UNITED NATIONS
ECONOM I C
AND \ I
SOCIAL COUNCIL ~~
-.' +-
t.istr ,
LLn~F:D
E/':;~\'. /NIC/16
;;1 7",,:,;,; J01'.S
ECONO:·IC C01\~J_SSICU ;~'Cii ;',,'F:LC:i'\
Worki~-lg Gronp 'J~1. -su. Ad-rpt.. t.Lon of rhc Rc'ci.-3Ccl Sl1\ to •..:t'ric,..- -"ldelis,'lb'-b.'], lL~-2u J',.lly 1965
":,T. Th6 N.:;tiGn.~l ',cc;ounts of thc T'c.J.('r,t,1u)"( (:1' R.;-:.'odc:c;it: ~nd f.t/:J8t)}Dnd
for 196;~' ~ ,""dj~l.s+Cri To COllJ'rl1:T,i t(l ("~c' =-:-"P',cT!!JeJii"~c ~-~,Y8tom of N,'}ti o..
, I
,
65-1945
,
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E/CN.14/;IAC/16
TA3LE OF COFTEl'.J':'S
11 • HistOl'ic-31 rC1.r i C V1 •• "."""""."." •••• " ••••••• a " ••• " • " ••••• " ••• " 1 (a)
" I
~0 I
(c. I, (d)
Sout11crn Rhodesia.""""" .. " ... ""."".""."" ... " .•. "."."."".""""
Northern Phode si a and nya3nland .
FEder8tion of ·Rhodesio and ~\yas81nnd . NIni:'l sourCEs.""."."""".""""" .••••••• " •• "."."""".,, •••• " ••
1
4 4 B. I\IJain charccteristics of thE e s r.i.ma tc s •••. "" •• "."" •• "" •••• """
(0:' Busic cpprocch."."" ••.•• """ •••• " """.""."""""" .• "" 6 (b) F~und2ry of production.""""""""""""""""""""""".""""".""" 10 (c) Domestl c or nrc i.o nrL concept •.••. ' . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • 10
•
,
c.
I\iIQin cli\lc:rg(nci~s from the intcrccdi~-tc S~l~:;tcm. . . ,,,,," .... " I jLntc r-mc dini.o ::~,~/:o.~t(-:r:j••••••••• g ~. ~ • • , • • 0 ~ ~"""'. 0 • • • • • • • • • • • :;'5 E.. Bstbods of cstiE;c:tion ~ o • •~ 0 ~ • • •o • • • •" • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~7
P.. ThE r-c l i.ab i.Li tv of the Estis:rtcs o 38
E/CN.14/NAC/16
A. HISTORICAL REVIEN
Prior to the date of Federation (October 1953) there was no
attempt to provide comprehensive :~Dti',ncl InCC)L!E EstiiilbtEs lor the three territories in Central Africa, although they had a common currency
and, particularly in the case of Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodcsi2, shared a number of common servicEs.
Greater attention by national accountants has been devoted to Southern Rhodesia than to Either Northern Rhodesia or Nyasaland. A historical series,of net geographical product in the money economy is available for Southern Rllodesia back to 1924 whereas the earliest available figures for Northern Rhodesia and Njasaland relate to 1938.
a) Southern Rhodesia
The first estimate of national income for Southern Rhodesia was made by !~. L. Cripps snd presented in a lecture before the Rhodesia Scientific Associetion in Salisbury in January 1924. The first
systematic estimates, however, WErE produced by Professor S.H. Frankel assisted by Mr. H. Herzfeld in 1945. These estimates were required by
the Commission of Inquiry into the lilining Industry of Sou~hern Rhodesia in arder to assess the relative importance of the industry to the economy.
They related to the years 1924 to 1943, inclusive. The estimates and notes on the estimates were published in the Report of the Mining Commission dated 1945.
Professor Frankel's estimctes. werE restricted to the. noney economy snd although described 8S nationcl income Estimotes actually related in modern terminology to the net geographical product of Southern Rhodesia, which for all practical purposes corresponded to net domestic product. The estimates were buil t up from -t.he
product approach and summed the net product of European agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. An estimate for services wos made by
E/Cll.14!NAC!16 Page 2
applying the same relationship between services and other sectors as in the Union of South Africa. The sales of agricultural produce by the rural household sector were omitted. These sales would, however, have been of little significance in t he years 1924 to 1943;
Official estima tes of the national i ncoms were first published in the Economic and Statistical Bulletin.of Southern Rhodesia of 7th January 1947 for the years 1942 to 1944. The domestic product was in these estimates arrived at by the income approach and this set the pattern fo,!, all future estimates. The estimates followed the system set out by stone and Meade in a paper published in the Journal of the Royal Economic Society, September 1941 •
. The first articulated set of accounts for Southern Rhodesia was drawn up and published in a wnite papEr iSSUEd with the budget for 1948/49. The system of accounts for Southern Rhodesia attempted to embody the latest principles and took into account the recommendations contained in the LeagUE of Nations' "]\'Gasurement of National Income and the Construction of Social Accounts" which appe ared in 1947.
Further estimates werE published.from time to time in the Southern Rhodesia Economic end stztjsticol Bulletin And in the Fin~ncial Statement
~ssued with the budget. The most importont subsequent publicotion, however, vms produced in )/Ia;r 1952. 'The NationAl Income and Social Accounts of Southern Rhodesia, 1946-1951" published as a separate volume by the Central African Stntisticol Office, contnined an crti- culpted SEt of 8npropriotion Accounts, copitpl 2CCQUnts end n summnry nDtionnl income And expenditure toble, together with 0 tDble providing historicnl series on netgeogrophical product for the years 1939 to 1951. An industriol clossificrtion of net geogrrphicDl output was giVEn for 1948, 1949 cnd 1950. Estimrtes of Africcn subsistence income were included but at what is now beL'icve d to be .0 very low level.
No imputntions were mode for cgricul turnl rurd household services.
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E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 3
b) Northern Rhodesia and Nynsnlnnd
National accounts for both Northern Rhodesia and Nyasnlnnd «ere constructed by Phyllis Denne for 1938 end 1945. (The Measurement of Colonial National Income, Cambridge University PrEss 1948, and Coloni..l Social Accounting, Cambridge University PrESS 1953). Her Estimates included the value of non-marketed Production of the rural household sector.
The first official estimates for Northern Rhodesia were pub Li.shed by the centr~l African Statistical Office in a special report in ,May 1950, entitled "The National Income and Social Accounts of NorthGrn Rhodesia, 1945 and 1949". This r-e port adopted theprincip1.es set out in the Leagne of Na·tionsI "Me a sur'ernent of Nati ons L. Incbme, and the Construction of Social Accounts". It included a comple te set of apnropriation accounts, capi tal' accounts and national incpme and expendi ture tables. Net concepts were used throughout. For example, in the construction of the national income profits of companies were entered net of allowances for depreciation of capital. The value
of non-marketed production of the rural household sector was excluded.
A second report of Northern Rhodesia, "The National Income and Social Aocounts of Nor-t.hez-n Rhodesia 1945-1953" was published by the Central African Statistioal Office in December 1954. This sEcond rEport was an 6xtension of the first and inclu.ded tables on the industrial
origin of the net domestic product and a nominal valuation of subsistenoe output in the 'summary tables ill national income and expenditure.
Other estimates for Northern Rhodesia were published from time to time in the Economic and Statistical Bulletin of Northern Rhodesia.
Nothing, however, was produced by the Central African Statist~caf Office for !{yasaland until afte n the Federation came into being.'
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 4
c) Federation of RhodEsia and gyasaland
Annual estimates of the' national Lncoms of the Fe dc r'ati on were prepared b,y",-tlW-,C,e.JOl-t.r.a1 Sta'fistic31 Office for publication in the annual Economic Report tabled in the' Federal Assembly at the time of the budget.
The first two Economic Reports' for 1954 and 1955,:JJontEinEd only a single table on the national income' and 'e xpe ndi.ture of the Federation which together ccvered the years 1950 to 1954. Later Economic-Reports in
addition included personal income and Qutlay aooounts, oapitel aooounts, appropriation aocounts of corporations, government ,currept , pocounts and a table on businessente.prises cov~ringr~ceipts,outlay and income payments. Estimates of territorial gross dome.sti,c product I3l1d _industrial origin of the gross domestic product for the ,Eederation were first
introduced in the Eoonomic Report for 1960.
Since 1960 the Central Statistical Offioe- has pubHshed annual.
reports on the national accounts of the Federation oLRhodesia and Hyasaland. These 'reports have been published in June or July of each year and ,have covered the years 1954 to the year preceding publication., ThE- reports have been as comprehensive as possible and were designed to cover the:: .i.ndivi.dueI territIJriE:f: end ~~(ctor2 for Gf'ch tc:cl"'itOI'y in consi der-s.ble' detail 8S c:.'Gl1'· 3"3 th';; F€-0fTEd;iOG as 8. whole.
ThE seri cs of- annua-l rc port s: hat', undcr-gone a number of changes' in concept and principlE, ~articuIBrly affecting thE treatmEnt of imputed financial SErviCES, imputed pEnsion funds of ~oVErnment and the rural househDld seotor~ The prEsent position as ,reflected in the latest volume of national aocounts for the period 1954-1962 is discussed
in the seotions which follow with particular reference to any differences with the Irit crms dd e-tc System proposed in E/CN.14/221.
d) Main sources,
The more significant souroes o'f national accounts estimates for
~entral Africa may be summarised as follows ,
..
•
Southern Hr'fjdesic.:.
c:L,'l} ar-ti c I c
•
7t',L J8nuBr;y,' 1.iLt-'!.0 1 - '
rn
\ I CPOL....
+_..uJ!l:~_,( ' y +L or'~'"":tct·C'.'J ,:.1 l u.... ·...,1.0;:"(~ ""'-'1',·,,-·,-,,-);:)c., l,->')~LI" .~":2ti0r.la::" :::~come of ;3(>u-:1;,:::rIL E:wdcsi2, 1942-474 ;-jIJccial art ic Lc .in tLG Economic 8Yld-:..~t8tis-ticslE,ulletiyl of ~~,-Y10~1c:r:n Rhodesia,
~-:h Jul~r 1943 (Centr21 "\frtcEn1 stGtistica1 (lfficc:).
i~J -the:; Economic and ~)t::,tj.sti(;(:l Bulletin ;)1' :3Duthern :R~lOdcsi3,
7th SEptcrn'ocr 1949 (CE~l-tr,~:l i\f;>icr:l1 ;~tc)ti:::ticDl Office)<
orf
ice).'BV 1952).
(Ccm~bI'idgc iTnj.vcrs"'Lt:.r I--Tcs:~)
PTe'~:~).
~!;e NfJ:-io.t101 Income rmd c~oci['l A'-'COU:C1tS of ~\Tor'Gnerr: rt'1odesin,
1945-53
l8entrpl African St8tistic21 (:7£io(, Sali8hu~T, ~~CEliber1954).
Fc oncrn'i c H.eport::;:; pr-e sente d l.o tY1C feder::l :\SSED1-,ly- (Go-'TeTllIllE::nt S31i3h~J.ry )
l!atiol:,S'.l IncDf.JC' of -t:~.E :;?edert'1tioJ:, 1954-5.J c.i':.cl -pQlance of
ra.\!TIi~nts .:)1.' the ;"edGTa-sior" lQS6-5F:··(:;:2.pplC:;)J,nt to l'lon-'::,':ly
•
,
•
:J.ccora8l1ce wi t~: and
Lfrica>
Jf
E/ClI.14/
r1\C/IC
There W(YE: di'IErgences frol."'!. -the I::.tE:rr:v:;di;..J~e :3ys'te::l whi c h will bE JIentioned in de tail in the next ;]2c-::'i'Jn. B~/ s.ri.'tao Le re2J:-r2nger.I8:"lt of
series pub L'i che d in thE FederationIS .rati.or.a l accounts 2J.l the :'3.J1c8 of .tbe I;~terrr;edi8te S2,'-stem ril'l": obtainab.l e , wi,til the exception of I'a-Dlss 1, 2, 3 and the left har.d side of '"1\9ble 4~ 'Lhe tables of t)-:G In t.e rmcdi nt«
S,ysteffi conpl ete d for the Feder8-~:ior.cTe -dven et tnc end of -th'i s chapter.
'I'he r e GTe striking and impo.l't,c::v:t differc':ccf.J .ir, -the economic abr-uct.ur-es of the thrpe terri tories w~icr-: consti tute d the :s'ecieration, [JEd it was of f'und ar.e rrt eI .irnpor-t ance tnat 3T03S dO:JGstic product e st irna tc r
a . i a l . y s c d by i n d u s t r y s h o u l d b e p r o d : l c e e - b~{ t.c r r i t o r y i n o r d e r t o r-c v c a •
thrc: (;1~8n:!ing struc tur e and dEvelopment oI' the respective c c oncrrri e s , HDti:.'l:.,:;l .inc ome (Cir n atLo naI disponabLe inc ome ) cstimate s "lNETt, on the
:Jthe~~ ~LOnd1 r'estril~teJ to th·:,:: Pcdcration as 3 v/hole clue ·~o the difficulty
~,}O','!(~vcr, in ':[~lj.ch r;f'tim~:ted f':::"n::ilcial provisions f'o r- deprEci"3tinn vreri:
ShO\'!!1. ?he c stimat e s of f i nanci al provisions cove r-e d olJ enterprisGs other
•
'J:'rtro:"l{~ljl)Ui, t.t.e e etimetc« tl~~c b[~8l8 of valuati or. VIES at ma rkcf pri cc s , that is thE 8ct';.£J 'TA:V::,'::;8ct~on "'-811,1(? in thc open msrket , 'l'he r-e v-c rc two EXG2ptions : own 8CCQiln:, Gon.stT'~G:ion. cmd income supplied in kind. Own acc ount conc t.ruction '{i83 'f81-lcd at cost to thE e rrte r-pr-Lse or person urrdc r--
t8kirl[' i t exclusive of :m;y pr-o.iit L-la-,~gi:l whi c h E:ii;ht accrue to an clitGT- prisc pr-o.lucinr- the sume pr oduct for pI'JEit. Similrjl"ly, Lnc ome in kind SUPIJliGd to emj.l oycc s W3~: V31,lCd at :hc' cost of the empl oycr rather
th21~ 2. -:: the v81HE to thE
E/cn.14/NnC/16
"aGe ,j
11"lt r.'!::iln basic appr-oach to the gross domestic product aggregatE was through the scp2r;::te e sti.met i.on of tbe .i.ncorac Lt eras , wage s and s'~l(jrir:s,
income I rom EYltcr prtse and r-er.t s l income from ownership of bui I di2.1g'3. ;,11 i tcmc were e s r irnotE(.T_ tEr:ritorielly nnd for .indiv'i.due L !Y18jor indu8triel E',rm.l.ps, f rorn whic h t~·.i.G t..;T0SG dome s t i.c pz-oduct anal.y s.i s by ii,JJustrJ~ VTBS
rc"'cli12/' obtai nab.l e for t.:c t!"irce tGTl"itoriGS. lJ:1bG items of expenditure,
COYl~~wilptioYl .nd c ap'itrI fJrT::~:;ic,n end net (;x~Y'rtr) of l~oods. and services
were S(l)(J..:catGlj~ esti mctc d ~~t t h e Fc;dc.,r<Jl lEVE:l ::-md cquo l a ty rlith t:1'3 cross dorncst i c pro.luct aggregate nt ;Tl~1rk(;t pri.cc c for the FGdcr.::;r.iC:H:' was
ach'icved by :'YJCr1ES of a "st.ati stic cl li8cTepnncy " itGn;~
GOVETE.ucmt c ons.nnpti..»: ,'1nd n c -:: exports ,)1" i:;o'~Jd;.:i c:ncl. [;r:y"\ricG 8 ;'J}8:"; r-cmai r;«d
unadjust,'~(i, but -Lle e;?tima1:,E:';3 of p.ri.vr.tc co~:sTT;pti~)n ::md C8·,~;:i.tr:J ",Jrn:t;:i:ion
until a tolE:!.·8blG tlstJtisticel dicc r-epancy" was ()l)t:li~lE'd. without prejudice to ths re@soTI30lenes8 of the €S-i:;:iC:lates for privati? consumption Dna capi tal fortnati ori,
~he industrial c l as si.f'jc eti or: used throughout W28 the I~lter21a·Gional St3r~d81'd I'ndustrie L 1.;18ssificetion. T-:stimates were, however, only completed
if:' respect of the divisions of the IoS.IGC. 81thoueh sufficient .ietail C.'las av a i.Lno l e to compile se pm-ate ficures for indiviclunl Q2jor (;roups and in.
certain cases individual Croups. ·~hE unit of c La s sif i.c etion was b aci.cn l l v the establishment but theSE were, for the grcotE'r p9rt, Ldc nt i.col Y,'it!: t; c cn tc r pri oe , There 1.'H?re a number of .instance c , hoy/ever, where there was ini;e:rnal I nconsis tcncy in the accourte, .'or example, VTaf.:'7E:s and ;3a:laries wcre sOI:1etimES c ol Lec t.e d from a particular s n t.r-pr-i se on t.hs GstaJlisl1.'":1ent
ba sis but profits 'NEre. collected .on the e nte r p ri se oasis.
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E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 9
In the volume of the .national accounts covering the period 1954-1962, the profits of the banking, insurance and finance sector were calculated before receipt and payment of interest and dividends. This resulted in large negative profits. The treatment of the sector accorded with the Interrrediate System, but it was a departure from past practice. In earlier volumes of the national accounts, gross profits of the sector were defined so as to include imputed financial services. Imputed charges for the
financial services were made against the profits of the enterprises
receiving the services and the expenditure of final consumers. The accounts were balanced by the inclusion of imputed interest flows. The system was abandoned in the interest of simplicity and as part, of an effort to cleanse the national accounts of imputed flows ·as far as possible.
Two other important changes were introduced in the same valume of the rietional. accounts for the Federation. They involved the treatment of govern~eEt pension funds and imputed rent of government. In earlier volumes, where governments had no pension fund for their employees an
imputed pension fund was set up in the govsrnment accounts. Imputed govern- ment contributions to the fund were made and these contributions added to
the wages and salaries of the employees. The pension contributions of cmpl oyee s and the gOVErnment were assumed to be lent to the government on interest and the imputed interest paid by governm~nt was added to its actual paJ~ents of intErEst. Actual pension payments of govEr~~Ent,
other than ex-gratis poyments, paid out of rEVEnu. were trEated as capital 3ccounts transDctions. The imputed pension funds were in thG Lcte r publication removed from the nrt Loria'l. accounts and the entries werE made according to the practice of the rElevant governments. Pension contributions by employees made into rEVEnu~ were treated as transfers from thE household SEctor and, similarly, pension payments to Employees from reVEnue were treated as transfers.
,Imputed -rEntal mccme of local goverl"~ent on its own buildings USEd to be included in the gross dome~tic product. The imputation was r-ss t.r-Lc t.ed to local government for which a valuation of buildings was availablE. The imputed rEntal income was later Excluded,
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 10
b) Boundary of Production
The production boundary was defined so as to exclude the current services from durable con~~ers' goods including African traditional style housing, the initial cost. of which was included in private consumption expenditure.
The African rural household sector was defined as comprising all African.housahol ds (as opposed to Lar-ge scale enterprise) engaged in farming, forestry or fishing, located in rural areas and in which the activities of the household were primarily directed towards production for their own use of food, fuel and accommodation. The estimates were at best order of magnitude fiGUres. Production for own consumption was estimated on the basis of rural household population and per capita
consumption requirements, taking each territory separately. The valuation of this production was on the bosis_ of gazetted prices of the official merketing organizations less marketing expenses for the relevant
commodities and nominal imputed prices for commodities not purchased by the official organizations. A nominal 25 per cent was added to the value of production for own consumption to allow for rural household SErvices.
0) Domestic or National Conc€vt
T h e m a i n c o n cept w a s g r o s s clomestic p r o d u c t , d e t L n e d as the product of resident pr-oduc er-s, Domestic expenditure included the __ , e xpendi tu r e on consumption fL~1d c:lpitaI f()rn~-tic-'!1 ,"\tt:r:iQutablc
to residents. The wages and salaries of consulpte staff abroad were treated as part of the domestic product and th" weges And salaries of foreign
consular staff in the Federation were excluded from the domestic product.
The expenditure by consulate steff abroad,was included in domestic expenditure whereas the expEnditure by foreign consulste staff in the Federation was excluded from domestic expenditure. T;ce8- 8'1:,teties were, however, of 1ittIl; practical importanceII No s pe ci 21 provision
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E/CN.14/JrAC/16 Page 11
was made in th€ acco~~ts for salaries paid to non-resident members of the Pede rati onts consular staff abroad and vice vs r sa , In practice it was assumed that aI I consular staff abroad wer s r-e s ide nt and all consular staff of foreign govern~ents in the Federation were non-resident.
Individuals WEre trEated as residents of the Federation if domiciled there for twelVE months or mcrEG There WErE Exceptions to this rule-in the cases of consuler staff end migrant workers •."~frican migrant 'workers, including indentured wor-ker-s and certain European workers employed on specific "~jects are generally required on termination of their contract or period of registrstion to re turn to their Dative terri tor;y. The sta tu s of these workers is not always cleer but in general they may be regarded as pert of the fide .jur e " population of their n eti.ve territory.
In pr2cticE, therefore, African workers from countries lying beyond the corders of the Federetion, but employed in the Federation, vlere treated as non-re.sidents in the national accounts. The Itdian workers on the
Karibo project WEre Rlso treated 38 non-residents. Conversely, African workers from the Federotion employed in South Afric8 were treated os residents of the Pe ds r ati on,
Compc n i.e s WErE i:'1 genernl c Lo nc i.f i.ed as r-e s i.de nt if t.hEyV.f.re located in or opere ted in the ?ederDtion and »e re c onsi ds r-e d to bE on integra=.
part of tns country's economy. In the CPSE of com or-ni.c o r-cgi c te re d «b r-oad . but opc r-att.ng 'tn the Federetion, the Loc al b r-nnc h \,J[18 tr-cote d AS t-e si de nt, .01though toe profits ,.--,fteI' tr-x of such tz-anche s r.e r-e 't.r-coce d ,~G pDynble to tne he ad 'office p'1)TOl"lrl~ The cnpitDl trnnsrctions of b ranc he s rTerE
also credited to the h8~d office "brand .
The mCljority of i nsur2tlc.€ compani es o pe r-ati.ng in the Peder3tion WErE
controlled from the United Kingdom, the Re~lblic of South Africr or North Americo. The profits of non-life comp2nies were credited to their heod offices cbrond os were clso :heir cnvestments in thE Federation. In the cnse of life companies, inves:ment in the Feder~tion wn8 entered 08
on investffient from pbropd cfter deducting the increcsc in licbilitiGS to Federal policy holders, clthough the l~tter W8S in procticc mecsurod in
E!CN.14/NllC/16 Page 12
terms of the ekcess·c-of premiums. over claims pl u o the EXCE.SS of Lnve s tmerit
inccme over management expenses. It was accordine1y assumed thot investment income of life companies was en:irely attributable to the shRre of life funds of resident policy holders.
The section of thA Rhodesia Railways operated on behalf of thc
Rhodesia Railways by the South African Railways and lying in the Bechuanaland Protectorate- outside the Federation, ·vms trea-;;Ed as a non-resident branch of the Rhodesia Railways. The net profits of this secticn were creditEd to the Rhodesia Reilways in the rest of the world account. InvEstment in thE ae c t-i.on 2:l~Lcr cs duotron of deprecia-tion VTa3 treated as an .increasE rn assets aDl'O.9d. The Rhodesia Railwa:ls operates in both SouthErn Rhodesia .and llorthc:rn Rhodesia and its product WSs cl Locc tc d tetween the two
territories~
In a numbe r 01' instances conipanie s , although registered and incorporated abr-oad , had r smcvc d t;1eir d..omicile to the FEde~ati·)n.
Although fir..ancial c cn tr-o l may not have bEED vs strd in thE FedG:,ation, managerjRl cont~ol was located there anu the companies were treated as rEsident in the same VJ8Y E'G compani c o registered in Lhe: Federation.
Itches already been noted that the profits of branches af~er tax were crerlitcd to head offiCES abroad. This practiCE was not followed in
the case of wnoll.y owned subsidiaries, nor was t he.r-e any allocation of profits of direct investment comparrie a to the ~rest of the wor-Ld according to thE degree of External r-ontrol. InvGstment income tr8nRactio~sof direct Lnves trnent companies was Lmrit.ed to interest and dividend f' Lovrs , Memoranda i terns giving the relevant information on reinvested profits of di r-cct.
investment companies since 1960 were, hcwsve r , given in the annual Bal ancc of Payments Reports of the Federation.
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E/CT\;.14/UAC/lo Paf:~'-: 1; ,
"
not cxp'l i.ci tLy sta tcd , it is irr:D~.j.c;d t r.a t r:ri{-:;T,'!nt YfOrK:erS orr:: trc a r ed rE3idGnt of the country of employmcn; in the "nte r-rnediute Sys"te:11.
JiS al r eady stated !::iif"rant workc r-s wcr e trE(jted 8S Yli;n-rcsidGnts Ln the Fe dc r ati on rs ac ccur;ts , 1::.\IJt the c>:.::::'TI(G of drfi~--:.~.-'.,.io!i. r cqu irecl 'oy the IntErmediate 3=rstEr:: has !:H?Ef: ir:trr'd:_lc>?d in tne c~ct of taol!?,':; for th-;
Pe der-ati.or: at the end of this c.iap ....,sr. F'oT moct (economic :TfIalyscs, tr:(
dEfini tion of migr8nt riOrkcrs uS residents of tLt,", 'country of cmpl ovucnt nati onal oi spos abl c Lnc ome i::-." not i!!.'T3riani toc!'ll' cl<u::.g-e l:' de CiniLi'~)1:i
O)TlCIit,
•
consumption.
v21u8 of processC'd ogr:r..cul'turslp~od.ucc v2lllcod rt ret?:!..J nric e s :rulinG pr-oduce val ue d at P::'OdUCET pri ce ot . I:: t.c<~ been ExplLined r~bGY'-e th,':]G t ri s method could not be rpplied .in the FGdEratjm'!. Tnote ad , .in ar-oit.r-ar-y 2C)
pe r CET.t wa s added to the vetos of nroduction ~: rToducer prices to '110vr
for the vo luc of rtr-s l household scr-vi c e s , ~hc noti onr I 7811)8 of rur c l
h0L1~8hold services YIPS s e par-ateLv entered .ir: the Lndu stri r.I Ul'ic~in t;:I'~)J..E
of the £TOSS domestic nr'oduct ,
IhU~::il household services V-lEre I'ormc r-Ly val uc d b;y t.h,:; diffc::.~CllCE in the valu« of prcducti on for OY/TI. consumpti on -:t ur-ban mar'krr p.:::.'ic(';~-:; :::n-:d
producer pr ic c s but this method \"JDS 2bondonEd ~:t; thE ti.r:e ;J!. tiE' prC98I'8'G.i.ull of the ncti or.nl ncc ount s for 1954 to 1362. lh~ rE[-SC'~l f'J::" "'::,hc C!i,8ng2 was
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 14
iL~putrtion to thE' 1:'11.1'nJ hO".:3c:hold c:r:c"tor Of ~.,.,,,}ue s :Jcldci :rnr:-, distr:butio!:
.md procEssing ( i f thp CCP1J.''.odity to t :...( point of cxc!«Yl.'SE in thE urbr-n mr.r-krt , frorn o cservrtron "th;t c ommodi ties VT,?re Exch8ngE.d in ~-tE .rur-r I 8YG]S ot
c z tr - a o r - di n r - r - L ly v p r ; y i n , : " price s , wr-,-ich itct:« ::~-rEq.ue,-;tly e xt o . r ti o nrte ~ "'::6
detc;rmin2t::io~ of prices .iu -:-:he 1'1;1'51 areas was influenced by thE ,?CriOU3 imperfl2ctior)c in tne msrket and :::t E SIT'311 fysctiOlJ of ovc r-a l L prc.r:lnction
se rv.i cc s ,
..
•
from ni'u_lF' (-jct,~vit.i(,G Vif.TC "t-rc:-i-:::c:(:
•
The profi -;:;s of o;n-':;c:rprir;E Lr.
bu.i Ld i.nvs uce d
•
E/CN.14/NAC/l6 Page 15
used by enterprise in thE course of its normal businEss was rEflected in its product. The actual r en tal payments by the e nt.sr-pr-i.se "ere included
with the Lncome of hOUSE and estate agents and r-snt co.lLe cti.ng agencies
under real s s ta te in terms of ths 1.S ;I.C. This tre a tment was a result of thE naturE and sources of information availablE. IncomE tax statistics showed the· total rEntal incomE of individuals and companies but did not reveal the sourCES of the rental incomES. This problem could oniy be resolved with the development of national accounting from the product approach.
In the Federation's system of accounts, gOver~~ent enterprise was identified as a separate sector, for which separatE appropriation and capital accounts were compilEd. ThE enterprisEs were shown to retain all appropriations for undistributed profits. In the Intermediate System as in the SNA governmEnt enterprises arE integrated with government. The entErprises of government in the Federation had a varying degree of immediate control over their operating surpluses and in practice not all surplus funds wcrE surrendered to general govcrnment. Separate appropriation and capital accounts were compiled to show the actual transactions which took place. GOVErnment enterprises were sho,vn to retain all appropriotions for undistributed profits.
D. PRffiPECTS OF COMPLETING ADDITIONAL TAB):,ES OF THE INTERJiIEDlATE SYSTEM Basic data were not available for completing tables 2, ),
4
and5
for the Federation. However, since the central importencc of these tables was recognizGd, prGporotory work hed been storted to obtoin the necessary basic information needed"to fill in these tables.The Federation hos now been disolvtd into its threE component
..
territories, end the informAtion about future work contained in the following refers to Southern Rhodesi9 DIone. It is, however, known thDt the StntisticBl Office of Zambi a nlso intends to make considere.blc effort to keep up and extend its nationnl accounts estimates.E/CN,14/NAC/16 Page 16
Tentative plans hav€ b~€n formulated for a programme of rural household socia-economic surveys for Southern Rhodesia. The surveys will be designed to provide, inter alia information which will contribute to the completion of Table 5 of· the Intermediate System·: the· Rural Household Account. The future of these socio_economic surveys is however dependent on the avail- ability of funds, staff and the relativE priority given to them by govern-
ment. In addition, a three year programme of research intc methods of • measurement of crop production in Southern Rhodesia is nearly completed.
The surveys will culminate in the provision of accurate Bnd regular information on crop and pastor81 production in the future. Reasonably reliable informa- tion may thus be expected to provide for the completion of 'I'abI.e
5
and the improvement of estimates of the rural household sector in the main gross domestic nroduct and national disposable income aggregates.Tables 2, 3 and the left hand side 6f table 4 of the Intermediate System are given 8 vet:y high priority in the future plans of the statistical office of Southern.RnodesLa, Table 2 is the Account for Uses and Resources
by Conmodi,ty Group, table 3 the Analysis of Intermediate Consumption by
Industry and ths left hand side of table
4
is the Production Account by Industry. On the oasis of available censuses of employment and population table 1, the Invcn tor-y Account of Human Resources can already now be constructed for Southern Rhodesia.Part of the· required mt'or-nation for the tabLc on USGS and resources by commoditoY group and the product table is clready available bu; is in need of considereble 8u9plementntion before work c~n stdrt on their
compilation. A nunber- 0'· schemes have been devised with the primary object of prodUcing the desired information. For example, the scope of the annual industri81 census hasalr-o ady been expended to prov.ide information on' purchases of services from other firms· and will be further expanded to elicit information on the analysis of materials and supplies. The provision of data on material usage is at present voluntary but ultimately the
information will be made compulsory when industrialists have been persuaded to maintain the appropriate records. The census of distribution of 1963 is
"leso cxpcct"d to c,rovidc in val nab'l e information on turnover and purchases of the distribution and services sectors.
•
"
•
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 17
An Ex~erimental start has beEn madE on the cOlTImodity flow onalysis of Impo.rts for 1961 and 1962. The exercise is being trEatedgs exploratory and mEthods are being devised to simplify and EXpEditE the analysis in the future. The results of thE 1961 analysis have alrEady been published in supplementary tables in the Natjonal Accounts for 1954-1962. It may be of interEst to note that it is intended to introducE a three digit I.S.I.C.
code on the Hollerith cards for imports, wh.ich will indicate the industrial SEctor of direct importers of materials and supplies. Preliminary investigations reveal direct importing to a considerable degrEe and it is expected that the scheme to be Lntr-odu ce d should narrow the field of c sti.me tion and error.
E. METHODS OF ESTUl1I TIOll
All thE fables of the nctional accounts of t~c Federation WEre der-ived from the following 14 basic, eLemen.t.s, whiGh- arE'iliscussGd below
rn-order~:-
(i) the "items of gov..:rnment cuz-rcrrt Dad capitol account s , unal.y sc d
f~nctionally Dnd cconomicDllyfor enen tGrritory~
(ii) the items of the TEst of the wor-Ld current rnd c ap.i t.al.. ncc ounts ; (iii) wages and sCllrrics r-no lysc d by ethnic t'P'0UP nnd I nduotr-y ,
(iv) .the rur n; nousc ho Ld production, conswnption »nd income; from s31es to thG monGY Gcono~v for Goch territory;
(v) privette: unincorpornted entGrprisE nnrlyscd by ethnic group Qnd industry for Ench territory;
(vi) pri.vo tc corporctionsr profits rmolysc:d by Lndu stry for eac h terri t.ory ;
(vii) public corporotions' profits onolysed bY,industry for c cch -t;crri tory
E/CN.14/NAC/l6 Fnge 1('
(viii) govcrnmGnt cnterpriS8 pro:its ~n21ysGd by industry for c~ch territory;
(ix) pErsonDl income from o~~crshipof dwcllirz~s for c~ch territory;
(x) privcte cons~ption expenditure cnclyscd by type of Expenditure;
(xi) capitol f'orrr-tion annlyscd by sector .end type of as sct for each territory;
(xii-) the m,...,trix of inter-sector investment Lncomc trAnsactions (xiii) the matrix of other trcnsfcr trrnsrctions between sectors;
(xiv) provisions for depreciotion for unincorporoted enterprise, public ~nd privete corpor£:tions, end government enterprise seprrrtcly analysed by industry for eoch territory.
(i) Economic rind function~l ono.lysis of government current cmd capitol accounts
The United Notions lI]vjanunl for Economic and Functional Cl.cssificntion cf GovcrnmGnt Tr::ns8ctions" W38 used in thc design of the f'uncti onc; end economic orwl,ysis of gOVErnment accoants.ThcTE were foul' Le ve Ls of
gov6rr~J:1Gnt : notive nuthori tits, muui ci palj t ic s nnd town mon"gement 'bo2rds and rond councils, territori~l covernments nnd the F~dEr~l goV(rr~Ento
The special f'und s and cgellcics estcblishcd by t.he se nuthori ties wcrc included in government but govcr:nJ:1cnf enterprises providing goods ~nd
services ~t n price to m~6t the cost of production nnd govcrnmcn~ fin~ncial
enterprises buying or selling fin~ncipl items ~t D priCE which met m~nagEmGnt
expensEs werE Gxcluded.
Separate cu~rent end c ap.itnl. nccounts for locnl government, territorial centrnl f,overnmen~ end the Federal Government were published in the Nationnl Accounts of the Fcderotion, together with supplementery tables on current
and cepital expcn~itures annlysed by type of service. Locel government wes
the combinntion of nrti.vc ru tho ri tLe s , munLci palIti c s end other 'local nuthori ties.
•
•
E!CLT.14/
n
\ C/ 1 6re',:'e :
~ThE S')c',rccc, ",E' 1'.:
on cur r-cnt VE:::>r c.::,pi tel e xper.dit.ur-e s ,
~'ll!LC~lts to r L "u;c-";._.
(4) JL(Jnt:r:l~r rn d qu;--r'tc;!'}y Lorn ~,t;>-+:·:r:C~ltS.
(5) I.ud::Ltor-Gcner."'ll s r-cpo.rts for (;,~'ch gC'ICTn'Jcr~~.
(6) E~.scGJ.loncou8other sc hc d.rl.e s ,.-nd in.foI'T::' l::LU~l col::"cc'tcd i'Y'Or:1 t
na
govcrn:Ilcn'ts.
('7)
~\~liitcd »ccounts of pens ion funds.;;:/CN.14/HC!16 Pace 2C
Apart from the agencies of government, the accounts of which only appeared on a financial ysar basis in the Auditor-Gen~ral's report~j all gov'?rnment transactions Here derivable on a calendar year basis.
accounts of Cl{(C>Dcies were advanced by six months.
The
•
In ar.a Lysi ng the accounts, oonstant attention was givon to ',lhether an item of 8xpenditure, although appearing in the r~venue accounts, was of a capital na t.ur-o , The surplus on current account of govern.ment as published ir, the national aocounts did not accord with the surplus on reVenue and eXiJendi ture account s , because of these ad..justments for capital items.
In consolidating central gov~rnillents and central and local gov8rn~
ment~, all inter-government transacti o ns wpre c anco lLod out9 1Jith the exception of intsr-governm":)nt l''':!ntal payments. It was considp.red that a.
net rental receipt of consolidated gov~rnm~nt would reduce the gross domssti.c product unnacss sar-ily ,
(ii) The rest of thelOrld account
This account wa3 a straig~tforward reconstruction of the balance of pa...,ments O:'l S8Ctors. A full d s scr ipt ion of cou rc e s and r.:;ethods for the balance of paymants is to be found in the I Balance of Payments of the Federation of [(hode3ia and ;"yasa1and, 1954-1962'. (Central Statistical Office, 1963
i.
It should be noted that the balance 01' payments and hence the r~st
of the worlQ account was ~roduced at the ?ederal level with the r~sult th~t the nati o i.aI disposable r.ncorne table, the uses ana. r'e scurc e s table, appropriatioL accounts of corporations, the capital account; and., the
personal income and expenditure account Were also available at the F~deral level only.
(iii) The analysis of wages and salaries
The estimates of ,rages and salaries were based on the following souro e s :
•
•
E/CN.14/NAC!16.·
Page 21
( 1):-.,J.~9§'&-'€lens>ia--0f-AfF-i-<>an-:eHifrlG'J"l!eM.-:..-'-:-:.:::"'---'- ----,---"--- (2) 1961 census of employment covering all races~
(3) 1956 and 1961 censuses of non-African population, providing inter-alia information on earnings and ",mployment.
:(4) quarterly sample surveys 0-1' earnings and employment .i.n sectors- other than SoutbernRhodesiaand Northern Rhoda sd.a agriculture _and, m:i.ning.
(5) annual census<'!s of agriculture in Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia and~iiarter:fysample enquiries on -employrrient ci n '
agri c1111ture-.:
(6) annual Allquiry'oil_inCome
in
kind teceivedin Southern Rhodesia 'and Northern RhO'd.esia agz-rcul ture ,(7) monthly returns on emplpyment in the mining industry to. the
, .'. - -,- j - ' . ..-J-.
Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia Commissioners of Nines.
(8) bi-annual sample enquiry on domestic servants.
(9) annual returns from the
-Nortliern-REodesia:"Cha~ber
O{riineson employmeh", wages andsala.ries artd'inbome in kind in the copper, lead and zinc mines.
2stimates of the wages bill by industry and by r~ce were produced by multiplying separate estimates of averaie employment and average earnings for each raCe and industry. Income in kind was valued at the cost to the employer and included a valuation of food, housing "nd clothing and
'.- - , -', . ".':;.1 . '
employers' contributions to pension and provident funds. Food provided by farmers to employees from the produce of the farm was valued at the price the farmer would have obtained for his prodUCeOYl the
Open
ma rkst, -"hich by and large was the scheduled pricep~id to the farmer by the official marketing organisations.Employment of Africonz by Africans in the rural household sector was not included in the estimates . of-wages and salaries. The wages and salaries of such employees were assumed- to 'be'em1Jodied in the e stimat a s of sales of produce and production for Own consumption of-the rural household sector.
__ ,r
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 22
(iv)
Production, consumption and income from sales of the rural household sector.The estimates of production for own consumption were based on
estimates of 'the' rural' bou seho Ld popu Eatd orr and assumad per capi taconsump- tion reQuirements and' therefore-, at best', nipresented oraexsc.of :.,lllagID.tude only. Stock changes and, -QIHI-:-accPlfnt capital formation in ilJUjroYed dwellings were i-flclucied in the pr-cduct i.on estimates of the sec-tor. Annual estimates of livestock holdings of the sector were provided by the .ter.;,;ictorial
Ministries dealing with African agriculture and the changes were valued at
. " . . - . ( - - "
.
.:..- .,;:'::;.'current annual market prices. Informing on the improvement of dwellings was
• , - '-. . - - r- .;0 ,.--' •
" - \ - . .~~~.
available for Southern Rhodesia only and was valued nominally.
Estima,tes of sales of _produc.e by the rural household sector were
produced on the basis of information pr~vided by the respe,ctive t~rritorial
•
~linistries and information contained in the reports of _the Board operati;'g in Nort'herlf'Rhode'Sia'artd'Southern -llhodesia Marke'ting Board,operit'ihg'ln 'NYasaland.
(v)
Private unincorporated ~nterprisesGrain Marketing
r . ,
arid:.the 'Famers'
Separate, estimates were, made for Africans and non-Africans. The estimate for Africans was based on trading and vehicle licences issued in So~thern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Since reliable information on licences was not available for Northern Rhodesia-an arbitrary percentage of licences issued in Southern Rhodesia was applied. In the c a se of'Yehicle licence's all licences for publicccnveyance and a proportion'of private vehicle licences were assumed to have been issued tc Afrioan unincorpcrated enterprise'S.
The income of African unincorporated entreprise was then orudely estimated by multiplying the number of licences, Classified by industry, by an average income for each industry based on the average, African wage in the industry. No allcwance for depreciation were made.
Two types of estimat8s were made for non-Africans, namely cne for
; c , " ' . . - , - ,- ," " , ~_-Co
agriculture in Northern and Southern Rhodesia ~nd_another for the_other
":; ,c ~. .- '. . , . . _ , _' ..."
sectors in the_three te.ritories.
..
EjCN.14jNACj16 Page 23
c, •.• " ;
Sa.parate input-ou t pu t account s
for'non.,.African,~ricul
iure in the1 . , . •
two 'Rhodesia.e·wera constructed'1."' . ontlie:basis:~f
'i"
:-:1..-
, (i)' t'hFahnual. ce,npus, of, non.,.Mrican agr±ci.i.l ture' il'l th~ R)lOdesias.
(2)
the~{,aderlysami>leestima.tes
ofemplo~~nt
and average wages.(3) the annual sample enquiry into income in ~ind•
. (4) Grain Marketing Board, Cold Storage Commission and butchers' returns.
.....
(5) 'miscellaneous information fromt'he Agricu:nuralDepartmel1t.s.
(6) me sce l Laneous information from. agricultural mipplhi rs • .con-
'c6Tning. animal feedstuffs, fertilisers, insectiCides and ,di~ping materials. '.'
The methods used have been outlined in a paper "The Inpt!'t'''''Output"
Accounts for European Agricultu~eci~~~authern'RhQdesiaand Northern
Rhodes·i~."
(Central statiatical· Office, Junei96-2) .-.--::..:.:.:....:~,
Net a'nl' gro'sses't-imates of income weTe derived from the input-output accounts, from which indep'Mden.te,stimates of corporated'a-g:dcultural
income"'werededucted.t,?arrive at the income from non-African unincorporated enterprise in agriculture in the Rhodesias.
The' estimates for perivate
unincorporat~d
enterprises' 'in other sectors, .' ..~_,' - ,l .. ' _ c . . . ,
in
the
'threeterritor,ies Were pieced' toge'l;h'er usiii!f,thefollowing sour-c as..
(1) the 1956cerisus--0f.non-1'.fr±can pOJ;>vlation provtdflig information
0':;' ~umbers
Of·self..eIDpl~yed
apd own-account 'workers by type of occu'i;ation~.•
,(2) the 1961 Census of non-African population providing information on the' type of occupataon and earnings of self-employed and own-account workers and the
d~stributi6n ~f~arnings.
(3) income tax statisties~onearnings from sources other than employmentb:; industry,.
E/CN.l4/NAC/l6 Page 24
The census inforQation provided the means of estimating the ave raga ne1;income,of self-emplC;>Yl;lQ.-<\nd Qwn-acQQunt workers- n01; subject to income ta:x:. This average income-was -extrapolated onthl'l basis-of the trend of average wages and the relevant number of persons was extrapolated on the
"':" ~--_.,.."', .
'.
.basis of population estimates, adJusted in particular industries where
-necessaryacoording io<rther indicatots, for example the trerid
in;
employment in the building ~nd~stry.~~,e_esti!Jl<ites of net income fOr"tJle non-taxable were then combined with the income of the taxable as shown in the income tax' statistics. For estimates of the taxable group in the more recent years where the income tax inrormation'~asnot yet available, the trend of estimated corporate profit-s had 't<:>-OO- useu-in'the absence of further definite inf6rmation.
Independent but crude estimates of depreciation for eac~ sector were used to arrive at the required gross income figures.
-~TViTpNiit;of private corporations
.._., .. ~.- ..-_....
The sources available for estimates--unCier this heading included:' ,- (l) .annuaL balance shee'ts' of public'~nd1>1'ivate companies given or
lent to theClililtral Statistical'Office.
(2) quarteriyr~iurnson operating statistics of the Nor tharn Rhodesia mining companies.
(3) 'annual questionnaires sent' to companies oper"ting,in_Northern, ,',
"Rhodesia and Nyasaland, all external companies operating in
'C' _ -Southern Rhodesia,' 'al'l manufacturing companies in Southern Rhodesia, and other companies in Southern Rhodesia, and other companies in Southern Rhodesia with nominal capital in excess of b20.QOO.
(4),a.d: 'hoc -annual returns from ce-rtain nrajor companies "i th peculiar
insurance companies and financ~ housds~
(6) income tax statistics.
•
,
•
•
E/CN.14/NAC/16 Page 25
The gross profits of the Northera Rhodesia mining companies were almost. e xactLy e.stima ted on the basi s of quarte rLy returns and annual
balance sheets.. The prcfi ts as decla.~'edby the mining grouJ=s Here 1 ho weve r , adjusted fer minor ca~ital expenditures_ch~r~edoJ the cOJ:panies to currpnt account, income frora the ea";:-'nin[:3 of electr'ici""Ly r.Lar.t s whi c n was re-allo- cated to the Lndu stry gro'.tp "electricit~.rand :'later" and to "stock appre- ciati on'",
The e stLraate .for the llelectricit:r and "';':'ater" s -ctor il:J. IJorth-ern
Rhodesia ·,.;as obtained D~- simpl;y corabi m n.j the profits of the sing.l e private corporation operating there lIith the earnings froIC the electricity plants of the mining c ompani s s ,
Profi ts of the "banking, insurance and fLnarice " sec"tor were estimated- on the basis of annual returns. A reconciliation table was froduced
showine; the di f'f'e r'e nc o bet-,oleen profits as.defin9d :;:··01' nat io r.a l accounting pu!'poses and profits as defined in the nOI'mal profit and loss account.
(The difference "as l1gt interest receipts xhi c r, 'deI'S 1'820.i12" estimated. from balance sheet information).
20r the oth~r sectors gross profits were esti~8te~ on thebaais of income tax statistics &n~ ~epar~t3 ~epreciation estiffi2t~s and extra- polated for the more Tec8nt years on tbe basis of .inf'o z-nat i c n provided in the annual qu e sti ormai r-e and other economic indicators, such as total mining ou.tput or agricultural output or tile index of manufacturing activity ,
(vii) Pro:its or public corporations
~stimates witl~ a high degree of accuracy W9Te obtained from (1) annual accounts
(2) annual Questionnaires
(3) quarterly returns from the Rhodesia Railways and the Central African AirwaysG
E/C;;;.14/NAC/16 Page 26
Although almost precise at the ?ederal level, the estimates of profits of the Federal public corporaticos generated in the respectiv8 terri tories were a j.pr-oxinat.» be c au se tta;,' :..81'8 based on.ifai rLy arbitrary percentages of the tot~l profits. The 88tiwates for the official rnarketinf boards were adjusted for IIs t o c k appreciation".
(viii) Profits of government enterprises
~he profits of goverrlm'?l~t pntrepriS2 wert::! o bta i.no d from (1) Auditor-G8neral's Reports
(2) the Post Office Savings Bank ~lld Savings Certificates Annual Reports
(3) Annual R8ports of the Postmaster-General
(4)
the 30uthern Rhodesia Native Prod'lction and Marketing DevelopDent ?lind Acoounts(5) the Fyasaland African Dev810pment and '"elfare Fund Accounts.
Those accounts of Antreprises which wer-e only available for the financial year '?nding 30th June ·,·:eTe advanced b:)r six mont.h s , As -,·;i th Federal public corporations, arbitrary pe r'c e nt ag e s had to be applied to obtain the r~quired territorial allocation.
(ix) Per80nal income from ownership of dwellings
The main tast was to 8stireate the n~~ber of dwelling units of the non-African po puLation , Lnro rmati onvcn different types of buildings was available froP.l the 1956 and 1961 C8nsuses of population. Straight line interpolation of each type had been used for the inter-censal years and in thA a uso nc s of direct ir.forrnation on housing co n structi o n (there T.'las no classificsti on of building acti vi ty) the extrapolahOD beyond the inter- censal period was based on population estimates and the trend of the inter- censal period.
•
•
E/CN.l4/NAC(l6 Page
n
Average rentals were available for each type of dwelling u~it from the cenSUSes and an index of rents was maintained. This information was used in the estimation of personal income from the ownership of dwellings.
A classification of rented iiwellings and imputed income of owner-occupiers
~asJ!!aintained in the natIonal accounts.
~ (x) Private consumption expenditure analrsed by tYpe of expenditure
the in~:x:.,of industrial production, with· sub-indices for·
.specified .Lndustr-Le s
monthly 'manufacturers' sales' of' specified
com~odi
ties' .•..The folloring
(1)
(4)
(5)
( 6)
(7)
(8)
.\. '
major sources of the estimates under this heading were the
imports classified by commodity.and end-use and re-exports. . . ' . classified by commodity
the annual census of industrial production
budget surveys for both Africans and non-Africans excise returns on cigarettes and tobacco
market estimates of a limited number of impOrtant commodities provided to the Central Statistical. Office by major producers
" -,:...__._-~.-,- "-
._
...livestock slaughters and dairy statistics·from direct returns and from the Federal ~linistry of Agriculture
Government and municipal accounts 'for information on rental income from persons and sales of African beer. . ~
There were four basic methods employed in arriving at the private consumption expenditure estimatas :
(1) known physical quantities of supplies' mutt1p21ed by average
'..~
retail prices
(2) retained imports plus local production plus distributors' mark-ups.
