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Functional traits and cropping system design. A trait-based characterization as a tool to choose the best cover plants according to a set of services

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International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition from 18 to 19 September 2014 at FAO Headquarters in Rome.

Conception : Cir

ad,

Martine Duportal,

September 2014

Functional traits and cropping system design

A trait-based characterization as a tool to choose the best

cover

plants according to a set of services

k

The design of sustainable cropping systems based on cover plants

requires to choose the best cover plants to deliver a set of services

k

Tools and methods to assess the potential of plants to deliver these

services barely exist

k

Trait-based approaches, originally developed in the field of

comparative functional ecology (Violle 2007, Garnier and Navas

2012), have a strong potential to address these issues

Based on 5 steps

1. Analyse of the system: sequences, bio-physical constraints, services expected 2. Identification of service-functions-traits relationhips and trait thresholds

3. Trait-based characterisation of species - Construction of functional profiles 4. Identification of usages of cover plants and ideotypes of functional profiles 5. Choice of the best species

FALLOW

1st  cycle 2nd  cycle

PRODUCTION  CYCLES

Four  services  expected:  

Nematode control

Weed control  (Cweed)

Improvement of  the  nutrient availability (Fert)

Avoidance of  competition with the  banana  (AvCBan)  

! ! ! !

Banana  cropping system

1

Functional profiles  of  cover plants

A.  pintoi (AP)

C.  cajun  (CC)

C.  zanzibarica (CZ)

P.  notatum (PN)

Level of  satisfaction  of  the  functions associated with the  four  services

3

Ideotype of  functional

profiles  for  two usages

Usage  A:  Fallow destructed for  mulch

Usage  B:  Intercropping

4

A validation of the trait-based characterization

Materials and Methods

•2 cover plants tested for the 2 usages (CC and CZ for usage A; AP and PN for usage B)

•Calculation of global notes for the delivery of the services as the mean of the notes of the level of satisfaction of the functions

•Field assessment of the services actually delivered and calculation of synthetized indicators of the services

Cweed Fert AvCBan

Note in functional profile Mean % of soil covered by weeds Frequency of weedings (/week) Note in functional profile

Area under the curve of [N] dynamics (-) Mean SPAD readings (-) Note in functional profile Weeks until flowering Ratio of root densities of cover plant to banana Conventional / 41 0.12 / 1881 59.9 / 32 / CC 0.67 64 0.16 1 2468 59.9 0.25 / / CZ 0.67 48 0.16 1 4063 60.9 0.5 / / AP 0.5 1 0.04 1 3486 60.8 0.75 33 0.036 PN 0.75 12 0.12 0 274 49.5 0.5 49 0.774 Usage   A Usage   B

better than conventional;                    worse than conventional;          red numbers:  discrepancy between trait-­‐based characterization and  field assessment

•  In  agreement  with  the  trait-­‐based  characteriza4on,  AP  and  PN  provided  a  good  control  of  weeds  (Cweed),  AP  

provided  an  improvement  of  the  nutrient  availabilty  (Fert)  and  avoided  compe44on  with  the  banana  (AvcCBan),   while  PN  didn’t  

•  CC  and  CZ  provided  Fert  but  were  not  able  to  control  weeds,  contrary  to  what  was  expected  from  the  trait-­‐based  

characteriza4on  

•  Hypothesis  to  explain  this  discrepancy:  i)  a  wrong  trait-­‐based  evalua4on  of  the  poten4al  of  plants  for  physical  barrier  

against  germina4on,  ii)  a  wrong  combina4on  of  the  3  func4ons  into  a  synthe4zed  indicator  of  the  service  delivered  

Figure 1: NO3- dynamics during the first cycle of the banana

Figure 2: SPAD readings of banana leaves during the first cycle Figure 3 : Banana growth untill flowering

Table I: Comparison between the global notes resulting from the trait-based

characterization and the synthetized indicators of the services actually delivered in the field

References

•  DAMOUR,  G.,  DOREL,  M.,  TRAN  QUOC,  H.,  

MEYNARD,  C.,  RISEDE,  J.M.  (2014)  A  trait-­‐

based   characteriza4on   of   cover   plants   to   assess   their   poten4al   to   provide   a   set   of   ecological   services   in   banana   cropping   systems.   Eur   J   Agron   52,   218-­‐228.  

•  GARNIER,  E.,  NAVAS,  M.L.  (2012)  A  trait-­‐

based   approach   to   compara4ve   func4onal   plant   ecology:   concepts,   m e t h o d s   a n d   a p p l i ca4 o n s   fo r   agroecology.   A   review.   Agron   Sustain   Dev  32,  365-­‐399.  

•   VIOLLE,   C.,   NAVAS,   M.L.,   VILE,   D.,  

KAZAKOU,   E.,   FORTUNEL,   C.,   HUMMEL,   I.,  

GARNIER,   E.   (2007)   Let   the   concept   of  

trait  be  func4onal!  Oikos  116,  882-­‐892. Banana  –  Paspalum  notatum  ©  M.  Dorel   Banana  –  Arachis  pintoi  ©  M  Dorel  

A trait-based method to choose the best cover plant

Crotalaria  zanzibarica    ©  Meynard

The globally consistent comparison of the trait-based

characterization and field assessment of the services delivered encourages its further uses as a tool to choose species the best adapted to a set of expected services.

Gaëlle  Damour  

*

,  Charles  Meynard,  Marc  Dorel  

CIRAD UR Systèmes de culture à base de bananiers, ananas et plantains , Station de Neufchâteau 97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe, France

* Corresponding author: gaelle.damour@cirad.fr

Damour et al, 2014

R e s u l t s

Cajanus  cajan    ©  H  TranQuoc  

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