LES CLASSIQUES DE LA MÉCANIQUE DES FLUIDES ET DE L'HYDRAULIQUE
SÉRIE PUBLIÉE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE ENZO O. MACAGNO
Les textes de cette série seront publiés sans corrections d'aucune sorte, excepté lorsqu'il s'agira d'erreurs typographiques évidentes. Le lecteur sera ainsi confronté avec le texte original tel qu'il se présentait. Les traductions seront aussi lit- térales que possible, de façon à permettre l'accès le plus direct au texte original.
Les suggestions concernant les textes à inclure dans cette série seront les bienvenues, spécialement si des indications pré- cises sont données, dans le cas d'articles très longs ou de livres, sur les parties considérées comme les plus importantes.
CLASSICAL WORKS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS
A SERIES SELECTED BY ENZO O. MACAGNO
No attempt ta correct errors, if they would be detected, will be made, unless they appear as obvious misprints. Each reader will be confronted with the original writing as it 'Was. Translations in this series are intended to be quite literaI with the purpose of providing an access as direct as possible ta the original form of the writing.
Suggestions to include material in this series will be most welcome, especially if indications are given of the excerpts that are considered valuable in the case of long papers or books.
GALILEO GALILEI
(1564-1642)
DISCORSI E DIMOSTRAZIONI MATEMATICHE
INTüRNü A DUE NUOVE SCIENZE ATTENENTI ALLA MECANICA
& l MOVIMENTI LOCAL!
Leyde, Elzevir (1638). Extraits - Excerpts
English translation by Henry CRE\\' and Alfonso de SALVIO (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1914)
Recause the theory and the practice of similitude arc of paramount importance in hydraulics and in fluid mechanics, excerpts from discussions on similitude by Galileo Galilei have been preferred to exeerpts from his contributions to hydro- statics and hydromechanics.
En raison de l'importance capitale de la théorie et de la pratique de la similitude pour l'hydraulique et la mécanique des fluides, on a préféré reproduire ici des extraits des discussions de Galilée sur la similitude plutôt que de ses contributions à l'hydrostatique et à la mécanique des liquides.
315
DISCOR5r
E
DIMOSTRAZIONI
l
lvl A T E I\1 A T 1 c H GIORNATA PRIMA.
intorno à due nuoue flicnze
Arrcl1cnri aIh
MECANICA
& i
IvlOVIMEi"TILocALr, dC!Signor
GAL 1 L E 0 GAL 1 LEI LIN C E 0, FiIo{àtà c Marcmarico primario deI ScrcnilTimo
Grand Duca di Toièana.
COll
vJlaAppendicedelcmtrodigr.11Iit,î d'alClmi Softdi.
1 N LEI D A,
Apprdfo gU E!fèvirii.
.\1. D. C. XXXVIII.Intcrlocurori,
SA LUI A T I , SA GRE D 0, E SIMPLICIO.
Salu. Argo C1Jnpo di filoffare àgl'ùlte/letti/je- co/atilli parmi che porga lafteqllel1te pra- tica deffamofo Arfena/edi Voi Sig. Vene- z,iani, & in particolare in que/la parte,
llI;>,,,,,--,~''''
che MeC/micaJi domanda:attefO che qllilli
, 0 0
ogni/orte diflrttmemo,e di machina vien continllamente pofla in opera da nllmero grtnde d'artejici, trà i qllali e per
f'oJ1èrtta'J.ioni fatte da i loro an- tccejJori, eper qllclle, che di propria al/fierten':\!: vanno continua- mente per fè flejfij.mndo, è for'{t},che
tiCneJii/no de
iperitijfimi., e dijinijfimo difcorfo·
Sagr. v.
S,non s'ingalma pimto: & io come per natlira mrioft ftequento per mio diporto la viJita di qlleJio Illogo, e la pratica di ql/effi, che lIOi per ((rta preminen,:\!:, che tengono fopra
'1reflo della maeHr,tn,:\!, domandiamo Proti;
f.~conjèrenza de i qltafi mi hà pii? volte ailltato ne/t'
inllefliga~onedella ragione di effetti non lolo
m,~r.1IIiglioji,m,î reconditi an cora ,e 1114/
iiropin.~bili:è vero che t,1/ volta anco mi hà meJlo in
confi~f/one,& in difjerazionc di poter penetrare, come polJàfegllire
tjIlcllo, che lom ano d,) ogni mio CMJcctto mi dimojlr,) il finfo effir vero; e pflr qlle//o, che poco fà ci dieella qllel bllon vecchio, è vn dettato, & vna propoflzione ben' affii vulgata , mà pero
ù)la replitalla in tlittO
Vilna,come molte
A altre,
FIRST DAY
INTERLOCUTORS: SALVATI, SAGREDO AND SIMPLICIO
SALV. The constant actlvlty which you Venetians display in your famous arsenal suggests to the studious mind a large field ror investigation, especially that part of the work which involves mechanics; for in this department aIl types of instru- ments and machines are constantly being constructed by many artisans, among whom there must be some who, partly by inherited experience and partly by their own observations, have become highly expert and clever in explanation.
SAGR. You are quite right. Indeed, 1 myself, being curious by nature, frequently visit this place for the mere pleasure of observing the work of those who, on account of their superiority over other artisans, wc call "first rank men". Conference with them has often helped me in the investigation of certain effects including not only those which are striking, but also those which are rccondite :lnd almost incrediblc. At times also 1 have becn put to confusion and driven to despair of ever explaining something for which 1 could not account, but which my senses told me to be truc. And notwithstanding the fact that what the old man told us a Iittle while ago is proverbial
2. D I A LOG 0
P
R l l\l 0II/o'e, cheflno in bocca de i poco intelligenti, credo, da /oro Îlltro.
dotte per moffrar di [aper dir tjllll!c!Je co(à intomo à qllello, di che non (on {'1paci.
$3111.
V.s. 'VIlo/for{e dire di ql/e//' 'l.,/timo promm:::,i,lto, cJ/e.<
proffir}, mentre riccrc,tf/llmo d'intena'ere , per qllal rllgiolle fll- CClillno tllnto maggior IIpparccchio di (ofregni, IIrmamcntl,
6'"II/tri ripllri,efortffièllz.ioni intorno à qlle/1.1 grlln C.dell::':::.'1, cheJi dOlie-
titi
7.·arllre, che nolJ flfà imorm
ft7.!~IJd!iminori, dOfle rg!i rij}oJl:
cio {ar(iper efiitarC' i/ J'Cricolo di diren'lYjI',
oppï~lJ,tdalgralli!Jimo pero del/a [rill 'VIlHa mole, incolJllcniente, 11/ ql/,tle lionJon Joggtt li i !cgni mÎtlori?
Sa gr. Di cott.ifo intendo, e(opra tfittO de/l' 'V!tima conc!lIjione,
cl/ciflggirmfe ' la qllil/e io ho ./èmprt /liml1ta concctto 'Vano de!
'Vltlgo: cioè che in ql/cfte,
6~altreflmili machine non biJogna ar- Oflmenti/re dalle piceole a/le grllndi , perche moite inflen:::ioni di
~Mchine rùfcono in piccolo, cJ)C in grllndi poi non jùjJiJfono. Mà ejJendo che tutte le ragioni deUa mccanica hanno ifondamenti loro lJe/la Ceornetria, ne/la qflale non 'Veggo , che
/.1grande~.za , e lapiccolezza j'accia i ccrchi, i triangoli, i Cilindri, i Coni, e qualtln- qfle altrefigllre fllide(oggette ad altre pajJioni qmjli!,
0~ad altre 11!elle, qtlando la machina grandefla fabricatain ffltti iJitoimem- bri conforme aile proporzioni del/,l minore, chejia 'ValidA, ereji- Jfente al!' cJèrci:âo, II/qflale ella è deJlinata , non
sbvedue ,puche
dlà ancorll lIOnJia e[cnte da gl'incontri, che (opnlggi!lgner gli
p~(~flno flniffri, e deHmttori.
Salll. Il detto de! 'V/tlgo è ajfol!ltamente 'Vano,e talmente 'VflnO, che i/fiO contrario Ji potrà projferire con altrettanta 'Verità, di- cendo, che moite machine.fi potrllrmo far pitt palette in gr.mde, che in pir:r:olo, come per efempio 'Vn' Oriuolo,che mofiri,e batta le ho- re, pitt giuffoflfarà, d'flnll talgrandezz,a, chedi 'Vn' altra minore.
Con mig/iorfondamento 'VJùrpano qflel medeflmo detto a/tri più intelligenti, i qllali della rittJcita di tafi.machine grandi non con- firme à quello, che Ji raccoglie da/lepfm:,&affratte dimojlrazioni Geome.
and commonly accepted, yet it seemed ta me altogether false, like many another saying which is current among the ignorant;
for l think they introduce these expressions in arder ta give the appearance of knowing something about matters which they do not understand.
sALV. You l'cier, perhaps, to that last remark of his wh en we asked the reason why they employed stocks. scaffolding and bracing of larger dimensions for launching a big vessel than they do for a small one; and he ans\Vered that they did this in arder ta avoid the danger of the ship parring under its own heavy weight ['Vas/a lIIo/e] , a danger ta which small boats are not subject?
SAGR. Yes, that is what l mean; and l refer especially to his last assertion which l have always regarcled as a l'aIse, though current, opinion; namcly, that in speaking of these and other similar machines one cannat argue from the small to the large, because many devices which succeed on a small scale do not work on a large scale. Now, since mechanics has its foundation in geometry, where mere size cuts no figure, l do not sec that the properties of circles, triangles, cylinders, cones and other solid figures will change with their size. Ji, therefore, a large machine be constructed in such a way that its parts beu to one Jnother the same ratio as in a smaller one, and if the smaller is sufJîciently strong for the purpose for which it was designed, l do not sec why the Luger also should not be able
LA HOUILLE BLANCHE/N° 4-1968
D E J. GAL ILE O. ,
Geometriche ,nt: 1'illlc/:01l0!:t cttfjà ne/l' impoji'zziolJe della ma- teria, cf}efoggi.1U à moite IIlter.1zioni, & impofc:::,z,ioni. M.1 qfli non so s'io potro fen'ii!; inciampare
if]qll.1/c/;e lIota di arroganz..1, dire che nè anco il ricorrerë ail' imper/èzzioni dell.z 1JI.1feria po- tenti.1 cOlltamin'lre le pltYUfime dimoHra::..irmi Matemaliche,bllffi à .fèufare l'inobbedienz,t delle machine in con{/,eto alle medefime affratte,& Idellli: t/Jttafli,t io (!!re il diro ,1!lèrmando,che aJfraen- do tfltte l'imperfe::.ziolli del!it Maleria, e}ipponma'o!:l perfettiffi- ma,
6~inalter,lbile. e d.z op;ni accideiJt,d Itlflta::.ùne C[Cilte, tl/tta- Ilia
il(010 ejJèr 1J1.1teriale /'1, che
/.z 1Ji.1{hina maggiore flbbricatadei!' !Jfe/lî lFl.1teri.1, e con l'iHe/F: proporz.ioni, (he la minore,
il.tfltte l'altre romlizioni rifponder.1 con giflH,z fimmetria alla mi- nore '.filor che nefla robIiHe::.z,a, e re/ù!,'nZa contro alle 'Violente inlllljioni: ma q!lanto piùfàrà grande lttnto à
propor~ione/àràpiii.
debole. E perche io jitpporJgo l,t materi,z ejlère inalterabi/e, cio2' fempre
l'irt~lfa,è manifèJto, rhe di lei, come di alfezz.iolle etema, e ncceffiria , Ji polfano prodllr dimoHrazi01Ji non mmo de/!' allre [chiette, epllre Matematiche. Pero S. S.1gr. re!!ochi pur !'opiniollC, che tmeua,eforflinflemecon tfltti g/ialtri,che ncl!a Necanica !iill' fattojllldio,rhe le machine,e le fabbriche compoJfe delle medifime materie con p/Intllale 0/lèYl!.11Iza delle medefime propor7J..oni !r,)!e loro parti debban'
~/lèr'e,gllalmeilte,
Ôpel' dir meglio proporyon.11.
mente dij}oHe al rtjiHere,
0~alccdere a/le inllafloni,
0~impeti efferni;perche[;pIIÔ GeometrirameiJte dimoffrare.{empre le mag- giori e/lère ,) proporZJone men refijfmti, che le minori:fiche vlti- mamenle nOi'Jlolo di tutte le m'1chine, e fabbriche artiJiziali, m,i delle liaturllfi .mcora.fi,1 'Vn termine ncce1Jàriamente afcritto ,o/tre al quale nè l'arte, nè la natllra p017t tr'lpal!are : trapaIJar dico con oJlemarfempre !' iffejJe proporzioni (on l' tdentità de/!a materi,l.
Sagr. Jo già mifento rilto!gere
ilrertle!/o , e ql141 nf!gola dal ba- leno repentinamente aperta ingombrarmifi la mente da momenta-
nea, & in(olita lllcc, che da lo;;tano mi accenna, eJàbito confon-
de, & ajéonde imaginazioni flraniere.) 6v indigeife. E da tjltanto
A z
dia.
to withstand any severe and destructive tests ta which it may be subjected.
sALV. The common op1111On is here absolutely wrong.
Indeed, it is so far wrong that precisely the opposite is true, namely, that many machines can be constructed even more perfectly on a large sc ale than on a small; thus, for instance, a clock which indicates and stril,es the hour can be made more accurate on a large scale than on a smalL There are some intelligent people who main tain this same opinion, but on more reasonable grounds, when the y cut loose l'rom geometry and argue that the better performance of the large machine is owing ta the imperfections and variations of the materiaL Here l trust you will not charge me with arrogance if l say that imperfections in the material, ev en those which are great enough ta invalidate the clearest mathematical proof, are not sufficient ta explain the deviHions observed between machines in the concrete and in the abstract. Yet l shall say it and will affirm that, ev en if the imperfections did not exist and matter were absolutely perfect, unalterable and free l'rom all accidentaI variations, still the mere fact that it is matter makes the larger machine, built of the sa me material and in the same proportion as the smaller, correspond with exactness to the smaller in every respect except that it will not be sa strong or 50 rcsistant against violent trcatnlcnt; the Luger the 111achine, the greater its weakness. Sin ce assume matter ta be un changeable and al ways the same, it is clear that wc are )10
12.0
DrA
1. 0 G 0S:!
CON D 0aflllngando, l' nonfllo ne/l' vfl trafterJàle, màancora per 10 lunlJ";
in qllt! modo appllnto che veggiamo·vna corda IImghijJima effir molto menu alta àreggere vn gYil11 pefo , chefe fllffi corta : onde io credo,che vna verga 1ilegno , 0 diferro pii!,
p~affii potràreggere
ft flra corta,che ft flra molto Illnga;intendendofempre vJàta per lu ltmgo,
l'non in tralmjO ; 6' anco mejfo in conto ilfùo proprio pe[o, che ne!ta piùtttnga è maggiore.
SaIl!. Dttbito S. Simp., che in qlleslo pllnto voi con molti altri 'V' inganniate, ft pero ho ben
compr~ilvoffro concetfo,ji che voi 'Vogliate dire, che vna corda ltmga, v. gr. , quaranta braccia non poffaflffmere tanfo
p~,quantuJèfi1Jè vn braccio,o due del!4 me- deJima-corda.
Simp. Cotefio ho voluto dire, cfin qUI mi par propoji'{jol1e affii probabile.
Salu. Màio l'ho perfalfà, non che per iflJproba- bi/l'je credo dipoterlli ajJai agevolmente caUllrd'er- rore. Pero ponghiamo qllejfacorda
ABferm4tadi fipra dal capo
A,e dalr altro fia il
P~c,dillla CIIi forz/l.debba eJfa corda ejJere rolta. AjJègn4temi 'Voi S. Simp. il 11101,0 particolare doue debbafig"ir
F
larottura.
D , E
Simp. Sia neltllogo
D.SaIl!. ri doman_doqualJia la cagiofJe deUg flrat-
p4rJi in
D.Simp. El la callfi di cio, perche la fordain qllel/a parte non era potente areggere,v. gr. , cento libbre dipeJo, quanto èla parte
D Bcon la pietra
c.B SaIu. Adunque tt/tta volta che tal corda mllil parte
DveniiJe violemata datte medejimc ce1Jl,() libbre di
p~,e!1a ûjijlrappmbbe.
Sirop. Cos'icredo.
SaIu. Mà ditemi ora; chi atfaccajJe ilmedejimo pefo non Il!jine detl4 corda
B,mà vicino a! punto
D,comeJàrebbe in
E,(FTG. 21)
Jess able to treat this constant and invariable property in a rigid manner than if it belonged to simple and pure mathe- maties. Thercfore, Sagredo, you would do weil to change the opinion which you, and perhaps also many other students of mechanics, have entertained concerning the ability of machines and structures to resist external disturbances, thinking that when they are built of the same material and main tain the same ratio between parts, they arc able equally, or rather pro- portionally, to resist or yield to such external disturbances and blows. For wc can demonstrate by geometry that the large machine is not proportionately stronger than the smal!. Finally, wc may say that, for every machine and structure, whether artificial or naturaJ, there is set a necessary limit beyond which neither art nor nature can pass; it is here understood, of course, that the material is the same and the proportion preserved.
SAGR. My brain already reels. My mimi, like a cloud momentarily illuminated by a lightning-flash, is for an instant filled with an unusual light, which now beckons to me and which now suddenly mingles and obscures strange, crude ideas.
From what you have said it appears to me impossible to build two similar structures of the same material, but of different sizes and have th cm proportionately strong; and if this were so, it would not be possible to find two single poles made of the samc wood which shall be alikc in strength and resistance but unlike in size.
D JO L G A L r L JO O. rH
in E'o vtro legalJe la corda non nella 4ltezz.1
A ,mà pllr vùina , e fopra alpllnto medeJimo
DcomeJàrebbe in
F,ditemi,dicojè ilpunto
D
fentirebbe il medeJimo
p~(ode/le anto libbre.
Simp. Smtirt'bbe!o, 4ccompagnando perÎJ il pezzo di corda
E BCOf)
la piNra
c.SaIl!. Se drmqlle ü corda ne!pllntO
Dvien tira
ladalle medeJi- me cento libbre di pe[o, fi romperà per
favoJtra concejJione; epllre
IIFEI'vn piccol pezzo de!I.1 llinga
An,come dlmqlle volete più dire,c/;e 1.1 corda IlmgaJia piùdebo!e dtlla corta?Contentateuidun- qlle d'effircallato d'lm' errore, ne! 'fllale ha"ete hauto molti com- p.tgni, cv anco per altro molto intelIi?;enti.Efegllitiamo inl1anz·i:
cf /;aflendo dimoHrato i Prifni,e Cilindri creJèere il/or momento fOpra
ftproprie reJijlenze fecondo i
~4dratidelle 11l11g1JO:ze loro (m.1tJtenendo pero fempre
lamedeJima grojJèzza)
l'parimente fTli egualmente flll1ghi, mà dijferenfi in groffizza crefeer le lor rdi- flenze fecondo la proporzione de i Cubi de i lati, 0 Diametri delle Lor ba;,pajJiamo àinfleJligare quello che accaggia àtalifllidi dijfe- rentl1l'1ltmghezza,e grojJèzza, ne i qllali io ojJèrflo che
1
Prifmi, l' cilindri di diflerJà lungrezzrl,e grojJèzza hanno
Prop.le lor reJiHen'J.! aIr 1fer rotti di proporzione compoff4 v.
del/a proporzione de i Cubi de Diametri delle lor baji, e del/a proporzione delle lor lunghezze permutatamente prtfe·
Si~n.o
tali due Cilindri quesii
ABC, D E F.Dico, la rejis/enu
~~I
Ct/mdro
Ac·alla riftjlenza dtl Cilindro
D F,ha11er la propor-
",!-one comporta della proporzione de! Cubo de! Diametro
ABal ct/bo deI Dtametro
DE,l'della proporzione della lunghezza
E Falla Itmghezza n c. Pongaji
la E Geguale alla Be, l' delle linee
AB, D E
jia terZa proporzionale la
H,e quarta la
l ,l'come la
E Falla,n c, edelle linee, cos'iJia la
lalla s. Eperche la rejiffenza deI Ctltndro
A calla rejiffenza deI Cilindro
DG,è come
ilCubo
An al.~lIboD E,cioè come la lima
ABalla linea
l,l'la riftjlenza det Ct/tndro
DGalla rejiffenza de! Cilindro
D Fcome (a ltmghezza
J(,
FESECOND DAY
PROPOSITION V
Prisms and cylinders which differ in both length and thickness offer resistances to fracture li. e., can support at their ends loads] which arc directly proportion al to the cubes of the diameters of their bases and inversely pro- portional to their lengths.
Let ABC and DEF be two such cylinders; then the resistance [bending strength] of the cylinder AC bears to the resistance of the cylinder DI" a ratio which is the product of the cube of the diameter AB divided by the cube of the diameter DE, and of the length EF divided by the length Be. Make EG equal to BC: let H be a third proportional to the lines AB and DE; let l be a fourth proportion al, [AB/DE
=
H/I]: andlet I: S
=
EF : Be.Now since the resistance of the cylinder AC is to that of the cylinder DG as the cube of AB is to the cube of DE, that is, as the length AB is to the length 1; and sinee the resistance of the cylinder DG is to that of the cylinder DI" as the Jength FE is to EG, that is, as l is to S, it follows that the length AB is to S as the resistancc of the cylindcr AC is to that of the cylinder DF. But the linc AB bears to S :l ntio which is the product of AB/I and I/S. Hence the resist:lnce [bending
LA HOUILLE BLANCHE/N° 4-1968
A
Bmidiametro della bi/fi
D ,reJia che '1momento totale dd cilindro
AB
almomento totale di
CD,Jia come lafola grauitÂ. deI Cilindro
A B
alla fila grduità dei Cilindro
CD,cioè come l'ijfejJo Cilindro
A B
alf' if/ello
CD;mà ql/dli fino in triplicata propor'!J.one de i.
Diametri delle baJiloro.B
D,e le rejiffenzc delle medejime baji, cf
fendo trd di lol'o come l'ijfeJfe baJi,fono in confeqllenzil in dup/ica-
1.:
proporzione de i medejimi lol'o DÙtmelri;adunqlle imomenti de
iCilindrifin'
il]fefJuialtera propf)rzione delle refiflenze delle b4-
Ji
101'0.Sirop. !l2.!!.,ejla Propo}i'!J.one mi è Veramente gitmta non fl14- mente nt/oua, màina(}ettata e nel primo a.J}ettoaffii remota da!
giudizio, che io ne hauerei COJJÎetturalmente fatto: imperoche cf
findo tal; figllre in tllttO 'Irejlantejimili, haret tenuto pel'jermo, che ancoi momenti loro verfl le proprie rejiffenzc halleJferorite- nutl. 14 medejima proporzione.
. Sagr. Jh!.eJfa èla dimojlrazione di quella propoJizione,che nel principio de noftri ragionamenti dijft parermi difcorgerpel' ombrtt.
Salu. f?2.!!.,ello che ora accade al S. Simp. all1lmne pel' alam tem- po à me credendo che le rejijlenze di fllidi Jimili fi1fer jimili,jin checerta,ne anco molto jijJa,ù acmrata oJfemazione miparellil rap- prefintarmi,ne ifilidijimili non mantenerji'On tenore egllale nelle lol'o robl/ffezze , mà i maggiori e.lfer meno atti
àpatire gli eflenli violenti, comerimaner più ojfèJi dalle cadlite gli hnomini grandi.
Z2. che
DEL GAL 1 L P; O. 1":J
Lella
A Bè (guale a//a fina del/a Lella
C D,eqlleffo perchetaillno ghezza
A Baljèmidiametro del/a bafe
n,hàla medejima propor- zione (per lajimilitudine de Cilindri) che /a ltmghezza
C Dalfe-
G
c
s-'----,
H ..'---<
1 ...- - - -
E
A...--..B D ' - - ' E12.2. DIA LOC 0 SEC 0 N DO
FE
alla
EG,cioè
:~me~141ineaI.alla 5,adllnqlle pel'
l'cgllillpropor.
'l.!.-0ne, come la rejl"'en'13 de! Cill1Jdro
A calfa rejiflenza de! Cilm- dro
D F,cos! !a limil
A B
alfa
5 ,mà la line:>
A TI
alla
s,hà la pro- }or7./on compoJtit della
A B
alfa
I,edella
Ia!!4 s, adlmqlle !a reJiJlm.
za de! Cilindro
A CFalla refiflenz,a dd ci.
/indro
D F ,hà la prf).
porzion compoJla della
A
Balla
I,cioè de! CII- bo di
A Bal CI/bo di
DE,
edella proporZ!.0- ne della /inea
Ialla
s,cioè della lunghezz.:
che è quello, che intendeflo di dimo-
l'
Falla llinghezzil
Be,jlrare.
Dopo la dimoJirata Propojlzione voglio che conJideriamo que!- lo,che accaggiatrài Cilindri,e PrifmiJimili,de i quafidimofirere- mO,come
De i Cilindri , eFrifmi Jimili i momenti (()mpofli cioè rif/l.
tal1ti dalle loI' grallità,e dalle lol'o ilmghczzc,chefono co- me Lefle, hanno trà di lol'o proporzione ftfiJuialtera di qllella,che hanno le refiflenzc delle medejime loI' baJi.
Pel' il che dimoJlrare jègniamo i due Cilindri ftmili
AB. CD.Dico, ilmomento dei Cilindro
A Bpel'ji/perare la rejiffenu della.
fia bafe
n ,al momenlo di
C Dperfiper arC'!a rejiffmza dellafu4
D,
hauerfi(qtûaltera proporzione di queI!a,che hà la medejima reji- jlèiJza della bafe Ba/la rejis1enza del14 bafe
D ,eperche i momenti de iJolidi
AB, C Dpel' fitptrar le rejifienu delle loI' b4i
nD[on compoHi delle
101'grallita,e delleforzc delle lor Lme,e
lafot~della Lella
Prop.
VI.
(FIG. 22) (FIG. 23)
strength] of the cylinder AC bears to the resistance of the cylinder DF a ratio which is the product of AB/I (that is, AWl/DE:J) and of I/S (that is, EF/BC); which is what l meant to prove.
This proposition having been demonstrated, let us next consider the case of prisms and cylinders which arc similar.
Concerning these we shall show that,
PROPOSITION VI
In the case of similar cylinders and prism~, the moment~
[stretching forces] which result from multiplying together their weight and length Ci. e., from the moments produced by their own weight and length], which latter acts as a lever-arm, bear to each other a ratio which is the sesqui- alteral of the ra tio between the resistances of their bases.
In order to prove this let us indicate the two similar cvlinders by AB and CD: then the magnitude of the force [m;menfo]
in the cy lin der AB, opposing the resistance of i ts base B, bears to the magnitude [momento
l
of the force at CD, opposing the resistance of its base D, a ratio which is the sesquialteral of the ratio between the resistance of the base B and the resistance of the base D. And since the solids AB and CD, are effective in opposing the rcsistances of their bases B and D, in proportion to their weights and to the mechanical advantages [forze] oftheir lever arms respectively, and since the advantage [forza]
of the lever arm AB is equal to the advantage [forza] of the lever arm CD (this is true because in virtue of the similarity of the cyEnders the length AB is to the radius of the base B as the length CD is to the radius of the base D), it follows that the total force [momento] of the cylinder AB is to the total force [lIlOmenfo] of the cyEnder CD as the weight alone of the cylinder AB is to the weight alone of the cylinder CD, that is, as the volume of the cylinder AB [l'iste.lso cilindro AB]
is to the volume CD [all'istesso CD]: but these are as the cubes of the diameters of their bases Band D; and the resis- tances of the bases, being to each other as their areas, are to each other consequently as the squares of their diameters.
Thercfore the forces [momenti] of the cylinders are to each other in the sesquialteral ratio of the resistance of their bases.
SIMP. This proposition strikes me as both new and suppris- ing: at first glance it is very different from anything which l myself should have guessed: for since these figures are similar in aIl other respects, l should have certainly thought that the forces [momenti] and the resistances of these cylinders would have borne to each other the .lame ratio.
SAGR. This is the proof of the proposition to which l rcferred, at the very beginning of our discussion, as one imper- fectly understood by me.
SALV. For a while" Simplicio, l used to think, as you do,
Prop.
V Il.
Jl.4 D I A LOG 0
S
E <:! 0 N D 0che i piccolifanciulli, e,come da prineipio diceuamo, cadendo dalfi medpma altezza vedp andare in pezZ,!. vna gran traue, 0
Vnt:colonna, mà non COSt vn piccolo corrente,
Ùvn phcot Ciünd!o di.
marmo.
~ejlatat quale offirliazione mi defto
lamente al!' imu- jligazionedi que/ID, che orafon per dimoftrarui; pro!rietà vera- mente ammirabile , poiche trà le inj'nirej'gtlre folide jimili trà di loro pur due non venefono i momenti delle qualiverfo le proprie rififlenze ritenghino la medeJima proporzione.
Simp. Ora mifarefotmenire non so chepofto da Arijltlte!e trà lefie
~iJfioniMccaniche, mentre vllol render ta ragione, onde Auuenga che i frgni ql/anto piùfon!tmghi,ttWfOpiitfon deboli, epiù
Ji piegano ben che i più cortijiwo piùfottiti, e i lunghi pill groifl
je
fi iD ben mi ricordo, ne riducc la ragione alla femplice Letia.
Salu. E'verijJimo, eperche la foltû,j,tlne nonpar chetolgAÏ1ltt- ramente la ragion deI dubifare UMtlnJ di Guel/aYti, il quakvtrl4- mentecon ijiloi dottijJimi Comentarii hà aitamenre nobilital., t il/riflrata quelt' opera, jieffende con altre più acMe j}((olazùhi per [ciorre tutte le dijJicoltà reffando pero
eJfoancor~perpkJfoinqueffo punto, ft crefcendofi con la medpma proporzlone le lun-
ghez~,ele
groffi'{~di talifolidefigure di deua mantenm i'ijlef!o tenuYC ne/le loro robuffezze, e rrjiJtenze nel/' effir rotti, dt ancfJo mlpiegarji.
10dopo vn llingo penfarui ho in queJta maniera ritro-
IIa/O
que/lo che [egl/entemenfe Jon per apptlYlarui. E prima 'dimo- flrero che
De i Ffi/mi, 0 Cilindrijimiligraui vn folo, evnico è queUo, [he ji ridllCe (grarwo dal proprio peJo) ail' vltimo flato trà 10
jJeZ~rJr:e'IJoffenerji intero :ji che ogni maggiore, come impotente à rejiftere al proprio PeJo, ji romperà, e iJgni minore rpffe à qllalchefirza chegli vengaJatta pe"
romper/o.
sia it Prifmagraue
ABridotto II/laflmma
ltl11gheZ~difia. con- flffenzaJi che allrmgafo vn minimo dipiùji rompeJlè : Dico queflo cffir' vnico td tUfti ifioijimiti (che pur flnu infiniti) aUo adëffir ridotto
DI!L GALILEO, 12.)
ridotto in talefiato ancipite,jiche ogni maggiore oppreiJo
d~[Fr)- priope{ojij}rzzerà, & ogni minore no, anzi potrà rcfF/ere a q!lal- che aggral/io di nt/oua
violen~,oltre àqudladd propno peJo. Srd prima il Pn{ma
C Efimi-
AtJ;,~t~ ~:::::::J le,em~ggioredi
A B.Di.
e?Cs,ifMu B F G H
coquesfononpoterconji.
jlere,m,i romperfi/ùpera- to dai/a proprill graf/ità.
e
EFongaflla parte
C D/rm-
D
gaquantoAB. Eperche
la rrjiftenz'1 di
C Dft quel/a diA
B ,ècome il Cubo della grojJézztl.
di
CD,al Cubo dellalJ,r{lJlezz.1 di
AB,rioè come il Frifma
C Eal Frifma
AB,(effindo)imili) adunque ilpefo di
C Eè ilfommo, che pojJà effer [oflenflto nd/a /rmghezza dd Prifma
CD,mà la lun- ghezza
CEèmaggiore:adrmque ilFrifma
C Eflromperà.
LMàjia
F G
minore;ji dimofirerâjimilmente (poffa
F Hegl/ale a/la
B A)la.
refiJtmz.1 di
F Gà quel/a di
AB,effir come il Prifrna
F Gal Pri).- ma.
.AB,'1uando la diFtanza
AB,cioè
F Hfi1Jè eguale a/la
F G,mll è maggiore : adrmqfle il momento de! Prifma
F Gpoffo in
G,n011 baffa. per romper'
ilPrifna
F G.Sagr.
ChiarijJimlt,e breue dimoffra'{jone conc!l/den
te/a'l/fri- fft,e necejJitâ d'Ima Propojizione,che ne! primo a!Jato[embra aJlài remcta dal verifirnile. Bipgnerebbe dlmque afterare ajJài la pro- porzione trâ la itmghezza, ela groffizza de! Prifna maggiore con l'ingrojJàrlo, ôJèorciarlo,acciofi riduce./Je allo flato ancipite trà '1 reggerJi, e 10 jjezzarji, et'inueffigazione di talefiato pmfoche po- tejJé efftr' a/trettanto ingegnofa.
Sail!. Anzi pir't preffo d'almantaggio, come anco più laboriofa;
& io 10 so,che vijJrji non piccol tempo perritrouarla;o'- ora vogli(}
partieip.mle/a:
Dato dllnql/evn Cilindro, ôPri/ma di majJima lunghcz:?A da non
~!ferdalfio proprio peJofPezzato, e data
'I.malun- ghezza 'maggiore, trollar la groflezza
d'liNaltro Cilindro,
JZ.3
Ôfrijina
(FIG. 24)
Prop.
y IIJ
that the resistances of similar solids were similar; but a certain casual observation showed me that similar solids de not exhibit a strength which is proportional to their size, the larger ones being Jess ntted to undergo rough usage just as tall men arc more apt than small chidrell to be injured by a fall. And, as we remarked at the outset, a large beam or co[umn falling from a given height will go to pieces when under the same circumstances a small scantling or small marble cylinder '\vill not break. Ir was this observation which Jcd me to the investigation of the fact which l am about to demonstrate to you: it is a very remarkable thing that, among the infinite variety of solids which are similar one to another, there are no two of which the forces [momenti], ~nd the resistances of these solids arc rclated in the same ratio.
SIM!'. You remind me now of a passage JIl Aristotle's Ouestiolll in Mecballtc\ in which he tries to explain why it is that a wooden beam becomes weaker and can be more casily bent as it grows longer, nocwithstanding the fact that the shorrer beam is thinner and the longer one thicker: and, if l remember correctly, he explains it in terms of the simple lever.
SALV. Very true: but, Sll1ce this solution seemed to leave room for doubt, Mons. di Guevara, whose truJy learned com- men taries have greatly enriched and illuminated this work, in- dulges in additional c1ever speculations which the hope of thus
overcoming all difficulties; nevertheless evell he is confused as regards this particular point, namely, whether, when the length and thickness of these solid figures increase in the sa me ratio, thcir strength and resistance to fracture, as well as to bending, remain constant. Afrer much thought upon this subject, l have reached the following result. First l shaH show that,
PROPOSITION VII
Among heavy prisms and cylinders of similar figure, there is one and only one which under the stress of its own weight lies just on the limit between breaking and not breaking: so that cvery larger one is unabJe to carry the load of its own weight and breaks; while every smaller one is able ta withstand some additional force tending ta break it.
Let AB be a heavy prism, the longest possible tha twill just sustain its own weight, so that if it be lcngthened the least bit it will break. Then, l say, this prism is unique among aIl similar prisms-infinite in number-in occupying that boundary line between brcaking and not breaking; so chat every larger one will break under its own weight, and every smaller one will not break, but will be able ta \vithstand some force in addition 1:0 its own weight.
Let the prism CE be similar to, but brger than, AB: then,
LA HOUILLE BLANCHE/N° 4-1968
u6
o~' M,0---<
DEL GAL1L E O. 11.7
D F
al Cubo
BA,cio~larejiJfenza della bafe
DFalla re.fiJlenza della bafi
B A,che è quello chefi cercaf/a.
Sagr.
t:2!!eJfa S. Salu. è una lunga dimof/razione,emolto diffi- cile à ritenerjiàmemoria perfentirla vna fola volta
Jonde io VOY- rei, che v. s.fi
content~(Jedi replicarla di nuouo.
Salu.
Farpql/anto
V.S. comilnda; màflrft farebbemeglio ar- recarne vna piùj}editiua,e brefle: mà conf/erràfarevnajigura al- 'llianto diutrja.
Sagr.
Maggiorejàrà il/af/ore: e la già dichiarata'mi farà gra- zia darme lafcritta,accio àmio bel/' agio poJJàrifludiarla.
Salu.
Non mancherp di ftrtiirla.
OYl~illfendiamo 'On Cilindr,,'
A,
ilDiametrodella (fIi bafifia la linea
De,efia'qlleffo
Ail malJi-
1710,
che poffijoJfenerji, dei quale vO,(/iamo trollare 'On maggiore,
D A '
chepurfiailmajJimo eJfo IInco-
er;;;;;:Ô9& ra, &vfJico chefiflflmga. 111-
J< ~_
tendiamone 'On fimile ad eJfo
L(1\ife-A,,--è
A,elllfJgoq~anto!a/ineaaJJè.-
M. . . _.____ . . '
gnllta, e qllesfo fia,
'1).gr.
E,11
(~;;;, Diameiro del/.c ~l1ibafe fia.. 1",
IEHIIJIJ'~ K L,
edelle
df/eltn~e D C, K LN
fia
ter~proporzionale
ltsMN)che jiaDÎtlmetro della b4jè dei Cilindrox di lunghezza eglJale alt'
E.
Dico, qlleffo
xe!Jer 'l"elfo che cerchiamo. E perchela rejiflen- za
D CIll/a re.fijfenza
K L ,(come il!J2!!..adrato
D C41 f:2.!!!dyato
K L,
cioè come il ff23adrato
K Lal.f2.!!-adrato
1vfN )cioè come'il ci- findro
EalCi/indro
x,cioè come ilmomento
Eal momento
x ;mtÎ la rejiHenza
KLalla
MN,è come il CNbo di
K Lal Cubo di
MN,cioècome il Cuho DealCllbo
K L,cioè come il Ci/indro
Aal
Cilin~.dro
E,ciot
co~eilmomento
Aal momento Eiadunqlle per [,An4- logi.s per/Nrbata come la rejiffenza
D Cal14
MN,cosî il momento
A
almomento x, adfmqlle il Prifma x
~nella medeJima
cojlitt/~one di flJomentO,e rejiffenza,che il Prifma
A.Ma vog/io chefacciamo il Froblema pi:'? generale, ela propoji.
~ionejia
qf/effa: IJato
D I A L O G O S E c o N D a
o Pri/lna chefltto la data lfmghezza fia l'unieo, e majJimo refJjlente alproprio pefu.
sia il Ci/indro
B CmajJimo refif/ente alproprio pefo ' efia la
D Ehmghez::a md.ggiore deUa
AC,bifogna trouare la groffiZ'l..! deI ci- lindro,che{vtto la ltmgheZZ3 DEfia il majJimo re.fijlente alproprio pifi;. Sia de/le llinghez,z,e
DE, A Cterza proporZjonale
l ,ecome
D E
ad
J,costJI.1 il Diametro
F Dal Diametro
BA,efacciaji il ci- lindro
FE.Dico''JfleJ!o ef-
fir' ilmajJimo,e!r'l:nico td
~~~c:-~.~~"~~_~:E
tutti iJiloifimi/i re.fiHente alproprio pefo. Delle /inee
DEI
fia terza proporzio..
nale M,e'Juarta
a.Epon.
gaji
F GeglMle alla
A C.E perche
ilDiametro
F Dal Diametro
AB,ècome la /inea
DEalla
I,edelle
DEIla
aèquar- ta proporZJonale,il Cubo di
F Dal Cubo di
B Afarà, come la
D Etlll",
0,
mà come il Cubo di
F Dal Cftbodi
BA,cosn la rejiflenza deI Ci!indrv
D GaUa rejiflenza deI Cilindro
B C,adu1Jque la rejijlenziZ de! Cilindro
D Gàqllella de! Cilindro
Be,è come la lima
D EalllZ
o.E perchâl momentode! Cilindro
B Cèeguale allafla rejijlen- z.1,fifi moJ!rerà il momento de! Cilindro FEal momento dei ci- lindro
Be,e!Jer come la rejijlenza
D FaUa refiflenza
BA,cio~come il Cf/bo di
F DalCf/bo di
BA,cioè come la /inea
DE.ilila o,ha- remo l'intento: cioè il momento dei cilindro
F EejJer' egf/ale alla re.fiJ!enza poJfa in
F D.1lmomento det Cilindro FEal momento dei Ci/indro
DG,è come il.f2.!!-adrato dell.1 DEal quadrtlto della.
AC,
cioè come la !inea
D Eal!4
I,m'à ilmomento dei Cilindro
DGalmomentodel Cilindro
Be,è come il!J2.!!adrato
D Fal !J2!!..adrato
TI A,
cioè come il
~adratodi DEal f?2!!..adrato della
I,cioè come ilfi2!!.,adrato della
Ial!2Eadrato della M,cioè come la
Ialla a ,adun- 'l"e per l'egltal proporzione, come il momento dei Cilindro FEal momento det Ci/indro
B C,cosîè la linea
DEalla
a ,cioè ilcl/bo
D Fttl
(FIG. 25) (FIG, 26)
l say, it will not remain intact but will break under its own weight. Lay off the portion CD, equal in length ta AB. And, since, the resistance [bending strength] of CD is ta that of AB as the cube of the thickness of CD is ta the cube of the thickness of AB, tha t is, as the prism CE is ta the similar prjsm AB, it follows that the weight of CE js the utmost load which a prism of the length CD can sustain; but the length of CE is greater; thercfore the prism CE will break. Now take another prism FG which is sm aller than AB. Let FH equal AB, then it can be shawn in a similar manner that the resistance [bending strength] of FG js ta that of AB as the prism FG is ta the prism AB provided the distance AB that is FH, is equal ta the distance FG; but AB is greater than FG, and thercfore the moment of the prism FG applied at G js not sufficient ta break the prjsm FG.
SAGR. The demonstration is short and clear; while the pro- position which, at nrst glance, appeared improbable is now seen to be bath truc and inevitable. In order thercfore ta bring this prism into that limiting condition which separa tes breaking from not breaking, it wou Id be necessary ta change the ratio betwecn thickness and length either by increasing the thickness or by diminishing the length. An investigation of this limiting state will, 1 belicve, demand equal ingenuity.
SALV. Nay, even more; for the question is more difficult;
this l know bccause 1 spem no small amount of time in its djscovery which 1 nOW wish ta share with you.
PROPOSITION VIII
Given a cylinder or prism of the greatest length consistent with its not breaking under its own \veight; and having given a greater length, ta nnd the diameter of another cylinder or prism of this greater length which shall be the only and Iargest one capable of withstanding its own
·weight.
Let us now generalize the problem; then it will read as follows:
Given a cylinder AC in which moment and resistance [bending strength] are rclated in any manner whatsoever;
let DE be the length of another cylinder; then de termine what jts thickness must be in arder that the relation be- tween its moment and resistance shall be idemical with that of the cylinder AC.
Using Fig. 25 in the same manner as above, we may say that, since the moment of the cylinder FE is to the moment of the portion DG as the square of ED is ta the square of FG, that is, as the length DE is ta 1; and since the moment of the cylinder FG is ta the moment of the cylinder AC as the square of FD is ta the square of AB, or, as the square of ED js ta
'i2.8 D I A LOG 0 SJO CON D 0
DiltO il Cilindro
AC,qUilltmqlleJifia ilflo momento verfo la fia ,.ejiffenza, edata qllafjiJia ltmghezza
DE,trollar-la groJlezziZ de! Cilindro, !Il mi llinghezza fia
DE,e '1(ùo momento verfo laJita refiIfenza ritenga la medeJima pro- porzione,che il momentodel Cilinéiro
A CallaJita.
RipreJà l'ifteJfa Ârz. tlra difopra e qllafll' iJlejJo progrejJo diremo.
l'erche il mommto deI Citindro
FEalmommto della parte
D G,h,î la fJJedefima propor'::Jone,che il f!.!.ladrato
E Dal
~adratoF G,cio~rhelà linea DEal/a
I,& il momento deI Cilindro
F Galmpmento de! Cilindro
AC,è come il f!2.!!,adrato
F Dal
~adratoA B,cioè
CO'me il
~adratoD Eall2!!,adrato l,cioè comeil1!!J,'adrato
lal
~adrato
M,Cioè come J,/tinea
la,lla
0,adrm1tJe ex II:qllali il momento de! Cilindro FEal momento de! Cilindro
Ac,hà la medeJima pro- porzione della !inca
D E.fila
0,cioè dei Cubo DEal Cubo
l,cio~deI Cf/bo di
F Dal ct/bo di
AB,cioè della refiflenza ddla bafe
F Dalla refiflen:t:,a della bafl
AB,ch' è queI!o che (idoueua fare.
01'
vegghino come dalle cofefinquJ dimoIfrate apertilmentefi raccoglie hmpofJibi!ità deIpoter 13on(olamente tartt,mll la natt/ra jleJfa creJèer leJise machine à vaHit à immenJà ,fi che impojJfllJil fa-
rebbefilbbricar ?\..auilii, Palaz.zi,
ôTempli vaJliJ!imi, lieui remi, ifntenne, trat/amenti,catene diferro,ef,v in fomma le allre lor parti conJiff1fèro: come al7CO non potrebbela naJ!Jra far alberi difmi- firllfa gr.mdezza, poichei rami loro graf/ati dal proprio pefo /inal- menteJifiàccherebbero ; eparimentefarebbe impojJibile far}lmt- tllre di ofJà per huomini, callal/i,
Ôaltri ,mimali, chepot1fèroJùjJi- jlere,ejar proporzionatamente gli f,ffizii 101'0, mentre ta
lianima Ii fldolleffir' agllmentare ad altezu immenfe,fegiànonfitogli1fè ma feria molto pitt dllra, e rejijlente della conjiteta, ô non fi deflr.
maffiro tali ofJij}roporzio!7lltamente ingroJlàndogli, onde poi la Ji.
ITflra, & aIJelto dell' animale ne rif/jèiJJe moJlmoJàmente grojJo: il
~heflrfl fit. at/llertùo dal mio accortijJrmo Poeta, mentredefcri-
tien
do vn grandijJrmo Gigante diJle:
Nonjipilô compartirqllantojialfmgo,
sifmiftratamçnte è flltto groffo. .Eper
the square of J, or, as the square of J is ta the square of M, that is, as the length J is ta 0; it foIlows, ex œquali, that the moment of the cylinder FE is ta the moment of the cylinder AC as the length DE is to 0, that is, as the cube of DE is to the cube of J, or, as the cube of FD is ta the cube of AB, tha t is, as the resistance of the base FD is ta the resistance of the base AB; which was to be proven.
From ,,,hat lus already been demonstrated, you can plainly see the impossibility of increasing the size of structures to vast dimensions either in art or in nature; likewise the impossibility of building ships, palaces, or temples of enormous size in such a
\Vay that their oars, yards, beams, iron-bolts, and, in short, all their other parts will hold tagether; nor can na turc produce trees of extraordinary size because the branches would break down under their own weight; so also it would be impossible ta build up the bony structures of men, horses, or other animaIs so as to hold together and perform their normal functions if these animaIs were to be increased enormously in height; for this increase in height can be accomplished only by employing a material which is harder and suonger than usual, or by enlarging the size of the bones, thus changing their shape until the form and appearance of the animaIs suggest a monstrosity. This is perhaps what our wise Poet had in mind, when he says, in describing a huge giant:
DEL GAL 1 L E
o.
11.9. E pel' vn bretle efempio di queffo che dico difegnaigià !aji'l,flrd.
di vn' offo alftmgatoJolamente tre volte, & ingroffito con talpro- por tione, che poteJfe
'JeijÎto animale grandefar l' /ljJizio proporZ!-tl-
nalo à qlle! deI!' offo minore nel!' ammalpirÎ piccolo, t lefi:..tz,lIre{on tJf/eJle; dOf/e vedetej}roporzionata.jig'lYa, che difliene Cff/el/a deU'
oJfo ingr!.ndito. DaI che è manijeffo , che chi volelfe mantener in vn vaffijJrmo Gigante le proporzioni, che hannole membra in
V1Jhllomo ordinario,bifognerebbe 0 trofMr materia molto pitt dl/ra, e reJiffente performarne l'olfa, ôvero ammettere,che la robllffezza ftaflljJe àproporzione ajJai piùjiacca,che ne gli hflomini diflattlra mediocre; altrimente crefcendogli à jÎnijÏirata alt e:::..z a Ji vedreb- bono dal proprio pefo opprimere, e cadere. DOlle che aIl' ÎlJcontro Ji
vede ne!diminflire i corpi.nonJi dimi13uir con la medejima propor- Zi011C leflrze,anzi ne i minori cre{cer la gttgIiardia con proporZ!-0n mag,giore, oncle io credo che vnpiccolo cane porterebbe addolfo due,
o trè cani eglltlli à/è, mà non penfo già che vn caf/allo
port~ffine an co vnjolo callal/o àfe jleJfo egflale,
Simp. Mà.fe cosiè ,grand' occaJione mi danno da dl/bitare le moli immenfe,che vedi4mo ne i pefci, che tal Ba!ena,per qf/anto in- tendo,farà grande per diui E!efanti,e Pfl'Jifojlengono.
Salu.
11voffro dllbbio S. Sim. mifà accorgere d't/na condiZ!-o- ne da me non allflertittt prima,potente ejJa ancora à/arche Girz,anti,
R (} altri
(FrG. 27)
Non si jmo comjJarfir quanto sill lungo, Si smisul'Ilfamellfe ètutto grosso. ".
To iIlustrate briefly, J have sketched :; bone whose natural length has been increased three times and w hose thickness has been multiplied until, for a correspondingly large animal, it would perform the same function which the smaIl bone per- fonns for its small animal. From the figures here shown you can sec how out of proportion the enlarged bone appears.
Clearly then if one wishes to main tain in a great giant the same proportion of limb as that found in an ordinary man he must either find a harder and stronger material for making the bones, or he must admit a diminution of strength in comparison with men of medium stature; for if his height be increased inordin- ately he will faIl and be crushed under his own weight.
Whereas, if the size of a body be diminished, the strength of that body is not diminished in the same proportion; indeed the S11uller the body the greater its relative strength. Thus a small dog could probably carry on his back two or tIuee dogs of his own size; but J believe that a horse could not carry even one of his own size.
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Impossible it is to reckon his height Sa bevond l11casure is his size.
. ARIOSTû'S, Orlando inrioso, XVII, 30.