TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 ABSTRACT 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9 INTRODUCTION 10i. Research Background and Rationale 10
ii. Research Gaps 14
iii. Aims and Objectives 16
iv. The Study Area: Brazil 17
v. Structure of the Dissertation 19
CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 21
1.1 Community-Based Tourism: Definitions and Intersections 21 1.2 Main Conceptual Approaches to Community-Based Tourism Projects 28
1.2.1 Community-Based Tourism: The Main Issues 28
1.2.2 The Top-down vs. Bottom-up Approach 31
1.2.3 Empowerment, Social Capital, Participation, and a Missing Variable: the Market. 33
1.3 Different Market-Driven Approaches 38
1.3.1 The Traditional Sectoral Boundaries of Tourism Planning 40 1.3.2 A Third Way: Merging Community Supply and Market Demand 42 Communities Are Willing to Participate in the Tourism Market 43 A Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet and Profit 45 1.4 Assessing the Tourism Potential of a Community-Based Tourism Product 48
1.4.1 The Importance of New Product Development 49
1.5 Introducing Products to the Market: Direct or Indirect Distribution Channels 51 1.5.1 Indirect Distribution Channels: A Focus on Collaboration 51 1.5.2 Direct Distribution Channels: eTourism and the Digitalization of Tourism 53 1.6 Tourism Value Chains: A Collaborative Network between Enablers and Drivers 56 1.6.1 Enablers + Drivers = Cross-sectoral Collaborative Partnerships 60
1.6.2 A Reimagined CBT Approach 62
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH APPROACH, METHODOLOGY, AND LIMITATIONS 65
2.1.1. Positionalities of the Researcher 66
2.2 Study Development, Data Collection and Analysis 72
2.2.1 Data Collection 72
2.2.3 Data Analysis 77
2.3 Anonymity and Confidentiality 79
CHAPTER 3: A CASE STUDY: THE UAKARI LODGE IN BRAZIL 80
3.1 Tourism in Brazil: Supply Considerations 80
3.1.2 The Governance of Inbound Leisure Travel 82
O Plano Nacional Do Turismo 2018 - 2020 84
3.2 Community-Based Tourism In Brazil 86
3.2.1 Turismo Solidário e Comunitário (TURISOL) 86
3.3 The Uakari Lodge: An Introduction 89
3.3.1 The Creation of the Mamirauá Reserve 89
3.3.1 The Creation of the Uakari Lodge 92
A Transition To Full Independence: 2012 - 2022 98
3.3.2 The Mamirauá Communities 99
3.3.3 The Uakari Lodge Product, Visitor Profiles and Marketing Strategies 103
The Lodge and Its Offerings 104
The Uakari Activities 106
Much More Than a CBT: A Unique Selling Point 109
The Financial Feasibility of the Lodge 110
The Uakari Customer Profiles and Marketing Strategies 112
CHAPTER 4: THE CHALLENGES OF MARKET ACCESS IN BRAZIL, A DISCUSSION 116
4.1 The Dichotomy between Development-First and Tourism-First; Community and Market;
Research and Practice. 121
4.1.1 Ownership of the Lodge 122
4.1.2 Business Venture or CBT Project? 128
The Development-first Approach: An Unrealistic and Paternalistic Approach 130 Community Members DO Want Individual Economic Benefits 132 Community-Based Tourism is an Economic Activity 133 A Tourism-First Approach: A Lack of a Knowledge-Exchange 136
4.2 Defining the Product 138
4.2.1 A Lack of a Quality Product 139
4.3 Direct vs. Indirect: Does It Matter? 142
Too Much Data, Not Enough Capacity to Implement 143 4.4 A Third Way: Cross-Sectoral Collaborative Partnerships between Community, Enablers, and
Drivers. 148
CBTs Are Businesses 150
CONCLUSION 153
ANNEXES 157
Annex A: Interviews 157
