HAL Id: hal-01163757
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01163757
Submitted on 19 Nov 2015
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Benzo[a]pyrene-induced nitric oxide production acts as a survival signal targeting mitochondrial membrane
potential
Kevin Hardonnière, Laurence Huc, Normand Podechard, Morgane Fernier, Xavier Tekpli, Isabelle Gallais, Odile Sergent, Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
To cite this version:
Kevin Hardonnière, Laurence Huc, Normand Podechard, Morgane Fernier, Xavier Tekpli, et al..
Benzo[a]pyrene-induced nitric oxide production acts as a survival signal targeting mitochondrial mem- brane potential. Toxicology in Vitro, Elsevier, 2015, 29 (7), pp.1597-1608. �10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.010�.
�hal-01163757�
! "# $ % # & ' ( ) * +% ##
!
" # !
$% & '& ( ' )* + #, -$ .$ /
$ ". ! %, , 01&2 $ ". 3
4 ( 5 6 % #2 , 6( + % 7 * %(
* + 0 0 % 7 *3
& # # # $ , - . / 0 #
) 1 ) * +% ##
" # 2 345 6 "7'8
2 # ( 7 #
(
9 ## :
53! 7 # 0 ;
< = >3? !4 @;
0< = >3? 53 55
8+ < * 1 A + # 19
$ , - . / ( 0 ( $ / , (
B 7 ( # # #
B 7 / / $ ( ; :- . $ , - . / ; CD <
( $ ( ( ; &'< $ ( 0 #/ ( # ; !53
/( !53 ; B / / ( / $
! "
: , - . / >:- . ? ( ( (/ 9 / / ( / $ #
0 $ (# ( 0 99 (# E # ( " ( ( B / 9
7 # F ( , ( # 1 : # # ( E + E
( ( # # ( $/ :- . # # # # $ # #( (
$ ( # # / ( 1 & # E # E ( ( :- .
/ , ( 9 ( $ ( ( >CD ? (
( ( 54 #1 8 ( CD /# ( (
## ( 0 > &? # $ # #( ( $ # # $ 9 # #
CD 1 # ( #( / ( 9 ( ( ( ( 9 :- . &
54 # ( ( #( ( ( ( 9 & # # # ( $ /
E ( CD 1 & ( #( ( ( ( :- . 0 # # ( & (
E E # ( ( ( ( 9 ( $ & #/ ( # 1 # ,/
( ( B 7 ## $ / 5 ( ( 1 ( & ( ( /
# :- . + ( $ ( # $ ( / , ( 1
# ( 9 (# ( 9 & # # # :- . 0 # ## $ /
( ( CD 1
#$ %&'" #%$
/ / ( / $ # > B #? # # $ , - . / >:- . ? G
( ( (# ( $ / 9 $ ( (( # #
9 1 ( (/ 9 B # :- . # E + E ( 0 $ ( # ( 0
99 (# E # ( " ( ( B / 9 7 # F
( , ( # 9 >"B7F 3 3?1 " ( $ / (
(# ( $ # $/ /( # !53 ( ( # ( 0/
# # >7&'? :- . ( ( 9 ( 9 ) B (# ( ) B 0 (
( ( # >: ( 1 335; H # ( 1 II@; J I43?1 ' ( 0 (
E ( + ( 0 99 (# 9 :- . / $ ( ( 9 ( 9 ( <
# ## $ ( ( # ( # # > ( 1 33K ' # : II4
' ( 1 33!?1 ' 9 E # / ( E ( ( / # #
/ ( ( # # $/ E ( ( # 9 :- . ( # > 54
( ( ( # ( / ( /( #? > ( 1 33K 33@; F (
1 3 !?1 H ( # #( ( ( ( 9 (E ( E /#
( ( # #< ) B + ( 5 ( E / $ +
( =6 = 0 > 8 ? ( E / $ ( (
( ( # > ( 1 33K 33@; ( 1 3 3 ?1 : # # + ( ( # #
:- . 6 (# ( ( $ ( # # $ #( ( ( ( ( +
( ( 6# # # # # ( ( 9 ( B ( E / $ ( 9 ( +
( ( ( : # ( ( + ( 9 7"
>' ( 1 33!; ( 1 3 3$; H ( 1 3 ?1 B ( # # # (
9 ( ( #( 9 ( ##1
) # #( # # E ( ( ( 9 ( $ ( (
>CD ? # ( #( 9 ( ( ## 1 0
( ( # CD # # $ (
# (/ 9 ( # 1 1 # # ( / 0 ( $/ ( # #
# # ( $ # ( $ > ( 33K?1 7
:- . # # (# # # CD 54 ( (
( # 0 # ( ( # > ( 1 33 ; ( 1 33@?1
54 # 9 ( ( #( # ( (# #( ( ( 0 ## 9
FL : ( # # # ( ( E :- . ( ( # ( E #
99 (# ( ( ( 0 # > ( 1 33@?1 B ( ( :- . +
( / , ( 54 # # ( ( 5
( E / > ( 1 33 ? (# # ( $ ( / /, 1 H ( #
/ ( # , ( ( ( 0 > &? ( $ # # $ 9 :- . + #
CD # & # / $ # # ( 9 CD >: ( M ( 1 33 ;
/ ( 1 33 ?1 " :- . # E ( ( $ & #/ ( # > &'?
>F ( 1 335 $? & # # $ # $ ( $ +# #
# # >F ( 1 3 ?1 " ( # ( 0( ( # #( / # $ (
( ( #( E ( :- . & ( 54 # 9 # E (
# ( ( / # # # $/ ( ( ( 1
& # ( ( # E 9 ( 9 #( ( ( ( :- . B 76 5 + ( &
( &' ( ( ( & / / # # # 54
# ## $ / ( ( CD 1
(
: , - . / >:- . ? N+ ( 9 >N+ ? + ( / + +- + ( / +!+- +> +
( / / ? , / . / + + / , +5+ $ 0 >F I ? )8O)+B F
>B# +% +B# +@+ +!+ ( / ? P+) 0/ 0 $ / "
>) &FK> ?? F $ / / !+>( 9 ( 0/? / / , > FF ? %+ ( / +
+ ( ( # ( > B? +) ( / + + / 0/+ + ( # + / , # +
> +) ( / ?+ , ( + 0 # # ( / ( > & & ( ? 9 ( N
> + N? +B (/ + +> ( # ( ?+) + '+ ( # + + (/ >' B ?
@ 4+ ( $ , + + 0 # ( > F))? E # 9 '
F F 1 >'(1 # &?1 +>) ( / ?+!+ # / + +> ( / # 9 / ?
$ , >F ? E # # 9 ' ( F , > 9 ( % /?1 ! 5+
) 9 # ) ( ( >)B + )B? E # # 9 F $ 1 #(
! !+B +5+ ( / + Q @Q+) 9 9 # ) ( ( >)B + ?
( 7 F 7&' E # 9 9 # >' (+B $
?1 B ( # (# E # # #( # ( ) '&; 9 ( ( 9
( # ( E # R3133335S > 6 ? ( ( # (
# ( ( 9 # ( ( ( #1 7 $$ ( &' ( $ / > $ 5 ? E #
# 9 B$ > # ? # ( $ / > - +5. < # +
K !K? 9 ' ( F , $$ ( / FL : ( $ / >FL : +B? 9 B
) #( " ( >' B ( 2'B?1 ' / ( $ # G ( ( # #
0 # E # 9 )B & > # 2 # ?1
# ( #( / E # 9 ( 54 ( ( 1 #
E # / ( ( 9 9 3+ / # (# > +F / ( 1
I@4 I45?1 E # ( ## # # 9 ( # E (
# ( # ( #9 ( > +F / ( 1 I@4 I45?1 ) # ( #
( #9 ( E 9 ( ( ( 54 # 0 $ ( ( / / (/
E ( ( / ( >' ( / ? E # #(
$ 9 # ( :- . + ) B # E ( ## $/ ( 5 ( (
( ( > ( 1 33K?1 9 ( # # E # # ( $/ (
9 ( ( ( E # / # $ ( ( $ # # ( ( E ( ( # 9 :- . (
#( ( ( 0 ## 9 FL : ; ( ( ( FL B ( E # ( ( (
( ( # 9 :- . > ( 1 33@?1 54 E #
( H #P 8 # ( E ( 3S 9 ( 9 # +
( ( @TF 5S F& ( # ( ( ! 9 E # #
# / # $ > ( 1 33!; / ( 1 33 ?1 :- . ( ( (# E
9 9 ! !4 @ 1
/ + %0 8* + 7 * *9 " ( & E # # $/
9 E /( ( / # )B + ( ( 1 B9( :- . ( ( ( # E ( / # ,
#( 9 !3 ( @ TF E ( )B + >5 U ? 8 8'+$ 99 # ( 9
9 ( /# # # BF'F $ 9 E /( ( >:) : # ?1 & & ( E # #
# # ( ( 9 & ( ( ( > 15 !3 $ ( ?1 8
# ( E # ( !3 333 (# ( >5 36 3 ?
/, E ( F V #( # 9(E >:) : # ?1 # E ( (
'F6''F ( ( $/ 0 E 'F6''F (#1
/ %0 ) : ) )9 54 # E # # E #( E ( !3
( ( 7 ( #( 3 9 :- . 0 # 1 F # E 0( E #
E ( :' 9 0 !S 9 / >' WB ? 9 3 (
E # E ( :'1 F # E 0( + $ ( E ( :' ( !S $ #
$ 31!S # 9 ( $ ( ( E ( 3 X 6 ( +
&' ( $ / E ( # (/ + ( 1 B9( E # :' # E $ ( 9
E ( # / B 0 9 5 ! ( ( + $$ ( ( $ / > 9 ( #?1 ' #
E ( , E ( K 0 !30 9 # $G ( # >J ##? ( " 4 (
# >& / #; 7 # ? * E ( ( + +# E (
#E ( #/#( $ )%! >' (( " #( (; ( 2'B? &7FB # !13
F &' > (# ; ##/ ? # ' # # 9(E >& / #?1
/; + %0 8* + 6*9 54 # E ##
# E E ( !3 ( ( 7 E ( 3 U )B + 6)B
( #( 3 9 0 # 1 B9( ( ( ( # E ( / E # (E E (
8 8'+$ 99 # ( ( ( @TF $ 9 * # ( 1 B# ( ( #
E $ ( )B + 6)B1 ## # E ( , E ( K 0
!30 9 # $G ( # >J ##? # 9 &' #( ># $ ?1
/&6 6 < + 8* + 6*9 $ 9 ( ( # E #
( $/ 9 # # / ( ( # 0 $ ( (
# ( 6 9 ( ( 9 E #( E ( ( ( / #(
! 1 B9( ( ( (# # E #( E ( 53 X 6 #( ! (
9 3 ( @ TF1 F # E ( 0 9 # # / >& / #
: K3 ?1 ( ( E # E /# ( !33 #1
/& , < + 9 B ( ( E # ( # # ## / ( $ #
( ( 9 9 E ( B ( # 9 9 # >F ( +%
# $ (/ ## / ; F $ # ? ( (
9 ( Y# #( ( #1 ( 9 B E # ( ( ( # (
# # E ( # ( ( ( >' ( 0 % ; ) #
?1
/( 6 * * 9 # # + 6@ ( (/ ## /# E 9 # )8O)+
B F ( ( ( # $#( ( 1 F # # ( (/ E # # (E # (
( 9 9 B F # ( @TF ' ( 0 % ' (
> ) #?1 B F ( ( E # 9 # 43 0 ( (
!!3 ## E ( 1 : 9 / $ ( ( 9 ( 54 # E /#
( # # ( (/ $ 99 >53 8 8' @15 53 F 8% B @1!
31 S E 3S / ) ?1 (/ U 9 /# ( E ( $ ( (
@TF # # ## / $ 99 > 3 " 8' @1 33 F 3S # #
8) B 31 S F B ' ( ( ( ? ( 43 U 9 )8O)+B F1
( 0 (# 9 ( ( E ( 9
0 ( ( 1 8 ,/ ( ( # E ( # ( ( #
0 ## # ( ( # (/6 1
! " #
( 7 B E # ( 9 54 # # ( 7", ( >" O ( ? E
( # $G ( ( # ( # ( +* ( ( ( / # ( >7 +
* F7? /# # # # / # $ > ( 1 334?1 % +# 9 #
9 FL : %B))!5 4' E # 9 ' ( # * # #
9 E # 9 E#< FL : < 9 E FB%F %FF % FBFFF + #
B %BB%FF% FF % FFB%; %B))!5< 9 E B%B F%BBB%%B %%BFBF%% W # <
%% F% FB F FB FF%FB; < 9 E F %%%%B%%%F F % W #
%FF % F% % F BF % F; 4'< 9 E FF%% BFB% %BBBF %F%B W #
%B BBB %FBF%F% FFFF1 9 ( # 9 ( F7 (# E
/, E ( ( B:" # ')' # 9(E # ( ( / ( #
( 1 ## ## ( # ##9 9 ( 9 ( ( #( E #
9 9 # (1 0 ## # 9 ( ( # E ,
( ( ( 0 ## 9 4' 7 B # 9 E # 9
( ( E ( >) '&?1
$ % &
B9( ( ( ( # E #( /# 9 3 7" B $ 99
# ( E ( / ( / # 9 / 9 315 ( ( (
( ( ( 9 ( $ ( # >7 ?1 F # E ( ( 9
( 333 9 5 ( ! TF1 (/ U 9 E + /# ( # E ( 9 5 (
33 TF !S #( ( # ( $/ 3S # / # 9 ( W
/ # ( # # >')'W B%8?1 % # E ( $ (( ( (
( # $ # > ?1 B9( $ $ E ( #+$ 99
# > :'? # ( # ( E ( 5S $ # $ $ # E
/$ , E ( / ( $ # #( FL : ( ( ! TF 0(
$ ( E ( ( # # 0 # + G ( # / ( $ #
9 1 ( ( / ( $ # #( 'F@3 β+ (
E # 1 " $ ( # E ( # , $/ # #
( B'+ 333 /, > G 9 ?1 " ## E # 9 # ( %
# 9(E > G 9 ?1
' ( ( % " )* #
( $ ( ( C= E # # $/ 9 E /( ( / #
) &FK> ?1 B9( ( ( ( # E ( / # , #( 9 3 ( @ TF E (
) &FK> ? >53 ? 8 8'+$ 99 # ( 0( /, # BF'F $
9 E /( ( >:) : # ?1 FF E # # # ( >53 X 3
$ ( ?1 8 # ( E # ( !3 333 (# (
>5 36 3 ? /, E ( F V #( # 9(E >:) : # ?1 #
E ( ( 'F6''F ( ( $/ 0 E 'F6''F (#1
+
) ( E $( 9 9 ( ( 0 (#1 B (
* ( # Z[Z')1 B /# # 9 9 E $/ E W # ( #( E # # (
( #( ( 99 (# 9 :- . 1 ) 99 # E # # 9 ( ( ( 9,ZRZ31351
B #( ( #( /# # E 9 # % # 513 ' 9(E >%
' 9(E ' ) 2'B?1
(!') !
* $%! $% + , -./0
1 /23
" ( ( #( ( 99 ( 9 :- . # & E 9 #( # ( 9 # ( $
)B + 9 E /( ( /1 B# # E :- . (E # 9( 9
( 9 # ( ( # ( ( +) ( / + + / 0/+ + ( # +
/ , # +> +) ( / ?+ , ( + 0 # # ( / (
> & & ( ? 9 ! #( ( ( ( @ ( # ( & ( 1 " (
9 # ( ( &+# # ( 9 $ / )B +)B E #
# # E ( ( ( 9 # # /1 ) ( ' ( / B
9 # # ( E ( ( 9 9 # :- . # (
E ( E # $# & & ( 0 # 1 9 / ( ( :- . + &
( ( ( 9 ( ( ( # ( 9 0 #( $ (E 7&' )B +
>: ,/ ( 1 335? 0 # ( 9 E ( 0 ( #
/ # 0 # ( # >'&)?+ 8% ( # + 8% E ( #( ; # # E
' ( / : ( (E # 9( 9 ( )B + 9 # (
99 ( $/ $ ( # ( # ( ( :- . + & ( 1 H
0( ( ( #( ( ## $ ( 9 :- . ( $ # FL 6 B 7
> E ( $ ( ( $/ :- . ; $ ( ( 1 333? 5 ( & ( 1 "( #
( E ( / ( ( 54 # B 7 ( $ ( # 9 ( / (
( 9 FL : ( # # / # $ > ( 1 3 3 ?
9 ( # ( E >' ( / B?1 B# # E N+
( 9 # E # 9 ( +N 9 / ( ( :- . + (E # 9(
9 ( )B + 9 # ( ( ( & ( 1 H ( # ( ( B 7
' ( / !B / # E ( ( ( # 9 $ ( 9 B 7 F I
( ( :- . + & ( 1 ( # #( (
' ( / !: F)) ( ( ( ( 9 B 7 E # # $ 9
& ( ( # 9 ( ( 9 B 71 / # 9 E #( # #
# #( 9 =6 = 0 ( ( 9 & ( >"# , ( 1
334 ? # ( # 0 # $ # E ( $ ( ( $/ :- . 54 #
> ( 1 33!? ## $ 9 8 E # # ( #( # 1 ) (
' ( / 5 / # E ( ( $ ( 9 8 $/ E #
99 ( ( E # ( ( :- . + & ( 1
0( # ( 9 0 (# E # 9 ( ( #( ( ## $ ( 9
( $ & #/ ( # > &'? ( :- . + & ( 54 #1
# ( ( 9 &' :- . E # 9 #( #( $/ 9 # #
/ ( $ / # 9 / ( ( ( &' # / 9 # ( ( $ /
># 80 ( #?1 B# # E B #( ( 9 &' E #
$# :- . 0 # # # # ! # # , $/ ( # 9
( 9 # ( /( # ( ( #1 ' 99 ( E #
# $# 9( !4 0 # 1
7 ( ## $ # # &' ( # / ( &
( ( # ( $# ( !4 E # 9 ( $ ( $/ N+
( 9 F I >F ; :? 9 ( +N > " ; F? $ (
99 ( $/ >F ; F?1
B ( ( ( # # (# ( ( ( :- . 0 # # ( & (
54 # ( ( B 76 5 + ( ( 9 &'1
. + $%
, 3
B# & # E ( 9 ( $ $ (E ( # >F (
1 3 ; : ( 1 3 ? E ( ( ( #( ( 9 & ( ( 0 99 (#
$/ :- . 54 #1 #( ( 99 ( 9 0 # ( 9 &
( ( # 9 ( &+ ' B >53 U ? E # ( #( ( E # :- . +
( # # # ( $/ #( ! #( 9 ( ( (
> B?1 B# 0 ( 9 # # (# 0 # ( :- . >53 @ ?
( # 9 ( # 9 ( $ 9 # E ( # 9 (
( >( S?1 # 9 ' B E # 9 ( / # $/ $ (
53 S ( ( ( $ $/ :- . 0 # 1 9 ( 9
0 # & ( $ ( ( 1 # ( # ( ( #( 9 # ( (
E # 99 $/ ( :- . + ( # & ( 1 B# &' E #
0 ( ( # E ( ( #( + B >533 U ? E
$ ( 9 &' # E # $ 0/+ "& > 5 U ? & # 1 B# # E
: $ ( # # 9 ( / ( $ 9 ( ( # :- .
0 # >$/ 53 S?1 # E # ## ( E ( 9 ( # ( B
( :- . > F?1 / # & # $ # $ ( (
# # ( ( > '( III? ( ( 9 + B $ 0/+ "&
:- . + # # 6@ ( ( E # ( #( > )?1 & ( # E ( (
$ ( & ( ( # 9 ( / 99 ( ( :- . + ( # #
( ( 1
( ( ( # ( # #( ( ( ( :- . + & ( ( #
# ( E / # (# $ ( # ( # # ( / 9 # # 6@
( ( 1
2 $% ,, ,,
/2 3
" ( ( #( ( ## $ ( 9 & ( ( ( 9 B 7 5 E /,
E # 9 ( ( # 9 B 7 5 E 99 ( $/ ( # 9 ( &
' B ( & # $ 0/+ "&1 7 B 7 # ( 9 FL :
( :- . >53 ? 0 # >' ( / B ( 1
3 3 ? E # / 9 ( 9 (# 7 B 0 ## 54 # >)
( 1 3 !?1 B# 0 ( # # (# E # ( / $( $ ( B 7 $/
F I FL : ( $ ( ( ! !4 ( 9 ( 9
B 7 FL : 7 B ( :- . 53 1 E 99 ( 9 &
( :- . + ( FL : 7 B ( E # $# # $ 0/+ "& ' B
E 99 ( > !B?1 " ( 9 ( # # (# ( ( # 9
FL : E ( $/ E #( $ (( 1 B# # E !: ( (
( & ( 99 ( FL : ( 1 ( ( ( # ( 99 ( 9
9 ( +N FL : 7 B 0 ## > !B? E # ( ( ( (
( > !:?1 "( # # E ( ( ( ( 54 # ( #
( ( / ( # # ( ( :- . ( $ # # # 8
( ( > ( 1 33@?; ( # ( 0( ( # # # $#( ( $ ( / 99 (
9 9 ( +N ( FL : ( (/ 1
7 ( 5 ( ( ( 99 ( 9 & ( # ( ( E # ( #( $/ /,
( ( ( 1 B # ( $ ( # 9 ( ( ( 7 B 0 ## 9
E # ( # $# :- . 53 ( ! > 5B? E ( ( !4
>' ( / @B? # ( 9 ( E # ( (
( !4 > 5:?1 ' 99 ( ( 9 99 ( ( #( 9 (
( 9 ( ( # # 54 # # # ( 9 (
( ( >H 9 8 +) / 3 ?1 ( ## ( # E ( # ,
( ( 9 ( +N E # $ 9 ( ( :- . + ( # $ ( 7 B
( # ( # ( ( 9 5 ( ( 9 0 ##
0 ( ( #1 H ( ( ( ( 99 ( 9 & 5 ( (
99 ( E # $# ( # 9 F "& ' B > 5:?1 ( ( (
%B))!5 7 B 0 ## ( 5 ( ( E # #
$# 9 E 0 # ( :- . 53 E F "& ' B E # ( #(
>' ( / @:?1
( ( ( # # (# ( ( ( ( :- . + # &
( E ( ( 9 E ( B 7 5 ( ( 1
4 # , + $%
/2 3
B# 0 ( # # # ( # ( $ ( ( ( 9 & E ( ( 9 #
( $ ( ( >CD ?1 #( ( ( + # 99 (# 9 E
( ( 9 :- . >53 ? E # ( ( CD 9 54 #1 B# 0 (
9 # #( # > ( 1 33 ; ( 1 33@? # CD E #
( ( 9 E !4 0 # ( :- . # # , $/ ( (E # 9( 9 (
) &FK 9 # ( # $/ 9 E /( ( / ( #( ( ( 9(E # 9(
$/ ( FF >53 U ? # # # ( ( 9
( , ( > KB?1 H 9 ( #( ( ( ( #
/ , 99 ( / 9 ! E # #( $# ( @ 1 2#
N+ ( 9 > 3 U ? E # # E ( ( :- . ( $ # 6 B 7
( ( E ( # 99 ( CD # ( # $ ( ( / # 9( 9
( 9 # ( :- . > KB?1 B# B 7 # $ # / # $ (
( / , ( > ( 1 3 ? ( $
& ( >' ( / !B? E 0( ( 9 ( ( #(
( ( 9 ( # ( 0 ( ( #1 B# #( (
KB ( # 9 B 7 $ ( F I > 3 U ? / $ ( (
( / , ( ( 0 # ( #1 B 9 B 7 E # #
#( ( # F)) > 3 ? / E + E #( 9 B 71 "
' ( / K / # E# ( ( F)) ( (
/ , ( 54 # #( ( ( ! 1 B# E # / # E ( ( 5
$ ( ( 8 E # ( / , ( $# 9 E
!4 0 # ( :- . > ( 1 33 ? &'+ ( & ( > # (
( ? E ( #( ( 99 (# 9 9 ( +N > 3 U ? > 3 U ? (E E
$ ( # 9 5 8 # ( / > K:?1 H # (
( ( (E # 9( 9 ) &FK 9 # ( 9 ( +N ( ( / $ ( (
E ( ( 0 # ( 1 # ( 9 9 # 0( # # (
> ( 1 33 ?1 H $/ /Y# # # / # $ 9 & (
( / , ( ( ( ( ( > / ( 1
33 ?1 B# :- . E # # ( / # E ( # & ( E (
( ( #( ( ( 9 & ( ( / , ( 1 # ( &
# $ 0/+ "& > 5 U ? E # ( #( > KF?1 & # (# / # E ( (
# / ( ( / , ( E ( (
0 # ( 1 "( # # E ( ( ( ( ( F))+ & ( E #
( E ( ( / , ( >' ( / !:?1
# # (# ( 9 ( ( ( $ / , ( #
( ( 9 ( :- . + ( &'+ ( # & ( 1
&#!"'!!#%$
: , - . / E # ( ( $ / 9
(( # 0 #( 9 # ( # ( #
>H #( ( 1 3 ? # ( / $ ## 9 #
9 $/ ( " ( ( B / 9 7 # F >"B7F
3 3?1 B ( ( # 0 $ ( # $ # E ( 99 ( ( 99 ( #( # 9 (
( > 1 1 ( ( ( ## ? ( ( #
( E /# ( $ # / ( 1 & # E #
5 + ( # CD :- . +( ( 54 ( ( ( # >
( 1 33 ?1 B# # CD # $ ( ( ( (/ > ( ( 1
33K? ( ( 9 ( ( ( & # $ ( ( 9 CD >: ( M ( 1 33 ; /
( 1 33 ? +# # # # >F ( 1 3 ? E
( / ( # , ( ( & ( #( ( ( # # :- . 0 #
( ( CD 1 " ( # ( #( / E #( ( ( ( 54 # :- . 0 #
# # & ( ( B 7 ## $ / 5 1
( E # E 9 ( 9 #( ( ( E ( ( ( :- . + ( &'+
( & ( / / ( ( # # # 9 E B
0 # / $/ ( CD > @?1
B & ( :- . # / $ # $ $ (
1 # ( ( # $ # E 9 $ ( 9 (#
( ( 9 (E E # E ( :- . ( ( ( # B E # # # $ 9 #
( ( ( ( # # 9 & ( > ( 1 33K?1 H ( # ( (
( :- . E # 9 ( ( ( > + ! ?+ # + ( # 9
& 9 # E ( # 9 ( 99 ( ( ( 9 3 :- . 9 E
! +( ( ( >) (( ( 1 3 3?1 " ( # ( #( / & ( E # #
$/ E ( ( 9 :- . >53 ? ( #; ( E 9 (
# E ( ( # ( E # ( 9 E 0 # ( #
#( ( ( 9 E @ 1 ' +( 99 ( ( ( # $ ( E (
# $ # / # $ > ( 1 33K?1 B ( 9 &'
0 ## / /( # E ( $ (
/( !53 B >FL B ? 0 ## # $ ( 9 E ( 0 ( :- . +
& ( > ( 1 33K?1 ' ( 9 &' E # #
( # E ( # ,/ ( # # # 9
0 # E ( 31 U :- . >) (( ( 1 3 3?1 " ( 9 &' # / ( (
( E # # ( ( :- . +( ( 54 #1
B# B 7 5 $ ( :- . 99 (# 54 # E ( E (
( E 9 ( / E & ( &' ( :- . 1 H
9 ( ( $ ( F I >B 7 $ ( ? 9 ( +N > 5 $ ( ? (
$ ( ( &' ( & ( 1 H ( # ( ( B 7 ( #( / #
( 9 ( # ( ( &' ( ( ( # 9 ( $/
9 , # / ( # ; E # B 7 E #
( ( ( # &' ( E # $# $ ( ( #
# ( 9 # #( ( ( 9 &' ( # $/
( # >H ( 1 3 ?1 " 0 (# # / (/ 0 #(#
54 # # E $ / ( 1 B ## $
( # ( ( 9 &' $/ B 7 ( $ ( 9 E # / # (E
( ( B 78 E ( ( ( ( 0 #( >H ( 1 3 ?1 B ( &
# E # $ # ( ( ( ( # ## 5 ( $ / $/ 99 ( (# (
#( $ (/ > ( ) ( 3 3? # ( ( # # #( ## $
9 5 ( ( 9 &'; 9 ( ( 5 ( ( &
( E # $# > 5 ' ( / @?1 B 5 + (
&' ( # $ # / ( / 9 $ $ #(# $ (
( ( # 5 E # # E ( $ ( ( ( $ ( 9 ( &'
( > #( ( 1 IIK?1 ( 0 (# E ( $ ## / ( 0
( # ( ( / # (# # / # # 9 99 ( E # ( / # 9
( $ ( $/ 9 ( +N 9 ( /# > '?+ ( 0 > &?
( 7BH K!1@ + # > G ( 1 3 ?1
' #( # ( ( $ ( 9 & ( ( 9
9 ( #1 " # ( # > ( ( (
0 ( ( 9 0 # ? & 0 ( ( /( ( (
/( ( 0 (/ >: ( 1 3 ?1 7 ( 9 & ( # #
$/ :- . ( / ( 9 # & ( #
# # ( #1 " ( & ( $/ $ 0/+ "& > &
# ? + B > &' $ ( ? E # 9 ( 0 $ ( ( :- . +
( 54 #1 "( # # ( E ( / ( ( 0 # ( 9 &
# ( # 9 :- . + ( ; ( # ( # $ ( # #
# (# # E ( ( 99 ( 9 # # & ( E # :- . +
9 $ $ #( ( # # >F ( 1 335 ?1 ' /( ( ( 9 #
& # # $ # / #( ( 9 0 ( ( 0( 9 (
% β+ ( # # # ( /( #; ( # ( # # E # $ ( $/
( &'+ ( # & ( β6 ( 9 γ 0 #
> ( 1 33I?1 E # # & E # # E ( 0 $ ( ## $ $ 9
99 (# + # ; +( ( E ( $ (
+ B 8 >( &' $ ( %+ ( + + ( / #( ? # &'+6+
( # # ( , ( 9 ( 0 (/ >F E # : (
33@?1
7 ( 9 & # $ ( 9 ( # (
# # $ 1 # F E # # / # E
( ( ( ## 99 ( 9 & :- . + ( # # 9 $ $ #(
# $ ( 9 \ ( ( >F ( 1 335 ?1 : # ( 9 ( ( (
$ ( ( :- . + \ ( ( E # # / 9 ( # (
$ ( 9 ( ( ( # # 54 # > ( 1 33@? 9 \ (
( ( 99 ( 9 & # ( / ( ( # /1 # E #
# E ( ( & $ ( ( # # $/ 99 ( ( 0 ## 6 ( (/ 9 # +
( + ( ( ( #1 ( $ / ( # $ ( ( ( & ( # (
( ( 9 ( ( + ( ( ( : + ( ( ( # 0 # (
/( # ( + ( 9 ( + ( ( ( : 0 2OB
0 # > '( III?1 ' ( # / (
0 ( ( # # : + : 0 ( ( ( E # $#
:- . ( ( ( # > $ # ( ?1 B 99 ( 9 & (
( (/ 9 # # + E + E 99 ( ( # 9 ( # # ( # $
# ( ( (/ 9 ( # ,/ # $ # E ( $ $ ( $/ & (
'+ ( # ( ( #; # $ ( ( ( N+ #
( + ( # # > ( 1 II@?1 E # # # (
$ ( ( # ( #( / # 9 ( # ( :- . + # #
( (/ E # ( ( ( # 9 F "& + B1 B# :- . # $ # /
# E ( ( $ ( # # + ( + ( ( E /# 54 # >
( 1 33K? ( ( 9 # # ( ( ( ( ( 99 ( 9 & :- . +( ( 54
# ( #( 9 ( ( 9 # # + ( ( E /#1 & # E (
0 $ ( ( + 0 ( ( # $/ (# 9 ( 9 ( 0 ## 9 ( + 0 (
# >F E # : ( 33@?1 " ( # ( 0( # 0 ( #( ## /#
( ( ( ( ( 9 ( # # + ( ( ( ( E /
54 # 0 # ( :- . ( /# # > ( 1 33K; % ( 1
334? ( & 99 ( # ( / ( ( ( ( ( ( E #
0 ( #( ##1 ( ## ( ( 99 (# 9 F "& + B
0 ( E ( # ( #( ( !4 > ( ( # E ?1 ( 9 &
( + 0 ( ( # E +( ( # E ( :- . '&)+
( # + 8% # ( ( 9 & >' ( / :?1
B 0 ( 9 ( 99 (# 9 # & ( E # :- . + ( 0 (/
( # $ ( ( B 7 5 ( ( 1 B# # E # !
5 # / ( # # E # ( # ( :- . +
FL : 0 ## E # ( ( F "& ' B + 0 # 1 / (
/ ( # , ( ( ( / , ( E / ( ( (
( ( # 99 $/ ( & ( ( 1 7 ( ( ( ( # (
#( / / # E ( ( ( :- . + ( $
/ , ( E E # 9 ( / $ ( B 7 5 $ ( ( 8 E #
( E # F "&1 # ( 9 / ( ( ( CD E # ( ( 9
# & 1 "( # E ( ( ( ( (
/ , ( # $ ( ( ( ( # 9 ( 0 ( # / (
$/ # # ( > ( 1 3 !? E ( ( (
#( ( 9 / /# # ( ( B ( >'M ,+F , ( 1
3 3?1 B # $ (E ( ( (/ # 9( ( E #
/ /# # ( & # $ # / ( 9 0 #
>F $ ( 1 3 !; F ( 1 3 !?1 ( 9 # ( $
:- . # ( / #( ( # E
( # # / ( & $ 99 ( ( E # :- . +
( # #1
" # #( / (# ( ( ( 9 ( # &
( # # # :- . + 0 # ( # / (
( / , ( 1 9 ( ( 9 & (
( E # :- . + ( ( E ( ( E 99 (# 9 & ) B
) B > , 3 ; ( 1 3 ? ( ( $ ( (
( # # $/ :- . 1
5
H E # ( ( ) # B $ G ' G 9 ( # ( 9
9 # ) ) # F ## 9 / (/ 0 (#1 E #
( 9 9 E# 9 #( / 9 8 ( 7 # 1 H E # (
( ( ( # ' # ( * # ( $ * # 7 # >2 # (/ 9
7 # ? 9 9 # ( ( ( ( ( F
> (( # 5 !I 45? 9 9 # ( ( E 1
(-( ($"(!
: ,/ B1 ' #,/ # 1 : ( #, %1 3351 & ( # 9 (/ 9 !+ +5+ ( / +
P @P+ 9 9 # # $ 9 ( 0 1 7 1 : 1 1 I @+ 51
: H1 1 1B1 :1 3351 F / / ( / $ +
) B (# # 9 ( 1 8 1 1 ( 1 !5 3K+ !1
: ( M :1 V ( 1 % ] +J ,M 81 &PF 81 8# # \1O1 '1 33 1
" $ ( 9 ( # ( $/ # ( 0 < ( #( #
# 1 1 ( 1 B 1 ' 1 2 ' B1 II 44I +44I@1
: B1\1 ' 1\1 % # 1\1 % / '1B1 3 1 / / 9 ( 0
## 1 F # #1 ! 53 +5 1
F $ F1B1 L 1 : \1 F ( # 71 H \1 ( '1 \1 ( )1 3 !1 (
0 # # ( ( 9 ( H $ 99 ( #1 F 1 ) ( ) #1
5< 3 1
F E # B1 : ( 1 33@1 ' 9 ( 0 (/< # # # &1
B 1 : 1 : /#1 !K + I1
F F1 1 ) # B171 1 3 !1 F F ( $ # ( ( 899 (# 9
( &0 1 7 1 : 1 1 < 31 3 K6G19 $ 1 3 !1 13 1 -8 $ 9
(.
F \1 1 F 1 1 1 1 H F1\1 335 1 % # # ( 0 ##
$ , - . / + 9 $ $ #( ( # # $ ( \ # #1 B 1
0 1 @I KI!+@3!1
F \1 L L1 \1 V1 '( %1)1 L \1 F1 335$1 ) 99 ( * ( 9
# ( E /# 9 $ , - . / >:- . ?+ ( 0 #/ ( # > &'? (
# ( #1 F # #1 K 3 5+ 3! 1
F '1 1 F / 1 : '1 % $ B171 \ # O1 3 1 ( 0 <
E1 H \1 ' 1 & 1 < 41
F B1 1 F 1 O \1 1 : B1 ) +: (
1 1 +% ## )1 ' ( &1 3 !1 F ( ( ( 9 $ , - . /
( # $ # # # $ 9 0 ( #( ##
( / ( ( /( #1 7 1 : 1 1 @ + 1
) :1 1 1 \1B1 ) $ 1 F ( )1 B ( O1 1 / 81
# )1 1 & $^ '1 '1 _( 1 F 1 7 0 O1 ) +: ( 1 1
' ( &1 +% ## )1 3 !1 ( ( ( 9 + 9 ((/ # $ , - . / +
( # # ( ( # $ + ( 8 ( E /1 F 1
: 1 " ( (1 3@ ! +5 1
) (( 1 % # )1 , B1 E ( 1 1 : # B1 3 31 B
$ , - . / # # ( # ( ( 1 ' & 1 5 II4!1
1 G %171 $ +B # )1F1 $$ 81 : 1 H G( B1
' ( \1B1 H E# 171 H # 1 1 H1\1 3 !1 (
/ , ( 0 " $ ( # # #( $/ E ( (/ 9 0 ""
""" "O O1 : 1 : /#1 B ( 1 4 @ !@+ 5K1
#( 1 B $# '1 '181 #( 71:1 ' 81B1 H $ H1F1 /+: # 81
H 1H1 % )1B1 , 81 : 171 # F1F1 IIK1 ( 0 + 5
( ( 9 $ ( 0 #/ ( # 0 ## $/ E +(/ 5 1
1 ( 1 B 1 ' 1 2 ' B1 I !! + !!@1
% 1 1 7 ## 1 ' ( &1 1 1 &1 ) +: (
1 1 \1B1 +% ## )1 3341 B E ( 9 + + ( /# #
( ( E / # $/ $ , - . / ( ( #1 0 1 B 1 1
4 + !1
\1 H 21 J B1 1 ) '1 II@1 899 (# 9 0+ ( # 9
& ( # # # # + ( (/1 ( &0 1 4 + I 1
( :1%1 #( 1B1 B ( 1 1 33K1 % E( ( # 9 ( #
9 ( 9 ( ( # ( $ ( ( 1 F 7 #1 KK 5I + 5IK1
\1B1 % 1 B ( O1 1 & $^ '1 ' B1 1 181 1
&1 +% ## )1 33@1 ) 99 ( # # ( # # 9 E 0 #
( $ , - . / 54 @ #1 F 1 : 1 " ( (1 K@ ! +551
1 % ( )1 % / F1 7 ## 1 ) +: ( 1 1 % , B1 &1 +
% ## )1 33 1 B ( ( ( /#9 ( $/ $ , > ? /
( #< 9 5 #1 B 1 1 L1 B 1 ' 1 3 3 K@+ @31
1 7 ## 1 ' B1 1 % 1 B1 \1B1 ) +: (
1 1 +% ## )1 33K1 ( ( ( ( E /# $/ 5 + (
9 ( $ , - . / + 0 # ( 54 #1 \1 F 1 /# 1 34 5 @+5 @
1 ' 9 1 7 ## 1 ) +: ( 1 1 % , B1 &1 +% ##
)1 33!1 " ( 9 ( 9 =6 = 0 # E ( ( 9 ( 0 / / (
/ $ #1 B'8: \1 4 !!+ !K1
1 1 \1B1 7 ## 1 ' B1 % / F1 %1 % 1
) +: ( 1 1 +% ## )1 33@1 +\ +( # + ( =6 =
0 # 9 ( ( ( # 0 # "" 0 ## $ , > ? / +
( # #1 F 7 #1 K@ KIK+ @351
"B7F1 3 31 ' + ( / / / ( / $ # # (
0 # #1 1 8 1 F 1 7 # # 1 I W45 1
"# , 1 $ 1 2 L1 G E 1 1 &, 1 1 (# 1
E B1 1 / L1 # , E 1 & 1 3341 ( ( 99 ( 9 7 4 II4
=6 = 0 $ ( (# $ ( 9 &' ( ( # +
9 # G / (# ' 1 3 + @1
B1 ( '1 % ( L1 1 ' 1 1 33K1 " ( 9 # ( 0
/ 0 # ( $ , > ? / / /( # G /1 1
F 1 : 1 4K ! +5 1
1 '( \1'1 III1 &< $ ( 9 ( 1 F ) ( ) 99 1 K I @+I! 1
G B1 & 81 1 ( 1 E 1 1 L 1 3 1
9 ( +N $ ( 9 5 E ( # /# + (
0 ( ( 9 ( /)44+ ( ( E /1 " (1 " 1
5 K@ +K@41
O1 1 , "1"1 3 1 80 # ( 0 ( ( ( ) B (
) B # 0 # ( # ( 1 80 1 & 1 5 4+ !1
+F / 81 % , F1 %1 ', G ( 1 1 I@41 `' ( #` #(
( #9 ( ( 9 ( #( # 9 ( < /( / E( ,/ (
( ( #1 8 1 \1 F 1 ! ! + 5 1
+F / 81 9 + /## ( F1 %1 I451 ## 9 # ( # (
( #9 ( 9 ( ( #1 F 1 : 1 0 1 + 1
( \1 ) ( 1 3 31 ( 0 1 H \1 ( 1 @+ !!1
/ %1 , B1 B1 33 1 ( ( + ( / , ( #
( $/ F =+ 0+ ( ( 9 ( 0 1 \1 " 1 @ 5 44+5 I@1
$ ( )1H1 7 B1 1 ) ( 1J1 ' # H1B1 L L1 ) ( 1 1 3331 7 9 ( (
/ $ ( -B . $ (( / ( 0 ( #( ## # # / (
( # #1 : 1 1 5I K5+451
1 H 1 H1 1 L L1 H 1 ' \1 33I1 ( 0 # ## #
( #9 E( 9 ( +$ ( + ( +( + # / ( # ( ( # #
# ( /( #1 ( /1 53 5@@+ 54@1
/ 1 F ( # B1 _( '1 % , B1 &1 33 1 2 ( 0 ## 9
( # #( ( # ( # / / ( / $ + # #( ( ( #1
0 /1 5K 3I+ @1
1 O1 81 % "1 ' 9 1 % ( )1 % \171 ( O1
&1 3341 " ( +4 ( $/ ( ( ( ( $ , > ? / #
/ / $ ( + ( # ( 9 ( 1 0 1 ((1 @@ 3+
@1
' # O1 1 : '1H1 II41 B ( # # ) : # # # (
$ , - . / $ , - . / +@ 4+ / 1 0 1 B 1 1 5 K@+ @K1
'M ,+F , 1 ( 1 B 1 & ( B1)1 % ] + ( 1 'M ,+B a 1
F , \1 1 3 31 2 + ( 9 ( B # $ ( / 9 ( >" ? 9 ( ( =+
B #/ ( # ( # ( # ( ( $ # 9( 9 # ( H $
(/ 1 \1 : 1 F 1 45 5 34+ 5 1
' B1 7 9# # 1 b 1 ' E , 181 #^/ 1 \1B1 33!1 / / (
/ $ # $ ( ( ( ( + ( ( # # @ #1
F # #1 5 43I+4 I1
F1 1 H H1 # 1B1 1 3 1 ( # # $/ %' &7 9 /
# ( $/ &' $ ( 1 F 7 #1 @ 4I@+ I3!1
)1 1 / '1%1 F E9 71:1 1 O B1 # 181 # 71'1
# \1\1 3 1 / / $ ( ( (# E ( B 5N # $ ( 9 ( B
#/ ( # 0 ( # ( 9 ( 1 0 1 B 1 1 5! II+
31
1 7 ## 1 1 F ( )1 ' ( &1 7 0 O1 1 \1B1
) +: ( 1 1 1+% ## 1 )1 3 3 1 $ / (
$ , - . / + ( # #1 0 1 B 1 1 ! K4+@K1
1 7 81 % 1 181 7 ## 1 ) +: ( 1 1 : 99 ( %1
\1B1 +% ## )1 3 3$1 :- . + # ( (
( # ( 9 0 +! ( G ( # # ( # #1 0 1 B 1 1
! + !31
H V1 F H1 1 :1 H1 1 1 \ \1 1 / / 1 B '1 H 1
L1 3 1 7" ( ( ( # : )8+ ( #9 ( $ ( #
( ( # + ( # ## 9 0 ## ( 0/ # #1 F # #1 !
I+ 41
H 9 1B1 8 +) / H1'1 3 1 HB ( # #< 3 / # 9( 1 F 1 & 1
& 1 5 5 +541
H # 1%1 1 1 # 7171 F1\1 1 H 1 1 II@1 &0 (
( ( # #1 ( (1 7 #1 IK K5+@41
H #( 1H1 \1\ ' $ H1 %171 ) ( ( 1 1 # 81)1 3 1 F
( (/ 9 $ , - . / / #( / H #( (#1 F 1 0 1 53 I @+I 51
H \1 1 ( 1F1 E :1 1 3 1 ( (# 9 B 7 ( ( #
( 9 ( $ ( 0 #/ ( # 0 ## 9 ,
# 9 ( 1 \1 " 1 I3 K5I+KK41
J 1'1 I431 / / ( / $ #< E1 \1 8 1 ( 1 0 1
5 @+5K@1
-#6' ( )(6($&!
- *3 (,, , + 7$%8
"9+* : /2 3" ( $# 9
$ ( # 54 # E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 ! !4 @
> ( ?1 H ( #( $ ( # 54 # E +( ( 9 E ( N+
( 9 >N ; 3 U ? $ ( 9 $ ( :- . + ( $ # FL B 7
9 ( N > 3 U ? $ ( 9 5 ( + 0 # ( :- . > ! !4
@ ?1 E /( ( / /# # E # ( 9 9 E #( E ( (
9 $ )B + > # # $ 80 ( #?1 & & ( > 3 U ;
$ ? E # # # # ( ( 9 & ( 1 #( # 9 &
( # ( ( 9 ( #( ( 0 (#1
- .3 (,, , + $%! , /2
,, 3 54 # E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 !
!4 1 H ( #( $ ( # # E +( ( E ( ( $ ( 9
( + 0 # E ( :- . 1 >B? 899 (# 9 :- . &' ( ( ! !4 1 >:?
899 (# 9 B 7 $ ( :- . + &' # (E 99 ( $ ( #< N+
( 9 >N ; 3 U ? $ ( 9 $ ( :- . + ( $ # FL B 7
F I >F 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 B 71 >F? 899 (# 9 ( $ ( 9
5 8 :- . + ( &' ( # 9 ( N > " 3 U ?
$ ( 9 5 >F ; 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 8 # ( /1
B9( 9 0 ( $ , ( #( 9 # E # 9 $/
$ ( 9 $$ ( ( + &' ( $ / 9 E $/ B 0 9 5 !
( ( + $$ ( ( $ / > # # $ 80 ( #?1 F # E (
E $/ 9 # # / > 9 ( 0 3?1 0 (# E
( ( # E ( # # (#1 ' $ 3 U 1
- 23 + $% 3 54
# E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 @ 1 H ( #( ( 9 & #
E +( ( 9 E ( >B? ( &+ ' B >53 U ? E ( >:+)? ( &
# $ 0/+ "& >F "& 5 U ? ( &' $ ( + B >533 U ?
( + 0 # ( :- . 1 E ( ( (# ( 0 (/ E # ( $/ (
# E ( 9 ( # ( 9 E #( ! #( >B+:?1
" >F? ( B ( ( E # ( # # $ 80 (
#1 >)? F # # ( ( # > # ( ( $/ 9 )8O)+B F? E
# $/ # ( 9 ( /1 $ 9 0 (# c 9 ( #1 d<
R3135 :- . = & ( :- . +( ( #; ddd< R3133 :- . = &
( :- . +( ( #1
- 43 , $% ,, $ ,
"9+* * + -./0 3" ( $# 9 $ ( # & ( #
54 # E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 >: 53? U >: 333? !
>B? !4 >B :?1 H ( #( $ ( # & ( # # E +( ( 9
E ( F I >F 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 B 7 9 ( N > " 3 U ?
$ ( 9 5 ( & # $ 0/+ "& >F "& 5 U ? ( &+
' B >53 U ? ( + 0 # ( :- . 53 >: 53? 9 ! >B? !4 >B :?1
B9( ( ( (# 7 +* F7 /# # 9 FL : 7 B 0 ## >B? E #( +$ ((
/# # 9 FL : ( >:? E 9 > # # $ 80 (
#?1 7 B 0 ## E # ( ( ( # E ( 1 $
9 0 (# c 9 ( #1 d< R3135 ddd< R3133 < ( #( ( ( (
( ( ( #1
- /3 , $% ,, $ , .*
+ -./0 3 " ( $# 9 $ ( # & ( # 54 #
E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 >: 53? U >: 333? ! >B? !4
>:?1 H ( #( $ ( # & ( # ( 7 B 0 ## >B? #
E +( ( 9 E ( F I >F 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 B 7
9 ( N > " 3 U ? $ ( 9 5 ( & # $ 0/+ "& >F "&
5 U ? ( &+ ' B >53 U ? ( + 0 # ( :- . 53 >: 53? 9
!4 1 H ( ( ( >:? # 0 # # E (1 B9(
( ( (# 7 +* F7 /# # 9 FL : 7 B 0 ## >B? E #( +$ ((
/# # 9 FL : ( >:? E 9 > # # $ 80 (
#?1 7 B 0 ## E # ( ( ( # E ( 1 $
9 0 (# c 9 ( # 0 ( 9 :- . U > e ?1 d< R3135< ( #(
( ( ( ( ( ( #1
- ;3 + 7<= 8
, /21 $% 1 " (
$# 9 $ ( # 54 # E ( ( ( E ( :- . 53 ! !4
@ > ( ? >B+F?1 H ( #( $ ( # & ( >B? # E +
( ( 9 E ( N+ ( 9 >N ; 3 U ? $ ( 9 $ ( :- . +
( $ # FL B 7 F I > 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 B 7 >:?
9 E ( > 3 U ? # 9 $ ( 9 8 9 ( N > 3 U ?
$ ( 9 5 >F? 9 E ( ( & # $ 0/+ "& >F "& 5 U ?
( + 0 # ( :- . 53 > ! !4 @ ?1 B9( ( ( (# 9 E /( ( /
/# # E # 9 9 E #( E ( ( 9 $ ) &FK> ? > #
# $ 80 ( #?1 FF >53 U ; $ ? E # # #
# ( ( 9 ( $ , ( >B F?1 #( # 9 CD
# ( ( 9 ( #( ( 0 (# 9 ( #1
- >3 , +
-./0 3 :- .
( $ # ( #( ( ( / 0 ## FL : # ( ( ( ( 9 8
( # ( 5 ( E / $ ( ( ( ( ( 1 ( ( ( B 7
( ( $/ :- . E ( ( ( 0/ # # >7&'? ( ( (
FL ( $ # # $ # E ( $ 8 ( ( $/ (
$ > ( 1 3 3 ?1 " $ ( B 7 5 ( ( #
&' 0 ## ( $/ # ( # & ( 1 '
( # ( ( ( / $/ / ,
( $ 1
24h 48h 72h
DAF-FM
control
a -NF 10 µM
Pifithrin α 10 µM
Figure 1
Figure 1
Figure 2
control
48h
α -NF 10 µM
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM
CH 10 µM
B
control
PIF 10 µM
control
Car 10 µM
C
control
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM DMSO B[a]P 50 nM
24h
48h
A
48h
Figure 2
Figure 3
A B
C D
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM
Vehicle SNAP
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM 0
10 20 30 40
% of cell with fragmented DNA
B[a]P 50 nM
Vehicle
LNMMA CPTIO
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM 0
10 20 30 40 50
% of cell with fragmented DNA
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM 0
50 100 150
Intracellular ATP level
B[a]P 50 nM
Vehicle LNMMA
Carboxy PTIO
***
* ***
***
DMSO B[a]P 50 nM 0
200 400 600 800 1000
DEVDase Activity RFU / µg prot
B[a]P 50 nM
Vehicle
LNNMA
CPTIO
Figure 3Figure 4
Control PIF CPTIO SNAP
CYP 1B1 D BP
50BP
1000D BP
50D BP
50D BP
50HSC 70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Control BP 50 BP 1000
Control BP 50 Control BP 50 Control BP 50 Control BP 50
Vehicle CH PIF CPTIO SNAP
C Y P 1 B 1 m R N A f o ld e x p re s s io n
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Control BP 50 BP 1000
Control BP 50 Control BP 50 Control BP 50 Control BP 50
Vehicle CH PIF CPTIO SNAP
C Y P 1 B 1 m R N A f o ld e x p re s s io n
24h
48h
48h
A
B
***
***
*** ***
P<0.01
***
***
***
***
*** ***
P<0.05
* *** ***
***
P<0.001 P<0.01
P<0.01
P<0.001 P<0.01
P<0.001
Figure 4Figure 5
Control CPTIO SNAP D BP
50BP
1000D BP
50D BP
50HSC 70 p21 Control PIF
D BP
50BP
1000D BP
5024h
A
B
48h 24h
*
P<0.05 P<0.05
Figure 5
Figure 6
DiOC 6
control
a -NF 10 µM
CH223191 10 µM
A
B
Cariporide 10 µM
Pifithrin α 10 µM
control
CPTIO 25 µM
C
Figure 6
Apoptosis
B[a]P
DNA damage
NHE1 activation AhR activation
iNOS-dependent NO production
-DY m
metabolism via CYP1B1 AhR
activation
p53 activation
Figure 7
Membrane remodeling
ROS
Figure 7
?
+:- . / , ( 9 ( $ ( ( 1
+:- . + / , ( # B 7+ ( &' ( ( 1
+:- . + & (# # # # ( ( ( 1