Handbook of national accounts for Africa

U \JITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL COUNCIL

Distr. LD!ITED

E/CN

.l4/HAf:.I17

31 IIay 1965

Origins1 : ENGL =

,.

ECCllCMIC CClM!IISSI CN FCR AFRI CA Working Group CI1. the Adapta t ion

of the Revis ed stA +'0.Africa Addis Ababa, 14-20 July 1965

,

J

IlANDBOOK OF NATI CllAL sccomre FOR ArnICA

VI. '!be Batimal Accomts of the FederAtion of lUgeria far 1957, adjugt ed to conform to t~ Int'3rmediate Syste m of National Accounts

r:65-106

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E/C :;.14/NAC/l

7

A. SHORT HISTORICAL SURVEY

Th e first att~mpt to meas ure the nat ional in co me of Niger ia wa s made by Dr. A.R . Pres t , assisted by

Mr .

I.G. Stewart and Mr . C.E.A . Lar dne r . The re por t of th8 Prest - Stewar t enqu i r y , which was pub l ished in 19 53, covored the year 19 50 / 51•

A Mission of the In~ernat ional Bank for Reconstruction and Devel opmen t in 19 54 brought the earl ier _e~ti~atcs up to 1952/ 5 3. In 1957,

Mr . C.D.

Lans on assisted by Mr .

J .

Hoads pr odu ced an est imate for 1956/ 57. Both thes e

estimates fo l l owed th8 methodology of Prest and Stewart . ,

The second major at6? in the deve l op men t of nat ion al ac counts estimate s for Nigoria wa s tak en between 1958 and 1961 by Mr. E.F. Ja ck son and

ltr. P.N .C . ~kigbo. Their wor k cov ered the years 1950/51 to 1957 / 58 ar.d ropr e s en ted th e first ser ious att empt , sin c e Prest an d Stewart , at a fu11- sc a l e ro-thinking of the problems connected wi th mak ing national accounts for Nigeria.

The esti ma te s produce d by Jacks on and Oki gbo are now being broug ht

up-to-da t ~ by the Nig~rian Fed eral Off ice of Stat ist ic s , whi ch is usi ng much th e same source s as thes e inve stigators and, genoral l y , following

th eir mothodol ogy. At the time of writing, howev er, the ~stimate s of Ja ckson and Ok i gb o for 1957 ar~ th~ latest one s .avai lab le and they arc therefore used as the b£s i s for th1s attempt at fi t t ine the Niger ian estimat Gs _int~

the framework of the intermediate sy st em.

It should be noted that the me thods and sources u~ed by Jackson and Ck4;'oo ^wert3 to consid erable ext cnt th " ^same as those t:.sed by Prest and

-

-- _

..

Ste wa rt, and there is there f o re a fair degrcl:l of con tinu i t y in the

meth od ologic al foun d ation on whic h the differ ent est imates have been, and - be i ng- built. However). this oont i n u i ty does not apply in respe ct of are

all concepts and mothods.

,. f'!-.

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E/ CI1.14/NACjl7 Pag e 2

B. WIll;: MAIN CHAH.ACT .BRI STICS OF THB NIGl<...:Rll:.N I:S·rUIATBS

a) Bas ic approach 'I '

Pr-c st and Stcwart"t ried" 'to lol low al l t hr-ec classical approaches, . namely both ~ha' output , cxp~nditur~ and in com~ approach, in oaking th~ir

estimat~s. However, they cam~ to th~ conclusion that in the almos t comp l~tc

abs ence of informa tion on incomes in th~ pr i veto se ctor it'was i mpos sibl e to fol l ow the income approac h in Nd.gcr-La, This is cLcar-Ly

i i l ust~fit ed

^by

the fact that in an atte mpt to constr uct a ta b le on national in c ome by fa ctor share s , it _pro~od ne c e s s ary t o'show no l es 8 than 86% of all inc o me s gene rated in Nigeria at the time as "unclas si fi ed in come s" .

- .1.

Ja cks on and. Okigbo accepted Pr-cst ':e conclus ion that i t was not possibl e to apFly the inp o~e. approach bec a u se of lack of basic' data. However~ on the ba sis.of the rosul ts of i t s ra p idly expa nding _{'so ci~l} and economi c survey s,

'I:t,~c ,Fed eral .Of'f'Lce of St a ti st i c s plans t o take up'ag ai n

cs

ti.ma-tes accord i ng t o th~ incom~ approach in th~ futuro.

~he resu lt s of·thes e su r voys will al s o be used to achieve n greater

indep cnd~nce of th o es ti mat es acco r d i n g to tho ou tput and th8 exp endi t ure appr-oa ch-. The estimat es .a c c o r -ddn g to 'thc s c two eppz-oachee ar-e at pre scnt t o a large ex t en t int er~depcnd ent with the est ima te of'gro~s product according t o the out put approach being th v primar y one. Gro ss domes ti c expendi ture is ..obtai ned , for the most pur t, ·b y.valui ng at retai l pric~s th e same good s and

se rvi c es th a t _{w~rG valu~d} at _pr~duccr prices for the estim a te of gross dome s ti c product .

b) .Boundar y of pro du c t ion

.. •..

Outp u t as defined by Pres t and_, Stewart an c 'I u dod "g ener-a), servic e s"

.. .

.

of bous~wives to th~i r famil ies (includi~g cook ing, cleaning and ch ild-

:- 1·';"1:, . ' •

be ar i n g ) as well as the i r "economi c s cr-vaces", such as simpl o _{pro?~~sin g} of foodst uffs f or consUJnption at home. Al s o in clu d od wore the services of pro ~itutos and il l ici t alcohol dist i l lers. Tho boundary of produ cti on wa s thcruforc wi der t han the one normal ly appli ed.

,

o

~/CN.14!NAC/17 Page 3

Th e later 0sti mat o s omitted th e it8ms mcn ti on ~ d abov0, and the F0ucrn!

Office of Statis t ics h~s adoptvd thi s morc na rrow de# i n i tiun for its fut ure eetimet es,

In additi on to th o subsiston ce nct i v i t ies mcn tionud ab ov e , Prest and Ste wart also included firewood coll ec t ion in _~~rcl arLas and the con stru ct i on of si mp l e trad i ti on al type build ings in thei r estim~tcs, although th o s e i t 8 DS we r e no t separatel y shown. Jackson and Ok igb o did not make se p arat e esti mates for sub si s t on c o pr oduc t ion in agricult~0, mainly because the mothod they adoptvd in 8stimat i ng agricul t ural pr oduc tion au t o mat ically covored both traded and non- t raded outpu t . Th is method sho uld , in pri n c i ple, ensure that

al l agr-fcu Lbuna.L o~tput in r-ur-a'l ar cJ.8 Lo cover-ed, inc ludi ng th~t pf rural

house hol d s whose ma i n oocupation is not pr imar y produc ti on . it eepir -ite estimat e was m~de of gr p ss dometic fixed capi t al £ormatio n in the rur a l household sec t or .

c) Domes tio or national concu p t

While Pro s t and StcwLtr t dofi.ned gross dome stic product as th", valuu of outpu t of all fac t ors of produoti. on actually located in Nigeria, i.o.

the g8o~raphi cal or territorial produ ct of thu countr y . J~oks on and O~gb o

defin e d the eamc ag0r(.ga te as -th., va l u e of al l output of a.Ll. r-c e f d ont producers . Ilovover-, it apponr-s that gross fixGd ccpt.Le.L formation as ost imet0d by tho"l at ter is on a guo gra phical ra thor then a dome st i c b~ s ie~

and it is on th8 whole clc~r that although Jacks on and Okigb o set out to es timat o dom8st ic produ ct it was the gvographical produ ct th ey, in fact, moaBurtJd.

Tho ma in r01lS0n for thi3 is that Jack s on and Okigbo docidod to treat all extr-a-ctcr-r- atori a l coapaaaos which arc "V0!'Y importan t in Niger ia , as re sid en t producers, so th at th 0 domestic conce pt as us ed by th8 mwould of n8 c e s si t y be pr~ ct i c al ly identioal wi t b th8 guogr&phi cal concept.

d) The Nif5Gr iu.n accounts 8.nd th e in t orm <.>diatu S:;ts t QID

ThG pUblish~d national accounts fo r Nigeria do not con t ain "an int Ggrat ed system of eccounts . The onl y SGctor accoun ts shown ar0 the

combin e d. account s of all public autho rit

ae

^{s and t.h, r-es t of the worl d account .}

;;CCOl':1 t '3) oc c oa-da n g to th o

very r;:1:-u;::~. ':i~:r ~-c.'" c Lon c"!~ teJ;1;;." 2; \i::''!.. :i c'1: 1:t u :::-~-.: cf the squ ar-es fil l ",J.

in, has ; hl.'":l :,~~:-:~\~_:',:: .l ^j,-. tb c !-·1·...-conw ch r.ptec , ~o·.-;(;~..-(;:c ~

pr-Lmar;•.

t~ '"'.,.re,; oecn etcr-•

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.

.:.;2:l• .the

pz-oduct.c r:....~.

as SC:r-:i O il

Ma::ch,

f :.':"

. ..

Ie b~--'-"~^~ an cone det<J 5..!. of ~ow t2h.

dOBC:::ltic

E!CN .14jNAC . 17

Page

5

manufacturos and publ ic utiliti os and tran s port arc broken down in greeter detail. A descr i p tion of tho method s of est ima tion used for ea ch of these sectors and Sub-Boctors is given in the follwoi ng.

(i) Agri cul tur~! f orestr y no d fish i ng

Wi th regard to fa re cr ops a di s tincti o n is made-in brond t erms

bet woen c

.

rops grown.

.

mainly^.::for _dom~stic use and those _{cul t iva~ed} mainly for

Czp~rts"(10 to 100 per con-s..of which ar c destined to be ex por-ted}. The produc t i on of the domestic crops is cstioe ted on the ba si a of a sample survey of agricultiiro

'whi ch

has boon cond u c tod annually by the Foderal Of f ico of Stat istics in ono or ei t her of tho three reg ion s of th e country sin ce

1955 _

From 196 2, the survey is conductod simul taneously in all

"t bz-eo r-ogdone,

provide a gr0at deal of 'informa tion In add i t ion to data on the number

.^'...

This saQplc survey is design ed to en tho acono~ic conditions.pf farmers._....

of farmors , lend utilization~, a~aa plant~d and harvested and yields of each crop, it also covers bi-annual inventori cs of some ty pes of catt le, consumpti on data , dat a on pr ices paid and ruc eivod by farmers and d~ta on the compo sit i on of hous eh ol ds and the occupat ion of househo ld members.

A

multi -sta ge sampling scheme is

sampl i ng ~~it. Each re gi on is

app l ied, with the vi l la ge as the pr imary

,

strati fied accord ing to its cropping pattern

~

. .

^{-,', '}

and tho seloction of vill ages 'with in a stratum is made on a random basis.

~.

On each of the sampl e fa rms thc 'survey staff mark ou t a yield plot wh i ch they harvest at the saec time as the farmer harvest s the rest of the farm. The harves t of the yiel d plot ferms the ba sis for the estimate

ar -t- ave at figures for . regional estimates. of the h~e8 t of the whole f3rm, whi c L i . ,~~i n

appropriat o fact or to ob t ain an est imate for the Thc'vil lago os t imatos are in turn gross ed up to

the provinc es , the sum of -tbe lat ter'·_givi~g the

blow up vi llagu

roy

^aJ'l

for ea c h crop .

Tho main di f ficult ies in usi ng:thcse _surv~ys for ostimatu s of farm crops for domestic use in any ye ar pr ior to 196 2 were tho smal l si ze of the semple and the fact that tho survey for any one year refer red to one

E/CN•14/NAC/1 7 Pa ge 6 . ,

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re gion only. The semple of villages was one in 61 or 1.5 per cant

(105 vi lleges for the Northern RGgion, 33 for th~ Eastern and 33 for the

~~ st ~~) ,

^{end, it is d}oub-t f'u.L whether a stra t ifi c ation by crops is a useful De ens of ob ta in ing good es t i mates for so 8call samples . In ordor

to obt~in an es t imate for the country as a whole , it was n~cca sery to ex t rapolate th& est icates for two of the regions by very approximate methods_ The inadequancy of tho sampl e si ze is gradu all y bei ng remedi e d and by now about five per cen t of tho univers e is being sampl ed.

While Pres t and Stewart used retail mar ket pri ces for valuing the outpu t of crops grown mainl y for domesti c use, Jackson and Ok igbo

considered that ex-farm pr ices should , in princi ple, be used. However, since such pr ices wore not availab l e, ret ail prices in represGnt a tive

roarkats situated ncar t~e mai n produc ing centres were chosen as th e closes t approx ima tic to "produ cer" pr ic es. The proce dure currentl y fol lowed is to _-.usc, for ea ch crop, an unweight(;d arithtneti c average of the prices ruling

over th~ yoar in repr~s cntativc rural markets in tho mai n produ ci ng are as of each re gion.

Quantities and values of crops grown mainly for exports are der ived from a variety of sourc es , includi ng external trade statistics, s~ntisti cs

on purchases, sales and sto cks comp iled by tho statutory ~arketing Boards, urban ooneucer ~urveys and th e agricul tural sample surveys. Quan t it ies are in al l cases valued at producer prices. For ex port crops marketed by the various statutory Marketing Boards, liko cocoa, groundnu t, palm produce and cot ton, produ c er pri ces arc definod as tho prices fixed by the Boards at the beginnin g of ea ch cro p buying seas on as payable by ~hei r licons ed buying agent s to tho _{middl emo~} to whom thu growors nor mally sell . A cer tain

compension for transpor t cost s from tho farns to the storehous e is there- fore norma l ly inclu ded in these prices.

Kxc~pt for ~ams, whore thu value of the input of soeds is dcjuctcd, no dodu ct ion is made fromgross out pu t of crops to covor current inputs from ot her indu s tries.

E/Cli.14/ NAC/17

Pego 1

Tho ost ioet~ of th~ gross ou t pu t of l ivestock products is ~xtrcmely

rough bocauso of the ubs8n cc of comprohons iv~ infor mation Rn slaughtoring an d stocks. An _{in~i ru ct m~t hod} of estima t ion invGntcu by Pr ust ha d t o be adop t ed, which consis tvd in valuing at urban r etail pr ices th e -9stio atc1

"me e-t conten t " of hides ex por-ted and those aa s umod to be l oce.lly coneucod and eddi ng the _{r~tai l} pri ce _v~lu0 of the hii cs th emselves. h deduct ion was mad e f or Lmp or -ts from nei ghbouring count a-L os , and. the qu a nt^f ty-end valu e of ua ch ki nd of mea~ wa~ ~s tima ted sop aratul y . Gnna waa;entircly omittv'l from this cetdmatc al thou gh i t is an imp ortan t sour-co of @\,;st in Nf.ger-Le,

An

illprovod ~et4od of _{ost i~ation} wi l l bu pos s i b le _{~s ~ata} on the stock of each kind of ani.ra nL become av m LabLe f ro m the r-ur-e.L econo mi c s?r-.:,:..le su rvey s. The resul t could bu ch ockv d with oth0 r dnt~ , l iko tho yi eld of the cat t l e .tax which i s col l octed in North~rn Ni geria - the main cat tle pr od u cing erua of th~ count ry . Nat ion wide coll ect ion of stetist ics on slaughtcr ir-g is al so proposcd for arc~ s wh~rc lic~ns& to slaught~r is

r~qu ircd, as well as an enqu iry into the unr~ cordQd rnovGmcn t of unim~l s

acro ss tho bord er s .

The on ly ~uJuction at presen t m~dc for curren t input s in th~ cat t le pro a u cing se ctor froe oth~r in~us tri~s is· for th~ cost of trans po rt by rail of cattle, hid es and skins~

Thu _{Gs t i~e te} of cow's mi lk pro d uQu1 we s based on th e guossed catt l e populati on, the proport ion of mi lk cows in th e heard end th e avo~agc an nuel pro ducti on of mil k por _b~est. It is not known how auch of the mil k is proce s s e d in to but ter ane other mi l k ba s ed pr~euets. Th~ milk produc tion was val uod at pric e s col l~ct~d in Nor th~rn Niger ia , th0 main produ cin g er~a.

For poul try prod uc ts, an ost imet oJ of tho stock of bi rd s was base d on the r osult s of vi ll ego con sump t ion onqu ir ies llnGcr teken as part of the an nual agr i cul turnl sampl e surveys. The ostanet c of

«ee

pr-o.Iu ctLon was guess-wor k . Poultry produc t ion wa s valu 0 d et pr i ces col lected from _merk~ts in the _F~~0ral and Rugi vnal capitals.

E/C!lo14 /NAC/17 • Pa g e 8

No uodu ct i on ^{WL:. S} ma-:c for in pu t s into milk and. pou l t ry product ion.

For fi sh in~, Pres t ' s 0s t irn~ tc for 1950 was extrGpolat~cl by monns of whatever scatttr~d-d a ta wore avai lab le . The proa u ction wa s velucd at Lagos market pric e s . Sinc e a acduc tion for inpu ts wa s oa~u in Pxcst 's ~s t imate

such a deduction is al so irnpli~~ in the ex trapolated figur~s. In tho fu t uro, an Irap r-ove merrt of the est ima te will be pos sib l e, on t.herbe.eLe of a surve y condu c ted in 1961 of quant i ties land ed by th c,m0Chani zci fle et in La go s and cat ch by tra~iti onal metho d s in the regions.

In tho absen co of projuction figuros, t~Q es timcto of the out pu t of log s and sewn timber ,was base aainly on·ex po r t stat is tics. n ded uc t ion wa s maie froe tho f .o.b . va l u c of exports to cov er cost _~f transport from _{for~s t} to port, and the ost.amctoll horae consumpttcn of even timbor ve e..~Jud. 'I'he.

amount _c?ns~cd by tho building _in~ustry wa s _{es tiQ~ tc~} froe tho ind ex of bui lding cost s ccnst.z-u ctc d by Jackson RnJ.. Okdgbo, end. qua n t i t y' gc

ang "

into fur nitur e mekdng wa s arbi trar ily:.gu? SSL,.J. at half thetlconsumcd by the building in~ustry.

Subsis t~nce output of firewo od wa s in clu ded in tot al pro~uct icn by

Pr~st:but excl ui~~ by Okigbo. The _{0s ticat ~d v~lu~} ·of outpu t of _{fir~wo o1} was,

th~ref or o , confin~~ to thct cGnsuocd by urban hou scho l c s and was ba s ed on urban ret a i l pri ce s nn d family bUdget data.

(i i ) Mi ning

'"

Value ndceG by tho mining suct 0r wa s ust ic atec as tho sue of wa ges ,

~alariee" r-oye.Luaee, prof it s an d dopr-ccLata.cn, Thc da-ta wer-e cbt.ai.nod from th e Annual Roports uf tho-Dupart~unt of Mines and ~ir~otLY froe the coal ani oi l pro~uciag compan ies.

The ~Jmual survoy s of manufa ct uring were un t il r~c en tly restricted to oet.cbLi.sbmcnue oeployi n g t cn or mor-e vor-kcr -s;

····lf Y'·n ow ;·- t hu y

heve boon ex t(;nded to in cluce al l os t ab l is hcont s wi th mor~ than four workers,

apprent i ces incluicd. Since maT~ iniustrial esteblishE0nts ar~ smaller ,

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E/ C1T.14 /N AC/ 1 7

Pa go

9

however, i t is ~xp ~ct o~ that a significnnt und8r-6stim~tion of industrial output will .con tinuo for soma timq -in ,t he future.

In addition to't h e hi gh exemp t ion l imit, tho mein drawbacks of tho industrial eur -voys wer-e unJ.uc re liance on tho -j.o s t.a.L qucstLcn naf.r- c typ e of onquiry in tho face of the widosprGc.d. lack of rwc or d s and th e aV0ragc Nigorian's mistrust of statistical enquiries. Also, a compreh ensive and

up~to~dat o ind u st rial li rocto ry is la cking and there i s a lack of co- ordination of th o efforts of invQstigctors so tha t similar q~cst ionnaires

somet i me s 'go ou t to much the same cstablishmonts from s.sv Gr a! differen t sour c o s . The net result uf thQsG various drawbacks wa s a poor response

rato.

Since the surveys of manufacturing made befo re 1957'we re ver y ':

in c ompl e t e , Jacks on and Ok i gb o undertook their o,m cen sus of man ufacturing f or the purpos e of th oir es t im a tes . Tho contributi on ,of ea c h os t ab lis ~m ent

t o value ad d ed was mce.sur-cd by'the gross va 'lu e of out p u t at ex_fac t or y

pr ices l uss tho COst of inputs of raw materials, fuel and cn~rgy and transport.

,,

,

Value add ed in, 810c t r i city pr-cdu c t. Lc n was c.et amated as the sum

or

wages , aeLez-L es, d op r-ocf.e ti on and profit s of the Electricity Coz -por-a 't Lcn "

of Nigeria, the Nigerian ~lcctricity Supply Company and the Afr i c an-Timber and Plywood Cornpany ~ whi c h ar0 the Dai n produ cer s.

Th8 cst Lmetc for wat.orwor'ks activity wa s deri ved f'z-cm th e annual report of th~ Public Works Dep artoont but arc considered t o be weak.

-(v) Buildi n g an d ci v i l 9ngino cring

Jackson and Okigbo ~0asur0d th o out p u t of building in South0rn Nigeria by the sma l l er companies an d priva t e indi viduals by estimati ng (from a

building cunsus cnd building costs survey which they carriGd out) the

quant i ty of building in square f eet of tot al floor area and :the average .' cost of build ing one squarG feet. Separat o cs t i ma t u s were mado cf 1u a nt i ty and unit cost for concrot u ani muu.-wallod buildings.

E/ CN .14jNl;C/ 17

Page 10

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For th e Northern Region, they were forcad to adopt a ~ethod work e d ou t by Pro st, which related cement cons umption tv bui l d i n g outpu t .

From dat e suppl i 8d by th e Public Wur k s Dopar tmunt, Pres t ca l cul a ted th e

"

avoragG proporti on which thu value of cem ent input bore to tho tota l cos t of compl et ed ~ovornmcnt buildi n g s. He then applied tho rociprocal of this pr opor t ions to an ast i mate of cument consum ed in non_government

building .in ordor to obt a i n a rough estimate of the valu o of such bui l ding.

Also in ostima t i ng thG ou t put of mUd_hu t s for the North~rn Region, Jackson and Okigbo fol l ow0d Pres t ' s proce dur e wh ich consist e d in making guesses at tho stock of hut s , th o ir average life and tho cos t of building an aver-ag e ^,

.

^{" However, th}elr guesses of the s e unknowns and tho ros u lt in g os tirnc tc s wer e widely_ d iffcr~nt froo thos~ of Prost.

In ori er "t o ost iffic to tho value of roads and bri dg e s built and of maintenance work dono, Ja ckson and Ok i gbo ~ultiplicd estimated quantities of roads and bpi dges comp1 0t c d or ropai r ed by the approp r iate ustim at ed unit costs. Tho expendi turo on con structi on wor k in conne~ ion with rail- way s , ports and harbours, wa ter-works anQ well-sinking was taken from tho accounts o~ the relevan t spending au thor i ty . An os t ima t~ based on expend i t u re was al so includ ed in ~0spe c t of ciyi~ en g i neer i ng work don e by the privat e sector~

The Fed era l Of fice of St

.

at i st ics con s i d or s that tho direct IDeesurem~nt

of private build ing outpu t (t :r the buildi n g cens u s meth od) is, in principle, an Lmp r-ovcmcrrt on tho indirect (or "ccncrrt") met.nod, Howev er, it app ears that in practi c e it is at p r os ent rath er di f ficult to apply th e direct method, because _t~e data on wh ich it must be _bas~d are very weak, _{ind~ ud}•

...-..--,_.

The Federal Off i ce of Statis t i c s has t.hcr-of'c r-c dcci.ded that fer the time being ex t e~sion s of the esti mate s wil l be ma d e according to the indirect or "cGmen t ^ll me th od . However, it is not propos ed to stop tho inflow of bui l d i n g census da t a which ha s cont inu ed 's i n ce Jacks on and Okigbo and th o di rect moth od wi l l bo adopt ed as soon as bett er organ i sed studies can be undertakon .

•

vi ) Transpor t ani coaounications

E/CN .14/lIAC/17 Page 11 .

V~lue a1~c~ of rai l transport wa s obtai nei as the sum of wage s and

salar ies ,· al lowances ani expenditure on staff,t~avol , pen sions an~ gratitudes,

depr~ciation and net operating in com e gi ven in the ann ual report of th~

Ni gerian Railw~ CorporatiGn or suppl iec dir~ctly by the Corporat ion .

was the number- of commercial vec ha cLcs of di f'f'cr-ont

value add ed of ro~1 tr~n 8port was obtai ned as the The figure on

result'of a number of _v~ry compl icatod _{assump tions ~} The s~art ing point type s obtai nea from l icensing statistics. Then est imates of loaJed ton=miles and pasaeng~r

miles for each typo _wero obtained by making assucpt icns abou t the foll owing fac tor s : number of days in the year cn which the ve hi cl es were in use, averago length o£ han~ per ~ay in-usa, capa ci t y , rate of ut il isat ion of capacit y . Diffe+en t assumptions wer~ Q~C for oa ch type o£ v~hicle. The

"...~",~. "

est imates of fre ight and pa ssengers car r iea ob tain~~ in this way were

conver ted in to value figures by using es t ~atcs of average"charges per ten- mi le an~ per passenger-mi le .

Finall y , expenditure on spare par ts and tyros were estimata~ from import figures p.Lua a convent ional mark-up of ,5~ por -corrt on ~. i.f . ,pl u s dut y prices . EXpenditur es on petrol and gas-oil were esti mated by making assumptions about tho proport ion of lorr ies using gas-oi l ani about the mi le ago per gal lon of patrol or gas-o il for each type etvhi cle. It is

:e~ogniB cd that, bec au se of the many assupt ions involve a, th~ fi nal est imate of valu o a~lo1 mus t of nec es si ty be rather shaky.

The operation of inland rivGr transport is mainly in th~ hands of the governme n t and about hal f a doz~~ expat ria te cocpanies. From thes e,

informat ion was obtainci on tonnage of freigh t anJ nucber of pa s sengor s cec-r -i.ed, the average dist~~c"~_,.coy~r:~ per journey and. tl;l.i' XGBul ting ton

an~ pass eng~r-ni lengcs.

An

imputati on was ma de for tho out pu t of canoe operato rs. For otho r ri ver tra~spor~ , the ostimate

ot

output was obt ai ned by applyi ng average ra tes charg~~ to est ima t~~ ton - ani pa s senger-mi l age a . A deau cti on was maie to cover ccst of fuel, maint~nance, re pairs, and

de.prociation .

E/CN.14jNAC/17

Page 12

•

•

Valu~ added by air transpcrt was esti mated fr om in for mation supplie l by the Nigerian Airways Cor p or a ti on by using the same method as for rail tran s port. As the nece ss ary informaticnbo~omcrs available, value add ed

- .'

.

^-

of the small but growing local aircraft charter business, will be add ed to this ostimato.

The sum of wages, salari os and dep re c i a tion of the Posts and

Tel egraphs _Departm en ~-and· tho Cable and Wireless Limited was taken as the measure of value aQ~ ed in communicati ons.

(v i i) Handicrafts

The not earni.ngs of persons engaged in handicrafts production, i .e. bla cksmiths, t i n s mit h s , goldsmiths, lC2thor -workcrs , tailors, clot h-weavers and dyers and othe rs" were es t i ma ted by multiply ing the number of 'crafts men aooording to tho popul ation census by tho aver a g e earnings on which'they pay tax according to the income tax analyses done by the Fed eral Office of Statistics.

(viii) Government

Value added of governmen t me a s ured as wages and salaries'paid covers al l lev els of gover nmen t _ _fGder~l, regi onal and lo cal. The sources

' o f

inf orma ti on were th0 government ac c oun t s. (i~ ) MarkPting Boa rls

Tho output of the st~tutury Marketing Boards represents the f.e.b.

valu e of their ex por t s plus their local sales (valued at producer prices ) l e ss th eir purcha s es (adjusted for stock-changes) less the buying allowances paid to ciddlomon. Thes o allowan c os wore assume d to cov er the cost of

transport to ports.

(x) Missions and re ligi ou s organi zations

Valuo add€d of thes e or ganis a t ion s was moasured by wag es and salar ies paid to teachGrs; mission ari es and medical wor k ers.

•

•

Y./CN.14

/In c

/17 Page 13

(x i) DOw0Sti c servi ce

The ~ssurn ption wa s Dado that ullch cx patr i~to tax payer and oach Af ri can tax pay~r employ an aV0rago of t wo Gomostic servant s. Data on wages of Jam osti c servant s in Lago~ wore nvailablG from r~ports of tho

Dop art~ent of Statisti cs.

(xi i ) Missccl lancous sor vicos

Value adJcd in banking an~ insuran ce wa s put equal to wages and

.

salaries paid. No attempt wa s made to alloc?-te pert of thu prof i ts of tho forei gn banks , as ~0Dest i c prouuct of Nigeria.

For leg al servic es, a r~gistcr of la~Jcrs in pr ivat e practice ~x isted .

Som e data cn avera ge earnines wcr~ available fron tho Dcpertm~n t of In ternal Revenue .

St atist ic s on doctor s _~n privat e practi ce _an~ b8ds in pr ivate cl in ics arc availabl ~. ThGvalu~ Gdd~d in IDud ica l s0rvic8s wa s cs tiga ted an the basis of thi s infarnation ani 'an imputed avorage incomu bas 0d on information

,

from a number of mis s ion cl in iDaand frum the Dopar tment of Inl and Rcvcnuo. For ci nec:as, detedL e d i,nformati on wa s obt ai.n ed fr-om an a::lvert ~s ing

agency on the numbQ~ .~~ ~oc ation of ci nemas, attendance, box office receipts, adverti sing receipts anl ~xpendi tur e on ,rent of films.

Detailed figures were evedLebko on ci r culat i on and adver tis ing receipts of the five main nAswpaoers. ~~ ost imate was ca::l~ vf the annual circul a tion and retai l price pGr copy of tha ciner publ ic aticns. Tho cust of n~wspr int

valued at c.i .f . plu s dut y pr ices .as J.e~uct~d.

The Nigurie Yearbo ok gives a lis t of hotels with the number of _{rO O~5} and charges. Occupe~cy rates weru sugg es ted by some hotel-keep0r s in La go s.

The es tima t~ of net outlay on lott cri~s was a guess and tho same wa s the cas e for thu expendit u ro on trado union fvos.

•

E/CN. 14!NAC/17 Pago 14

(xiii) Ownership of dwell i ngs

Both pail on imput e d r a nt s were cov~rcd. For h6uSGS owned by govo r n ment thv rental incarn a i e r0c ori0d in the govornocnt -accoun ts.- The number of houschu lds living in house s oWnul by fi rms was os tima t8d fro@ the number of expatr iates us od in esti~at i ng dombs t ic service and an impute Q plau sib le cv~rago ren t . The stock of hoU$ ~s ownod ^by i~d ivi duals

- ~ .•..-",. -_._.. ..__...^---_._-- _.~ -

in

195 0

^{we s cs t i@cted very roughly and th ere wer e mor e firm cstic a t os}

avai l abl e of fixed investmen t in hous ing since thon . Appropriato avor~go

• j'-

ren t s por room woro imputed for anoh locali ty. No lcdu c tion wa s mnde for repairs to bu i ldings , but it was assumed that thi s wa s comp en sated to soni c ext ent by th o fact t.het runt s pe.Ld to governmcn t s and....fi r-ras arc kubsidis cd to an Unknown exten t .

( ziv )

^{Land dove lopmont}

Th~ est im~tQ un~ c r this hua d repre s ent s the cost of bri nging und er cultivat i on land not pr ov icu sly farm ed. Tho 0st i matos of agricul t ura l product i on suggos tuJ th at th u _{ar~a un~8r} cu ltivaticn cha nged l ittle in th0 Sou thern Region durin g 1950-1957 and 'tha t thor o wa s a ne't Lncr-ec.ec of about 3.5 mi ll ion acre s in th e Northur n Regiun , i . o. abo u t

0 .5'

mil l ion acrcs a year . 'I'hov c oe t of cLccr-Lng an acre was pu t 'at I:,7 i n 195-1 whi ch impl ied . th o use of 93 _men-days~ Tho cost figure wa s Gx t rapolatol to othe r year s by mean s of an indox of th0 genoral wa g o rat e.

(x v) Distr ibu tion

No census of distribut ion was ava ilab le. Th e es t i mato of th o output

!:. ,,::" ' . -

of tho cist r i bution soctor wa s th8rof c r c obtain8d as tho dif f0 r0n cc betwGen tho value , at produ cer pri cos ~ of-the total outpu t of goods ana sBxvice and expor ts. _ThGrcfcro~ tho figure fer dis t rib utiun is affo c t od by the er ro rs vi-. th e cstdraates from.both,th o out pu t and the ex po ndd turo side .

•

E/C11. 14/l1t.C/17

PLb";"

15 .. :

Th e cstume tc of g'r-caa (:.;,r~..,).stic -')xI?O)n::itu.r0·is tc c cc nadIor-ebLc cxt

"

. . .

^{_ . . ,}

dcpcndont on thc outpu t

. . .

^c'stLmct^, o, Cwn oL l.L:rin e th o -dnudcquac dca ^(If t.hc

except. in mi nor :2.vtei ls .

Inv entory cnangoe ha d to be virtua lly ncgLcct cd in 'the oxpendd-tur-e cst ioetc beceu sc of th e l ack of n~cvsscry inf ormat ion. Tha scriousn~s s of th0 ~rror from this S0urQO is not known. But the indicat ions ar c th at for the cgricul tur~l secter inven tory chang~s ~rc not important 5in cb the rtind 3 need ed to fdnence long-tvrm stock-holJ..i ng is, cs a rule , ;nll t avndLab'le, Nc-r- ,(l~~ .tho.Y likel y iJ~i!:Jp~rtnnt f or 'th e mining in~ustry whv'B~-':pr-c.Iu ct s have n

world In;;rkot and. ar-..., in tiho cedn, cxpor-tcds -Hor-oovor-, for "t .hi e ind.ustry pr-o ductLcn dnte ar-e pra ctically corapLotc b0C<,-USG oir.i ng vp ;:;r~,t ion3.arc uncor-

rs

ta

tu ~ o~y'"':'(j'hl-Ig a -.£i·cnto-s~bi::.i t _r C;~la;-;~~a~' s'~;ti~

^t-i

~r.i ~';~t:~ns t c

the

-Hstr-Lbutaon Lnd u stz-Lcs" thet ·t nvon tor y chang es _~ro lik ;)ly to be t.npcr-tnnt , nuwcvor; ovcn w6r k"vn invcntory ~~nges conccntrnto~ ~n th~so in l ustri0S wil l have tc wai t tbc cetab^{LL ebmorr t} (,;f d rstr-fbutLcn enq uiries enc the dcvok oprc...rrt of in uust r i el pro~uct i0n stct is t i cs.

Another w0aknCS S 'of tho Gxpcn~iturc ast ic~tcs i s th at i t wa s not p~s2~ol~

to take suffic iun tl y into account the SUPPoSQcly long ch~in of

.

ai

.

stributic~

which _{consUG~r g~J~S} (espociall y _{i~pcrt s)} pass thrvugh 00 _t~~~r wcy to the con s umcr- , It is, hovcvcr-, , ossibl G thr.t t.hv stc.ti etfcaane' ile a of 'the vr.Luv

ffiGrchan t s , tho ffi~rk~t stal ls and t~Q nuocr0US

n~~ed by dis tr ibut i~n et ~h0' v~rious stag0s is exagg~ret~d~

'.

'I'hc.r-c ar-c' usually t.az-oe types of r..:.:t f\.il cut let , neeeLy, thu Lc.rgor-

"stcr.::.s owned by Eur-opean ccmp en fca , the ehopa cf tbc Lcvarrt i.nu and Afr icml

amn. L'L rc.e.._~-si':e and J0ur-ster- ste.nds. Pri6cs'ar-c 'ri.0t nc ccea ar -aIy Lover-

' " in

^{th e a-tor-...s than in th o shcp s}

or market ste.l 1 s~· Pur-ch a sca fr....c. t.ho st _:-...s by st~:'ll-hGl'l crs ar-e nt;roc.lly

•

Dade: (I.t vh o Lo- ec'Lc pr-Lcos und, in S'_ " , "; C~S ,-,S , on cr,:;c"i t tcr-ns, j..n::l, becaus e str.Ll.c-h cLctcr-e hr.vc v ::ry l ittl u cvc r-b...c:.::' coets t.h ...y ccn af'f'cr-I t 6..:;1 1, sl-·c~t ir;..: s, nt 1....0;;3 t.Lr,n tL .. r-ct.ai I pr-Lc c. s of tn., stcr-ca, }:0 r0 0v...r-, an cr-dcr- t.c acqu dr-c quickly tl.... ccpi tool th v,y n... ed fur sc.r.,c o-ther- Lt.nc _f bus Lnc ee with a hig!....cr- r-nu ., Gf' r-ctur n, raany st a.ll.c-hoLdcr-a 0-0 not ctnj

s oLLd.ng of'f eorac cf t.hci r- sto c k at a L:86.

The pr~porticn ~·f t0tel finel s~106 h~n~l~~ by ~ach typ~ cf 0utl~t

is not known; but g~n~r~l ob servation iniicatcs thnt the shar~ ~f th~

stella and. etends mu st be subs tan t ial . This is bcc aus o they s-tay open f~-~ r

l ong er than tho oth0r s and of fw r thuir wares in _{~hc v~ry} so all units _vbic~

be-st sui t th", mccns of 'the majori ty of ccns uracr-s , 'Pbcr-or'or-c, aanco the.:

st~rus l pricc.:s ar~ used excl usi vel y for osti~at ing c~nsunptivn cxpcnd itu~0

On ic por ts this i s , at ^{best , cn l y} a ^{rough approxiwat ion tv true C0nSUC0r}

pr ices. Yot , unti l the Qovolopccnt of di s tri b ut ion studi GS thur 8 is li ttl~

hwpe of tr UG consur,0r pr i ces being _{di8 covor0 ~} fur all commodities.

(i i) _Pers~n~l cxpendi t uru on lo cally produ coj gC0ds and _{8~rvic~ s}

Tho mai n h~ads of ex pcnQi turc for this cat egory arc: fo o d, dr i nk ,

t obac c o, fuol and lig ht, clu thi ng , ot her non-dur-abLc g00ds} tc-evel, educt.t:'en and miscC:ll lano0u s services. Bach of those will be c0nsider c a brief l y,

FGci. F~oa cr~ps gr~~n cainly for ~onost ic USC:l (as 0stinntcd for tho _cut:~t tables) and the GSt i0 2 tcd ho oe-consuupticn of expor t crops _wcr~ val u0 d

partly at pr-odu cer- and per -tIy at ur-ban r-cte.Ll, price s. Th o proportion vaLu at oacb sot of prices -tc.pcnded upon th... cstama'tod consumpt i on in .r-ur-e.I ar-c- s

an~ in towns . Th~ s o prop~rt ions v? rj in e~ch re g ion bQC~U3v vf th~ vnry i~? ccgru~ s of urbanizati~n.

The pr-o c e dur-e jus t out .Laned is ddct etod by 'the fact that t o use 0ith....r- set of pr-a cce ox c ku savo'Iy would r""sult in a baueecd esti mete, Al l thc er.cc, i t oust be adoi tt~d tbat n tetel ~bscncc of bie s in tho es ticat 0 is unl ik .:-ly. This is bo cau sc of rut&il prices use d f0r valuation _r~lato to _stendar~

En~lish mc a eur-cs, wherea s ac tun l l y pur-chcsce ar-c mn.Iv in a number of Nie ,-,X'i:_n mce suru s, all of which nr o oi t her smaller or largor th a n tho English m0 as ur~u

•

E/ClI.14/NAC/17 Page 17

of quantity UScl~. Prices actually pai 1 in th~ mark et ~opcna on the quantitie s purch~scs at ea ch individual t rans a cti on anj thu small er the quanti ty the highe r the price p~r unit. It i s kn~'~ th at th~ ~'~entity

so l d per tran sact iun is normally Ip-rg or in rural r~t cil mark~t s tha n in urban one s. ~~ unknvWh amount of cvur or unj Qr-val~at ion WP~ therefor e unavoid abl e..

Drink. The na t ivn a l ~ons~ption of palm wine was ~s tiriat0d from faQily budget surv~y s vi' rural households in the two southern rc giuns fr0mwhere

--- --

tho bu lk of

.

tho ou t put C~Des^. . ThQ outpu t wa s valu~~ at urban retail pric e s. 'I'cbe.c c o, 'I'hc value was es t i ma ted as the quant i ty of c1 gare t t e s 601d by

manufacturers multipli0G by thB retail pri ce for a pa ckot uf ten. As the

reta~l unit if frequent ly cn e cig ere t te and not a packet 0f t8n, wh ic h cost s loss than t~n ci gret tes scld sing ly, this i s an example where the estimating pr ice i s l o·,.(v r than the truc r-ctui.I pr-Lco,

Fuel nn~ l ivht . For fi r ewoo d the same ost i mnt0 was used as for the ou tpu t table. Quan t i t y and valu G figures for tho consumpt ion of eloc tr ici ty were supplie d by tho Elcct ~ icity Corporation of Nigur ia, which is tho main source of su ppl y to _{no~nuustri al} consummurs.

Cl othing an d f:.:tot woer. The ux p,cndi t urc es tima t e for clo thi ng is composed of the value Gf the mater ial s use d plus value added by garmen t makers.

To this was added the ou tp u t of thu show-oaking indu Gtry.

Ot he r non-clur'abl e 'Mods.

T b Ts-T tc- ii j

covers expend Iture on soap , perfume and dr ugs and. is ostImetcd f'r -ora the census of tndustr-LaI pr-odu c 'tt cn ,

Travel. f~ cstimnto. of the running expenses vf pr ivate cnre was a~d od to the oeti ractc d gros s earn in g s of tra n spor t cpcretcc-s from their paa sengez- traffic. A do~uct iGn wa s maio to covor feres nvt pei d from p~rs~nal incos~ s.

ECucati ~n P~rscnal ~x~en~i t~c on ~~uca ticn wa s taken as equ a l to current

cduca t i~nal cx pLncituru of th~ rcl i~ious missic n s , whi c h run oost of the primary an~ seccndGr y school s in thu country , pl us simi lGr expendi ture by

• E/CII.14jNAC/ 1 7

Page 18

the univursities, plu s f~os paid in non-mission and non-univ8rsity

in s t i t u t ions. Thi s rnethud 18n~s to an Gver -v alu&t ivD of pors cnal 6Xp8 ndit u ru unlur Mhis hvadi ng, becaus e part of the ex po nuit u r u 0f ~issions and univors_

i -ti.es is mo-t f'r-om gr-ant s end gif t s by governm cnt and companies and from OVi)rsces d.0na t ion s . Thes o grants and donaticns arS unlikely to be of f se t by personal ex penditur e on schuol books, mat orials and uniform s which is excluued .by this me t hud.

Mis c e l l a n eou s servic es. Tho main servic as cover ed arc housin g, communica- tions, privatu modical sorvi c e s and private logal services. Expen diture on handrcz-af .tr a .'produc t s was also anckua c d under this ucadLng • . 'I'he....'-:...:~

expcn~iture on housing wa s put equal to paid and-imputod ront of dwelli ngs. Fer communicati ons, n pGrcont~g0-of the Post Of f i ce ' s:ro c e i p ts from tho sale of postag~ stamps and certain porcent ng0s of t hG receipts frum tel e- graph and tc18phoO G-surv i ces wore assumod paid by porSGns. The es t imate of the ex pend i t ure on me dical and l egal services was based on the res~

pectiv8 es t i mato s of tho ear n i n g s of doc tor s and lawyers in privat e prRctic o.

Imputation~ woro _mai~ to cover tho ca rn i n g s of g0v ernment do ctors from privnt 0 prac t i c e , and th8 fo os of C0urt paid by pers ons. Th o earn i n gs of governm ent huspit als we r e assumed to equal pers onal expend i t u re on tho

services of th ose hoepato.L e , Expon'ditur o' on hand cr a f t prvducts'-·was· in:clud eu und er th i s ho~ding with th0s2~O amuunt as shown in the ou tpu t tabl os.

(iii) Porsonal expend i t ure on import ed conSUID0r eood s

Liku their local ly-produc ud count erparts, rot ain e d imports of cOnsumer goods were _{valu~ d} at rota i l pr i c e s . Ther o wuruj h~wever, two _~ifferen ce s in tho pr-oc edur-es ad-opt ed. Firstly , wher-e a s de .ructaon e wer-e raa d e_f.r0ffi- ·some i toms of r-e-tadnod imports to cover inputs into--looa l l y-produ ce d g00ds, th i s was not don e in r-oep cct of Ni.gcr-Len products ex c ep t; in 'tao 'c a s e of ya ms wh ore a iuduc t ivn was made fe r suc 2. Secon dly, thJ ret ail pricD use d for val u ing impor ts wer e der iv ed from dat~ on percentage mark-ups;' by

, . ~

region, on l ande d valu0s including uuty~ Th o ::lat ~ wore sup~licd by th e leading impor tbrs who al so stat0~ tho prop ortions sold in oa ch reg ion.

This procedur e was dic t atol by the naed to make an oxpend i t u ro es t i mate for oa ch regi on of tho Fodw r e t ion .

Bj CN •14j'NACj17 F:::'.go') 9 .

Th0 fi g tU' o shewn under- _{t~is ~0~~l~rl_0} we s .obtainc.d .f'z-c.m -an vcc ncrcr.c en e .Lys

a

^{s .of} 'the accounts cf .p ub l i c o.u! h'_r i -ci:.-s.

Th e uetimr.t.e tcf t.:.-tF:.l gros s dcmcstLc _i'ix,-,~~ ccpa t(':.l f .rr::fCtic;n wr.a or-r-aved at -through G ccmb .in ctLcn of th e '<':Xj)O D'U t u r,-: r.n.L coran c di ty fLow

-^{._' -~ 0thu~s.} Sinco vir~ually

, ... .:_, i

proauccd ~vmo s t i cal ly, a

o ~ ^{,_ "} ';'::'-;';" ~-"' C: ::':'-i","'.

iffi pcrt st~tistics.

coneLdor -ab Lc par -t .of 'tb., cetime.tc JfaS .based on

c.'.,'

Gro ss domoet

a

c f Lxcd cap-rue.I f'orn:a-e-itirt---iYi

t ine " m e.an

sect or",

a

^sc ,

- ' .

..

^{",_. ." ', .: ' . ' : . :,}

gcvo rnmcnt , publ a c cor p o r a t ions, th-.; ce .jo.e busm oe o hous cs en d tho l e a di'1'J

priv~to non-p rofit oaking or g a n i z a t i ons was Gs t im a tcd by th0 ox pendi t ur0 metb.s~.d, , _f:;O-9.J:l)_RQ.Y.9KWI!..en t accounts andr-e-tur-ns ma d e to the F0J.cre.1 Offic0 '.J:;:'

Statistics. The capit al cx p cn.li tur-c a'tt.i-Dbut.od te', 'the "e ma'l Lc-scake" ^{-8-8.)-1,( .r} WGS obtaine~ as a rc si dunl nftJ~ .~D~u cti ng ~h~iVplU? ~f,t~~ purcb.~s~s -~

tho "madn sect or" f'r-o m the r:l.crkw t .v,al u_c c,f--;.~~l oepi teL items.

The br.sLa of cst amet aon fGr ouch br.j):!;d ;componont cf _ca:pit~l f'or-ne,ti m wi l l be _cvnsi~cr0~ in somejQQte.i l in· tho' following.

Hith r_0g§rCl.J;.2.....9i::PJ..t1?1t:9.£.!" 8.t.i~n__in~raiL .y.;.;hicl E:s , the Land e d vcIuo , incl.uding duty of the _iL~J.'.t @ ~'.!='..:f__.]...'?gDm..Q.1;i,y,j:I.s__,_~n,L:r;cJ.line- .6j;.6.cJL :P~us_5Q__., per- oe n t of the 'v a l u e of ".spar-cv par -ts we r -c tused as a'be.si s fer' _{th(;o)st':lmf~~,:}

;~ nar-k-cup of 10 pcr' c~rtt' wt:s "e.l :c d''"·i r.i or-der- tv [',xr iv", at tho -tot.al-vvc Lu ..

vf thi s item. _" _.-

_. ~- --- ~---_.-

_

^..-•.

_ . -

Capite-l .formatien in rCLld vehicl es wa s..estaraetcd '.£!,S the..sc.Lca va.Luc

"',

- -

of k~t-ccrs, landrove rs, lorri8s, buses an~ 30 pcr .cont of motor cer s r egi s terod duri n g the yo~r.

·,f ',\..;-. _'

. ~~' For c~pi~el Tor~ation in aircraft, sh i ps, ·bo at s' enc oe r i ne machinvl tho .Le nded value, i ncl uding ':d uty , plu s 50 pcr cont 'of the vaLuo of ep ar-c a par ts was mark~ d up by 1 por c0nt. Tu this was a~ ied an estimat e of the gr o s s ou t p u t of 10cally built boats.

~/rz.14j:U. C!l1 Pa g e 20

w~ic~ w~ro avi~ 8nt ly c~; i t el GC~ ~s, t0t ~l i=~0rts ~f 3UC~ it~ES as ~C 3, h~tchQts , h~cs, ~rtis~n s ' t~uls, sci~ntific in s t rur.:c nts, typcwr it0rs

in clu.':i ng"J.ut y,

31.1'::"5 in

1956

an-I

1957 ,

cL¹v..,;r ing 2 ....Ide r:;:.r.g.:.

"r

^capftrel -cl'O>J~ 3 cs wel l L.;

cons umer goodo. This _{~nqui ry g~ve ~s} a re s ult _~ minimuo mark-up "of one ~i:th

and a mazimum of on e b"llf, with a hoave y co nc e ntrat i o n bet wee n 3e and 45 per cent ,

C~pital furmat ion in p1 ant~t ions an d mines was _8stirn~tc~ en th8 b~si8

cf returns sube Lttcd "tv th..::Fu':0r'3.l Cfr icc cf Str.tist ics. 'I'hos o r-etu.rn s Were by no me ans al way s cccplc tc.

For tho oethod US0a in es t i mat i ng thu va lue of land c10?r~nc0 by pc:.aston ts, s cc sect ion C, a, x i v above.

Cap.ite.L f'ormatLon in bui lding was for the; "mcdn scct.cr-" cstLractc.I ...n the bast.s cf gc vcr-nncnt accoun t s an d. ret urns r-e o...iv.....:l by "the ?",i orfl.l "·Off i...: "

of Stati s ti cs. Th... ost ama.uc for th;:; "sraaLLes cafe" scctcr- W:l.S baaed en tt.~ cc~cntfbui lding outpu t rativ mothod doscr ibQd in sect ien C, s , v ~boVG.

Capital t'orract acn r oeds, briclgost rai l wa y s, por ts, hf'.r bours I"'-n Q rivers we.t-:.rworks an.]. w~ llst--airports an.1 airrl r..;o.:.: s wa s cet tnetod oainly en tho besis of ~xpQndi tur~ ost ic~t~s cbtaino~ fro~ th~ acc0un ts of th ~

crg~~ i zati0ns ccnc0rn0~ (s~ .; soct ien C, a, v nbov~). (Vi) Incre ase in inv~ntoric s

On l y incr,:;a s o in invGnt cri"s of "tho Mfl.:rkvtin g Boarc.s was inclu de d. Th o Ln cr-oe.ac in qu c ntity t cr-ms was obtednod as t.hc ;Uff(;r~nc0 bot.we en

the pur-chascs of ea ch crop and tho cxpor -ta plus j oc cj ae.Lcs by the Markcti"l ", Boer-da wi thi n th,": Yci ar . Est i I::iet..,; s in vcLuc terms .,"0 :;:"-..1 obtained. by multi p.;,. i.1c.:

th e quariTit ios-·sc vot'ft i ri:::..l

by "·avGr p .g" 0" "pr c..;luccr

pr-aces d.urine 'the y<3·3.r .