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(3)

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(4)

MaKeT 061103u'KU:

OoTO na o6no.licxe:

Michael J. Suess

LlepHo6bLabCKHii a epHbIli peaKTop (Hej aJIeKo OT Kxesa, CCCP) nocne asapux 26 anpena 1986 r.

(5)

BceMHpxasi opraxH3aru3si 3upaBOOxpaxexHa EsponeHcxoe perxoxaribxoe 6wpo KoneHrareH

51,1(EPHASi 3HEPI'ETHKA

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OTtIeT o coseuiaam B03 Mon, r enbrHx, 1-4 oxzx6px 1985 r.

Perxoxanbxbie ny6nHxaru3H B03, EBponeHcxasi cepHSi, N° 21

(6)

ICP/CEH 005/m35

ISBN 92 890 4112 9 ISSN 0258 -4972

c BceMHpi-taA opraHH3auHA 34pasooxpaHeHH2, 1989 r.

Ha ny6nHKauHH BceMHpxoH opraHFi3auHH 34pasooxpa- HeHHA paCnpoCTpaHAIOTCA nOJIOA(eHHA npoTOKOna N° 2 Bce- MHpHOH KoxsexuHH o6 oxpaHe aBTOpcKHx npa6. 3aABne- HidA Ha gacTFiLiHyro HnH no1IHyF0 nepeneHaTKy HJIH nepesotl ny6nHKauHN EBponeNcKoro perHOHaJIbHOro 6ropo B03 cne- LIyeT HanpasnATb B 3Ty opraHH3auH10 no atipecy:

Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark. PerHoxanbHoe 6ropo OXOTHO yLIOBneTBOpAeT TaKHe npocb6bl.

O603Ha4eHHA ^, FrCnonb 3yeMble B HaCTOA11teM H3LIaHHH ,

Fr npHBOLIHMble B HeM MaTepHanbl HH B KOeM cnyHae He BblpaA(aroT MHeHHA CeKpeTapHaTa BCeMHpHOFi opraHH3auHH 31IpaBOOxpaHeHHA O IOpHLIH2eCKOM CTaTyCe KaKOF{-nH6o ^`

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TOBaHHble HaHMeHOBaHHA Bb14eAAIOTCA 3arnaBHbIMH 6yK BaMH . 3Ta ny6nHKauHA orpaACaeT B3rn24b1 y2aCTHHKOB 1IaH- HOFi Pa6o2eN rpynnbl Fi Heo623aTenbHO npeLICTaBJIAeT pe- WeHHA FrnH O44)HUFranbHy10 nOnHTHKy BCeMHpHOH opraHH3auHH 34paBOOXpaHeHHA .

(7)

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v

(8)

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B HaCTOAWee BpeMa nO4TH ace Me,i(4yHap011Hb1e Hay4- Hble opraHbf peKOMeH!_IyIOT nOJTb3OBaTbCa CHCTeMON e1iHHHU CH (Systéme international d'unités), pa3pa6oTaHHOH FeHepaJlbxoH KoHcOepeHuHeR no MepaM H BecaM ^{( rKMB )'} ^. BOJIb30BaHFie 3THMH e11HHHuaMH 6bLAo TaKiKe peKOMeH4O- BaHO TpHlzuaTOl%I ceccHel BceMHpHoIt accaM6_neH 311paso- oxpaxeHHa B 1977 r. B HM1KecJlellytOWel-t Ta6AMue npMBo- 1ISITCa TpH np0H3B01IHble e11HHHUbI cF[cTeMbl C{9, 4aCTO HC- nOJlb3yeMble B 4aHHOM 2IOKJIa1Ie, BMeCTe C MX CHMBOJIaMH, COOTBeTCTByK)IüHMH e1lHHMUaMH B ApyroH CHCTM H K0341- (l1mLIHeHTaMH nepec4eTa.

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ABTopHTeTHbie caeaeHHa o CHCTM C11 coaep- A(aTCa B KHHre "EI.IHHHUbi CH B MeaHUNHe", BbinyueHHOH BCeMHpHOH OpraHH3auHeH 3apaBOOXpaHeHHA. 3Ty KHHry MOA(HO npHo6pecTH B KHH)KHbIX Mara3HHaX, y areHToB B03 n0 C6bITy HJIH HenOCpeaCTBeHHO B OTaeAe paCnpeae_9eHNA H c6biTa B03, 06paTHBWHcb no aapecy: Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva

27, Switzerland.

(9)

IIpuKcloBKe

Esponeilcxoe perNoHanbxoe 6ropo B03 yxe B Te4eHNe pRtla neT BbinycKaeT CepNro ny6nNKauNN, nocsSillleHHblx pa3nN'i- HbIM acneKTaM 06lllecTBeHHOrO 31IpaBOOXpaHeHNR B CBN3N C pa60TON aTOMHbIX 3neKTpOCTaHUNN H yllaneHNeM palNoaK- TNBHbIX OTXOJIOB. BCnen 3a Ony6JINKOBaHNeM OT4eTa O npNHUNnaX lIeNCTBNN OpraHOB 31IpaBOOXpaHeHN2 npN aBa- pHFtHbIx Bb16pocax ( 1984 r.) 6bino npoBelleHo coBeWaHNe pa6o4eil rpynnbl B Mane (6enbrNR) B oKT26pe 1985 r.c uenblo Bblpa6oTKN 6onee nollpo6Hblx npaKTNReCKNX yKa3a- HNN B CB23N C TaKNMN aBapNRMN.

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TaKoe nnaHNpOBaHNe LIOn)KHO HOCHTb MHOrOceKTOpanbHblil xapaKTep H OTnN4aTbC2 TWaTe.,nbHOil KoopllNHauNeFi ,4eNC- TBNN, OXBaTbIBaR WNpOKNN CneKTp LIeNCTBNN opraHOB yn-

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vii

(10)

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(11)

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(12)

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(13)

3110p0Bb1O B CBR3H C BO311ei1CTBHeM ocraTO4HOii paLIHOaKTHBHOCTH. 3Ta oueHKa yullep6a B 3aBH-

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(14)

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(15)

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(16)

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(17)

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(18)

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(19)

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(20)

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NCTO4HHK: Kelly, G.N. et al. (12) N Charles, D. & Kelly, G.N. (13).

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(22)

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(23)

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- nepeceJleHHe ;

20

(30)

- KoHTpOJIb 3a nF[IlleBbIMFi flOLIKTMH H BOLIOII;

- ue3aKTHBauHR HaceneHHR;

- 4e3aKTHBauMR TeppMropHH.

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paie

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)Kene3y H nerKFle, TaKHCe MO)KHO AOCTMHb, 3aKpbIB OKHa, LIBepM H LlpyrHe npoeMbl, a TaKN(e BbIKnFOHMB BCe BeHTFt- .,RRUHOHHble CMCTeMbI . 3K paHHpyrolllMli a K TOp , yMeHbWarolüHM LI03y H 06eCneHMBaeMbl{i 34aHMAMH, Mo)KeT KoJIe6aTbC51 OT 0,2-0,8 OT paLlHOa K TMBHOro o6JIaK a uo 0,08-0,4 OT pa- LIHOaKTMBHbIX OCa4KOB ^{( 1 )}^. OaKTOp CHM)KeHMA MHraJIALIM- OHHOi 403b1 npM OCyIlleCTBneHFiM COOTBeTCTByIOü1HX tep KOHTPOJIA 3a BeHTMJIRUHeM Mo)KeT L10CTMraTb nopALlKa 10.

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npOL10n)KHTenbHOe hce HaXON(L1eHMe nroLleFi B noMe111eHHAx MO)KeT npHBeCTM K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO COUMaJIbHbIX, McLIHUMH- CKHX H nCHXOJIOrMHeCKMX npo6JleM.

11pNeM HepaLIHOaKTMBHOro MOL1a

1]pMeM coeLl,MHeHHA HepaLIHOaKTHBHOrO NOLIa 344eKTHBHO BnHReT Ha cHMNCeHFie 403b1 nornOlüeHMR pa4MOaKTHBHO1-0 HoLla IIIHTOBHLIHOFt )Kene3oi-i. 3To cpeLICTBO OKa3bIBaeTCR

(31)

HaN6onee 344eKTNBHbIM, ecnN npNeM OcyweCTBnSleTCSI 40 HAN BO BpeMA O6ny`{eHNfï , N 6bICTp0 TepReT CB010 30eK- TNBHOCTb, ecnN npMeM BeLIeTCA 4epe3 HeCKOJIbKO 4aCOB

noc.,ne 06ny4eHNSi. Cnel(OBaTeJIbHO, Heo6xOLINMO npN6e- raTb K nplieMy HepaLINOaKTHBHOrO Nona KaK MON(HO paHb- we, KaK TOnbKO nonyMeH npOrHO3 O TOM, 4TO O)KNLIaeTCA 3Ha4NTeJIbHbIA Bb16pOC paLINOaKTNBHOrO Rona.

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NOLIa e)KeL1HeBHO LUISi LIeTeN B BO3paCTe 1 rona H 60.nbwe N 50 Mr - LInSI HOBOpON(LIeHHbIX . CpeLIN 04eHb He6onbWON MaCTN HaCeneHFiH MOT Ha6JI10LIaTbCA HeN(eJlaTeJlbHble , OLIHaKO OTHOCHTenbHO He3HaMNTenbHble nO6O4Hble 340eK-

Tbl. Bo MHOrNX Cny4aSiX HepeanbHo nblTaTbCH pacnpo- CTpaHSITb HepaLIHOaKTNBHbIN NOLI CpenN HaceneHNA , nOL1-

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OrpaHN4eHNe Llocryna Ha TeppNTOpNw

KoHTponb 3a nepenBNH(eHNeM nKlLleli B palloH aBapHN N N3 Hero CHH3NT 4HCnO O6ny4eHHbIX N nOMO)KeT ocywecTBneHN1O aBapNNHbiX MepOnpN51TNFl. TpynHOCTN MOT BO3HHKHyTb, ecnN TaKaSI KOHTpMepa 6yaeT OCyIIIeCTBJIHTbCS{ B TeMeHNe nnNTenbHOrO nepNOaa BpeMeHN, nOCKOnbKy Onpene..neHHble rpynnbl HaceneHHfi MOryT CTpeMNTbCH nOnaCTb B CBOH n0- Ma NnN nOKNHyTb NX, a TaK)Ke nOny4NTb nOCTyn K CBOHM nOMaWHNM )KNBOTHbIM HnN nonblTaTbCSI cnaCTN TOBapbl HAN nponyKTbl N BbIBe3TN FIX N3 3aKpbiTOrO paNOHa. 11pN CO- OTBeTCTByK)wNX MepaX KOHTpOnS{ pNCK nopOH(HO-TpaHCnopT- HbiX npONCweCTBNIi 6yneT MNHNManbHblM.

3BaKyallNSl

3BaKyaLINN HBnHeTCN 344eKTNBHbIM CpenCTBOM npOTNB BHe- WHerO H BHyTpeHHero 06ny4eHNSl, onHaKO oHa HapywaeT CnO)KNBWHeCSI CBF13Fi, H Ha npaKTNKe ee OCy11IeCTBNTb O4eHb Tpynxo. Oco6yw ocTpoTy 3Ta npo6neMa npHO6pe- TaeT B Tex CnyMaSiX, KOr,ga 3TO KacaeTCH KpynHblx

(32)

KOHTkiHreHTOB HaCeneHNA . flo3TOMy oHa LIOnA(Ha npF[Me- HATbCA TO1IbKO B Cny4ae a6COJIKITHOFI He06XOL1NMOCTN, 4T0661 npeLlOTSpaTNTb 6bICTpbIN Ha6op uO3b1, npNBOLIAWeR K HeCTOXaCTN4eCKHM nOCJIe11CTBNAM, H, HaCKOJ1bKO 3TO 803- M0A(HO, TOJIbKO RO OTHOWeHNIO K He6OJIbWNM rpynnaM HaCe-

JIeHNA , npO)KNBaK)WNM B HenOCpeLICTBeHHON 6nN30CTN OT ALIepHOFI yCTaHOBKN. CneLlyeT IIOMHNTb, 4T0 3BaKyauHA Tpe6yeT onpeLleneHHOrO BpeMeHN LIAR ee ocyluecTB.,ReHNA N, BepoATHO, 6yLIeT HaN6oJlee 3414eKTFiBHOFi nN60 npN Ha- /1144M14 4OCraTO4HOrO BpeMeHF! nepell Bbl6pocoM LIAR c6opoB no TpeBOre, JnR6o B Tex Cny4aAX, KorLla oHa NcnoJlb3y- eTCA DAR npelloTBpaWeHFiA o6J1y4eHNA OT OcaN(lleHHbix pa- 1INOHyKnNLIOB B npOMeA(yT04HOFi 03e. B JIF06oM nnaHe aBapNNHbIX MepOnpNATN{i LIOnA(Ha 6b1Tb y4TeHa BO3MO)KHOCTb HeOpraHN30BaHHOr0 BbIXOLIa JitoL(eIi H3 nOpaA(eHHbIX H HenO- pa)KeHHbIX paNOHOB , C TeM 4TO6bl CBeCTN K MNHNMyMy 34)- (PeKT pa3pylileHNA CJIOA(NBWNXCA cBA3ei. B TO BpeM5( KaK COIINanbHblN H 3KOHOMN4eCKNi4 ylllep6 OT 3BaKyauHN MO)KeT OKa3aTbCA BbICOKNM, C4NTaeTCA, 4T0 pNCK ,gJIA 340p0BbA 6yLIeT OTHOCNTeJ1bHO He6OJIbWNM H CBA3aH, B nepBylo ()He- pear), C B03MOA(HbIMN LIOpoA(HO-TpaHCnopTHbiMN npoNCWeCT- BNHMN.

BepeceJleHNe

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BOLINTCA B MeHee 3KCTpeHHOM nopALlKe, 4eM 3BaKyauN2, N MO)KeT 6bITb 6bICTpbIM HAN LIJINTeJIbHbIM. 3T0 LlOporOCTO-

AWaA Mepa, N ee ocyWecrBneHNe 3aBNCNT OT TOrO, eCTb nN COOTBeTCTByKIWNN paNOH .ünA nepece.geHNA . He cneLly-

eT HeLlOOUeHNBaTb CBA3aHHy1.0 C nepeceneHNeM HepBHOnCN- XNMeCKyK1 Harpy3Ky.

KOHTponb 3a o6eCne4eHHeM npOLIyKTaMN nNTaHNSi H BOLIOCHa6A(eHNeM

COOTBeTCTByKIWNe meow KOHTpO.,RA 3a 110YKTMH nNTaHNA MOryT BKn1O4aTb yHN4T0A(eHNe 3apaA(eHHbIX npOLIyKTOB, OrpaHN4eHNe NnN 3anpeWeHNe ynOTpe6neHNA HX B nNWy,

(33)

OTKa3 OT npRMOrO NX ynorpe6JIeHNA H nepepa6oTKy B

1Ipyr4ie npollyK Tbl ( HanpNMep, MonoK a B Cblp ) NnN nepe2la- 4y MX Ha XpaHeHkie, noKa paLINOaKTNBHOCTb He CHN3NTC2 20 npNeMneMorO ypoBHH.

KoHTponNpoBaHNe BOII0CHa6N(eHNA 06b14H0 03Ha4aeT 3anpellleHNe NCnOJIb3OBaHNA B021b1 N3 3apak(eHHoro NCTO4-

HN K a 2InR JI106b4X ue.neri .

TaKHe Mepbl MOT Bbl3BaTb HOBble npo6neMb[ B TeX paNOHaX, r1le y)Ke H TaK 011lyWanaCb HeXBaTKa mum N/N.RN

BOLibI .

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HH21NBN21yanbHaR 2Ie3aKTNBaUNR 1IOnN(Ha npOBOLINTbCR nNWb B TeX Cny4aRX, KOrLIa NMeIOTCR TO4Hble 21aHHble O 3arpR3- HeHNN nOBepXHOCTN eia NnN eCTb BCe OCHOBaHNA 3T0 npe2lnonoJKNTb. KaK npa9lino, 6bITOBOi 2IyW - 2OCTaTO4- Hoe cpe2ICTBO 2IJIR 2Ie3aKTNBauNN KO)KN, a CTNpKa B npa- 4e4HOli Mo)KeT npNBeCTN K nO4TN noJIHOMy o6e33apa>rcN-

BaHNa OLIe)KLtbl.

Me11NUNHCKaR nOM011ib MOY(eT nOTpe6OBaTbCA B TeX Cny4aRX, KOrLIa 3apa)KeHHbIMN OKa3anNCb nOBpeN(2IeHHble y4aCTKN Tena HAN KorLla 06e33apa)KNBaHNR HeB03MO)KH0 2IO6NTbCA C nOMOWba HeO2IH0KpaTHON CTNpKH. E2INHCTBeH°

HbIM pNCKOM npN NHIINBN1IyanbHOFi LIe3aKTNBaUNH RB.,nReTCA BO3MO)KHOCTb paCnpoCTpaHeHNR paLINOaKTNBHOCTN Ha paHee He3apaH(eHHble y4aCTKN.

fle3aKTNBauNA TeppNTOpHN

llaHHaR 3alANTHaR Mepa BKJIIM4aeT yLla..neHNe paLINOaKTNBHbIX BeulecTB N3 nopa>tceHHoro palioxa H nepe6pocxy HX B 2lpy- roe MeCTO, r11e OHN 6y2IyT OKa3bIBaTb McHee Bpe2lHoe BnNRHNe. OHa MON(eT BKna4aTb npOMbIBKy, 04NCTKy n0- BepXHOCTeFI C nOM011iba nblJlecOCOB, 3anaXNBaHNe CeJIbCKO- X03RüCTBeHHbIX yro2lNli NnN y2laneHNe nOBepXHOCTHOrO

CJIOR 1104Bbl. 3TN Mepbl 304DeKTNBHO CHN)KaaT BHeWHee o6ny4eHNe OT pa2INOaKTNBHbIX OCa11KOB N yMeHbWaaT 21o3y BHyTpeHHerO 06ny4eHNR OT B21bIXaHNA nO11HATbIX B B032IyX pa11NON3oTOnoB. IIpN 3TOM pNCKy nO2lsepraaTCR Te, KTO

24

(34)

3aHRT BbInOJIHeHHeM COOTBeTCTByK)II[HX npoueuyp Ae3aKTH- BaUHH.

[lpHMeHHMOCTb pa3JIN4HbiX 3alAHTHbIX Mep B pa3HbIX (Pa3ax asapHH noKa3axa B Ta6Ji. 4.

OI[EHKA BEJIRIINHb1 1103b1 C I[E![bI0 QPNHATIdA 3Al1INTHbIX MEP

Bo sBejIeHHH K HacTOSlllleFl KHNre yKa3aHbl cJieaylolüHe npHHUHnbI, KOTOpbIMH Cnen,yeT pyKOBO4CTBOBaTbCR npH npHHRTHH 3a111HTHbIX Mep:

- H36eraTb, n0 BO3MO)(HOCTH, HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHX nOCnelI,CTBHH o6JIy4eHHS{ HaceneHHR ;

-

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-

OrpaHH4HBaTb yluep6, HaHOCHMbiH 31IOpOBbK) Hace- neHHR nopa)KeHHOrO paHOHa B CBR3H C OCTaTO4- HbIM pa1IHOaKTHBHbIM 3apaA(eHHeM MeCTHOCTH.

He06X04HMO 1I06HBaTbCR BO3MO)KHO 6onee HH3KOH HHIIHBH- d[yaJIbHOFI 1IO3b1 06ny4eHHR, npHHHMaR BO BHHMaHHe KaK pHCK O6ny4eHHR, TaK H pHCK, CB23aHHbIH C KOHTpMepaMH.

PeWeHHe o BBe4eHHH KaKOH-nH60 3a11[HTHOH Mepbl, B

4aCTHOCTH B paHHeÎ-[ H npOMe)KyTO4HON (pa3aX , IIOAA(HO OC- HOBbIBaTbCR Ha OUeHKe pHCKa nOTeHUHaJIbHOrO O6JIy4eHHH OT1IenbHOrO 4enOBeKa, H nO3TOMy npHHRTaR 1[03HMeTpH- 4eCKaR BenH4HHa 1IOnA(Ha CJIyA(HTb BblpaA(eHHeM 3T0r0 pHC- Ka. LIAR OUeHKH pHCKa O6ny4eHHR oTZlenbHblX JIHU B yC- nOBHRX HOpManbHOH pa60TbI R1IepHbIX yCTaHOBOK 6bina pe- KoMeH,L[OBaHa "340eKTHBHaR 3KBHBa.IIeHTHaR 403a" ⁽ ^I ^, 15) .

TaKOH nO1IXOII He MOA(eT, 01IHaKO, npHMeHRTbCR K HeCTO- XaCTH4eCKHM nOCJleI[CTBHRM B nepH011 nocne asapHH, nOC- KOnbKy KO344HUHeHTbI pHCKa H CBR3aHHble C HHMH OTRrO-

IIIaK)Il[He aa K TOpbl OUeHHBaIoTCR Ha OCHOBe

(35)

Ta6nHua

^4. aHana3oH npHMeHHMOCTH pa3nH4HbIX KoHTpMep

KoHTpMepa

(Pa3a

paHHRR npOMe>ICy- 11031IHRR TO`{HaR

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3aIIIHTbI OT pa1IHOaKTHBHOCTH + +

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-

3aluHTa Tena + +

-

3BaKyauHR + +

KH4IHBH4yaJIbHaR 1Ie3aKTHBauHR ⁺ ⁺ ⁺

IlepeceneHHe - + +

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3apa)Kexxylo TeppHTOpHIo ⁺ ⁺ +

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d,e3aKTHBauHR TeppHTOpHH - + +

O6o3Ha4eHHR : + = npHMeHHMa H, BO3MO)KHO , Heo6xotlHMa + = IIpHMeHHMa

- = HenpHMeHHMa HnH ManOnpHMeHHMa HCTO4HHK: MeN(4yHapo4H0e areHTCTBO no aTOMHOFt 3HeprHH (5).

26

(36)

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(37)

HaukIOHaJIbHbIX opraHOB npH ycTaHOBneHMM KpFiTepNeB npCiMeHeHIïN 3alllMTHbix Mep.

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(38)

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(39)

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(40)

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(41)

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32

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