Groundwater Resources of the World

(1)

K K

K

K K

K KKK

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K KK

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K KK

KK

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K K

K K K

K K KK

K K

K

K K

K KK

KK

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K KK

K

K K K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K KK K

K K

KK KK K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K K

K

K K

K KK

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K

K K

K KK

K K

K

K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K KKK K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

KK

K

K K

K

K K

K KK

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K

K K

K

K K

K K K

K K K K

K K

K

K K K

K K

KK K

K

K K

K KK K

K K K

K K K K

K K

K

KKK K

KK

K K

KK K

K K

KK K

K K

K K K

K KK

KK K K K

K K

K

K K

K

K K

KK K K

K

K K K

KK K KK

K

K K K

K

K K

K

K K

K

K K K

KK

K KK K

KKK

K K

K

KK K

K KKKK KKK

K K K

KK K KKK

K K

KK

K K KKK

K K

K K K

K K

K

K K

K K KK

K K K

K K

K KK K

K K K K

K

K K

K

K K K K

K K K

K

K K

+

+ + +

+

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+

+ +

+ + + +

+ + +

+ +

+

+ +

++ + ++ +

+ + + +

++

+ + +

+ + + + +

+ + +

+

+ + +++

+ + +

+

+ ++ +

+ + + + +

+ +

+ + +

++

+

++ + + + +

+ +

+ + +

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ + +

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+

+ + +

+

+ +

+

+ +

+

+ B

B B B B B

B

B B B B

B B

B B B

B B

B

B B

B

iB iB

iB

iB Bi

iB

iB B

B B B

iB BB

iB

iB H

H

H H

H HH

H H

HH HH H

H

H H H

H H

H H H

H H

H H HH

H H

H

H H

H

H H

H

Tunguska

Volga

Danube

Lake Volta WhiteVo

lta

Lake Albert

Lake Victoria

Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tana Nile Lake Nasser

Lake Edward Lake Kivu

Lake Turkana

Lake Mweru Lake Malawi

Lake Kariba Okavango Lake Chad Taj o

Vänern Vättern

Lake Ladoga Lake Onega

Lake Rybinsk Lake Peipus

Lake Kuybyshev

Aral Sea

Lake Balqash

Issyk Kul

Lake Eyre Lake

Titicaca Coco

Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Huron Lake Michigan

Lake Superior Lake Nipigon Lake Winnipeg Lake Althabasca Great Slave Lake Great Bear Lake

Lomé

Aras

Ganges Irtysh

Lake Baikal Lake Taymyr

Sanaga

Kasai Tuloma

Angara Kemijoki

M aas

Great Salt Lake

Sev.

Aye yar wad

y

ChaoP

hraya

Ch angJiang

Jiang Chang

Chang Jiang

Pilcomayo

Desaguadero

Orange Oran ge

Webi S habeelle

Ufa

Leon

Agra

Zibo

Wuxi

Lima

Suva Dili

Cali

Kano Aden

Sana

Pune Doha

Xian Baku

Rome Lyon

Kiev

Omsk Perm

Oslo Nome

Ulsan Karaj

Surat

Taian Linyi

Taegu Seoul

Pusan

Perth Natal

Belem Quito

Medan Accra

Lagos

Davao Dakar

Hanoi Mecca

Dhaka Aswan

Dubai Patna

Miami Tampa

Delhi

Lhasa Cairo

Wuhan Amman

Rabat Kabul

Osaka Kyoto

Tokyo Jinan

Tunis Adana

Bursa

Jilin Turin

Milan Odesa

Paris Lille

Minsk

Kazan Thule

Putian Fuyang

Suzhou Yantai Athens

Samara

Noumea Taipei

Multan

Meerut

Indore

Xuzhou Suzhou

Ningbo

Anadyr

Jeddah

Baotou

Tehran Vienna

Bogota

Sofiya

Hobart Sydney Durban

Maseru Maputo Harare

Cairns La Paz

Cuiaba Lusaka

Darwin Maceio

Luanda Recife

Manaus

Kigali

Douala Bangui

Kumasi Ibadan Panama

Kaduna

Bamako Chennai

Niamey

Manila Asmara

Puebla Mumbai

Toluca

Merida Nagpur

Khulna

Havana Muscat

Riyadh

Murzuq Kanpur Fuzhou

Jaipur Kuwait

Shiraz

Austin Lahore

Dallas

Beirut

Aleppo Taejon

Tabriz

Sendai

Lisbon Dalian

Denver

Ankara Madrid

Naples Boston

Almaty Urumqi

Ottawa Harbin

Quebec

Munich Prague London

Warsaw Berlin Dublin

Moscow Juneau

Huainan

Torreon Tijuana

DhanbadAsansol

Wenzhou

Shantou Huludao

Kwangju

Ushuaia Rosario Cordoba

Vitoria Goiania

Honiara Bandung

Jakarta Kananga

Iquitos

Nairobi Kampala Yaounde

Cayenne

Abidjan

Colombo Conakry

Madurai MaracayCaracas

Managua

Bangkok Yangon

Nanning Karachi

Kunming Guiyang

Thimphu Tindouf

Houston Chengdu

Nanjing Esfahan

Tripoli Baghdad

Phoenix Fukuoka

Atlanta Memphis

Lanzhou

Qingdao Mashhad

Algiers Incheon

Taiyuan

Smyrana Tianjin

Beijing Yerevan

Chicago Detroit

Sapporo Toronto

Halifax Seattle

Kharkiv Calgary

Irkutsk Hamburg

Magadan Yakutsk

Godthab

Norilsk

Makassar Vadodara

Ludhiana

Jabalpur

Dongguan

Campinas

Kinshasa Monrovia

Brussels

Auckland Canberra

Adelaide Santiago

Brisbane Pretoria

Curitiba Asuncion

Gaborone Windhoek Brasilia

Lilongwe Salvador

Surabaja Medellin

San Jose Valencia

Ndjamena

Khartoum Timbuktu

Belmopan

San Juan

Haiphong

Honolulu Kolkata

Varanasi

ChangshaNanchang Hangzhou Amritsar

Benghazi

Damascus Peshawar

Srinagar San Jose

Ashgabat Dushanbe

Columbus New York

Istanbul T'Bilisi Tashkent Shenyang

Belgrade

Portland Montreal

Budapest Winnipeg

Edmonton

Helsinki Murmansk

Changzhou Las Vegas

Faridabad

Allahabad

Zaozhuang

Hong Kong Goose Bay

Stockholm Anchorage

Reykjavik

Jerusalem

Singapore

Melbourne Cape Town

Sao Paulo

Fortaleza Palembang

Guayaquil

Kisangani

Mogadishu Maracaibo

Bangalore Guatemala

Hyderabad

Vientiane

Ahmadabad Guangzhou

T'aichung Abu Dhabi

Monterrey

Kathmandu

Chongqing San Diego

Hiroshima Zhengzhou

Al Mawsil

St. Louis Baltimore Pyongyang

Barcelona Cleveland

Milwaukee Marseille

Changchun Bucharest

Astrakhan Volgograd Vancouver

Rotterdam Churchill

Gujranwala

Vijayawada Jamshedpur

Coimbatore Aurangabad

Libreville Nouakchott

Copenhagen

Montevideo

Lubumbashi Paramaribo

Benin City Georgetown

Phnom Penh

Chittagong Kaoshsiung

Alexandria Faisalabad

Casablanca

Rawalpindi Sacramento

Cincinnati Pittsburgh

Providence

Khabarovsk Birmingham

Arkangelsk

Antofagasta

Livingstone Brazzaville

Bucaramanga

Addis Ababa Ouagadougou

Tegucigalpa Mexico City

Guadalajara

Tamanrasset San Antonio

New Orleans Los Angeles

Kansas City

Vladivostok Minneapolis

Ulaanbaatar Novosibirsk

Chelyabinsk

Buenos Aires

Port Moresby

Christchurch Porto Alegre

Johannesburg

Antananarivo

Kuala Lumpur Barquisimeto

Barranquilla San Salvador

Shijiazhuang Indianapolis

Philadelphia

Ekaterinburg

Ciudad Juarez

Alice Springs Dar es Salaam

Santo Domingo

Tel Aviv-Yafo San Francisco

Rostov-on-Don

Rio de Janeiro Belo Horizonte

Vishakhapatnam Port-au-Prince

Nizhny Novgorod

Washington D.C.

Dnipropetrovs'k

Ho Chi Minh City Saint Petersburg

Santa Cruz de La Sierra

Petropavloski-Kamchatskiy

Bhopal

Nagoya

Lucknow

Shanghai Tangshan

Hyderabad Amsterdam

CopperCreek

Juruenda

Warrego

WhiteNile

Amazonas Kuskokwim

Yenisey

Gascoyne

Dulce Murchison

Geo

rgina

Kolyma Yukon

Mam ore

Parana

Vilyuy

Ashburton Blue

Podkamen naya Yenise

y

Iriri

Madeira St.Lawrence

Kura

Sao Fran cisco

Victoria A

raguaia Ontario Lake

Mara

non Rio

Caroni

Anadyr

Huron Lake

Mississippi Missouri

Shilka Pechora

Orinoco

Branco Yukon

Kotuy

Ob

Mitchell

Nile

Cha

ri

O k a

Guaviare

Yenisey

Putumayo

SyrDarya

Negro Congo

Tobol

Green

Para

guay

F

raser

Ballone Parnaiba

Lugenda

Lom

ami

Salween Volga

Indus Erie Lake

Caqueta Ohio

Jurua

Diaman tina

Rhone

Snake

Sunga i Kajan BaykalLake

C

hin dwin

DallolBosso Platte

Darling Gloma

Rhine

Tocantins Xin

gu

Colorado

Om olon

Dnist er Daugava

Irtysh

Sepik Ob

Ili

Euphrates Sacra

mento

Saskatchewan

Tapajos

Ord Karkhe

h

Severn Porcupine

Congo Thelon

Sava

Ussu ri

Murray Arkansas

Thlewiaza

Am ur

Tisza Dn ipro

Godavari Albany

Ang ara

Negro2

Rajang Kalixaelven

Uwim

bu

Argun

Conchos

Xiliao He Churchill

Vaal Paranaiba

Batang Kuantan

Hualla

ga

Fortescue Pu

rus

Uruguay

Yalong Jiang

Chub ut

Han Shui

Kafue Alaba

ma

Kama

Chulym

Onon

Cunene

Wu

Colorado

Shu Wisla

Parana Grisalva

Kasai

Maranon

Am uDary

a

Solo Nizhnyaya Tunguska

Odra

To

cantins

Back

Xingu

Cauvery Ma

hanadi Hu

angHe Lena

Bandama

White N ile Comoe

Colorado

Red

Pyasina

Fitzroy Vitim

Upper Lake

Indigirka

Volga

Ogooue

Hongshui

Benue

Neva

Tone

Bra

vo

Angerman

Magdalena

Teles Pires Columbia

Amur Olenek

Indus

Nile Missouri

Atb ara Neman

Len a

Guapore

Loire

Bhima Seine

Saskatchewan Liard

Euphrates Stewart

Columbia

Ganga

Krishna Trent

Brantas Meko

ng Sutlej

M ichigan Lake

Zambezi Shire

Clutha Tennessee

Congo Mackenzie

Amur

C

henab

Missis

sippi

Beni

Niger

Zeya

Ural

SungaiKapuas Selenga

Oka Oelfusa

Douro Po

Lule

Narmada Guadiana

Oti

Cuanza Nelson

SungaiMa hakam Ob

Meta Eastmain

BatangHari Eb

ro

Niger Kazan

Kwango Peace

Mekong Yaqui

Kizilimak Yukon

Olekma

Uele

Ghaghara Kuban

Elbe

Prut

Brahmaputra

Senegal

Ishim

Bra zos

Bug

Aldan

Lim popo

Dvina

Rhine

Krishna

Flin ders Essequibo

Ya na

Ucayali

Ta z

BlackVolta

Athabasca

SaoFra ncisco

Volga

Zeya

WebiJubba Danube

Orinoco

Don

Oubangui

Tigris Red

Chambal Saskatchewan

Yarkant Drava

Kamchatka

Yellowstone

Murray Zam

be zi Grande Riviere

Cuando Dni pr o

Lena

HuangHe

Hong

Gambia

Tigris

GreatRuaha

Lachlan Salado

major river basin land area with minor or inactive river basins

Sources:

Basins selected, derived and adjusted by Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007, based on HYDRO1K by USGS;

Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt and Kassel 2007;

Rivers and lakes by GRDC & WHYMAP 2007 Scale1 : 120 000 000

Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990)

River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990)

Scale1 : 120 000 000

Source:

Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), Offenbach 2007

Scale1 : 120 000 000

Source:

Gridded Population of the World (GWP), Version 3 Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) &

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2005

Scale1 : 120 000 000

Sources:

Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt & Kassel 2007;

Population data based on GPWv3, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) 2005

Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000) Population Density (2000)

Groundwater Resources of the World

Legend

Special groundwater features

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 1 : 25 000 000

www.whymap.org selected wetland, mostly groundwater related

Geography and Climate selected city

country boundary

boundary of continuous permafrost

! selected city, partly dependent on groundwater

! + area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l Total Dissolved Solids (TDS))

natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions

area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation

area of groundwater mining

K

Surface water

continuous ice sheet large freshwater lake

large saltwater lake major river 180°

160° e. G.

140°

120°

100°

80°

60°

40°

20°

0°

20°

40°

60°

80°

100°

120°

140°

160° w. G.

Tropi c of Cancer 80°

60°

20°

Tropi c of Capri corn 0°

20°

Equator

40°

60°

80°

O C E A N P A C I F I C

O C E A N I N D I A N

O C E A N A T L A N T I C

O C E A N P A C I F I C

40°

Ar cti c Ci rcl e

Antarc tic Cir cl e

Scale 1 : 25 000 000

Mean river discharge in km³/a 0 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 500

500 - 800 800 - 1200 1200 -2000 2000 - 3000

> 3000

80°

60°

40°

20°

0°

20°

40°

60°

80°

Tropi c of Cancer

Tropi c of Capri corn

Antarc tic Cir cl e Equator

I

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives no warranty, expressed or implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liability whatever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurences however caused.

extracted from:

World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) G u l f

o f G u i n e a

A r a b i a n S e a

B a y o fB e n g a l R

e d S e a

S o u t h

C h i n a

S e a E a s t C h i n a S e a Y e l l o w

S e a S e a o f J a p a n S e a o f

O k h o t s k

B e r i n g S e a E a s t S i b i r i e n S e a

L a p t e v S e a K a r a S e a

B a r e n t sS e a

Baltic N o r t h

S e a

Sea

Bl a c k Se a

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a B a f f i n

B a y

H u d s o n B a y B e r i n g

S e a G u l f

o f A l a s k a

G u l f o f M e x i c o

C a r i b b e a nS e a

S c o t i aS e a

W e d d e l l S e a

T a s m a nS e a

February 2008 Population in persons/km²

0 5 25 250 1000 no data

Under the auspices of

UNESCO / IHP UNESCO / IGCP BGR CGMW IAEA IAH

Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice Aureli Robert Missotten

Hans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm Struckmeier Jean-Paul Cadet and Philippe Rossi Pradeep Aggarwal and Andy Garner Stephen Foster and Jiri Krasny

Cartographical editing / GIS BGR Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts

Casp ian

Sea

Prepared by

Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors), Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander, William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca, Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat, Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera, Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter, Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser

i

B B

Map projection

Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E, spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates

country boundary Groundwater recharge in m3/person*a

0 250 500 1000 1500 3000 10000 no data

Within the past decades the interest in groundwater increased considerably due to water shortage problems on local, regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it is necessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment and to determine the chemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) was created in 1999 in order to contribute to the world-wide efforts to better manage the Earth's water resources including groundwater.

WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).

It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwater related information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisible underground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional, national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geo-information system (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised.

This final draft of the Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAP and lumps the related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments in their areal extent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systems usually in large sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areas have complex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions in close vicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local and shallow aquifers.

Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their potential recharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year ranking from dark blue, green and brown colours representing areas with very high recharge rates to light blue, green and brown colours outlining regions with very low recharge potential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer to the period 1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1f by the University of Frankfurt, Germany (Doell et al., 2006).

Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining major groundwater flow directions as well as areas of groundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g. endorheic basins or chotts and sebkhas).

Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater.

Therefore, areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater mining are mapped, where known. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with more than 1 million inhabitants in 2005 according to UNEP) known to be largely dependent on groundwater (if groundwater represents more than 25 % of the total water consumption) have been identified by a special symbol.

Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated food production. Areas where salinity of the groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching.

Groundwater resources frequently assure important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands which are larger than 500 hectares in size and which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing data base listing wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis).

The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons of clarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at the scale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues "Mean Annual Precipitation", "River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita".

Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help to understand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight to their pressures, in particular the priority use for drinking purposes. It reveals essential geographic differences over the globe in the distribution and amount of rainfall, the overwhelming input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwater replenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour tones. The rainfall map is based on data of the Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface water situation, a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classified according to their mean annual discharge. It contrasts with the main map, particularly in the dry regions of the world, where fortunately some of the biggest aquifer systems are located. Population density also varies greatly on earth and is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on the continents. Using this information together with the amount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006) provides categories of mean annual groundwater recharge per capita. On this map, countries covering large area have been subdivided into individual sub-regions or states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation.

Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet which will be published soon.

See also: www.whymap.org WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000

Groundwater resources

in major groundwater basins in areas with complex hydrogeological structure in areas with local and shallow aquifers

groundwater recharge (mm/a)

very high high medium low very low

0 2 100 20 300 60°

180°

150° e.G.

60°

30°

0° 120°

30°

60°

120°

150° w.G.

180°

0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°

60°

30°

60°

90°

120°

150°

60°

90°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

30°

60°

0°

30°

60°

150° w.G. 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° e.G. 180°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

180°

150° e.G.

120°

90°

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

90°

120°

150°

60°

30°

0°

60°

Precipitation in mm/a

0 10 50 100 200 500 1000 2500 no data

Topographic base map

CGMW / UNESCO (2000):

U.N. (2006):

ESRI (2006):

USGS (2003):

GRDC (2007):

modified by BGR (2007/2008)

Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd edition Cartographic Data

Data & Maps Global GIS Rivers & Lakes