INTERNAL FRICTION STUDIES IN AISI C 1010 STEEL

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INTERNAL FRICTION STUDIES IN AISI C 1010 STEEL

E. Uygur, T. Ogurtani

To cite this version:

E. Uygur, T. Ogurtani. INTERNAL FRICTION STUDIES IN AISI C 1010 STEEL. Journal de

Physique Colloques, 1983, 44 (C9), pp.C9-319-C9-324. �10.1051/jphyscol:1983945�. �jpa-00223392�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C9, supplkrnent au n012, Tome 44, dCcernbre 1983 page ~ 9 - 3 1 9

INTERNAL F R I C T I O N STUDIES I N A I S I C 1010 STEEL

E.M. Uygur and T.0. Ogurtani

M e t . Eng. D e p t . , METU, Ankara, T m k e y

R6sum6. Le spectre de frottement intdrieur de l'acier AISI C 1010 est prGsent6.

Les 6nergies d'activation correspondantes aux pics sont calcul6es. Les Gnergies de liaison des interstitiels aux dislocations sont estim6es.

Abstract. The internal friction spectrum of AISI C 1010 steel is reported.

The activation energies of the peaks are calculated. The binding energies of the interstitials to dislocations are estimated.

I. INTRODUCTION

The aim of this work can be summarized as follows:

1. Scanning and recording of the internal friction spectrum of AISI C 1010 steel between -196" and 650°C temperatures and 142-2000 Hz frequencies.

2. The analysis and identification of the internal friction peaks and calculation of the activation energies of the thermally activated ones.

3. The amplitude dependence of internal friction in the AISI C 1010 steel, interpre- tation of the data according to the existing theories.

Relaxation of the structural defects occur liy many micromechanisms /I/. In iron the following relaxation peaks have been reported:

1. Snoek: It is caused by stress induced migration of interstitials such as H,N,C,O 121. The height of the Snoek peaks are proportional with the concentration of the interstitials by which they are caused. The foreign atoms clustered around grain boundaries and at dislocations do not contribute to the Snoek peak. This theory is valid for small concentrations, otherwise the interactions between the interstitials will not be negligible. Thus the Snoek phenomena can be used as a nondestructive

testing method /3,4/ as well as for studying the solubility of the foreign atoms as a function of temperature. The latter can be done by ageing studies. Number of the solute atoms, binding energies between solutes and dislocations, dislocation densities can be estimated from the kinetics of the strain ageing process /5,6,7,0/.

2. Modified Snoek: It is caused by the reorientation of the pairs, triplets and quadruplets of interstitials and interstitial- substitutional complexes (such asN-Mn, N-Mn-Mn, etc.). These peaks occur near the temperature of the Snoek peak and are called "satellite" peaks. Keefer and Wert 19,401 have studied IT and C pairs and triplets in iron and computed the bindine energies of these clusters. When iron con- tains both substitutional and interstitial impurities simultaneously the interstitial- substitutional (i-s) doublet, (s-i-s) or (s-i-i) triplet peaks have been observed near the Snoek psak. As an example Fe

-

V

-

N/lO-121, Fe

-

^Mn

-

PJ/10,13-161, Fe

-

^Ti

-

^N,

Fe-Mo-IT, F e - C r - ~ / 1 7 / alloys can be given.

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1983945

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PHYSIQUE

3. Snoek-KGster: The Snoek-Ktjster or cold work internal friction peak occurs in cold worked and aged metals containing interstitial impurities. It was first reported in cold worked iron containing nitrogen or carbon by Snoel: /2/ and later confirmed by K'e /18/ and Ktster et a1./19/. Snoek- Wster peak was studied in hydrogen-iron system by Gibala /20/ and in nitrogen-iron system by Sugeno et a1/21/ Petarra and Beshers /22/ and Rudee and Hugging /23/. It was reported that 1201 the Snoek-Ktister peak rises proportionally with increasing solute content, then levels off to a saturation plateau the heihgt of which is controlled with the amount of cold work.

At higher solute contents the peak height shows a further increase indicating the introduction of more dislocations due to precipitation of interstitials within the grains. The activation energy of the Snoek-KGster peak consists of the sumnation of the Snoek activation energy and the binding energy between dislocations and interstitials /24/. Thus the calculation of the binding energy between interstitials and dislocations as well as the concentration of the interstitials at the dislocations have been made.

4. Hasiguti: When a metal is deformed at room temperature and quickly cooled down some internal friction peaks appear which disappear following annealing at relatively low temperatures. These peaks are caused by thermally activated unpinning of kinks from point defects as suggested by Hasiguti /25,26/. The built-in kinks present in a dislocation line which is not parallel to Peierls potential diffuse easily but are held up by point defects. Kinks break away from the pinning points and this is

followed by the jump of the defect into the dislocation line.

At vibration amplitudes higher than the order of - the internal friction rises and gains a "strain amplitude dependent" character. For the "frequency

dependent"andnamplitude independent" internal friction the "vibrating string model"

is valid/27-29/. However for the "frequency independent" and "strain amplitude dependent" type of internal friction "dislocation breakaway" model is being used 127-30/. The main difference between the above two models is the breakaway of dislocations from weak pinning points as the stress amplitude is increased /31,32/.

11. EXPERIMENTAL

The specimens used in this work had the following chemical analysis in the as received condition: O.l%C, 0.37%, Mn, 0.05%SiY0.020%P, 0.030%S, 0.003%N2, 0.156%02. They were cut from the domestically manufactured steel plates of 1 mm thickness to give bars roughly 1 0 0 x 5 ~ 1 mm dimensions. Nitrogen annealing was carried out at 950°C at atmospheric pressure for 1,2,4,10 and 24 hours. Hydrogen annealing was performed at 500°C under 1 atm. pressure for the periods of 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 4 hrs, and l0hrs.

Another group of specimens were annealed in ammonia at 500°C for 2,4,13,17,20,21 hr durations and deformed by rolling (between 16-50% reduction) and aged at room temperature from few hrs upto 1 week durations. As the chemical analyses indicate oxygen contamination in the samples could not be prevented during the annealing treatments /31, 32/.

After annealing the specimens were surface cleaned and their internal friction was measured between

-

196OC and 6 5 0 " ~ using flexural vibrations. A sample curve is given

in Fig.1. At low temperatures ( S T ) the specimens were supported from the nodal points, electromagnetic excitationr%8 inductive detection were employed. High temperature ( >Tro ) measurements of internal friction were carried out under argon atmosphere in an ePTiptic radiation furnace. Specimens were supported by iron wires at both ends and were excited electromagnetically, vibrations were detected by a pick-up crystal /31,32/.

The internal friction measurements were made by means of the half width method of transverse vibration and the free decay method at frequencies between 150-2000 Hz /1,3,4/. Dampin; and Young's modulus were observed at the 1st and 3rd harmonic frequencies. Variation in damping was also determined at least at two different temperatures as a function of vibration amplitude. A sample Granato-Liicke plot of such a measurement is given in Fig.2.

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385

380

3 75

10

370

365 Free D e c o y U

0 Half K Jlh M 5

-

¹⁹⁰ ^-150 ^-700 ^-50 ⁰ ⁵⁰

T l°Cl

Fig.1- The internal friction and modulus spectra of the nitrogen annealed eample 10 hrs, 950'~). fr = 68Scps at room temperature.

111. RESULTS

In the internal friction spectrum of AISI C 1010 steel determined during the course of this work some of the peaks were identified by means of their activation energies and temperatures as H,IJ,C,O- Snoek; modified Snoek; H,N,C,O Snoek-Kdster; etc.

However some peaks of internal friction could not be classified as their properties azreed with none of the observed peaks in literature. Further ageing studies are needed in order to identify themechanismscausing these peaks.

The activation energies of the internal friction peaks have been determined by both the "peak shift" and the "peak width" methods /32/.using the Snoek-Kdster and Snoek activation energies calculated it has been possible to obtain the binding energies

(EB) of the interstitials to dislocations in iron from,

where Q = activation energy of the Snoek-Kdster and QS = activation energy of the Snoek

p2aEs.

As Tab.1e.Z. implies good agreement is obtained between the activation energies of the internal friction peaks observed in the spectrum of AISI C 1010 steel and those reported in literature.

From the amplitude dependence studies, also the binding energies of impurities to the dislocations were calculated 1311. When these values were compared with the theoretical calculations (according.to the elasticity theory) a close agreement was observed (Table.11) 131,321. The approach used in the binding energy calculations was the same as that used by others /53/ details of which had been given elswhere

131/.

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Fig.2- The Granato-Liicke plot of the amplitude dependence in the sample of Fig.1.

Table I. The Activation Energies (eV) of some of the internal friction peaks in iron.

Peak Other workes This work/31,32/

Snoek H N C 0 Modified Snoek

N-V M-MO N-Cr N-YJl N-Mn-Mn N-N N-N-N

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Snoek-K6ster

H 0.130-0.386 /21,36,45-491 0.256-0.391

N 1.42

-

1.63 /22,36,39/ 1.34

N,C 1.3 - 1.6(1.4) /35,51/ 1.308-1.399

C 1.38 -1.47 /37,39,51/

-

Hasiguti

cx 0.39 -0.46 152,531 0.458

6 0.57 152,531 0.553-0.589

Table 11. Dislocation-interstitial binding energies (eV) incu -iron, obtained from amplitude dependent and independent internal friction data.

Amplitude Dep. Amplitude Indep.

Elasticity Int. Theory

Other workers This work1311 Other workes This work1321 H 0.223

-

^0.12

-

^0.26 ^0.04

-

^0.30 ^0.15

-

^0.23

/21,33

-

^36,45-491

N 0.673 0.1-0.22/53/ 0.53-0.69 0.62-0.87 0.44

-

^0.80

/9,16,22,35-421

C 0.823 0.2- 0.3 1531 - 0.49 - 0.70 0.48- 0.70 /35,37-39,42-43,511

0 0.617

-

0.53

-

^0.69

- -

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