African external trade statistics practices

Distr.

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

E/CN.14/CAS.10/ll

25 July 1977

Original : ENGLISH

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

Tenth session of the Conference

of African Statisticians Addis Ababa3 17-22 October 1977

AFRICAN EXTERNAL TRAD3 STATISTICS PRACTICES :

Contents Paragraph

I. Introduction 1 - 2

II. Organization and Availability of Data 3-6

III. Coverage

A. Systems of trade o 7 - 8

B. Merchandise a 9 - 10

IV. Measurement of Commodities . ...

A. Valuation 11 - 18

B. Quantity measurement .... o 19 - 21

V. Classification of commodities . 22 - 23

VI. Country definition and classification 24 - 27 VII- Index number construction ...,.., ., 28 - 33-

VIXI. Concluding Remarks „ 34

Annex I

Table 1 Organisation and availability of data in African Countries.

Table 2 System used for reporting external trade statistics in

African Countries.

Table 3 Treatment cf goods internationally recommended for exclusion from merchandise trade statistics.

Table 4 Treatment of goods internationally recommended to be excluded

separately from external trade statistics.

Table 5 Treatment of goods internationally recommended for inclusion in

merchandise trade statistics.

Table 6 Valuation of imports and exports in African Countries.

Table 7 Methods of estimating values in respect of selected transactions.

Table 8 Special valuation problems not elsewhere specified and their

solution.

Table 9 Quantity measurement in African trade statistics.

I-5T7-15O3

Table 10 Commodity classificaticn schemes in African countries for customs1

tariff and international trade statistics purposes.

Table 11 Country definition and classification in African trade statistics.

Table 12 Computation of unit value index numbers and terms of trade in African countries.

Table 13 Construction of index numbers of volume in African trade statistics.

Annex II Questionnaire

GENERAL NOTES

The following symbols have been used in the tables^

"X"

tt 11

"". *. .

tl It II

denotes denotes denotes denotes

"Yes"

"not applicable"

"not available"

"Nil"

1. INTRODUCTION

At its ninth session, the Conference of African Statisticians, taking note of the fact that there was a growing demand for complete analysis of African trade data on a regional and sub-regional basis and the need for statistical data on such basis, requested the ^CA Secretariat to undertake a regional survey of current practice in Africa as regards external trade

statistics for the following purposes: _l/

(i) to provide a basis for the explanatory notes necessary for a

new regional analytical publication, Foreign-Trade Statistics for Africa, Series G: Summary Tables, and

(ii) to study the differences obtaining in the region in respect of

the related concepts and definitions with a view to encourage the development of greater standardization between country reports.

The survey was launched in February 1976, completed in June 1977 and is based on the'following! ' ~ •*- ■-• - ■- •■ - - —• .-...-._

.{i),....information.contained in .._ _™_

(a) The United Nations Yearbook of International .Trade Statistics;

19759 Vol. 1 and -- ~*

(b) National annual reports on African trade statistics available

to the ECA secretariat and

(ii) Country replies to a questionnaire entitled "Regional Survey of External Trade Statistics, 1975/76".

2. The questionnaire, a copy of which is attached at Annex II, -was addressed

to 50 developing countries of the region but replies have be"en received in respect of only 33» As shown in Table A below the rather low response-rate has

been due to the failure of a majority of the countries other than of English

expression to reply. However although it would-appear tliat some bias has been introduced thereby it is not thought that the consequent shortfall of data for that group of countries has seriously detracted from i;he value of this study.

\f Report of the ninth session cf the Conference of African Statisticians

(b/cn. 14/646?. ■ : :

E/CN.14/CAS.10/11

Page 2

Table A: RESPONSE.RATE ANALYSED BY QUESTIONNAIRES DESPATCHED AND REPLIES REC3IV3D

(P = Francophonic Countries; PS = Countries of Portuguese or

Spanish expression, E = Countries of English expression? T = Total)

Sub-regions

North Africa West Africa Central Africa

East Africa-'

Total

Questionnaires Despatched P PS

Number

3

9 2

8 3

4 1

24 6

E T P

of countries

3

5

-

12 20

6

15

11

17

50 1 4 3

4 ■

12

Replies Received PS E

' -

3

1 4

-

1 12

2 .19

T

4

9

3

17

33

F

33

44 38

100

46

Response rate PS E

100

50 80

-

100 100

33 95

T

67 56 38

100 66

\J "Does"hot'include "Southern HE6"ae"sia

II. ORGANIZATION AND AVAILABILITY OF DATA : .

3. External trade statistics are available for at least 49 developing countries of the region, and in the majori-fcy of these countries the agency responsible for their compilation is the National Statistical Office. This is shown quite clearly at Table 1 of Annex I where a summary of the availability of such data is presented for 33 countries of the region. Only in respect of six of these countries is

another agency responsible for the compilation and reporting of external trade

statistics. In the East African Community (comprising Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda)

in the United Republic of Cameroun and in Rwanda the customs Department is the

responsible authority > in Morocco it is the Trade Bureau and in Upper Volta,-.a

national information centre.! However the basic related documents are almost always filed at the customs. In nine out of 27 cases where another agency is responsible for trade statistics compilation, the compiling agency does not have a copy of the customs declaration on file, and in two countries, namely, Botswana and Rwanda, the invoices in respect of imports and exports are returned to the trader after the relevant customs declarations ha^e been accepted. Needless to point out that it is desirable that net only customs declarations, but also the supporting

documents including ships' manifests, related bills of lading and invoices should

be held at an appropriate government department so that as a minimum requirement

the competent authority could check on the accurate collection of revenue.

Page 3

4- ^he reference period in respect of any one year is the calendar year for 32 out of the 33 countries for which such data are presented; but for Gambia it is the year ending 30 June. However since in respect of that country as is the case in 30 other of these countries, data are compiled monthly there should be no difficulty in obtaining annual data on a calendar year basis for Gambia, The only snag is that adjustments or corrections which became necessary for the

trade statistics of that country are effected only at the end of the relevant year as is the case in nine additional countries- Indeed in respect of six countries, namely Comoros, Djibouti, Libya, Mozambique, Togo and Upper Volta corrections to trade statistics reported are never to be effected even if they should become necessary.

5. The fashion is to carry corrections into monthly or quarterly cumulative statements only as is evidenced in 15 out of the 33 countries for which such data is available. Only in respect of two of these countries, namely Cape Verde and Sierra Leone are corrections efiected on a current basis. In the interest of accuracy especially when dealing with trade in agricultural products subject to crop years and seasonal fluctuation it seems desirable for corrections to be carried on a current basis and reflected in cumulative totals.

6- The average number of months taken in a country to compile and publish

external trade data has been roughly estimated as follows:

Monthlies Quarterlies Semi-annuals Annuals

Compilation 2 3 3 5

Publication 2 2 2 3

Total 4 5 5 ~F"

Thus it takes twice as long to produce an annual as a monthly and almost twice as long to compile an annual as to publish it compared with a monthly which takes an equal length of time for publication as for compilation. However there are wide variations in practice between countries as shown in Table B. At one extreme lay the East African Community, Morocoo and Reunion which are reported to take less than four month to produce an annual while Ghana takes as much as 24. On the other hand Togo takes 11 months and Mozambique 13 to produce a monthly. It would appear that this is a subject for further investigation.

e/CHIH/CAS. 10/11

Page 4

Table B» EXTERNAL TRADE STATISTICS

Lag^-s. Lag between between^, .end of oom—

end cf period pilav\o:a

to which data^\ ^iC.

relates and ^v publica- 3 compilation ^""xfcxon

Up to 3 months 4 to 6 months 7 to 11 months 12 months & over

Total ■■■"

Up to 3 months 4 to 6 months 7 to 11 months 12 month & over

Total

Up to 3 months 4 to 6 montho 7 to 11 month 12 months &over

Total

Up to 3 raonths

4 to 6 months

7 to 11 months 12 months & over

Total

Sources Table 1 of Annex I

CCMPILATION-PUBLICATION COUNTRIES

Up. to

months

15

15

10

5

15

7 1 2

10

7

5

2 2 16

4-6 7-11

months month

Monthlies

2 1

1

3 1

Quarterlies 1

1

^emi--Annuals

1 —

1 —

Animals 2

1 —

3 —

TIME-LAG IN AFRICAN

Number of countries

12 months

Total

& over

18

— 1

19

11

5

16

8

— 1

2

11

6 9

2

1 3

1 20

Page 5

III. C01TSRAGE

A- Systems of Trade

7- Two systems ef recording trade statistics are described in the United Nations

International Trade Statistics Concepts and Definitions (Statistical Papers Series M. U0.52) 2/ as follows:

(i) The special trade system comprising-

(a) Special imports defined as "imports for home consumption or use entered-directly via clearance through customs (with duty paid if dutiable) as well as goods withdrawn from customs - controlled premises (after duty is paid if dutiable) and

(b) Special exports consisting of "exports of national produce plus

exports of imported goods which have been "nationalized" by having been cleared through customs"

(ii) The general trade system comprising all goods entering the country and

all goods leaving the country so that general imports consist of the combination of the following:

(a) Imports cleared through customs directly for home consumption or

use and , ;■. . : , ; . -.:■

(b) Imports into customs controlled areas and general exports comprise domestic exports (or exports of national produce) and re-exports

(i.e. nationalized exports plus exports from customs burder ware houses . and -free areas) as well as exports from customs bonded

manufacturing plants, if any. In neither of these systems is direct transit trade recorded.

8. Table 2 of Annex 1 provides details of the reporting systems used in 49 countries of the region. There it is shown that 25 ^r approximately half of the countries of

the region use the special trade system while and additional 14 or a little more

than a quarter of them use the general trade system exclusively. A further three employ both systems in respect of imports buo use only the specicl system for reporting 0:1 experts. Seven additional countries include direct tran.331 trido in

their statistics, of which three are on special trade, a further t^rse on a

combination of general and special trade and the remaining one, on general trade.

Six of these countries, plus an additional 11, maintain separate records on that flow. Thus one country namely Ethiopia which includes goods in direct transit with her general imports and exports does not keep separate records of such goods.

2/ Hereinafter referred to as "Concepts and Definitions"

E/CN.14/CAS.10/11

Page 6

B. Merchandise

9. International recommendations havs been made relating to the treatment of various categories of goods as fellows and they are contained in the "Concepts and definitions" referred to at paragraph 7 above:

(i) Goods to be excluded from the statistics

(a) Goods consigned by a government to its armed forces and diplomatic

representatives abroad;

(b) Temporary trade such as tourists' and travellers' effects, animals

for racing and breeding, goods for exhibition only, returnable

samples and returnable containers, g°ods shipped °nly for temporary storage and vehicles engaged solely in the carriage of goods or passengers between countries?

(c) Monetary gnld and

(d) Securities, bank notes and coins in circulation (ii) Goods to be separately recorded

(a) Non-monetary gold

(b) Movements of goods for improvement or repai*

(c) Goods on lease

(d) Stores and bunkers for ships and aircraft and

(e) Pish and salvage sold abroad off national vessels or

landed from foreign vessels in national ports.

(iii) Goods t^ be included

(a) Various categories of new and used ships and aircraft (b) parcel post trade

(c) Trade on government account

(d) Prade on the account of foreign concessionnaires (e) Gas, electricity and water

(f) Migrants' effects

(g) Personal purchases made by travellers

(h) Border control traffic of a kind not normally subject to complete

Customs control, and

(i) Commercial samples.

B/UIT.14/CAS.10/11

Page 7

106 The treatment accorded to each of these items in 35 African countries is compared at taHes 3 to 5 inclusive of Annex I. Not a single of these countries

follows the in:;rv"n?-t:!.o7?ll "ooorrT^^dat-i-^ns and, except in the case of the East

African Community where practices are similar for each member, no two countries follow the same practice. Only in Zambia are all the items recommended for

exclusion excluded? bu^ alcoo: Outf1?* from that, countryrs statistics are 15 of the

items recommended for sepcrato recording and 13 for inclusion. Indeed the lack

of comparability of African trade statistics is clearly evident from Table G

which provides a sar^jary •<--? "Ihoso "tables".

Table C. Comp^i-ison of Country Adaptation of International Recommendations regarding coverage of categories of goods in Trade Statistics of 31 African Countries

Goods to b3 included

(lib of ite*as included)

1-5

6-10 11-15

16 and over

TOTAL

TOTAL

3 10

9 9

31

ite

HIL

2 1

I

5

ds to

ujs ex

1-5 2 2 1

4

9

be

(IT: of eluded).

'.'- ' 0

3

3

4

10

11-15

2 4

6

16 and

over

1

1

ITumbei> *f countries Goods to be recorded

separately (No of

items so recorded

ML . 2 6

■ 7"- '

6

21

1-5 6 and

over 1

.4 -

2 ■— ■

ID

Sources Tables 3>4 and 5 °i* Annex 1.

IV. MEASUREMENT OF COMMODITIES A. Valuat:-L-ii

11. The ■'Concepts and Definitions" contain recommendations for valuing goods ■ to be recorded in trade statistics as follows:

(i) In tba case of imports? the value at which the goods were purchased

plus the cost of transportation and insurance, where not included, to

the frontier of the country of import (including unloading charges at the frontier if any) i.e. a c.i.f, valuation, and

(ii) in "the case. .?>f exports, the value free '-n board (f.^.b.) or free on

rail or road vehicles (f.o.r,) at the frontier of the country, including

exppr£ duties,, internal taxes'and similar charges imposed in the country

of export "in so far as they in fact remain charged on.the goods exported."

B/CN.14/GAS,10/ll Page 8

This value includes all transportation and insurance expenses from

inland location to the frontier of the country, commission and brokerage and all other charges incidental to the delivery of the goods on board

the exporting vehicle - in other words, the value at which the goods were sold by the exporter including transportation and insurance to bring the goods onto the transporting vehicle at the frontier of the exporting country,

12- Table 6 of Annex I analyses the composition of the value element additional to the initial cost of imports and exports for 46 African countries and Table 7 presents the method of value estimation in respect of selected transactions for

31 of these countries. At Table 8 certain special valuation problems are listed

as well as the solutions applied in respect of 23 of these countries.

13» In respect of eight countries the value of imports is over stated by the inclusion of customs duties and in respect of seven of these countries the value is further overstated by the inclusion of customs handling charges. Handling charges are also included in two additional countries so that in respect of at least ten out of 46 countries for which such data is available the value of imports recorded is greater than c.i.f.

14» By the exclusion of export duty and other internal taxes, the value of exports is understated for at least nine countries of the region. In respect of three of these it has beer reported that commission and brokerage and certain other internal expenses are excluded. Also for four of them and one additional country the cost of containers is not included. Thus the value cf exports as recorded for at least 12 out of 46 countries for which such ata is available is less than the recommended transaction value and in respect of two of these

countries namely Madagascar and Upper V-^lta, since the recorded value for imports is greater than the recommended transaction value, a false picture of the visible trade balance is obtained for these countries.

15- The general practice in the valuation of merchandise recorded in African trade statistics is to accept the value declared Hy the trader supported by commercial documents. However when no such documents are available the goods are usually valued by the customs authorities on the basis of prices operating wither on the

local or world market, such values being sometimes subject to adjustment, as the case of goods on consignment, when relevant details become available.

16. Goods sold at auction to cover customs charges are included in the statistics of 14 out of 21 countries for which such information is available. In respect of six of these the value recorded is that of the proceeds from the auction and for an additional country an estimate of the cost of freight and insurance charges is added thereto, while for a further two countries the value of the customs

charges is therefrom deducted. Only in four of the 14 countries are proper value assessments attempted.

17- Confiscated contraband is included in the trade statistics of 20 rut of 28

countries for which such data is available. For a majority of these countries proper value assessments are attempted but in nine of these countries the proceeds from auction sales are recorded as the value of the merchandise.

Page 9

13. Problems facing African countries in the compilation of trade statistics include under-recording or index-valuation by reason of smuggling, unrecorded trade due to other factors and understatement of values in cust-ms declarations.

Yanous simple solutions are sometimes applied to these problems but the most remarkable occurs in ffiger where the recorded value of external trade is reported to be increased by 30 per cent in an attempt to take account of unrecorded movements particularly of live cattle and textiles between that country and Nigeria. It is not kn^wn whether this percentage is based on scientific investigation.

B. Quantity Measurement

19. In the recommendations contained in "Concepts and Definiti-ns" it is stated that "when the quantity of goods of any kind is expressed in any unit or units oi measure other than weight, an estimate of the average weight of each unit, or multiple of units, shall be shown in the normal returns." It is also stated that quantum figures sh-uld be on a net basis (excluding packing enclosing the commodity specified), as this is the figure most useful for economic analysis and is the only basis on which different shipments of the same commodity can be accurately compared" but that also quantity figures in gross weight should be published annually since they are valuable for transport statistics. In respect o± ships, three quantity units are recommended, namely, number of ships, gross registered tons and deadweight tons, and, in respect of aircraft, number of planes and carrying capacity - in terms of SQats for passenger aircraft and kilogrammes for cargo planes. Table 9 of Annex I present the practices in this regard for

33 countries of the region.

20. Only in 15 out of 33 countries for which data are available are quantum

measurements always recorded in terms of weight even when quantities are expressed also in other units. In 12 of these the measurements are on a net weight basis while in the other three they are on a gross weight basis only. Set weight is sometimes recorded in 26 of these countris, and in the remaining seven countries weight measurement is recorded only on a gross basis. Only in 13 of these countries XL-+* ^^f WSlght measureffient employed, and in two of these, as well as in an additional: four countries, quantities are never expressed in weight terms when other physical measurements are used. The metric system is in general use although in two countris, namely Gambia and Sierra Leone the imperial system of

measurement is used. J

21. It is the fashion to measure aircraft and ships in terms of number. However in one-third of the cases observed the internationally recommended concepts of gross registered and deadweight tons are also omployed in respect of shipS while in an additional 42 percent of these cases the supplementary measurement used is the net registered ton". It should be noted that carrying capacity in respect

ol aircraft is very seldom recorded.

V. CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES

22. In 1950 the United Rations Statistical Cnmmission recommended a Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) }j for statistical use. This was'"

revised in 1961 so as to aifcrd easy comparison with the 1955 Brussels

Nomenclature for the Classification of Goods in Customs Tariffs (BTIT), and a further revision was effected in 1976 and copies of this were circulated by the ECA secretariat t- all national statistical offices in the region, urging its

adoption. ' & e

~3/Statistical Papers. ¥0. 10, Second Edition, June, 1951.

E/CN.14/CAS.10/11

Page 10

23. However at i'able 10 of Annex I where country practice in this regard is presented it can "be seen that only in one out of 33 developing countries of the region has the second revision of the SITC been adopted. The I96I revision is in use in 12 other of these countries and, in respect of three of them, with modifica tions. In one additional country, namely Nigeria, the original SITC is still employed. In fact half cf the countries for which such data are available use the BTN, or some modification of it, which is the classification most usually employed

for tariff purposes.

VI. COUNTRY D^I^HTION AND CLASSIFICATION

24. For various reasons which we explained therein the "Concepts and Definitions"

recommends the recording of trade with partner countries on the basis of country of consignment. It is further recommended that "where there are legal or other impediments to this", data rn country ^f consignment should be collected " at suitable intervals as supplementary information". However the desirability of import statistics by country of production is recognized and the collection of

import data r>n this basis is not discouraged,

25. The definitions of partner country in 44 countries «f the region are listed at Table II of Annex I. In respect of imports the majority of countries, more specifically approximately 73 per cent of the countries, are shown to record transactions rn the basis of country of origin or production. In the absence of particulars relating to country of production, four of these countries revert to the country of consignment or provenance. Only 11 of the 44 countries for which such data are available follow the international recommendation and record their import data on the basis of country of consignment. However in respect of exports 40 of these countries follow the recommendations and record their data on that basis. Only the countries of Portuguese expression attempt to classify

their exports by country of consumption.

26. In the interest of the international standardization of country classification in statistics on direction of trade there exists a United Nations Standard Country

Code 4/ wherein is contained a detailed classification of the countries of the

world by major geographical areas and economic groupings. The adoption of this

code wculd represent a great advance for Africa in the standardization of material

for data processing and the rapid transmission cf trade information.

27. The urgency for standardization in this regard is evident from table 11 of appendix I where country classification schemes are listed for 31 countries of

the region. There it is shown that the United Nations Standard Country Code has been adopted in only eight of these countries and in one instance it has been severely contracted. In 17 other countries statistical officers use their own classifications and in respect of nine of them they refer merely to a. simple alphabetical list of countries. Three others use an European Economic Community classification and a further three use a code previously introduced by the 3CA secretariat. Thus there is a great lack of comparability between the reports rn

direction of trade of the various African countries.

£/ United Nations, Statistical Papers3 Series Mo No. 49.

E/CN.14/CAS.10/ll

. Page 11

VII. INDEX NUMBER CONSTRUCTION

28.. For 13 of -the 31 countries in respect of which questionnaire returns have been received, no indeat numbers are compiled relating tr extranal trade. At

tables 12 and 13 of Annex I an attempt .is-made to summarize the methods of construction of index numbers of unit value volume and terms of trade for the other 18 African Countries.

29. Only for 17 of these countries are unit value indexes c^nn,uted, and in"

respect of 12 of these the quantum and unit value indexes are interdependent.

The position is clearly presented at table D^which shows the association between unit value and volume indexes for the 18 countries. " . - Table'D. Association of Unit Value and Volume Indexes in African Countries

Number of Unit

Volume Value Indexes Indexes

Laspeyres Paasche "Ideal"^Fisher Other . , Hot ■

Computed TOTAL

Lasperyres Paasche

Fisher "Ideal"

Other

Not Computed

10 2 4 1 1

TOTAL

18

Source: Tables 12 and 13 of Annex I

30. Except in respect of one country, namely Mozambique, where the indexes are

chained the index numbers are all constructed from a fixed base period. However in respect of almost every country for which data is available the indexes are b&sed on a different period and in no four cases is there a comparable base period

used.

31. As regards the coverage of the items used in the computations this is

generally larger for exports than for imports. For two countries, namely Malawi and Zambia the coverage i& as low as 50 per cent of imports while in respect of exports the lowest coverage is shown to be 80 per cent of national exports. The majority of countries take all imports into account in the calculations and national exports only. Only in respect of three countries, namely Ghana, Madagascar and

Zambia are re-exports also included.

32. Terms of trade are generally computed net but in respect of Nigeria the

measurement is reported to be gross barter terms of trade while for Egypt the

income terms of trade are also computed.

E/CN.14/CAS.10/11

Page 12

33- Adjustment for complete coverage in respect of quantum indexes are made for 11 of the 18 countries in respect of which such indexes are constructed..

It should be noted that two basic formulae are used which nevertheless produce

the same result.

VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS

34. This study has revealed some of the many deficiencies obtaining in the practice of the compilation and reporting of international trade statistics for the countries of the African region as compared with international

recommendationa. It has also shown a great lack of comparability between the statistics of the various countries and raises the question as to the usefulness

of oombining such data. It is hoped that it will serve as a catalyst in the

process of the development of African national trade statistics on a useful internationally comparable basis so as eventually to effectively further the interests of the

ationandavalibilityofdata-'inAfrioanCountriaa Sub-rsgitj ud ¥OMSATRICJ Egypt LibyaArab Jamhirfya Moroooo TOSTAFRICA Benin Cap*Varde GubU COKPILIHOAGENCYLOOATIOHOPBASICDOCUXEKT303ED (0-Quaton3■CentralStat.Office) Central Offioalara-InportgExportsConplla-Puolioa-PERIOD tion*tionOther not Hpecifled(k'.'Monthly Q-Quarterly H■Hslf-yaarly

BEFEREiiCEO.-KBRAMUaiKEIITSJRC0RBEC7IOHS inreHfjeOt' cfvhlchNeitate 0,3 L'OffioaC,Offioa Am*de obangaaohanges C,S 0,3

N,Q,H,A "K,Q,H,A H,APriort 1965 oalenda

Cumuls-Annual tivedata state-only

NORMALTIMELAO1BTJEEH ENDOPHELEV1MTPKRIOD. andCOMPILATIONCKBATAENDOrCOMPILATIONOFDATA andPUBLICATION li li

Half-Annually yeazly Ilfferl* Sierra,Laon* Togo OpparVolts

0,3 C,3 C,3 C,3 datraita- 1■infonaa-

Ssnloeda qontr« liquidation C0 0,3C,3M,q,H,A Q M,A

beginning- 1July Calendar- OBTTRALAFRICA Caasroon,United Up.of CentralAfriaan MASTAPHlOA Botivum Ethiopia Djibouti EastAfrioan Conaunity (Kenya,?an*& aganda) Lesotho Madagaaoar KslMi Hauritiiu Kozaabique Hsunioo Seychelles SOMlla Suasilaod Zanhia 1/Data Alga

C,SReturnedReturned CReturned tolBpOT- ter C,3 C,3 C,S 0 c,s c,s

c,s

H-K,Q,A(1)Calendar year (2)Yearbegin- ing1July MM,A M,A <J,A M,S,A ft.A M,A a,h.a

Calenda1/10l/T 3

l/T"1/7 fongo,Chad,Oahon,ShuTcii4,

1.... 1to?1to21to24to51to21to21to2Ato5 2to32to)2to32to32to62to63to6Jtoo 234.-4 '3''!'.4j.'.:1 22iAi1/7■2 6.7.li.i 3..10. 1..3i..i ■111itl:6112 36912ii13 .._4..3...21to3 Sito>37to8 ndPriniupeandZaireinCantralAfrica;andSouthernRhodesia.

Table2.

AnnexI. SystemusedforreportingexternaltradestatisticsInAfricancountries(Descriptionoftradeincludedinthestatistics) SUB-REGION Country NORTHAFRICA Algeria Egypt LibyanArabJamahirlya Morocco Sudan Tunisle WESTAFRICA Benin CapeVerde Gambta Ghana Guinea-BIssau IvoryCoast Liberia Mall Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierrateone Togo UpperVolta CENTRALAFRICA Angola Burundi Cameroon CentralAfricanEmpire Chad Congo

Directly for home consumption oruse X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

IMPORTS Intocustomsbonded Manufac turing plants "a/ ->- X - - X J/ X X X X X X X - X X X *• X X X X X X

Warehouses andcustoms freeareas -

"V

,- - - - - X X - X - - - X X - X X "■ - • - - - -

In direct transit - X - - - - - X - - - - - - - X X - - X - - - - - -

Withdrawn frombonded warehouses andcustoms freeareas forhome consumption oruse X X ■*" X X X X X - - X - X X X X X X X X X X X X ™ X X

Natlonal produce X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

EXP0RTS Fromcustomsbonded Manufac- turIng plants —— X - - X - - X X X X X X X " X X X X X X X X X

Warehouses and customs free areas - "a/ - - - - - X X - X - - - X X X "• *■ -

Re-exports or national ized exports X X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

In direct transit — X - - - - X - - - - - - - X X ™ X

Separate records keptin respectof goodsin direct transit ... X ~ - X ... - X — X ... ... ... ... ... X X •*■ X X ... X y A

*** .*#

piBN Wpn CDCDfej o o \ 1—•

Table2>SystemusedforreportingexternaltradestatisticsInAfricancountries{DescriptionoftradeincludedInthestatistics) (continued) IMPORTSEXPORTS SUB-REGIONDirectly forhome

Intocustomsbonded Country

Manufae—Warehouses consumptionturingandcustoms oruseplantsfreeareas direct transit

Withdrawnfrom bondedware housesand customsfree areasforhome consumption oruse National produce

Fromcustomsbonded Manufac—Warehouses tur'mgandcustoms plantsfreeareas Re—exportsIndirect ortransit nationalized exports

Separate records keptin respect of goods in direct transit CENTRALAFRICA(cont'd) Gabonx RwandaX SaoTom6&PrincipeX ZaTreX EASTAFRICA BotswanaX ComoresX DjiboutiX EthiopiaX EastAfricanCommunity(Kenya, Tanzania,Uganda}X LesothoX MadagascarX MalawiX MauritiusX MozambiqueX ReunIonX SeychellesX SouthernRhodesiaX SomallaX SwazilandX ZambiaX SOUTM^AFRICAjRepublicof)X a/Relevantcustomsbondedareasnon-existentinthecountry b/Onlyafter1963

a/•• V -00. CDa> X

o ft H1 ^-. O

IS.10

o/Petroleumonly d/Exceptpetroleum.

1 i

HTm !

3&

51

8a O S -H -H

■ a 4* Ja

ft *»

3 oS'

□ •

Eg t •

H M H ™ H M

5 1

Milt

mIm m "\ IhHH HHH ||

■ HI) 1MB M ■ BO [

HUUIMH M.HMIH-'I

"Si . "St . ."Sri

I M M I B M i-t . H M I H . • f

• HHH ■■■ 11

"Si "Si .

MM. |HH> M T •«^{H H III1II}

. Si Si S

: h m i m : : i1

H — »M M M

H H • «■ ■■ H

H M U W M M i-i M B n

!!m h hhuuh hu i-i a M

H'tlH *H 1HMIin hmm m

m b H h h

s i ^{a § -si}

P>S* 5

18

3

• I *. ■»

i. •

•* 3

e a

1°

■

Tanla;.TrwtBantofgoodaintaniationaJljraoo—lanflaqTorlnoluaion(1-KioIudaSiI-Inoludadj3-Saparstalyreoordad) nhand!aatradeatatiatloa

Sub-Bagion

and

Country HllitmrjFiaaion-goodaabletutorials Partlyworked Higr

oiroula-notIn Ships•adairoraft Gift,dasBl«otrioitjWater

kind ParoelPouttrad* forsignODnseas-ionalraa ErportaDuty-fr««"»*«good**rm"-bwk

MOtTI

Uta/anlimbJaukiriyiMorooooSudan

wistimci

BaolnCap*Varda

SlarraLaos*fsgot^parTolt*

Caawroon,OtaitadBap.ofCantrklAfr.bplraBvaada si/!y1/ si/

"-if

-1/

Botavana

DjiboutiEthiopiaBeatAfricanCob-■unity(l*n7»,Tauaiila,Dgand*)

LcBOths■adagaaaarUlulMaiulttua -y-y-y-y-y-y-y -y-y

h/

-2/ I,3I

I,S t,3

1/2/y

5/6/2/2/ ly"»7*b*CantralBankOoiJCtMQjan*toouatoaaiatjlo•aaSiruuutloBaxlatainthaoountxjXzoaptparoatspostEzportaonljIaport*onljKzosptgiftsinkind txoludadifonudforsonthant»ojBar* fthaoountrjr

Tabl*6.ValuationofIsrportamdBxport«inAfricanCountriss. IICLUDEDIIIKP0BT3INCLUDBEINEXPCBTS Sub-Bagio and Country transport ationto frontier iBporting oountry lBsuiuoa tofirontisr lBporting oountry Unloading anugts oustoBs frontier

CuStOBBCostof trsnsport-lnauranoe handlingdutiesatlonfrOBinYolved ohargsainlandlo-Inbringing oationtogoodsfroB frontierofinlandlo- aiportingoationsto oountrjfrontiaron boardax- porting vehiola Handling obAigaa inrolvad onputting goodaon board exporting vehiola

Conniaaion and brolurafa

Coitu oturgai drmwing updoou- olvadin hetrans kotlon

PaokiogCoatilnaraBtport duty ■OMTHAfBIC* « ■ere* LibyanArabJa Uriym Sudan funlBia, Banln C*jnYard* Oubi> IrorjCoast LiWria ■all SiarrBL*ob* Toco Opp*rTolta Burundi Cbbatoob C«BtralIfcio Chad Congo (Mob Zair* ■1ST1FBIO1 Coaoros IPJibouti Ethiopia -lutITrioaCoBBusltj (K«nj»,T»o»ani« 1/Bzcludsafralgntandlnsurano*ooatsbataaanFranohaetropolltanports■ j/Tofrontl*rofCusteaaandEoonomioOnionofCantralAfrion(DDBAC)ofu 2/Inr»»p»otofgoodsvhloapustbroughtbaoout0.0ofthsBapublioofSo 3/losuohobargaaiiatainthsoountry.

|4Algerianports

7.MethodsofestimatingvaluesInrespectofselectedtransactions—''■-»■ (A-proceedsfromauctionsale;C■estimatesofcustomsauthorities;D»declaredvalue; E-excludedfromthestatistics;M-basedonopenmarketvalue;0-originalexportorImportvalue) Sub-region and Country NORTHAFRICA Egypt LibyanArabJamahlriya Morocco Sudan WESTAFRICA Benin CapeVerde Gambla Ghana Niger Nigerla SierraLeone Togo UpperVolta

Imports Not supported byInvoices •■* C c c M

V M1/

H M

bynbn— resident companles from parents abroad D- D ... M -y •■• *■■ M

I On

:xports bynon- consignmentresident

y

•■■ M

"y

D- *■* ft■ft M *■*

companies to parents abroad ...

y

■.» M

"**y

Mr ••• M •*•

Not sup ported by Invoices

J' $

M C M C D IP ••* M M V

Unsoldarticles re-Imports of 1/ E

E17

D

0^

•ft« 0 n

re-exports of

'"y

E- D *■ft fti« 0

Gifts Imported from private agencies or persons C E E D M «■■ M

Exported by private agencies or persons C *•« E E D •■• n M

Moved under

Goods Sold to conces-cover sion M y

"y

E «*ft —y

"6/

M- M *■ft

customs charges E E

&

A Aay *•• E A A

Confiscated contraband A Ct F(- E A A A *ftft E A 4/ CENTRALAFRICA Cameroon,RepublicofM CentralAfricanEmpireM RwandaM EASTAFRICA Botswana£— CcxmjrosM Ethlopiam EastAfricanCommunity (Kenyaj,Tanzania,Uganda)M LesothoM MadagascarM 4 Mauritius

J/

M1/ D+2to4X thereof M

yD+2to4*M thereof M0

V Vy M D D+adjustment M

D—'y J./ v 1/

D^M y

Cr- 0 0 D

15/ "

0—,M 1/

E4/

M- M C C

Table7.Methodsofestimatingvaluesinrespectofselectedtransactions(continued) Sut-regionImports and country NotBynon supportedresident byinvoicescompanies from parents abroad Exports OnBynon-Not consignmentresidentsupported companlesby1nvoices toparents abroad

Unsoldarticles re-importsre-exports ofof

Gifts ImportedExported fromby privateprivate agenciesagencies oror personspersons Goods MovedSoldto undercover concessioncustoms charges

Confiscated contraband EAS"tAFRICA(cont'd) Reunion i,eycnelles Somalla Swaziland Zambia

Billsof purchases

"JSf

vV0 0 M

D,M D M

0,M 0 0

VV 1/Notapplicabletothecountry 2/Subjecttosatisfactionofcustomsauthorities 3/Netofcustomscharges 4/Valuedatopenmarketpricesonlocalorworldmarket ^6/Localsellingpricenetofestimatedcustomshandling chargesandprofitor,ex-factorypricesplusestimates freigntandinsurancecharges 6/Pluscommissionsandddiscountallowedtotraderor, actualopenmarketprices 7/Amountrealisedaftersaleofgoods,plusfreight ar.dinsurance 8/Localmarketpriceplusexpensesincurredinputting goodsonboardexportingvehicle 9/Originalvalueplusextrafreightandinsuracne Involved 10/Plusrelevantextra-expensestoarriveatf.o.b.value 11/.Plusestimatedcostoffreightandinsurancecharges

12/Subjecttoadjustmentwhendetailsofsalebecomeavailable IVPlusdutiesandcharges 14/Costtoexporterincludingexpensesinvolvedinputtinggoods onboardexportingvehicle 15/Inrespectofagenciesorcompanies 16/Iflessthan100rupees,notincluded 17/Goodsarereleasedondepositwhichisnromallygreater tftanthevalueofthegoodsandarebateisgivenonproduction oftheinvoices 18/Onbasisofquarterlysurveyresults.

o O Cft)CDO

Annex1 IS^JkSpecialvaluationproblemsnotelsewherespecifiedandtheir Sub-region andAdjustmentsinrespectof Smuggling countryUnrecordertradedueto otherfactors

Otherproblems ImportsExportsa>cd! 'H I-*1 OM NORTHAFRICA Eaypt LibyanRrabJamahiriya Morocco Sudan ValuesofcamelsonhooftoEgyptarenot includedinthestatistics WESTAFRICA Benin C<-ipeVerde G'-bmia Ghana N-qerla SierraLeone T.>go Uu>erVolta

ClearanceofgoodsonShipmentsofmajorcommoditiesbyGambia accountofgovernmentandProduceMarketingSoardarequite publiccorporationsoftennotsupportedbycustomsdocuments, sometimesnotsupportedbyCopiesofinvoicesofsuchshipmentsare customsdocuments.EffortsthenobtainedfromtheBoardfor arethenmadetoobtainvsluationpurposes, requisiteinformation directlyfromimporters. Valueoftradeincreasedby30percenitotakeaccount ofunrecorctedmovementsparticularlyofcattleon hoofandarticlesoftextilematerialbetweenNigeria andNiger. Goodsbroughtoverlandarealwaysundervaluedsincethedeclared valusareneversupportedbydocumentaryevidence. Examinationofpackages CENTRALAFRICA Cameroon,UnitedRepublcofWiththeexceptiono? textilesthevalueof almostallImportsare understated CentralAfricanEmpire Rwanda