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Table of Contents
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.CONSCIOUSNESS AND LEARNING ... 3
1.1 Major theories of consciousness ... 3
1.2 The learning view of consciousness ... 6
2.CONSCIOUSNESS AND EMOTION ... 12
2.1 Higher-order view of emotion ... 12
2.2 The role of peripheral physiological responses in emotion ... 15
3.ONE OR TWO SYSTEMS FOR LEARNING ... 21
4.OUTLINE OF THE DISSERTATION ... 23
5.REFERENCES ... 25
CHAPTER 1 | SEEING YOUR BRAIN ON A SCREEN ... 31
1.NEUROFEEDBACK ... 31
2.MEASURES OF AWARENESS IN NEUROFEEDBACK ... 34
2.1 Subjective measures ... 34
2.2 Objective measures ... 35
2.3 Metacognitive measures as candidate measures for awareness in neurofeedback ... 36
SELF-EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME FMRI-BASED NEUROFEEDBACK PERFORMANCE ... 39
1.INTRODUCTION ... 40 2.METHODS ... 42 2.1 Participants ... 42 2.2 General procedure ... 42 2.3 Tasks ... 42 2.4 Data Acquisition ... 46 2.5 Online analysis ... 46 2.6 Offline Analysis ... 48 3.RESULTS ... 50
3.1 Percent signal changes in target ROI ... 50
3.2 Participants improve their predictions of feedback ... 53
3.3 Confidence does not show diagnosis of prediction accuracy ... 54
3.4 Exploratory analysis of regional activation ... 54
4.DISCUSSION ... 57
5.SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ... 62
5.1 Target region selection ... 62
5.2 Time course of target region activation per participant ... 64
6.REFERENCES ... 65
CHAPTER 2 | LISTENING TO YOUR HEART THROUGH YOUR EARS ... 69
THE EFFECT OF SYSTOLE OR DIASTOLE-TIMED AUDITORY CARDIAC FEEDBACK ON AFFECTIVE JUDGEMENTS .. 71
1.INTRODUCTION ... 72
2.METHODS ... 74
2.1 Participants ... 74
2.2 Procedure ... 74
2.3 Debriefing and exit questionnaires ... 76
2.4 Heart rate recording ... 77
2.5 Statistical analyses ... 77
3.RESULTS ... 78
3.1 Emotional induction ... 78
3.2 Interoceptive accuracy differences ... 79
3.3 Effects of cardiac feedback ... 80
4.DISCUSSION ... 81
5.SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ... 84
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CHAPTER 3 | THE HEART’S RESPONSE TO INSTRUCTIONS ... 89
CARDIAC AND NEURAL CONCOMITANTS OF INSTRUCTED REVERSALS IN AVERSIVE LEARNING ... 91
1.INTRODUCTION ... 92 2.METHODS ... 94 2.1 Participants ... 94 2.2 Procedure ... 94 2.3 Statistical analyses ... 98 3.RESULTS ... 99
3.1 Categorization as cardiac learner, accelerator and decelerator ... 99
3.2 Effect of instruction on cardiac responses ... 100
3.3 Neural markers of instructed reversals ... 102
4.DISCUSSION ... 104
5.SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ... 106
6.REFERENCES ... 107
CHAPTER 4 | THE HEART’S RESPONSE: EXPECTANCY OR EXPERIENCE? ... 109
NO EVIDENCE FOR A PERRUCHET EFFECT IN HEART RATE RESPONSES ... 111
1.INTRODUCTION ... 112
2.EXPERIMENT 1 ... 114
2.1 Methods ... 114
2.3 Results and discussion ... 118
2.4 Conclusions of Experiment 1 ... 119
3.EXPERIMENT 2 ... 119
3.1 Methods ... 119
3.2 Results and Discussion ... 120
4.GENERAL DISCUSSION ... 123
5.SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ... 125
6.REFERENCES ... 127
GENERAL DISCUSSION ... 131
1.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ... 133
2.LEARNING FROM BIOFEEDBACK ... 134
2.1 Key findings in chapters 1 and 2 ... 134
2.2 Discrimination improvements: perception or inference? ... 137
2.3 Two subjective measures are not the same ... 140
2.4 Novel proposed taxonomy for learning in biofeedback paradigms ... 141
3.HEART RATE UNDER INFLUENCE ... 145
3.1 Key findings in chapters 3 and 4 ... 145
4.CONSCIOUSNESS, LEARNING AND EMOTION ... 148
