood overpowering. It is for this reason that each year there is more water circulating during summer time and less in winter (the latter as a result of lack of reservoirs and permanent natural streams)
The basin’s desertification will cause a marked increase in the water concentration that drains in summer, thus causing silting of river beds and the lake floor.
l The growth of urban centers has produced yet another impact: pollution caused by untreated sewage. The urban development of most parts of the towns is being carried out without urban codes or collection and sewage treatment systems
Recently applied solutions
No management plan has been develop in this basin, however in order to im- prove the water quality some tools have been applied. Among these solutions are biomanipulation, cutting of shore reeds and elimination of algae by superfi- cial mechanic vacuum cleaning (pilot level).
These solutions have not been successful because of lack of data and a compre- hensive quantitative assessment of ecological and hydrological processes.
At present, the lake shows clear signals of eutrophication considering phospho- rous concentrations (Ruibal Conti et al, 1999; Wetzel, 198 1) in water, chloro- phyll ,,a” values and presence of toxic algae blooms over the year.
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach .
.
The management of the lake catchment should be based on the knowledge of the nutrient paths, to consequently establish a sustainable management of the water resource, quantification of ecological, biochemical processes as well as evaluation and quantification of the pulse water regularity should be done.
The natural variation of the water level of the lake generates natural wetlands at the entrance of the tributaries that, in addition to the construction of sewage treatment plant (control of point pollution sources ), could be used as economic tool for control of nutrient load (non-point source).
Not only hydraulic and water quality variables but also climatological and geomorphological parameters are necessary for modelling and characterisation of processes involved in lake water quality.
Reference
Subsecretaria de Gestidn Ambiental (I 987). Eutroficaci6n del Lago San Roque. lnforme de la Situaci6n Ambiental. (Eutrophycation
qf San Roque Lake. Environmental Situation). Cordoba, Argentina p. 122.
Ruibal Conti, et al. (I 999). Monitoreo y Modelacibn de la Hidrodinamica y Calidad del Recurso Hidrico afectado por una epresa:
Lago San Roque (C6rdoba). (Monitoring and Modelling ofHydrodynamic and Quality qf a Water Resource qficted by a Dam).
Anales del Congreso Argentino de Grandes Presas y Aprovechamientos Hidroelktricos. San Martin de Los Andes Argentina.
pp. 483-492
Wetzel R. (198 I). ,,Limnologia” Ediciones Omega. Barcelona. p. 679.
23
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogv - 8-22 September 1999
Ecological problems of Lake Sevan (Armenia)
Author
BARDUKH GABRIELYAN
Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthylogy of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Department of Ichthyology,
24d Bagramian st, room #907,
phone: +3742-52-38-30, fax: +3742-15-10-48, e-mail: [email protected]
Problem
Anthropogenic eutrophication of Lake Sevan has caused changes in the ichthyofauna of the lake that were mainly related to the disturbance of reproductive dynamics and nourishment of certain fish species. The level of unac- counted fishing (poaching) in recent years has increased 2 - 4 fold leading to overexploitation, this, in turn, has disordered equilibrium of trophic levels.
Recently applied solutions
Water level drop of Lake Sevan has brought about eutrophication processes there, that consequently caused changes in primary pro- duction of phytoplankton. The latter is strongly linked with dynamics of fish popu- lation mainly young species through trophic interactions.
Ii 51 T 80000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
r- FPB Year
--.mR Dynamics ofprrmo~production and recruitment bywars
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
It is necessary to evaluate by research project to what extent restoration of hydrological processes and biological interactions control can improve water quality
1. As results of the investigation show, the relationship between biomass of the fish population and the level of eutrophication is reversible, depending on certain conditions. This will allow the control of eutrophication processes and correspondingly water quality through management and regulation of fish stocks.
2. To reduce the symptoms of eutrophication of the lake it is necessary to take drastic measures against fish poaching and reduce water releases for power generation purposes.
24
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology - 8-22 September 1999
The development of a predictive mathematical model as a tool for
catchment management using turbidity as an independent variable and catchment factors
as dependent varaibles
Author
RODNEY FERDINANS
Water Studies Centre, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA
phone: 61 3 9905 4076,61 3 9905 4146,
fax: 613 9905 4196, e-mail: [email protected]
Problem
Since the time of European occupation in Victoria (ca. 150 years B.P.) there has been a steady increase in suspended solids (SS) and, therefore, turbidity in the majority of the state’s rivers and streams. This has affected the food chain by altering light penetration into the system, and, consequently, catchment ecology has also been affected.
The main causes of increased SS are:
1. Reduction of riparian vegetation.
2. Environmentally damaging practices e.g., clearfell logging, roadworks, broadacre agriculture.
3. Livestock damage to bed and bank.
4. Discharge of incompletely settled industrial effluents.
The first three points have increased erosion and the latter has caused large amounts of organic sediments to be deposited into the waterways. Developing management strategies to reduce sediment inputs into these systems is an immense task, and strategies employed thus far have not yielded satisfactory results.
Recently applied solutions
1. Increased grass and shrub buffer zones for dairy and broadacre SITE 226204 -TURBIDITY INDEX TRENDS
farms. ia
2. Regrowth of riparian vegetation and removal of large fallen trees I6 from waterways to improve natural flow. 3
14
3. Logging practices to be changed from clear-felling to selective for preservation of biodiversity.
F 1:
4. Biological degradation of organic mattear in effluents prior to E 8 9
discharge into the river system. 2 6
4
5. Improvement of existing, and creation of new wetlands to act as 2
sediment sinks. 0
The above measures have only been partially implemented over the %E%Ess~~a%~~~~a%EsHaHE ____-___--______---_
past few years. YEAR
Rerulrr show no signt@cant mprovenwnr in allsiter over two decades
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
The monitoring and study of isolated catchment parameters and the application of simplistic solutions, have not achieved significant improvements in reducing suspended sediment concentrations in Victoria’s rivers. A more holistic catchment management approach should be introduced, to account for hydrological, biological and physico- chemical characteristics of the river system. This Ecohydrological approach is essential to ensure a reduction of the threats to, and increase the probability of, successfully producing sustainable river health. It is envisaged that this Ecohydrological approach would provide the impetus for the environment to heal itself, similar to the concept of an organism curing itself (“Gaia”), once conditions have been restored to a minimum critical level.
25
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Emhydrology - 8-22 September 1999
Biological epuration of heavy metals in highways waters
Study case: Ckdrogne’s storm water basin, Belgium Authors
ANNE-CHRISTINE GOUDER DE BEAUREGARD, SUPERVISOR: PROF.
R.
IMPENSLaboratoire d’Ecologie, FacultC Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des DCportCs, 2 - B-5030 Gembloux - BELGIUM phone: +32 8 1 I 62 22 44, fax: +32 8 1 I 6 1 45 44,
e-mail: [email protected]
.a .E i!
:. 1 !i 8
6 :. 540m’ 540m’
2
I?!4
Stream Sommernio
Problem
This study was undertaken three years ago in the ‘Plateau des Tailles’ (1200 mm precipitation/year). The primary inputs to the storm water basin are from highways. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, lead and iron, are released in the water runoff because of the road traffic.
Water basins have traditional functions such as water storage, sedimentation, oil extraction, retention of particles, and dilution of salts. However, some of these are able to undertake biological epuration of heavy metals by the presence of aquatic vegetation. Ctdrogne is a very good example of such a function, where some of the vegetation was introduced artificially (Typha latifolia L., Sagittaria sagittifolia L., etc.) and other species appeared naturally (Elodea canadensis Michaux) in each basin.
The aim of the study was to prove the efficiency of aquatic vegetation to assimilate heavy metals. A decrease of heavy metals concentrations within the plants, and also in the waters and sediments from the inlet to the outlet was used to test this hypothesis.
Recently applied solutions
Results showed that heavy metals (iron excepted) are not highly concentrated in the waters, due to the inflow collecting mixed waters from highways and natural wetlands nearby.
However, concentrations of heavy metals are higher in the aquatic vegetation (roots, stems, leaves) and in the sediments. Elodea canademis is the most appropriate species for bioaccumulation of heavy metals and can accumulate 10 to 40 times more Cd, 4 to 20 times more Pb and 4 to 8 times more Zn than any other plant spe- cies (exportable parts). Results show a decrease of heavy metals between the inlet and the outlet as shown on the graph.
Management programmes have been infrequently applied due to technical problems: sediments should be extracted by me-
chanical processes but banks are weak. Dying vegetation is cut irregularly as skilled labour is expensive, and the vegetation is burnt or dried close to the basins, leading to a release of heavy metals.
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
The storm water basin shelters a number of rare species for the region including plants, amphibians and nesting birds, and manual management should be initiated to maintain this system intact. All the plant species have the capacity to accumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals, and should must be maintained in that state.
A plan should be proposed for the periodical management of heavy metals extraction, where sediments and vegetation are removed by volunteers through mechanical and manual methods. The aquatic vegetation and sediments contain very low amounts of heavy metals, and could, therefore, be exported once a year and spread on agricultural lands.
Other ideas for management could be given through the Internet, where civil engineers and bioengineers could share their knowledge between similar systems, For instance, prevention methods concerning eutrophication could be exchanged with Croatian scientists who have an effective monitoring of artificial ponds (Island of Krk, Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management).
26
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrvlogy - 8-22 September 1999
Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake Njivice and its catchment
Proposals for sustainable management Author
ENGINEER GABRIEL TORRES
Independent Agronomist
68, rue DodonCe - 1180 Brussels, BELGIUM
phone: + 32 2 344 91 02, e-mail: [email protected]
Lake Njwice on the Island Krk, Croano
Problem
Until 1999, Lake Njivice was the main supply of drinking water for the municipality of Omisalj. Nevertheless, this natural source is now completely abandoned because of the onset of eutrophication and a strong concentration of faecal bacteria in the water. This is due to the pasture of sheep in the catchment and particularly upon the drainage network connected to the lake. Currently, the island obtains drinking water from the continent but this solution can’t be considered as a sustainable management of water supply because of the high cost generated by the trans- port in parallel with the degradation of the natural resource.
Recently applied solutions
An ecohydrological diagnosis of the catchment has been realised by:
. observations of pollutant concentrations in the lake during four years . measures of groundwater flows by the installation of piezometers
l identification of vegetation occupying the catchment
l physico-chemical and microbial analysis of drainage waters.
On the basis of these results a map was produced, using GIS, that divides the catchment into 6 zones. Each zone has a particular management regime related to their potential as a pollution hazard to the lake.
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
1. Elimination of threats by a pro-active management of the catchment: application of GIS - map.
2. Amplification of chances by the development of low cost and high technologies:
a) optimisation of ecotone structures occupying half of the lake surface. This ecotone is composed of reeds and could play an important role as a trapping system for nutrients buffering against eutrophication;
b) the biomanipulation of trophic dynamics in the lake. This is also a very efficient tool to reduce eutrophication by the stocking or introduction of predatory fish species and the removal of others that accelerate the problem.
27
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Emhydrology - 8-22 September 1999
Ecohydrological perspective for conservation and restoration
of rivers systems in Brazil
Author
CLAUDIA SILVA
National Institute of Reseach in Amazonia (INPA), Department Aquatic Biology (CPBA)
INPAKPBA. Cx Postal 478 Manaus-AM BRAZIL
phone:+55(92) 643-3254 fax:+55(92) 643 3226, e-mail: [email protected]Problem
Brazil is a large country and presents a vast hydrographic net, characterised by morphological, hydrological, climatic and biogeographical differences.
Due to accelerated human population increase and the impacts caused by human activities, the aquatic resources in Brazil have become a limiting factor. The deforestation in Amazon has been increasing due wood exploitation, uses of soils for agriculture and human settlement. Manaus the state capital, for example, has many degraded streams caused mainly by deforestation at the edges. It is one of the most important problem of these systems.
Streams are generally poor in nutrients, its production capacity is low. Consequently, they depend on allochthonous energy to sustain the populations of consumers. The vegetation riparian, therefore, is important because provides energy supply to sustain the food web.
Recently applied solutions
In streams where riparian vegetation was removed, some problems were observed:
l increase of nutrients concentration, and oxygen consume (BOD5) by decomposition of organic matter (Table 1);
l high sediment load (total solid soluble TSS);
l the channel became shallower and larger;
l decrease of spatial heterogeneity;
. increase of temperature and light incidence;
l decrease of animal and plant diversity and alteration of species composition.
Results
The solution proposed by authorities was the channelization of the streams. However, the high cost and the results achieved by this process are not effective at rehabilitating these streams.
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
To reach best results cost effectively, it will be necessary to develop studies based on an ecohydrological approach, such as:
l to study the system in natural conditions and investigate its dynamics;
l to understand the relationship between abiotic hydrological processes and the community structure and dynamics;
l To stress the importance of the riparian zones on hydrological processes (e.g., erosion, sedimentation, runoff), and explain how they act as buffering zones (to understand its retention properties);
l To use communities (fish/invertebrates) as indicators of ecosystem health.
28
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology - 8-22 September 1999
Ecohydrology - solution for water management in Croatia
Author
LJUBICA POJATINA BASTA
Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management, Water Pollution Control Sector, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA phone: +385 01 6307-536, fax: +385 01 615-1794, e-mail: [email protected]
Problem
Croatia is currently undertaking the development of a large scale legislative framework with a view to providing the country with flood protection measures, the sustainable protection ofwater resources, and large scale monitoring of pollution. The developments made thus far are, therefore, not in widespread use at present.
Recently applied solutions
Croatian Waters have been created as the National Agency responsible for water management. The management structure has the potential to improve and conserve water resource on a countrywide basis.
Results
The task of setting up a national management framework to manage all aspects of water management is an immense one, which will take not only many years to come to fruition, but will also require large scale economic investment if the management plans are to work. The Republic’s Water Pollution Control Plan has defined the major priorities as the construction of waste treatment plants,
regulatory bodies and procedures for dealing with accidental pollution. The development plan however, is limited by financial position of Croatia both at present and in the future. This is highlighted be the fact that ~20 % of Croatia’s waste water is currently receiving any form of treatment prior to discharge.
Waste and surface water regulations have been set at national and international levels. A quality assurance system for the monitoring of discharges has been developed but has yet to be initiated, however, laboratories authorised by the State Water Directorate have been set up.
Year 1991. 1999.
Household wastewaters
connected to sewage system 41,5% 51.0%
Industrial wastewaters
connected to sewage system 65.0% 75.0%
Industrial wastewaters
with pre-treatment 73.6% 91.5%
Industrial and household
wastewaters with treatment 6,8% 11.9%
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
1. Utilise the experience of and develop dialogue with other countries, to minimise the potential for implementing solutions that have not been as successful as others.
2. Predictive planning and integrated approach considering Ecohydrology biotechnology solutions for managing Croatia’s water resources.
3. Develop appropriate databases including bio monitoring and hydrological data and utilise GIS for management purposes.
29
.- -.
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology - 8-22 September 1999
The development of a ecohydrological classification of urban rivers
Author
ANGELA DAVENPORT University of Birmingham
School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B 15 2TT, ENGLAND
phone: +44 121 414 5682, fax: +44 121 414 5528, e-mail: [email protected]
Upper River Tame Carckment, England
Problem
The key problem in the management of urban rivers is the balancing of the demands of the consumers in terms of water supply for industry domestic consumption, the quality of the water being supplied in drinking waters and the quality of waste waters and effluents; protecting properties from flood waters using conventional engineering methods whilst maintaining, restoring and rehabilitation urban rivers for ecological purposes. The upper river Tame displays all the characteristics of an urban river and forms the basis for my research into the classification of urban rivers.
Recently applied solutions
The UK National Environment Research Council is funding a 7 year research programme into urban regeneration (URGENT) to provide a scientific basis for rehabilitating the urban environment. My research focuses on developing a hy- dro-ecological classification system specifically for urban rivers, which will pro- vide the framework for integrating specific information from many disciplines to provide an holistic view to urban river management.
Results
A spatially nested hierarchical classification system will be developed which will integrate hydrological and ecological data into a geomorphological spatial framework. Data collection will be focussed at the stretch level which is defined as a stretch of river up to 500m in length of any one particular engineering type.
Data will be held in a purpose-specific database designed in Microsoft Access.
The classification will provide the basis for a hydro-ecologically based urban river management system.
NESTED FRAMEWORK CATCHMENT LEVEL
SECTOR LEVEL
I
1 UNIT LEVEL
1 HABITAT LEVEL
1 PATCH LEVEL
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
The research is focussed on developing a management tool to enable restoration and rehabilitation of urban rivers to be carried out in a structured and organised fashion. The river must be allowed to interact with it’s surroundings if these restoration schemes are to be successful. Ecotonal habitats such as wetlands will be crucial if water quality and biological quality are to return to urban rivers. However, surrounding land in the urban environment may not be suitable for these interactions to occur due to historical land contamination, or further urban development. The nested framework and the attributes contained within each spatial scale must reflect this need to allow the river to interact with any remaining parts of its floodplain, and recognise the temporal problems of land use pressures and historical pollution legacies, if classification is to be a successful management tool for urban rivers.
30
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrwlow - 8-22 September 1999
Factors affecting the availability of fish to bitterns (Botaurus stellaris)
in UK reedbeds
Implications for conservation management Author
RICHARD NOBLE
Hull International Fisheries Institute (HIFI), Hull University, Hull HU6 7RX, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), UK phone: 01482 466421, fax: 01482 470129,
e-mail: [email protected] Problem
The bittern (Botuurus stellaris) is a red data list species with currently less than 20 breeding males at 6 sites in the UK. The status of the bittern is closely linked to the availability of its preferred habitat, Phragmites dominated wetlands and open water margins (Tyler 1994). The decline in the breeding population has been linked to the loss and degradation of habitat through anthropogenic impacts and succession to dry reedbed (Tyler 1994). To date most work to restore bittern populations has been the creation of suitable wet reedbeds with little consideration for the food resources (predominantly fish) or how these can be manipulated for the benefit of bitterns. For example the problems of intensive land drainage and natural low rainfall in the East Anglia region has lead to a predomi- nantly mechanistic approach to water level management in semi-natural wetlands. The construction of bunds and sluices has impacted on wetland connectivity and had consequent impacts on the recruitment of fish to wetlands, thus reducing potential food availability.
Recently applied solutions
1. Initiation of a joint research programme into fish community dynamics within UK reedbeds. Integrating the specialist knowledge and experience of the HIFI and the RSPB to provide a sound base for management of wetland fish populations.
2. Initiation of a conservation action plan for the bittern in the UK.
The “Bittern-EU LIFE” project is a partnership between 7 organisations which aims to halt and reverse the decline of breeding bitterns in the UK through an integrated approach to habitat rehabilitation and creation.
Rrlolmships hemem J&h. hrrrerns and hahrrar
Potential upgrading by application of ecohydrological approach
1. The use of an ecohydrological approach to provide quantitative information regarding fish community dynamics in reedbeds establishing a sound basis for management.
2. The ecohydrological approach must be integrated into conservation planning and management to provide the ability to predict potential future changes in wetland water resources in order to optimise ecotone protection and minimise threats and conflicts within the catchment.
3. An ecohydrological approach to the understanding of the dynamics of semi-natural and constructed wetlands may provide an opportunity to construct wetlands that provide a sustainable approach to water quality management and simultaneously have a high conservation value.
References
Tyler, G. (I 994) Management of reedbeds for bitterns and opportunities for reedbed creation. RSPB Conservation Review 8, 57-62
31
UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrologv - 8-22 September 1999
Role of environmental law in sustainable use of environmental resources
Author
SHONA HARPER* & MONIKA ZALEWSKA**
* University of Leicester, Leicester, LE 1 7RH, UK
**Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 59a, 9 1 - 13 1 todi, POLAND
Problem
European law could not have assumed its actual shape if it had not had its background of Roman law. Roman law was very strongly determined by environment. It is commonly known that in a society with this level of develop- ment, the surrounding environment is instrumental both in economic growth and crisis, and from the economic structure, the character of the law developed. When Rome was stable, its legal system became more sophisticated.
But when economic problems occurred, there was no need to use such a complicated legal system. It had been converted back to the more original primitive system.
Recently applied solutions
Now, the situation has changed. The human race is no longer so dependent on its environment as it was in the times of the Roman Empire. Now it is up to us - whether we destroy this world or protect it. Water resources are some of the most pre- cious and also the most vulnerable to degradation. This is due to the resources being part of a landscape that has been drasti- cally altered and changed, due to several different sorts of pollution, for example. This is the rationale behind environ- mental law - it must be powerful enough to protect natural resources and punish those who breach the law.
This protection is achievable at three different levels: national, community and international. At the national level, each State
I I I
0 1000 2000
Time [years]
can pass laws through its domestic legislature relevant to its particular resources. An example of this is the Envi- ronmental Protection Act 1990 here in the United Kingdom. The community level is evident where a group of states has joined together and passed some degree of legislative power to that Community. For example, the United Kingdom is part of the European Community, which has produced a number of protective directives which the UK must comply with. An example of one of these relevant to water resources is the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/
27 l/EEC as amended. Above both these two levels is the international level. This is where a group of States have again joined together to form a different sort of community by becoming signatories to treaties, agreeing to meet certain standards or goals for the common good. This is especially important, as most environmental problems do not respect national borders so international co-operation is required. An example of such an agreement is the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the parties to this Convention are legally bound by it.
Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach
Thus much of environmental law is regulatory, ensuring standards are met by both business and private individu- als. This is essential to ensure that the natural resources currently enjoyed by this generation last into the future for following generations.
32
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