The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation - (II). Tables, graphs and references

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G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault

To cite this version:

G. Audi

a

,§

, A.H. Wapstra

b

and C. Thibault

a

a_{Centre de Spectrom´etrie Nucl´eaire et de Spectrom´etrie de Masse, CSNSM, IN2P3-CNRS&UPS, Bˆatiment 108,} F-91405 Orsay Campus, France

b_{National Institute of Nuclear Physics and High-Energy Physics, NIKHEF, PO Box 41882, 1009DB Amsterdam,} The Netherlands

Abstract

This paper is the second part of the new evaluation of atomic masses A

2003. From the

results of a least-squares calculation described in Part I for all accepted experimental data, we

derive here tables and graphs to replace those of 1993. The first table lists atomic masses. It is

followed by a table of the influences of data on primary nuclides, a table of separation energies

and reaction energies, and finally, a series of graphs of separation and decay energies. The last

section in this paper lists all references to the input data used in Part I of this A

2003 and

also to the data entering the N

2003 evaluation (first paper in this volume).

A

: http://csnwww.in2p3.fr/AMDC/

1.

Introduction

The description of the general procedures and policies are given in Part I of this series

of two papers, where the input data used in the evaluation are presented. In this paper

we give tables and graphs derived from the evaluation of the input data in Part I.

Firstly, we present the table of atomic masses (Table I) expressed as mass excesses

in energy units, together with the binding energy per nucleon, the beta-decay energy

and the full atomic mass in mass units.

* This work has been undertaken with the encouragement of the IUPAP Commission on Symbols,

Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUN-AMCO).

influences on the mass of this nuclide (see the definitions in Part I, Section 3).

Thirdly, we give a table for values and their estimated precision for the separation

energies and reaction energies for twelve carefully selected combinations of nuclides.

This selection, together with the

β

-decay energies above, yields all differences in

masses between any pair of nuclei differing at most by 2 units in Z and N. A method is

indicated in which many more reaction energy values can be derived from the present

table.

The following series of graphs are then presented: two-neutron separation energies

and

α

-decay energies as a function of neutron number, two-proton separation energies

as a function of proton number and double

β

-decay energies as a function of mass

number which are considered as the most illustrative ones for the systematic trends.

Finally, references to the input data used in Part I of this A

ME

2003 and in

N

UBASE

2003 in the first paper of this volume are given in the last section of this

paper.

2.

The atomic mass table

As in our previous work A

ME

’93 [1]–[4] and A

ME

’95 [5], the tables presented in

this work give atomic masses and derived quantities. With very few exceptions,

experimental data on masses of nuclei refer to “atomic” masses or to masses of singly

ionized atoms. In this last case the ionization energy is generally (much) smaller than

the error on the mass, and, for the small number of very precise mass measurements,

corrections for the first -and second- ionization potentials could be applied without

much loss of accuracy. The same is true for the electron mass M

involved, see

Table A in Part I. This is the reason for the decision to present, in our evaluations,

atomic rather than nuclear masses.

Nuclear masses can be calculated from atomic ones by using the formula:

M

(A,Z) = M

(A,Z) − Z × M

+ B

(Z)

(1)

Nowadays, several mass measurements are made on fully or almost fully ionized

particles. Then, a correction must be made for the total binding energy of all removed

electrons B

(Z). They can be found in the table for calculated total atomic binding

energy of all electrons of Huang et al. [6]. Unfortunately, the precision of the calculated

values B

(Z) is not clear; this quantity (up to 760 keV for

U) cannot be measured

easily. Very probably, its precision for

U is rather better than the 2 keV accuracy

with which the mass of, e.g.,

U is known. A simple formula, approximating the

results of [6], is given in the review of Lunney, Pearson and Thibault [7]:

Mass excess (keV

)

Atomic mass (

µ

u)

_n

_{8 071.317 10}

_{0.000 53}

_{1 008 664.915 74}

_{0.000 56}

_H

_{7 288.970 50}

_{0.000 11}

_{1 007 825.032 07}

_{0.000 10}

_H

_{13 135.721 58}

_{0.000 35}

_{2 014 101.777 85}

_{0.000 36}

_H

_{14 949.806 00}

_{0.002 31}

_{3 016 049.277 67}

_{0.002 47}

_He

_{14 931.214 75}

_{0.002 42}

_{3 016 029.319 14}

_{0.002 60}

_He

_{2 424.915 65}

_{0.000 06}

_{4 002 603.254 15}

_{0.000 06}

_C

_{3 125.011 29}

_{0.000 91}

_{13 003 354.837 78}

_{0.000 98}

_C

_{3 019.893 05}

_{0.003 80}

_{14 003 241.988 70}

_{0.004 08}

_N

_{2 863.417 04}

_{0.000 58}

_{14 003 074.004 78}

_{0.000 62}

_N

_{101.438 05}

_{0.000 70}

_{15 000 108.898 23}

_{0.000 75}

_O

_{– 4 737.001 41}

_{0.000 16}

_{15 994 914.619 56}

_{0.000 16}

_Ne

_{– 7 041.931 31}

_{0.001 79}

_{19 992 440.175 42}

_{0.001 92}

_Na

_{– 9 529.853 58}

_{0.002 73}

_{22 989 769.280 87}

_{0.002 93}

_Si

_{– 21 492.796 78}

_{0.001 81}

_{27 976 926.532 46}

_{0.001 94}

_Ar

_{– 35 039.896 02}

_{0.002 68}

_{39 962 383.122 51}

_{0.002 86}

The atomic masses are given in mass units and the derived quantities in energy

units. For the atomic mass unit we use the “unified atomic mass unit,” symbol “u”,

defined as 1/12 of the atomic mass of one

C atom in its electronic and nuclear ground

states and in its rest coordinate system. In our work energy values are expressed as

electron-volt, using the maintained volt V

. For a discussion see Part I, Section 2.

As mentioned in Part I, we no longer give values for the binding energies, ZM

+

NM

− M, as we used to in earlier tables. Otherwise than before, its error equals

that in the value of the mass excess, which makes its use unnecessary. We now give

instead the binding energy per nucleon, which is of educational interest, connected to

the Aston curve and the maximum stability around the ‘iron-peak’ of importance in

astrophysics.

Due to the drastic increase in the precision of the mass values of the very light

nuclei, the printing format of the mass table is not adequate. Table A gives, for the

most precise among them, values of mass excesses and atomic masses. Conversion of

the errors from

µ

u to keV were obtained by:

σ

M_keV

= (

σ

× u)

2

_{+ (M}

u

×

σ

)

(3)

n H D 4_He 13_C 14_N 15_N 16_O 28_Si n 0.316817 H – 0.007978 0.010689 D 0.124508 0.002709 0.127243 4_{He 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.004011} 13_{C 0.125909 – 0.007584 0.118352 0.000000 0.954145} 14_{N – 0.008911 0.012558 0.003645 0.000000 – 0.008470 0.384729} 15_{N 0.094981 0.016262 0.111262 0.000000 0.090285 0.019496 0.558755} 16_{O – 0.001022 0.001377 0.000355 0.000000 – 0.000972 0.005718 0.002100 0.027039} 28_{Si 0.227453 0.008282 0.235786 0.000000 0.216210 0.010584 0.653732 0.001078 3.761099} n H D 3_H 3_He 16_O 20_Ne 23_Na 28_Si n 0.316817 H – 0.007978 0.010689 D 0.124508 0.002709 0.127243 3_{H 0.008197 0.000942 0.009139 6.116907} 3_{He 0.009704 0.001116 0.010822 5.694194 6.743975} 16_{O – 0.001022 0.001377 0.000355 0.000122 0.000144 0.027039} 20_{Ne 0.326227 0.014358 0.340650 0.024965 0.029563 0.001866 3.687126} 23_{Na – 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 8.587458} 28_{Si 0.227453 0.008282 0.235786 0.017163 0.020325 0.001078 0.633419 0.000000 3.761099}

dependent on M

is only important for very few nuclides.

3.

Influences on primary nuclides

Table II presents a list of all primary nuclides, and for each of these the main data

contributing to its mass determination (up to the three most important ones) and the

influences of these data on this nuclide.

This Table II complements the information given in the main table (Part I, Table I)

where we display the significance (total flux) and the main flux of each datum. In

other words, the flow-of-information matrix F, defined in Part I, Section 5.1, is (partly)

displayed once along lines and once along columns.

4.

Nuclear-reaction and separation energies

com-attractive.

The main use of the correlation matrix is in obtaining errors in linear combinations

of atomic masses. In practice, the correlations are important only for combinations

involving two neighbouring nuclides with small differences in mass number and

par-ticles such as n, p, d, t,

He and

α

. Such combinations, consisting of various kinds

of decay and binding energies of particles or groups of particles, are important for

systematic studies of the nuclear energy surface and for Q-values of frequently studied

reactions. As before [2], we present in Table III values for 12 such combinations and

their standard errors. The

β

-decay energies are given in Table I.

With the help of the instructions given in the ‘Explanation of Table’, values for 28

additional reactions and their standard errors can be derived. The derived values will

be correct, but in a few cases (of reactions on very light nuclei measured with extreme

precision) the errors will be slightly larger than would follow from a calculation

including correlations.

The precision (standard error) in the value of any combination of the most precise

mass values, for very light nuclei, can be obtained with the help of the correlation

coefficients given in Table B. When doing this, one should calculate the values to

which these errors belong from the mass values (in

µ

u), and not from the

mass-excesses (in keV), in the mass table (Table I).

We have also prepared a table of neutron, proton and deuteron pairing energies,

available from the A

MDC

[8], defined as:

P

(A,Z) =

1

4

(−1)

_[S

(A + 1,Z) − 2S

(A,Z) + S

(A − 1,Z)]

P

(A,Z) =

1

4

(−1)

_[S

(A + 1,Z + 1) − 2S

(A,Z) + S

(A − 1,Z − 1)]

P

(A,Z) =

1

4

(−1)

_[S

(A + 2,Z + 1) − 2S

(A,Z) + S

(A − 2,Z − 1)]

S

, S

, and S

are the neutron, proton and deuteron separation energies, the latter being

defined as

S

(A,Z) = −M(A,Z) + M(A − 2,Z − 1) + M(d) = −Q(

γ

,d),

and S

, and S

, are defined below in the Explanation of Table.

Remark: P

is also sometimes written as:

P

(A,Z) =

1

4

(−1)

All the information contained in the mass table (Table I) and in the nuclear reaction and

separation energy table (Table III) can in principle be displayed in a plot of the binding

energy or the mass versus Z, N, or A. Such a plot, in which the binding energies vary

rapidly, is complicated by the fact that there are four sheets, corresponding to the four

possible combinations of parity for Z and N. These sheets are nearly parallel almost

everywhere in this three dimensional space and have remarkably regular trends, as

one may convince oneself by making various cuts (e.g. Z or N or A constant). Any

derivative of the binding energies also defines four sheets. In the present context,

derivative means a specified difference between the masses of two nearby nuclei.

They are also smooth and have the advantage of displaying much smaller variations

(see also Part I, Section 4). For a derivative specified in such a way that differences

are between nuclides in the same mass sheet, the nearly parallelism of these leads to an

(almost) unique surface for the derivative, allowing thus a single display. Therefore,

in order to illustrate the systematic trends of the masses, four derivatives of this last

type were chosen:

1. the two-neutron separation energies versus N, with lines connecting the isotopes

of a given element (Figs. 1–9);

2. the two-proton separation energies versus Z, with lines connecting the isotones

(the same number of neutrons) (Figs. 10–17);

3. the

α

-decay energies versus N, with lines connecting the isotopes of a given

element (Figs. 18–26);

4. the double

β

-decay energies versus A, with lines connecting the isotopes and

the isotones (Figs. 27–36).

These graphs of systematic trends supersede earlier graphs [3].

Other various representations are possible (e.g. separately for odd and even nuclei:

one-neutron separation energies versus N, one-proton separation energy versus Z,

β

-decay energy versus A, . . . ); they can all be built starting from the values in Table III.

They cannot all be given in the present printed version, but they are retrievable from

the Web distribution [8].

Full references related to all the input data used in the present A

ME

2003 evaluation,

as well as in the N

UBASE

2003 evaluation (first article in this volume), are listed in a

special table, at the end of this paper.

A list of identifiers for journals, books, conferences . . . is given first, as much as

possible in the C

ODEN

-style (see [9]). With one exception though, for the Eur. Phys.

Journal for which we prefered the ‘

EPJAA

’ identifier, that we think more practical to

use, than the ‘

ZAANE

’ identifier as adopted by the N

SR

.

The references were quoted, in both evaluations in the N

SR

[9] key number style,

where available, and only for the regular journals. They are listed here by year of

publication and first author name.

References

[1]

G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 1;

http://csnwww.in2p3.fr/AMDC/masstables/Ame1993/

[2]

G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 66.

[3]

C. Borcea, G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra and P. Favaron, Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 158.

[4]

G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra and M. Dedieu, Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 193.

[5]

G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 595 (1995) 409;

http://csnwww.in2p3.fr/AMDC/masstables/Ame1995/

[6]

K.-N. Huang, M. Aoyagi, M.H. Chen, B. Crasemann and H. Mark, At. Nucl. Data Tables

18 (1976) 243.

[7]

D. Lunney, J.M. Pearson and C. Thibault, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2003) 1021.

[8]

The A

2003 files in the electronic distribution and complementary documents

can be retrieved from the Atomic Mass Data Center (A

) through the Web:

http://csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/

EXPLANATION OF TABLE

N

Number of neutrons.

Z

Number of protons.

A

Mass number A

= N + Z.

Elt.

Element symbol (for Z

> 109 see Section 2).

Orig.

Origin of values for secondary nuclides.

zp nn

mass of

Z derived from mass of

(Z + z).

Special notations:

IT

when z

= 0,n = 0;

+

when z

= +1,n = −1;

−

when z

= −1,n = +1;

++

when z

= +2,n = −2;

−−

when z

= −2,n = +2;

ε

p

when z

= −2,n = +1;

+

α

when z

= +2,n = +2;

−

α

when z

= −2,n = −2;

x

for distant connection.

Mass excess

Mass excess [M(in u)

−A], in keV, and its one standard deviation error.

In cases where the furthest-left significant digit in the error was larger than

3, values and errors were rounded off, but not to more than tens of keV.

(Examples: 2345

.67±2.78 → 2345.7±2.8,2345.67±4.68 → 2346±5,

but 2346

.7 ± 468.2 → 2350 ± 470).

# in place of decimal point: value and error derived not from purely

experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.

Binding energy per

Tabulated binding energy per nucleon (in keV):

nucleon

B

/A = 1/A[ZM(

H

) + NM(

n

) − M(A,Z)].

and its one standard deviation error.

# in place of decimal point: see above.

Beta-decay energy

Direction of decay, value and standard error in keV:

for

β

:

Q

= M(A,Z) − M(A,Z + 1);

for

β

:

Q

= M(A,Z) − M(A,Z − 1).

For a few odd-odd nuclides near maximum

β

-stability decaying both

β

and

β

, the Q

values are given as negative Q

values for the preceding

even-even isobar.

∗

in place of value: not calculable.

#

in place of decimal point: see above.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE

This table gives for each of the 847 primary nuclei the up to three most important contributing

data and their influences (

×100) on its mass, as given by the flow-of-information matrix.

Nucleus

Nucleus (primaries only)

Influence

Influence (

×100) brought to the determination of the mass of the nucleus, by

the piece of data represented by the equation in following column

Equation

In mass-doublet equation:

In mass-triplet equation:

In nuclear reaction:

H

=

_H,

_N

₌

_N,

_Rb

_{, Rb}

_{: different}

_K

_{, Cs}

_{, Cs}

_:

D

=

H,

O

=

O,

mixtures of isomers

upper isomers,

0π+ 100.0 π+ 0π− 99.6 π+(2β+)π− 1 n 100.0 1_H(n,γ)2_H 1_{H 77.9 H} 12−C 17.8 C H4−O 2.8 C H2−N 2_{H 61.3 D} 6−C 24.2 C2D8−40Ar 10.0 C D4−20Ne 3_{H 72.7} 3_H 4−C 27.3 3H(β−)3He 3_{He 67.7} 3_H(β−)3_{He 24.0} 3_He 4−C 8.3 H D−3He 4_{He 100.0} 4_He 3−C

6_{He 99.8} 7_Li(d,3_He)6_He−19_F()18_{O 0.2} 144_Sm(3_He,6_He)141_Sm 6_{Li 100.0} 6_Li

2−C 7_{Li 100.0} 6_Li(n,γ)7_Li 7_{Be 100.0} 7_Li(p,n)7_Be

8_{He 94.4} 4_He(64_Ni,60_Ni)8_{He 5.1} 197_Au(α,8_He)193_{Au 0.4} 9_He(γ,n)8_He 8_{Li 100.0} 7_Li(n,γ)8_Li

8_{Be 99.9} 8_Be(α)4_{He 0.1} 9_Be(γ,n)8_Be

8_{B 100.0} 6_Li(3_He,n)8_B

9_{He 91.3} 9_He(γ,n)8_{He 8.7} 9_Be(14_C,14_O)9_He

9_{Li 58.4} 10_Be(d,3_He)9_{Li 41.6} 7_Li(t,p)9_Li

9_{Be 88.0} 9_Be(γ,n)8_{Be 11.0} 6_Li(α,p)9_{Be 1.0} 9_Be(n,γ)10_Be 10_{Be 98.9} 9_Be(n,γ)10_{Be 1.1} 10_Be(d,3_He)9_Li

10_{B 100.0} 10_B(α,d)12_C 11_{Li 54.7} 11_Li−C .917 45.3 11B(π−,π+)11Li 11_{B 100.0} 10_B(n,γ)11_B 11_{C 100.0} 11_C(β+)11_B 12_{N 100.0} 14_N(p,t)12_N 13_{C 57.5 C D−}13_{C H 36.8 C D−}13_{C H 5.7} 13_C−C 1.083 13_{N 100.0} 12_C(p,γ)13_N 14_{B 100.0} 14_C(7_Li,7_Be)14_B 14_{C 79.9} 14_{C H} 2−N D 20.1 C D2−14C H2 14_{N 56.2 C H} 2−N 31.6 N2−C O 11.9 14N−C1.167 14_{O 57.9} 26_Mg(3_He,t)26_Al−14_N()14_{O 42.1} 14_N(p,n)14_O 15_{N 67.4 C D H−}15_{N 17.6 C H} 3−15N 15.0 15N2−28Si H2 15_{O 100.0} 15_N(p,n)15_O 16_{O 97.3 C} 4−O3 2.3 C H4−O 0.3 N2−C O

17_{O 99.5} 16_O(n,γ)17_{O 0.2} 17_O(p,γ)18_{F 0.2} 17_O(n,γ)18_O

36_{S 64.8} 36_S(p,γ)37_{Cl 35.2} 36_S(p,n)36_Cl 36_{Cl 96.6} 35_Cl(n,γ)36_{Cl 3.4} 36_S(p,n)36_Cl 36_{Ar 99.4} 36_Ar−C 3 0.6 39K−36Ar1.083 37_{Cl 70.9 C} 3H6O2−37Cl2 8.1 C5H12−35Cl37Cl 7.9 C2D8−37Cl H3 38_{Ar 69.2} 38_Ar−39_K .974 19.4 38Ar(p,γ)39K 11.4 37Cl(p,γ)38Ar 38_{K 82.5} 38_Km_(IT)38_{K 17.5} 38_Ar(p,n)38_K 38_Km _97.7 38_Ar(p,n)38_Km _2.3 38_Km_(IT)38_K 39_{K 47.1} 39_K−36_Ar 1.083 39.6 39K(n,γ)40K 7.4 41K−39K1.051 40_{Ar 65.6 C} 3H4−40Ar 24.3 C2D8−40Ar 6.7 20Ne2−40Ar 40_{K 51.3} 39_K(n,γ)40_{K 37.7} 40_K(n,γ)41_{K 11.0} 40_K(n,p)40_Ar 40_{Ca 94.2} 39_K(p,γ)40_{Ca 5.8} 40_Ca(n,γ)41_{Ca 0.1} 40_Ca(p,γ)41_Sc 41_{Ar 91.2} 40_Ar(n,γ)41_{Ar 8.8} 41_Ar(β−₎41_K 41_{K 48.4} 40_K(n,γ)41_{K 41.9} 40_Ar(p,γ)41_{K 4.7} 41_K−39_K 1.051 41_{Ca 87.2} 40_Ca(n,γ)41_{Ca 10.7} 41_K(p,n)41_{Ca 2.0} 41_Ca(n,γ)42_Ca 41_{Sc 88.0} 40_Ca(p,γ)41_{Sc 12.0} 41_Scr_(IT)41_Sc

41_Scr _84.2 41_Scr_(IT)41_{Sc 15.8} 41_Ca(p,γ)42_Scr₋40_Ca()41_Scr

42_{Ca 92.6} 41_Ca(n,γ)42_{Ca 4.1} 42_Ca(3_He,t)42_Sc−26_Mg()26_{Al 2.2} 42_Ca(n,γ)43_Ca

42_{Sc 71.1} 42_Scr_(IT)42_{Sc 23.0} 42_Ca(3_He,t)42_Sc−26_Mg()26_{Al 5.9} 54_Fe(3_He,t)54_Co−42_Ca()42_Sc 42_Scr _80.5 41_Ca(p,γ)42_Scr₋40_Ca()41_Scr _19.5 42_Scr_(IT)42_Sc

43_{Ca 96.7} 42_Ca(n,γ)43_{Ca 3.3} 43_Ca(n,γ)44_Ca

44_{Ca 94.7} 43_Ca(n,γ)44_{Ca 3.8} 44_Ca(p,γ)45_{Sc 1.5} 44_Ca(n,γ)45_Ca 45_{Ca 97.9} 44_Ca(n,γ)45_{Ca 1.9} 45_Ca(β−₎45_{Sc 0.2} 46_Ca(d,t)45_Ca 45_{Sc 42.6} 44_Ca(p,γ)45_{Sc 42.2} 45_Sc(p,γ)46_{Ti 15.2} 45_Ca(β−)45_Sc 46_{Ca 89.8} 46_Ca(n,γ)47_{Ca 10.2} 46_Ca(d,t)45_Ca

46_{Ti 57.0} 46_Ti(n,γ)47_{Ti 40.7} 45_Sc(p,γ)46_{Ti 1.3} 46_Ti37_Cl−48_Ti35_Cl 47_{Ca 82.8} 47_Ca(β−₎47_{Sc 10.1} 46_Ca(n,γ)47_{Ca 7.1} 48_Ca(d,t)47_Ca 47_{Sc 87.1} 47_Sc(β−₎47_{Ti 12.9} 47_Ca(β−₎47_Sc

47_{Ti 43.6} 47_Ti(n,γ)48_{Ti 36.2} 46_Ti(n,γ)47_{Ti 18.5 C}35_Cl−47_Ti 48_{Ca 45.4} 48_Ca(p,γ)49_{Sc 38.2} 48_Ca(d,t)47_{Ca 16.3} 48_Ca(p,n)48_Sc 48_{Sc 58.2} 48_Sc(β−)48_{Ti 41.8} 48_Ca(p,n)48_Sc 48_{Ti 56.3} 47_Ti(n,γ)48_{Ti 22.1} 13_C35_Cl−48_{Ti 20.7} 48_Ti(n,γ)49_Ti 49_{Sc 61.3} 49_Sc(β−)49_{Ti 38.7} 48_Ca(p,γ)49_Sc 49_{Ti 79.3} 48_Ti(n,γ)49_{Ti 16.0} 49_Ti(n,γ)50_{Ti 4.7} 49_Ti37_Cl−51_V35_Cl 50_{Ti 84.0} 49_Ti(n,γ)50_{Ti 16.0} 50_Ti(p,γ)51_V 50_{Cr 52.0} 50_Cr(p,γ)51_{Mn 48.0} 50_Cr(n,γ)51_{Cr 0.2} 50_Cr(3_He,t)50_Mn 50_{Mn 67.5} 50_Cr(3_He,t)50_Mn−54_Fe()54_{Co 32.5} 50_Cr(3_He,t)50_Mn

51_{V 49.3} 51_V(p,n)51_{Cr 32.3} 50_Ti(p,γ)51_{V 9.5} 49_Ti37_Cl−51_V35_Cl 51_{Cr 50.9} 50_Cr(n,γ)51_{Cr 49.1} 51_V(p,n)51_Cr 51_{Mn 54.5} 54_Fe(p,α)51_{Mn 45.5} 50_Cr(p,γ)51_Mn 52_{Cr 76.2} 52_Cr(n,γ)53_{Cr 20.0} 52_Cr(p,γ)53_{Mn 3.8} 51_V(p,γ)52_Cr 53_{Cr 78.4} 53_Cr(n,γ)54_{Cr 21.6} 52_Cr(n,γ)53_Cr 53_{Mn 66.9} 52_Cr(p,γ)53_{Mn 33.1} 56_Fe(p,α)53_Mn 54_{Cr 80.1} 54_Cr(p,γ)55_{Mn 19.9} 53_Cr(n,γ)54_Cr

54_{Fe 55.8} 54_Fe(n,γ)55_{Fe 22.4} 54_Fe(p,γ)55_{Co 11.6} 54_Fe(p,α)51_Mn 54_{Co 79.5} 54_Fe(3_He,t)54_Co−42_Ca()42_{Sc 20.5} 50_Cr(3_He,t)50_Mn−54_Fe()54_Co

55_{Mn 37.2} 55_Fe(ε)55_{Mn 34.0} 55_Mn(p,γ)56_{Fe 23.4} 55_Mn(n,γ)56_Mn 55_{Fe 59.6} 55_Fe(ε)55_{Mn 40.4} 54_Fe(n,γ)55_Fe 55_{Co 69.0} 54_Fe(p,γ)55_{Co 31.0} 58_Ni(p,α)55_Co 56_{Mn 75.9} 55_Mn(n,γ)56_{Mn 24.1} 56_Mn−85_Rb .659 56_{Fe 60.7} 55_Mn(p,γ)56_{Fe 20.1} 56_Fe(n,γ)57_{Fe 18.8} 56_Fe(p,γ)57_Co 57_{Mn 74.5} 57_Mn−85_Rb .671 25.5 55Mn(t,p)57Mn

57_{Fe 79.8} 56_Fe(n,γ)57_{Fe 11.7} 57_Fe(n,γ)58_{Fe 6.7} 57_Fe(p,n)57_Co 57_{Co 35.6} 60_Ni(p,α)57_{Co 31.5} 58_Fe(p,γ)59_Co−56_Fe()57_{Co 24.3} 56_Fe(p,γ)57_Co 57_{Ni 52.0} 57_Ni−85_Rb

.671 28.5 59Ni(p,t)57Ni 19.4 58Ni(3He,α)57Ni

58_{Fe 84.3} 57_Fe(n,γ)58_{Fe 15.7} 58_Fe(p,γ)59_Co−56_Fe()57_Co

58_{Co 61.0} 59_Co(d,t)58_{Co 25.0} 60_Ni(d,α)58_{Co 14.0} 57_Fe(p,γ)58_Co 58_{Ni 87.7} 58_Ni(n,γ)59_{Ni 11.1} 58_Ni(p,α)55_{Co 1.2} 58_Ni(3_He,α)57_Ni 59_{Co 69.9} 59_Co(p,n)59_{Ni 14.4} 62_Ni(p,α)59_{Co 8.9} 58_Fe(p,γ)59_Co−56_Fe()57_Co 59_{Ni 67.4} 59_Ni(n,γ)60_{Ni 18.8} 59_Co(p,n)59_{Ni 12.1} 58_Ni(n,γ)59_Ni

60_{Ni 44.1} 60_Ni(n,γ)61_{Ni 31.9} 59_Ni(n,γ)60_{Ni 16.6} 60_Ni−85_Rb

.706

62_{Ni 33.8} 61_Ni(n,γ)62_{Ni 31.2} 62_Ni(p,γ)63_{Cu 21.2} 62_Ni(n,γ)63_Ni 63_{Ni 61.2} 63_Ni(β−)63_{Cu 20.1} 62_Ni(n,γ)63_{Ni 18.7} 63_Ni(n,γ)64_Ni 63_{Cu 37.2} 63_Ni(β−₎63_{Cu 28.6} 62_Ni(p,γ)63_{Cu 26.2} 63_Cu(n,γ)64_Cu 63_{Zn 73.1} 64_Zn(d,t)63_{Zn 26.9} 63_Cu(p,n)63_Zn

64_{Ni 44.7} 63_Ni(n,γ)64_{Ni 26.0} 64_Ni(p,n)64_{Cu 21.9} 64_Ni−85_Rb

.753

64_{Cu 67.7} 63_Cu(n,γ)64_{Cu 17.9} 64_Cu(β−)64_{Zn 14.3} 64_Ni(p,n)64_Cu 64_{Zn 47.7} 64_Zn(n,γ)65_{Zn 28.6} 64_Cu(β−₎64_{Zn 19.0} 64_Zn(p,γ)65_Ga 64_{Ga 75.2} 64_Ga−85_Rb .753 24.8 64Zn(p,n)64Ga 65_{Ni 92.2} 64_Ni(n,γ)65_{Ni 7.8} 65_Ni−85_Rb .765 65_{Cu 36.9} 65_Cu(p,n)65_{Zn 36.8} 65_Cu−85_Rb .765 10.9 65Cu(n,γ)66Cu

65_{Zn 50.6} 64_Zn(n,γ)65_{Zn 42.5} 65_Cu(p,n)65_{Zn 6.9} 71_Ga(3_He,t)71_Ge−65_Cu()65_Zn 65_{Ga 64.4} 64_Zn(p,γ)65_{Ga 35.6} 65_Ga−85_Rb .765 66_{Cu 88.9} 65_Cu(n,γ)66_{Cu 11.1} 66_Cu−85_Rb .776 66_{Zn 82.8} 66_Zn(p,α)63_{Cu 14.7} 66_Zn(n,γ)67_{Zn 2.4} 67_{Zn N−}66_Zn15_N 67_{Zn 70.4} 66_Zn(n,γ)67_{Zn 16.0} 67_Zn(p,n)67_{Ga 11.6} 67_{Zn N−}66_Zn15_N 67_{Ga 54.8} 67_Zn(p,n)67_{Ga 45.2} 70_Ge(p,α)67_Ga 68_{Zn 97.9} 67_Zn(n,γ)68_{Zn 2.1} 70_Zn35_Cl−68_Zn37_Cl 68_{Ge 99.3} 70_Ge(p,t)68_{Ge 0.7} 69_Se(εp)68_Ge 69_{Ga 65.3} 69_Ga−85_Rb .812 34.7 69Ga(n,γ)70Ga 69_{Ge 100.0} 69_Ga(p,n)69_Ge 69_{As 77.8} 69_As(β+₎69_{Ge 22.2} 69_Se(β+₎69_As 69_{Se 70.0} 69_Se(εp)68_{Ge 30.0} 69_Se(β+₎69_As 70_{Zn 90.7} 70_Zn(p,n)70_{Ga 9.3} 70_Zn35_Cl−68_Zn37_Cl 70_{Ga 64.9} 69_Ga(n,γ)70_{Ga 31.8} 70_Ga−85_Rb .824 3.3 70Zn(p,n)70Ga 70_{Ge 64.1} 70_Ge(n,γ)71_{Ge 20.3} 70_Ge(p,α)67_{Ga 6.0 C} 4H6O−70Ge 71_{Ga 52.1} 71_Ga(n,γ)72_{Ga 32.5} 71_Ge(ε)71_{Ga 13.3} 71_Ga−85_Rb .835

71_{Ge 61.4} 71_Ge(ε)71_{Ga 35.7} 70_Ge(n,γ)71_{Ge 2.9} 71_Ga(3_He,t)71_Ge−65_Cu()65_Zn

72_{Ga 53.0} 72_Ga−85_Rb .847 47.0 71Ga(n,γ)72Ga 72_{Ge 71.7} 72_Ge(n,γ)73_{Ge 15.9} 70_{Ge H} 2−72Ge 11.2 C4H8O−72Ge 72_{Se 99.0} 74_Se(p,t)72_{Se 1.0} 72_Br(β+₎72_Se 72_{Br 55.0} 72_Kr(β+)72_{Br 38.7} 72_Br(β+)72_{Se 6.3} 73_Br−72_Br 72_{Kr 99.6} 72_Kr−85_Rb .847 0.4 72Kr(β+)72Br 73_{Ge 62.3} 73_Ge(n,γ)74_{Ge 26.6} 72_Ge(n,γ)73_{Ge 11.2 C} 4H9O−73Ge 73_{As 79.9} 72_Ge(3_He,d)73_{As 20.0} 74_Se(d,3_He)73_{As 0.1} 73_Se(β+₎73_As 73_{Se 99.0} 73_Se(β+₎73_{As 1.0} 73_Br(β+₎73_Se 73_{Br 63.9} 73_Br(β+)73_{Se 31.6} 73_Br−C 6.083 4.5 73Br−72Br 74_{Ge 35.1} 73_Ge(n,γ)74_{Ge 25.9} 76_Ge35_Cl−74_Ge37_{Cl 24.9 C}32_S 2−74Ge H2 74_{As 81.9} 74_As(β+₎74_{Ge 18.1} 74_As(β−₎74_Se

74_{Se 98.5} 74_Se(n,γ)75_{Se 1.2} 74_As(β−₎74_{Se 0.3} 74_Se(d,3_He)73_As 74_{Kr 95.7} 74_Kr−85_Rb

.871 4.3 74Rb(β+)74Kr

74_{Rb 84.2} 74_Rb−85_Rb

.871 15.8 74Rb(β+)74Kr

75_{As 63.2} 75_As(p,n)75_{Se 15.8} 75_As(n,γ)76_{As 12.0} 78_Se(p,α)75_As 75_{Se 90.6} 75_Se(n,γ)76_{Se 8.0} 75_As(p,n)75_{Se 1.4} 74_Se(n,γ)75_Se 76_{Ge 53.0} 76_Ge−76_{Se 43.2} 76_Ge35_Cl−74_Ge37_{Cl 2.8} 76_Ge(3_He,d)77_As 76_{As 84.1} 75_As(n,γ)76_{As 15.9} 76_As(β−₎76_Se

76_{Se 46.6} 76_Ge−76_{Se 26.5} 76_Se(n,γ)77_{Se 17.3} 76_Se35_Cl−74_Ge37_Cl 76_{Kr 84.8} 76_Kr−85_Rb

.894 15.2 80Kr(α,6He)78Kr−78Kr()76Kr

77_{As 33.2} 80_Se(p,α)77_{As 31.4} 76_Ge(3_He,d)77_{As 17.7} 77_As(β−₎77_Se 77_{Se 72.3} 76_Se(n,γ)77_{Se 26.1} 77_Se(n,γ)78_{Se 1.6} 77_As(β−₎77_Se 78_{Se 63.9} 77_Se(n,γ)78_{Se 15.6} 80_Se(p,t)78_{Se 10.4 C} 6H6−78Se 78_{Kr 95.4} 78_Kr−85_Rb .918 3.8 80Kr(α,6He)78Kr−78Kr()76Kr 0.7 78Kr(3He,d)79Rb 79_{Rb 64.6} 79_Rb−C 6.583 35.4 78Kr(3He,d)79Rb 80_{Ge 77.8} 80_Ge(β−)80_{As 22.2} 82_Se(14_C,16_O)80_Ge 80_{As 86.5} 80_Se(t,3_He)80_{As 13.5} 80_Ge(β−₎80_As

96_{Sr 71.9} 96_Sr(β−₎96_{Y 28.1} 96_Rb(β−₎96_Sr 96_{Y 82.0} 96_Y(β−)96_{Zr 18.0} 96_Sr(β−)96_Y 96_{Zr 54.8} 96_Zr(n,γ)97_{Zr 43.0} 96_Zr(d,t)95_{Zr 1.1} 96_Zr(d,α)94_Y 96_{Mo 62.1} 96_Mo(n,γ)97_{Mo 30.4} 95_Mo(n,γ)96_{Mo 7.5 C} 7H12−96Mo 96_{Ru 79.3 C} 7H12−96Ru 7.4 96Ru(16O,12C)100Pd 7.2 96Ru(16O,13C)99Pd 97_{Rb 61.2} 97_Rb(β−)97_{Sr 14.8} 97_Rb−98_Rb .66095Rb.340 11.1 96Rb−97Rb.74293Rb.258 97_{Sr 89.6} 97_Sr(β−₎97_{Y 10.4} 97_Rb(β−₎97_Sr 97_{Y 96.5} 97_Y(β−₎97_{Zr 3.5} 97_Sr(β−₎97_Y 97_{Zr 55.5} 97_Zr(β−₎97_{Nb 44.4} 96_Zr(n,γ)97_{Zr 0.1} 97_Y(β−₎97_Zr 97_{Nb 75.6} 97_Nb(β−₎97_{Mo 24.4} 97_Zr(β−₎97_Nb 97_{Mo 44.8} 97_Mo(n,γ)98_{Mo 37.4} 96_Mo(n,γ)97_{Mo 12.8 C} 5H5O2−97Mo 97_{Tc 52.9} 96_Mo(3_He,d)97_{Tc 47.1} 97_Mo(p,n)97_Tc

98_{Rb 80.4} 98_Rb(β−₎98_{Sr 19.6} 97_Rb−98_Rb .66095Rb.340 98_{Sr 95.5} 98_Sr(β−₎98_{Y 4.5} 98_Rb(β−₎98_Sr 98_{Y 96.1} 98_Y(β−)98_{Zr 3.9} 98_Sr(β−)98_Y 98_{Zr 97.5} 96_Zr(t,p)98_{Zr 2.5} 98_Y(β−₎98_Zr 98_{Mo 55.2} 97_Mo(n,γ)98_{Mo 33.4} 98_Mo(n,γ)99_{Mo 8.6 C} 5H6O2−98Mo 98_{Tc 57.4} 99_Tc(p,d)98_{Tc 28.7} 97_Mo(3_He,d)98_{Tc 11.2} 98_Mo(p,n)98_Tc

98_{Ru 86.2 C} 7H14−98Ru 7.8 98Tc(β−)98Ru 5.9 99Ru−98Ru 99_{Rb 73.8} 99_Rb(β−)99_{Sr 15.9} 97_Rb−99_Rb .49095Rb.511 10.3 97Rb−99Rb.65393Rb.348 99_{Sr 91.4} 99_Sr(β−₎99_{Y 8.6} 99_Rb(β−₎99_Sr 99_{Y 99.3} 99_Y(β−₎99_{Zr 0.7} 99_Sr(β−₎99_Y 99_{Zr 99.5} 99_Zr(β−₎99_{Nb 0.5} 99_Y(β−₎99_Zr 99_{Nb 99.8} 100_Mo(d,3_He)99_{Nb 0.2} 99_Zr(β−₎99_Nb 99_{Mo 66.4} 98_Mo(n,γ)99_{Mo 33.6} 99_Mo(β−)99_Tc 99_{Tc 58.4} 99_Mo(β−₎99_{Tc 40.0} 99_Tc(β−₎99_{Ru 1.7} 99_Tc(p,d)98_Tc 99_{Ru 45.4} 99_Tc(β−₎99_{Ru 45.3} 99_Ru(n,γ)100_{Ru 8.3 C} 7H15−99Ru 99_{Rh 94.2} 99_Rh(β+)99_{Ru 5.8} 99_Pd(β+)99_Rh 99_{Pd 50.7} 99_Pd(β+₎99_{Rh 49.3} 96_Ru(16_O,13_C)99_Pd 100_{Mo 57.6} 100_Mo35_Cl−98_Mo37_{Cl 35.8 C} 7H16−100Mo 6.5 100Mo(3He,p)102Tc 100_{Ru 54.6} 99_Ru(n,γ)100_{Ru 39.7} 100_Ru(n,γ)101_{Ru 5.4 C} 7H16−100Ru 100_{Rh 82.0} 100_Rh(β+₎100_{Ru 18.0} 100_Rh−C 8.333 100_{Pd 82.8} 102_Pd(p,t)100_{Pd 17.0} 96_Ru(16_O,12_C)100_{Pd 0.2} 100_Ag(β+₎100_Pd 100_{Ag 86.7} 100_Ag(β+₎100_{Pd 13.3} 100_Cd(β+₎100_Ag 100_{Cd 77.2} 100_Cd(β+)100_{Ag 22.8} 100_Cd−C 8.333 101_{Ru 59.9} 100_Ru(n,γ)101_{Ru 24.6} 101_Ru(n,γ)102_{Ru 15.5 C} 8H5−101Ru 102_{Tc 80.0} 104_Ru(d,α)102_{Tc 20.0} 100_Mo(3_He,p)102_Tc

102_{Ru 75.4} 101_Ru(n,γ)102_{Ru 16.9} 102_Ru(n,γ)103_{Ru 7.3 C}

8H6−102Ru 102_{Rh 50.2} 102_Rh(β+₎102_{Ru 49.8} 102_Rh(β−₎102_Pd

102_{Pd 92.3} 102_Pd(n,γ)103_{Pd 6.8} 102_Rh(β−)102_{Pd 1.0} 102_Pd(p,t)100_Pd 103_{Ru 83.0} 102_Ru(n,γ)103_{Ru 10.4} 104_Ru(d,t)103_Ru−148_Gd()147_{Gd 6.6} 103_Ru(β−₎103_Rh

103_{Rh 79.9} 103_Ru(β−₎103_{Rh 13.3 C} 8H7−103Rh 6.8 103Pd(ε)103Rh 103_{Pd 92.3} 103_Pd(ε)103_{Rh 7.0} 102_Pd(n,γ)103_{Pd 0.7} 103_Ag(β+₎103_Pd 103_{Ag 62.3} 103_Cd(β+₎103_{Ag 37.7} 103_Ag(β+₎103_Pd 103_{Cd 72.5} 106_Cd(3_He,6_He)103_{Cd 27.5} 103_Cd(β+)103_Ag 104_{Ru 64.6} 104_Ru(d,t)103_Ru−148_Gd()147_{Gd 18.0} 104_Ru(n,γ)105_{Ru 15.7 C} 8H8−104Ru 104_{Cd 99.8} 106_Cd(p,t)104_{Cd 0.2} 104_In(β+)104_Cd 104_{In 82.4} 104_In(β+₎104_{Cd 17.6} 105_In−104_In 105_{Ru 81.9} 104_Ru(n,γ)105_{Ru 18.1} 105_Ru(β−)105_Rh 105_{Rh 57.9} 105_Ru(β−₎105_{Rh 42.1} 105_Rh(β−₎105_Pd 105_{Pd 51.0} 105_Pd(n,γ)106_{Pd 47.3} 105_Rh(β−)105_{Pd 1.3} 105_Ag(ε)105_Pd 105_{Ag 47.5} 107_Ag(p,t)105_{Ag 34.6} 105_Ag(ε)105_{Pd 17.9} 105_Cd(β+₎105_Ag 105_{Cd 79.6} 105_Cd(β+)105_{Ag 20.1} 106_Cd(3_He,α)105_{Cd 0.3} 105_In(β+)105_Cd 105_{In 99.4} 105_In(β+₎105_{Cd 0.6} 105_In−104_In 106_{Pd 48.8} 105_Pd(n,γ)106_{Pd 32.7} 106_Pd(n,γ)107_{Pd 16.5 C} 8H10−106Pd 106_{Ag 79.4} 106_Ag(ε)106_{Pd 12.2} 105_Pd(3_He,d)106_{Ag 8.4} 107_Ag(p,d)106_Ag

107_{Ag 49.7} 107_Pd(β−₎107_{Ag 35.0 C} 8H11−107Ag 7.8 109Ag(p,t)107Ag 107_{Cd 96.3} 107_Cd(β+)107_{Ag 3.7} 107_In(β+)107_Cd 107_{In 83.4} 107_In(β+₎107_{Cd 16.6} 107_In−C 8.917 107_{Sn 59.6} 108_Sn−107_{Sn 40.4} 107_Sn−106_Sn 108_{Pd 91.3} 108_Pd(n,γ)109_{Pd 6.1 C} 8H12−108Pd 2.0 110Pd(p,t)108Pd 108_{Cd 67.9 C} 8H12−108Cd 27.1 108Cd(3He,d)109In−110Cd()111In 5.0 108In(β+)108Cd 108_{In 82.2} 108_In(β+)108_{Cd 11.4} 108_In−C 9 6.4 108Sn(β+)108In 108_{Sn 54.3} 108_Sn(β+₎108_{In 44.4} 108_Sn−C 9 1.4 108Sn−107Sn 109_{Pd 91.3} 109_Pd(β−₎109_{Ag 8.7} 108_Pd(n,γ)109_Pd 109_{Ag 70.5} 109_Ag(n,γ)110_{Ag 10.7 C} 8H13−109Ag 9.5 109Cd(ε)109Ag 109_{Cd 84.7} 109_Cd(ε)109_{Ag 15.3} 109_In(β+₎109_Cd 109_{In 53.0} 109_In(β+₎109_{Cd 47.0} 108_Cd(3_He,d)109_In−110_Cd()111_In 110_{Ru 55.1} 110_Ru−C 9.167 44.9 110Ru(β−)110Rh 110_{Rh 41.6} 110_Rh−C 9.167 33.3 110Ru(β−)110Rh 25.1 110Rh(β−)110Pd 110_{Pd 49.3} 110_Pd(p,t)108_{Pd 26.9 C} 8H14−110Pd 13.5 112Cd(14C,16O)110Pd 110_{Ag 70.6} 110_Ag(β−₎110_{Cd 29.4} 109_Ag(n,γ)110_Ag 110_{Cd 68.2} 110_Cd(n,γ)111_{Cd 23.5} 110_Ag(β−₎110_{Cd 8.4} 108_Cd(3_He,d)109_In−110_Cd()111_In 111_{Cd 59.7} 111_Cd(n,γ)112_{Cd 31.7} 110_Cd(n,γ)111_{Cd 8.6 C} 8H15−111Cd