Water quality in the distribution system

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Water quality in the distribution system

Imran, S. A.

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

Wat e r qua lit y in t he dist ribut ion syst e m

I R C - O R A L - 7 5 3

I m r a n , S . A .

A v e r s i o n o f t h i s d o c u m e n t i s p u b l i s h e d i n

/ U n e v e r s i o n d e c e d o c u m e n t s e t r o u v e

d a n s : C l e a n a n d S a f e D r i n k i n g W a t e r

W o r k s h o p , G a n d e r , N F L D . , M a r c h 2 1 - 2 3 ,

2 0 0 6 , p p . 1 - 3 1

Water Quality in the Distribution

System

The Drinking Water

The Drinking Water

Continuum

Continuum

Drinking Water Treatment

Drinking Water Treatment

Sources

Sources

Groundwater

Surface Water

Sea Water

Distribution and Collection Infrastructure

Distribution and Collection Infrastructure

Wastewater Treatment

Need for Protection of

Distribution System

Internal Corrosion in Old

Iron Pipes

Passive Film

Porous Corrosion

Scales

Cl

Cl

-

-Iron (hydro) oxides

Iron (hydro) oxides

O

O

₂

₂

+ H

+ H

₂

₂

O

O

Fe

Fe

2+

2+

O

O

₂

₂

+ H

+ H

₂

₂

O

O

Cl

Cl

-

-

_{+ H}

_{+ H}

2

2

O

O

e

e

-

-

_e

_e

-

-Fe(OH)

Fe(OH)

+

+

_{+ Cl}

₊

_Cl

-

-

_{+ H}

_{+ H}

+

+

Highly Anodic Region

Water Quality Interactions

with Pipe Surfaces

Fe

Fe

+2

+2

½

½

O

O

₂

₂

Æ

Æ

OH

OH

-

-OH

OH

-

-GR

GR

Cl

Cl

-

-FeCl

FeCl

₂

₂

NO

NO

₃

₃

-

-FeOOH

FeOOH

SO

SO

₄

₄

-

-

2

2

FeS

FeS

HCO

HCO

₃

₃

-

-FeCO

FeCO

₃

₃

e

e

-

-Anode

Anode

Cathode

Cathode

Microbiological (biofilm)

Interactions with Pipe

Surfaces

Slime formers

& Iron bacteria

Cl

Cl

-

-Fe

Fe

2+

2+

O

O

₂

₂

FeCl

Fe

Cl

₃

₃

Fe(OH)

Fe(OH)

₃

₃

OH

OH

-

-

Fe

Fe

2+

2+

Fe

Fe

3+

3+

H

H

₂

₂

S

S

SRB

SRB

Fe

FeS

S

Gallionella

Gallionella

Thiobacillus

Thiobacillus

FeCO

FeCO

3

3

SO

SO

₄

₄

2

2

-

-Highly Anodic Region

TBW groundwater protection

targets

-How to reconcile new

sources with old pipes?

Construction of Pilot Site

$

3,000,000

3,000,000

Tailored Collaboration Project

Tampa Bay Water

AwwaRF

Pilot Distribution System

(PDS) Setup

¾ N

ominal length of PDS - 100 feet

¾ O

ld pipes excavated and transported from actual distribution system

Pilot Distribution System

Headworks

Pilot Water Treatment

Processes

Reverse Osmosis Unit

Nanofiltration Unit

Coagulation and Settling Unit

Mitigation measures for

red water release control

0

25

50

75

50

100

150

200

250

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO

₃

)

∆

C (

CP

U

)

HRT = 5 days

HRT = 2 days

Alkalinity = 80 mg/L

as CaCO

₃

Conflicting Water Quality

Impacts on Different Pipe

Materials

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

pH

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Temperature

↑

↑

↑

↑

HRT

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↓

↓

Color

↓

↓

↑

↑

Sulfates

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Chlorides

↑

↑

↓

↓

↑

↑

Alkalinity

↑

↑

Lead

Copper

0

20

40

60

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Definition of blend response

[100% RO]

100% RO

Appa

rent

Colo

r Re

leas

e

CPU

Cop

per R

elea

_se

mg/L

Lead Release

µ

g/L

35 CPU

0.3 mg/L

16 µg/L

0

20

40

60

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Definition of blend response

[100% SW]

100% SW

Appa

rent

Colo

r Re

leas

e

CPU

Cop

per R

elea

_se

mg/L

Lead Release

µ

g/L

13 CPU

0.4 mg/L

1 µg/L

0

20

40

60

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Definition of blend response

[100% GW]

100% GW

Appa

rent

Colo

r Re

leas

e

CPU

Cop

per R

elea

_se

mg/L

Lead Release

µ

g/L

2 CPU

1.2 mg/L

8 µg/L

0

10

20

30

40

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0

5

10

15

20

Feasible blends

100% RO

100% SW

100% GW

Appa

rent

Colo

r Re

leas

e

CPU

Cop

per R

elea

_se

mg/L

Lead Release

µ

g/L

Impact of Distribution Pipes

on Disinfectant Decay:

Bulk

Water and Pipe Wall Reactions

• K

_b

is the bulk reaction coefficient

• K

_w

is the wall reaction coefficient

t

K

K

t

C

e

b

w

C

=

₀

.

(

+

)

)

e

Temperatur

Quality,

Water

Residual,

(

f

K

_b

=

)

Interface

of

Condition

Material,

Pipe

Quality,

Water

Residual,

(

f

K

_w

=

Chlorine vs. Chloramines

Time

R

e

si

d

u

a

l D

isi

n

fect

a

n

t

Chlorine (6")

Chloramine (6")

Chlorine (48")

Chloramine (48")

Examining the Effect of

Water Quality on

Integrity of Distribution

Infrastructure

• NRC – AWWARF Collaborative Project

– Linking water quality changes to integrity of distribution systems

– “Talking Heads” – Getting experts together for a 1 Day

workshop at NRC Ottawa in March 2005

• Development of a Drinking Water Distribution Laboratory at the

Center for Sustainable Infrastructure Research (CSIR), Regina

Distribution System Water

Quality Laboratory

~ 20 ft Test Pipe

Lead and Copper Coupons

Water Quality Sensors & Sampling Ports

Variable Flow Device

Flow Control Valves

Direction of Flow

Chemical

Addition

_{PLC Controller}

Data Recorder

VFD

Distribution System

Water Quality Laboratory

¾ Hydraulic parameters can be controlled using VFD’s

¾ Online measurement and data-logging

¾ Laboratory scale simulation of actual distribution systems

¾ Test pipes can be changed for different material, age, degree of

corrosion and locations

¾ Additional ports for Lead and Copper, biofilms or surface

characterization coupons

¾ Biological control, disinfectant dynamics and persistence of

pathogens can be studied

Enabling Drinking Water

Enabling Drinking Water

Sustainability in Small

Sustainability in Small

Communities

Communities

NRC 2006 Vision: Science at work for Canada

NRC 2006 Vision: Science at work for Canada

– Support and enable drinking water systems towards

self-sufficiency

– Conduct demonstration and verification of emerging

technologies

– Develop and sustain innovative methods of maintaining safe

drinking water in the distribution systems

– Partner with federal, provincial and local governing bodies to

identify and investigate research needs

Thank you.

Questions?