Influence of sand grading on mortar properties

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Influence of sand grading on mortar properties Rivet, E.; Ritchie, T.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

THE INFLUENCE OF SAND GRADING ON MORTAR PROPERTIES by

Eo Rivet and To Ritchie

ANAL VZED

Internal Report Noo 201 of the

Division of Building Research

OTTAWA

PREFACE

This report describes work carried out by the Division as part of a program of masonry studies. It deals with one of the many variables involved in the performance of mortars and of masonry made from them. The work was carried out as a summer project by the first author,

Mr.

Rivet, while employed as a

summer student with the Division. The second author,

Mr.

Ritchie, is a research officer with the Building Materials Section and is in charge of masonry studies.

Ottawa July 1960

N.B. Hutcheon,

THE INFLUENCE OF SAND GRADING ON MORTAR PROPERTIES

by

Eo Rivet and To Ritchie

Mortar for unit masonry is prepared from a cementing material, sand and water, with the sand accounting for most of the volume of the mixture. Some properties of mortar, it has been ｦｯｵｮｾｾ are influenced greatly by the type of sand used o The particle-size grading of the sand, or the distribution of grain sizes in it, has been reported to have an important

influence on certain mortar properties9 including the strength,

water retention, and workability (1, 2)0 In addition, the ability of mortar to bond to bricks has been related to the

particle-size grading of the sand (3)0

The present specification of the American Society for Testing Materials for sand used for masonry mortar (4), requires that the particle=size grading of the sand be within certain limits o The specification also sets other reqUirements on

properties of sand for use in masonry mortaro This specification is under critical review at the present time by the ASTM

committee responsible for its development, and the committee is gathering further information to determine the influence of sand properties, including that of particle-size grading, on mortar propertieso TWo recent papers dealing with this subject (5, 6) have been presented to this ASTM committee o

A preliminary study has been made to obtain information on the influence of sand grading on mortar propertieso In

this study, masonry mortars were prepared from sands which differed in grading0 The same cementing material, a masonry

cement of the portland cement - interground limestone - air-entraining agent type, was used in preparing the mixes o The same proportions by volume of cementing material to sand were used throughout and the same consistency of the mortar was also maintained0

The mortar properties of compressive strength, water retentivity, water absorption and freezing-and-thawing resistance were then measured to determine the influence of sand grading on themo

SAND

Five sands were usedu The first was a pit sand of

suitable grading for mortar, according to the present specification, when sieved to remove that part retained on the No. 8 sieve.

The other four sands were obtained by removing certain particle sizes from the firstｾ whf.ch produced five sands of distinctive grading curves 0 These are shown in the graph of Fig. 1, along with the limits of the present ａｓｾ､ specification for mortar

sands. Sand I is the original sandj Sand II is the original minus those particles passing No" 8 sieve but retained on Noo 16, Sand III is the ｯｲｩｧｩｮ｡ｬｾ less the fraction between No. 16 and No" 30 sieves, Sand IV is the original minus the No. 30 to Noo 50 fraction? and Sand V _{is the original sand with those}

particles removed which pass the No. 50 sieve but are retained on the Noo 100" The grading curves of two of the sands are partly outside the limits of the specification as shown in Fig. 1.

The grading curves were plotted from the results of

sieve tests which are shown in Table 10 A large quantity of the original sand (Sand I) was passed through a riffle many times to obtain a large number of ｳ｡ｭｰｬ･ｳｾ from which fractions were removed to obtain the different sandso These sands were

then sampled and a sieving test made on them, the results of which are shown in ｾ｢ｬ･ 10 For each sand several tests were made, and the results were in all cases very close to each othero Void Space in the Sands

A determination was made of the amount of void space contained in a given volume of each of the sands. A sample of each sand in air-dry conditionj was compacted completely into

a standard volume of 1/30 cu ft and the weight of sand recordedo This weight of sand therefore occupied a volume of 1/30 cu ft, or 944 cc"

The specific gravity of the sands was determined using a ＲＰＰｾｭｬ specific gravity bottle" A weighed quantity of sand was added to the water in the bottle and the increase in volume of water indicated the volume of the sand, from which the specific gravity was determined. Many different fractions taken from the sand were used in making the specific gravity determinations. The value of 2071 was obtained in all cases o At the same time, samples of a pure quartz sand were also used in specific gravity determinations, and the value 2Q65 was obtained, which checks well with the range of values reported in handbooks of 2.65 to 2066.

ｾ 3

-TABLE 1

Sieve Analysis of the Sands

Sieve Amount Passing

Number

Sand I (%) Sand II (% ) Sand III (%) Sand IV (7b) Sand V (%)

8 100 100 100 100 100

16 7800 100 6609 6902 ₇₅08

30 4403 5607 _{66 09 21.8} 38 03

50 1505 1909 2305 210 8 605

100 60 0 706 809 8 02 6 05

From the specific gravity of the sands, the volume of the grains could be determined o The weight of sand in the standard

container of volume 1/30 cu ft, or 944 cc, was used to determine the volume of the sand grains, and the difference between the two volumes was considered to be the volume of void space in the sando The

proportion of void volume to total volume of the sand expressed as a percentage and called the void ratio, is shown in Table 2. For each sand, 6 or 7 determinations of the weight of the standard volume of compacted sand were made, and the value of void ratio given is the average of these determinations0

The fineness modulus of the sands also is shown in Table 20

This value is obtained from the results of the sieving testa The sum of the percentages of the total sand which are retained on each sieve is determined and the sum is then divided by 100, the result being termed the fineness moduluso

Influence of Sand Grading on Water Retentivity

The water retention value of mortar is a comparison of the flow of the mortar before and after a certain suction has been applied to it to withdraw moisture, as might occur when the mortar is in contact with an absorbent bricko The flow is measured by

4

-moulding a truncated cone of the mortar on a circular table which can be dropped through a distance of one-half inch, causing the mortar to spread. The table is dropped 25 times in 15 seconds.

The increase in diameter of the mortar, expressed as a percentage of the original diameter, is termed the flow of the mortar. After the flow is determined, the mortar is placed in a cup having a perforated bottom, with the mortar separated from the bottom by a filter papero A suction of 2 ino of mercury for one minute is applied to the mortar and the flow is again determined. The ratio of the final flow and the initial flow, expressed as a per-centage is termed the water retention value o

TABLE 2

Void Ratio and Fineness Modulus of the sands

Sand Void Ratio Fineness

-Modulus (Void Space as

%

of Total Volume) I 29.6 2.57 II 3007 2.16 III 2609 2.34 IV

2709

_2.79 V 3001 _2.73

For each of the five sands, mortars were prepared using a masonry cement of the portland cement ｾ interground limestone -air-entraining agent type. In one case the proportions by

volume of cement to sand were 1:3, and in another series of tests the ratio was ＱｾＲ｣

The water retention values of the mortars prepared from the five sands are shown in Table 30 Duplicate tests were made for each sando

= 5

-TABLE 3

Water Retention Values of

Mortars Containing Sands of Various Gradings

ＱｾＳ Proportion _I' ＱｾＲ Proportion

I

Sand FloVJ Before Flow After Water ,Flow Before Flow After Water

Suction Suction Retention Suction Suction Retention

(% )

(5&)

Value (%)

Ob)

Value

I 11005 8602 _{78 00 11605 105.0 9005} .11300 8800 7708 117.8 10602 9002 I I 10803 8207 7604 113 08 98.3 8700 11208 8503 7507 119 00 105.3 88 00 I I I 11200 8602 7700 12103 106.0 8704 114 00 8601 76.4 121.5 10503 8607 IV 108 00 8200 7600 11500 10105 8803 10700 80u3 75uO 11300 9805 ₈₇₀₂ V 10708 8208 76 08 11003 93.5 8408 10900 8408 7708 11308 96.0 8404

The results indicate that the grading of the sand does not affect appreciably the water retentivity of the mortar for the particular type of cementing material usedo The water retentivity of the mortars varied only by 3 per cent for the ＱｾＳ proportion and by 6 per cent for the ＱｾＲ

proportiono There is no relationship apparent between water retentivity and void ratio of the sando

The relatively large increase in water retention value resulting from the change in proportions of cementing material to sand (1:3 to

1:2) ｭ｡ｹＧ｢ｾ noted in Table 30 The proportions of cement to sand have

a ｾ｡ｲｧ･ｲ effect on water retention value than the grading of the sand, for the materials studied.

- 6 ｾ

INFLUENCE OF SAND GRADING ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MOHTAR

The five sands were mixed with the masonry cement described previously to prepare mortaro The amount of water was such as to produce a flow of 110 ± 5 per cento The freshly-mixed mortar was moulded into 2 inc cubes, and the moulds were placed in a high-humidity curing room (95 + per cent RH, at 73°F) for 24 hourso The

cubes were then removed from the moulds and stored in a room

conditioned at 50 per cent

RH

and 73°F until tested for compressive strengthc

Two groups of samples were preparedo In the first the ratio by volume ,of masonry cement to sand was ＱｾＳＬ in the second it was 1:20

The compressive strength of the samples was measured at ages of 1, 7, 14 and 28 daysc

The results of the compressive strength tests are shown in Table 40

TABLE 4

Compressive Strength (in pSi) of Mortars as 2-inch Cubes

Sand Proportions ＱｾＳ Sand Proportions ＱｾＲ

- -

-

I

1 7 14 28 1 ₇ 14 28

day days days days day days ｾ days ; days

I 175 485 450 414 I 420 1263

-

1231 174 487 449 400 415 1322 1335 1319 178 502 430 408 420 1280 1380 1325 II 145 475 360 429 II 372 968 1215 1296 142 475 375 440 350 968 1260 1314 146 465 360

-

351 956 1359 1315 III 180 567 525 494 III 383 1240 1410 1392 179 580 541 507 390 1225 1331 1281 178 581 519

-

385 1238 1337 1294 IV 180 570 540 558 IV ₃₉₅ 1225 1605 1444 179 576 561 550 408 1245 1556 1410 183 575 590 540 400

-

=-

-V _{141 413 335 325} V _{442 1405 1578 1275} 138 419 336 315 431 1378 1594 1239 135 420 334

-

435

-

-

7

-The relationships between void ratio and compressive strength and between fineness modulus and compressive strength for ＱｾＳ mortars of various ages, are shown in Figu 20

For the 1 day samples the compressive strength did not appear to be influenced appreciably by ｶｯｩｾ ratio or fineness moduluso At Ｗｾ 14 and 28 ､｡ｹｳｾ the compressive strength is highest when the void ratio is about 28 per cent and as the void ratio is increased beyond ｴｨｩｳｾ the compressive strength decreaseso The relationship between fineness modulus and compressive strength for the

7=

ｾ

14=

and _{ＲＸｾ day}

samples is uncertain due to considerable scatter at the higher fineness modulus valueso

The change of compressive strength with age of sample is shown in Table 40 The strength increases to a maximum then decreases slightly on further agingo Table 4 also shows the higher strengths of the mortars of 1 g2 proportions, compared wi.th those of 1 g30

Influence of Sand Grading on Water Absorption Properties of Mortar

Mortar cubes of the five sands were used in capillary absorption ｴ･ｳｴｳｾ and in total water absorption testso The cubes, of 1:3 pro= portions, were 35 days old when tested" They were cut by a diamond saw to remove a slice of the mortar about ｯｮ･ｾｨ｡ｬｦ inch thick,

parallel with one face y to expose a surface which would be free of oil

from the mouldo The samples were dried and weighed, then placed with the cut surface to a depth of ｯｮ･ｾ･ｩｧｨｴｨ inch in water for one minuteo The weight of the sample was then measured again and the weight increase was considered a measure of the capillary absorption0

The samples were then immersed completely in water for 24 hours, and the weight increase due to water absorption determinedo A

further saturation of the samples was made by applying a partial vacuum to the samples in water for 4 hours, after which the samples were

weighedo For further studies of the density of the samples, they were then weighed in water0

The results of the absorption tests are shown in Table

50

The capillary absorption is expressed as grams per minute per square inch of area, while the absorption from ＲＴｾｨｯｵｲ immersion and from 4-hour vacuum saturation is expressed as grams per 100 grams of dry ｭｯｲｴ｡ｾｯ

The relationships between the mortar properties of capillary absorption and water absorption by total immersionvand the sand pro-perties of void ratio and fineness ｭｯ､ｵｬｵｾ｡ｲ･ shown in Figo 30

TABLE 5

Capillary Absorption and Absorption of Mortar Samples

Capillary Absorption Absorption

Sand Absorption ＨＲＴｾｨｲ Immersion) (4-hr Vacuum)

- -

{gmlminlsq Ln.. ) (gm/IOO gm) (gm/IOO gm)

I 0077

709

9 0

2 0075 7 08 900 0075 801 908 II Oc82 8 01 906 0082 8 03 1001 0085 802 908 III 0085 806 1002 0085 804 1004 Ou87

804

₁₀₀₆ IV 0082

.

801 901 0080 709

808

- 0,,80 801 903 V 0075 707 907 0072 707 904 0075 708 906

For the void ratios of the sands studied, both capillary absorption and absorption by total immersion were at minimum values for the void ratio of about -29 per cent, and a definite relationship between void ratio and these properties was indicated, although the

differences in absorption values of the various mortars was not appreciableo The relationship between fineness modulus of the sand and

absorption properties of the mortar was less distinct than for void ratio, the capillary absorption ｡ｮ､ｾ｡｢ｳｯｲｰｴｩｯｮ by immersion, however, decreased in general as the fineness modulus increasedo

Influence of Sand Grading on Bulk Density

The volume of the samples used 'in 'tpe ｰｾ･ｶｩｯｵｳ water absorption tests was determined by weighing the samples in watero The

weight loss from the saturated weight was considered to be the weight of water ､ｩｳｰｬ｡｣･､ｾ from which the volume was obtained o

The dry weight of the sample in ｧｲ｡ｭｳｾ per volume in cubic ｣･ｮｴｩｭ･ｴ･ｲｳｾ was considered to be the bulk densityo

The relationships between the bulk density of the ｭｯｲｴ｡ｲｳｾ and the void ratio and fineness modulus of the sands used, are shown in Fig o

40

It appears that the bulk density may be at a maximum value at a void ratio of about 28 per cento No dependence of bulk density on fineness modulus> however> is apparent in Figo

40

Infiuence of Sand Grading on the Freeze=Thaw ｒ･ｳｩｳｴ｡ｮ｣･｟ｾｦ ｾｯｲｴ｡ｅ Three mortar samples of each of the five sands> in proportion by volume of ＱｾＳ of masonry cement to ｳ｡ｮ､ｾ were sub=

jected to a freezing and thawing treatment to determine their relative durabilityo Some additional samples of ＱｾＲ pro= portions were included in the tests o

The samples were 35 days old when the tests were

started o Before ｴ･ｳｴｩｮｧｾ they were immersed in water for 7 days, They were placed in a tray of water ｯｮ･ｾｨ｡ｬｦ inch in depth and stored for 20 hours in a cold cabinet at =2°F o After this time the tray was removed and placed in a tank of water at room

temperature for

4

hours o The freezing treatment was then repeatedo After 35 cycles all the samples were still intact,

and the type of sand had no apparent influence on the durability" The samples were affected by roughening of the surface due to very small pieces of the mortar breaking away0 This appeared

in the same degree for all the ＱｾＳ samples but the samples of ＱｾＲ proportions were much less affectedo

ｒｾｬ｡ｴｩｯｾｳｨｩｰ Between ｾｬｯｾ｟ｆｩｮ･ｮ･ｓｾｴｬｯ､ｕｬｵｳ and Water ｟ｃｯｮｾｾ

In preparing the mortar mixes to obtain a certain flow value9 the relationships between flow and water content

were investigated for the five sands9 used with the masonry

cement described previouslyo

Graphs drawn of the relationship between flow and water content for the five sands indicated that over the range

of flows studied> the curves were of a very open parabola shapes not a straight linea The general shape of the curve was similar for the five ｳ｡ｮ､ｳｾ but the amount of water required to obtain the same flow varied widely from sand to sando This is shown in Fig. Ｕｾ where the relationShip between fineness modulus of the sand and the water content required in the mix to give a flow of 113 per cent is plottedo The result is an apparently linear relationship0

ｾ 10

-When the mortar flow, water content, and the fineness modulus of the sand were used as the axes of a three-dimensional graph, a parabolic surface was obtainedo The parabolic surface was reduced to a plane by changing the axis, and when the axis

of moisture content is expressed as X2 =(cc water/gm cement - h)2, that of mortar flow expressed as Xl = (Flow - K) and that of fine-ness modulus expressed as Y, the formula

expresses the relationship, where

SUMMARY

The influence of sand grading on certain properties of mortars in which a masonry cement was used with sands of five gradings, was investigatedo

The water retention property of the mortars appeared to be independent of the sand grading, but varied considerably when the proportion of cement to sand was changed0

The compressive strength of the mortars depended to some extent on the sand grading when the proportion of cement to sand was ＱｾＳ［ in ＱｾＲ proportion, however, the influence of sand grading was slight0 The change in proportion of cement

to sand caused a considerable change in strength0

The bulk density of the mortars was influenced by the grading of the sand, and also the water absorption properties of the mortarso

The durability of the mortars with respect to 35

cycles of freezing and thawing when wet, did not apparently depend on the sand gradingo

In most cases, the relationship between sand grading and mortar properties was more easily assessed by comparing void ratio rather than fineness modulus of the sands with the property in questiono

REFERENCES

(1) Cowper y AoTI o Sands for plastery mortars and external renderingso National Building Studies9 Bulletin Noo

7,

Department of .. Scientific and Industrial ｒ･ｳ･｡ｲ｣ｨｾ HMSO, London, 19500

(2) Andrewsj Ho Mortar for brick workj block construction and masonry 0 National Building ｓｴｵ､ｩ･ｳｾ Bulletin No o 8,

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, HMBO, London, 19500

(3) ｃｯｮｮｯｲｾｃｯｃｯ Some effects of the grading of sand on masonry

mortaro American Society for Testing Materials, Pro-ceedings, 19530

(4) Specification for aggregate for masonry mortar o American Society for Testing Materials, Designation C144-52T

ｾ･ｮｴ｡ｴｩｶ･Ｉｾ Philadelphia, USA9 19520

(5) ｗ｡ｳｨｩｮｧｴｯｮｾ Wo Paper presented to American Society for

Test-ing ｾｾｴ･ｲｩ｡ｬｳｪ Committee C-12j Meeting at st o Louis, Moo,

USAj February 19580

(6) ｐｩ･ｲｳｯｮｾ CaUa Paper presented to American Society for

Test-ing MaterialsgCommittee ｃｾＱＲＬ Meeting at Sta Louis,

100

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30 16 SIEVE NUMBER 8

4

FIGURE

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OF

THE

FIVE

SANDS

t:. o o DAYS o o t:. .--- 7 DAYS ,A-.c

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VOID

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

(1:3 CEMENT: SAND)

FIGURE

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FINENESS

MODULUS

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N ｾ

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C\I

I

00 00 00

/

_I

00_W Fl I W z z 0 <l

/

0/ r<l w - - z - o / r<lW · z <I · z

I

/ C\I- (/)

/

C\I-I.L. I.L.

I

I ｾ

/

<l 0 - - 0 - 0 z -;-oN <I(/) C\I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 (7) co

I"--

(7) co I"-0 6 6 Ｈｾｾ ＰＰＱＯｾｾＩ ｎｏｬＮＱ､ｾｏｓＸＧｩＱ ('NI'OS/ｎｉｾ / ｾｾＩ ｎｏｉＮＱ､ｾｏｓＸＧｩＱ ａｾＧｩＱＱＱｉ､ＧｩＱｊ o Ｈｾｾ 001 ＯｾｾＩ ｎｏｉＮＱ､ｾｏｓ･ＧｩＱ _('NI'OS/ ｎｬｾＯ ｾｾ ₎ ｎｏｉＮＱ､ｾｏｓＸＧｩＱ ａｾＧｩＱＱＱｉ､ＧｩＱｊ

I' 95 I I I I 1-95

-

_{ｾ 1·94 - ,..0-... -}

-

₈

_{1·94 I- 0} ｾ / ' ｾ

ｾ

1-93 - I " -

ｾ

1-93

-

_{ｾ 1-92 - I}

/

'"

_{, -}

-

_{ｾ 1·92} t-

I

\

t-(J) 1·91,...- 0 0 \ - (J) 1-91 0 0

z

\

z

t

w

w

c 1-90 - \ 0- c 1.90 0

ｾ

t

t

' 1

ｾ

t

t

t

{SAND TILl

S

1·89 ｾ I Q T - ...I 1-89

9

1Il (SANDm) (SAND.TIz:) (SAND I) t(SANDJI) ｾ (SAND Ir){SANDm) (SANDI) {SANb 1Z:l

1-88 I I I (SAND ::SZ:) 1.88 . . . , .

26 27 28 29 30 31 2-1 2·3 2-5 2·7 2·9

VOID RATIO (%) FINENESS MODULUS

FIGURE 4

RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN BULK

DENSITY OF MORTARS AND

VOID

RATIO,

FINENESS

MODULUS

OF SANDS

290 0 ,

,

0::

,

0 280

xo

IJ...

,

-

_ｵｾ

,

,

ｾｏ

,

..J 270

,

clJ...

,

I.LJ

,

ＡＡＺｾ _0' =>1'0

,

0 = 260

,

I.LJ 0::

,

,

0:: _0\.0 I.LJ ｾ ₂₅₀

t

_i

_(SAND

t

_(SAND

t

_t

<t ｾ (SAND]I )

(SAND III) (SAND :or)

240

2'0 2'2 2·4 2·6 2·8

FINENESS MODULUS

FIGURE 5

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER REQUIREMENT

FOR A PARTICULAR MORTAR FLOW, AND

FINENESS MODULUS OF THE SAND