·~·-;;""'~~'h~~ ~' 13eo.rge _R~b·"nson. :B .:~.:7·

.

,

'De p art-me nt o',Curr iCulumand Instruc tIon

• Memorial Univers i tyofNe wf o u n d l a n d Februa r y . 1988 A CON TEhlrANALYS I S OF.THE FOURTH.•FIF"TH. AND SIXTHo·GRADE ----B A S A LRE A D ERS OF THE,'1975AND__19 8 3

.EP'I TIONS'OFTHENE LSONLA NG UAGE OEV.&:LOPMENTA,L .~EADI NG.!,.ROGRAM•

/"":.--... . .

^{, .}

'Athes Issu'b.m l

~'te~;"','~ar tJa~ '

^fuI f II lme nt'.

of:the r-eq uI remen ts for:,thedegr.eeof Mast er ofEdUC~t:I,~~. .:

. "

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by

·~·-;;""'~~'h~~ ~' 13eo.rge _R~b·"nson. :B .:~.:7·

:,". 'cFt e n t An al y sIs" .

\ '. '2 •

• t . . .. ... ..

Th e-p,ur'p01 of thl~,studywa s to~n'a l~~and'e6mpare' the content , o f: ti1e fO,urth. ~If~h and sixth gra d e b a s al;s.

of " " ? : 5.~n d 1983•..~~d~t,1ens-.of.the NeIg~.~ Lang.ua~~.

Deve IOpmf!!ntal'R::adIng pr?~m , ^{The '}SP~CI^{fIe ,.are a s} ',

!ri~eS~ lgated ' .·wer~e

t':J,e:'de p l c tl o n s ".'! f

\""~;Ie s. ^(b)',~,~ n l c.'groups~ (c )" the

,. , .

^,:

d(,s~le.d;'a n~·'e ).read ing:

'e~fliIO~$ ;: ~

_(.

Th e co n tent s,of't; he ba'sa'ivreeeere by

"~1 977 b), Afte r the·-tw~.edl t.. on$.Of th.e

De v elo pme n ta''-Re a dIng·prd gr am has:!been'apaIyz!"daccor dIng

" , . "

3' .•'..

both.ecIt

I ?~!L

^'AIthough

~-.

COmpll'; rscn'o f t'he'muJ.t

I~t·hn lc

, " ~ ,~:

.c o " t e n t.of the two.ed I t r ona.r e v e a tJ;!t'd that's~e posI tI ve changes

had 'l!lC~Ur~e~,

the'.use of

1 .llustrat~'OAs'to:

definer

'. :,r . ,

I ' , ' ., , , . . '

" " I cityJ~ ""198"3,~.~rtlo;n.:,I n:I\~ te_d:.h,a; .the ~~~nges ! wer,e,quantl.,tat lve,ratero,.than·qua,ll,tatl've . Whlte",the

~o~tentl ·

^o'f'"

b~i:~

^{.e q, i}

~.-~on.s ,: ;~.~, ,fO:~ri~ ,

^to

·b~ ~ predom rnan~'I'y ca·nadu~,n:..-:· ·~,ome , 1,~~,~~eme.ryt.~.,.~ ·I ~ .~'he :~'~~i ' ~~.:, ~ th~ ^.:

Canadian con tent,'In the 1963'edt ttcn werenoted:.

~, "'. ^{', ' , " ' "}

Th e' a 1 a r YSI S"reVe ale.d ·th.at ~h~ -e lde~ l'y 'd l s ab'l e d were '

. .

'liHldeQU~~ e l'y, ' ,

'.

^',~or;t ~aye(~I'^{, "}

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Ac knowIed g~e n ts

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I ex tenc since re thanks.ee ",y'sup er vl sol:, Or,Marc s. Glas sman, fO~ hismo s t ge."er~us ~Il. s s lst ancethr ou ghout "

.t h e

~elopm"ent

^{of th Is}t"'e s l s. . \

~ " ~....--~

" •Special tha nk s ar-edueto Or. Betty M. Br et t forh J .0,

.

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.

Inva.luabl~.crlt l c ls~of,t ~ls'!tor J(.'InItsveIo u_$;~~a,ges.

,WU h~e~p e.~t,·gratltu ~e', I,aCk.,:"o w l edg e:t!'e·ass\a t~ nc e:

of !"y

.pa~enfs ,

thr 'OjJghout'they·rr.arsOf'·my.

ed~cat l on :: "

,.',I am:

es'~ec

^{;'a'I I,Y}

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^I,,'to.

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1& :.

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~~ .o"<i.b"les ; '.~ ...: ,.... ., .'. . :.~ , . .. . . i.. .

I NTRODUCTION

, .

;

..

~

..

Page

V 2

"

REFERENCES

"

383 139 138

341-

37D .381

.1:

e-,

....

'II

\."

Rr#J l tSOf'the,Rite r -Rater..'test i .

','O f Rellabl lltY•• • ••·••••:·:•• ; ...

i. ; : .~

.R. S"I. S ..

;d·DI~CU

es·,O" of·.h.

SP.!~IfIC Arell~

^{0" tRe}

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^{Iy.sJe,;•.••• ••}

J: .

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summ~_r.y.~.'.•...•. .'.'.. : •. ",.•.. -,

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TH.E· ~NALY'\S , r' , '. .

. ~~:;~:d:~:,::7~~~~NDAT' ~~J ^{: . : < .: : ':}

SUmm~ry.•,;•••~••,"••.," ' ;' , ,

. 'Su mmar: /

0.1th eAnalysis•• ,:' : _, C'OnC IUSI~lIis••'.~' " ":~':',.;.:••• ••:•••...•• .•

RecommendatIOnS .~^{.•• • :.•.••.;•. ..'...•.•}

".~~mma;-y ~f' ~,IJe'Rec<?n:u:nendatIon s•• • " ....

''''.

LIST OF-TABLES

Page

'-

....

Tabl e2.1

1~8

'4.

"9

150 143

·1 46

,1970 Edit It)n · ,;•

.19 8 3_Ed·1

t/o~".

"," ••: .' :•• • ••

1/' •

"rne Nume rl cal Represen t~tl on"ll"nd Por-traya l

, . ·f

of MaleS and F:~ al e S

I .

Table 2.0 DIstr7b t...1onofAl lCharactersby

Kin ,Sex andAge - / ..75."Edltlon•.. ._..••••~'

•

^{: .. .•}

1.:8~E.dlt~^.• . . . . ,. . .••.. . . .. JI.lJt,r l b utlonof." :cneeec eere , Mentlon~doi r elftlY by KInd. Sex

!

^{~ :::5A::19t13 EdI : l onl' t lon. . . .. ..}

.

)

T.abl~

^•.2.:2.

DI $t~"~~~~on

^ofAll

Charac~e;s

ShOW""'tid I~ec tI.y byKind ,•.sex and Age-

1975'·EdItI...on~.','..••• • •• • •••

t :, . . . .

198 3Ed.ltl.c:'n:,••• •••~.•. •• •. • • •••• ;.

~i '""" " , ^"" ''"~'"''''''

^{che r eceere}

Table 1.0 ""Tot a l Stor~~sby Ge n re..,-

,Menttcneo. 01r-eceI'y by K Iner;.Sex' an,dAge - FictionStorles- 19 7 5 EdJ tIo n., •

1963 Edition:•••..

151 152

, /-7

_{'raer e-}

/

_2.6/

15 3', 154.

1.57

161 155 D!strlbutl"onor AI'IChar acters

MentionedDirect ly.by Kind, Sex

, . .

. " ,

and'Age- Non-Fic tionStor l e s -

19 63·Ed~ tI On^{.•••• •}~^{.•,•.. •••.• ••..••, 156} The cna recterComposI t~on^Of'~t~"l^es

\IIIth~M~re^{ThanOneHl!man Characte:r}

InTerms'~fSlngle andMuitl!",e SexiA-ge'G.r-'oups -·A IIGenre's-'

19 7.5 EdIt Ion .

' :::: :::::~ : : : ^{: .:} .'. : : .

nrseereueton 0·(AI I.9ha,rac·ters 'Me n t ron ed0 I rect I

v

^{by.'K Ind,'S ex}

IndAge - Fa n t a s y Stor'les-

~ 975

^Edltlon-. . . . ••• • 155

19 6 3 Edl t l_on•.

Dls,trlbutlo~of ;AIICharacters' Mentloned'Dlrectl~^{by Kind,Sex} and'Age-:810graP hlcal: ~Stor les­

197eiEditIon ..•..•.

..'

"fable'2.4

..'

.

'reete'3 .0

(onte~~ An~^IysIe

"2

,. '0

19 8 3Ed i tion:.

. . .

Th ecnareceerComposIt IonofsecrIea

WithMo~n'One Human ·C ha.ra ct.er

In Tetms ofSinglean d,MUltl'PI"a ..

s:x;A~e Gro~~~

^{.-,flc tlo.n}

St.o·r l·e:s~ ~ ·

19 75 Ed i t ion;,·•• . • •• •,•.'.','" '163 19 8 3.'Eq I tIon "••••••• ' '••'1", "6~

~e

^cnareeeer

c~p~s

I.t,lo!" .o f.s eortes

~

WithMore Th anone'Hu ma n Charac te r ..-, In,'fe'r msof Sing le'a n d~u lt lple SexI.Ag l;! Groups - Non-fletIon

"se e rre s

Tabl e 3.2

Ta ble3..1

:,,:

,

Tab le 3.3

19 7 5Ed I t i o n. . .. . . .. . ..••• , 1983 Edi tion, . ,

Th ecnerecter-ComposI~Ion 0f StorIes Wit hMore Than One HUma r1'Char d c'ter

1 66~ '16 6'

Table-3.4

,.- ,

InTe rmsof SingleandMultIPl e,• Sex/Age Groups.- fant as y Storlea-

19 7 5 Edition.•., 167

-,

1983Edi tion.... . . .'... 168 TheC.har~cterCompos It Io~_Of Stor I es

. .

V!It!lMore Than OneHuma n_Char,ac~er .n~2e rmsof Slng le.a n Cf,Mu ltlple Sex/Age. Gro u p s- Biographica l,

\

'

Content

~na

^Iys

I ~:

"

.Stortee

1975~d l tlo·n.

1'9 8 ;3Editi on•.• • • • •••

16~ • '170 Table4.0 Tota4Number of S"torl.esWit "Mor e .

'T ha ~ On~Human Ch&r a c t er InWh rch

~.~eo:^{,Wom e n , Bo y s '}tln~^{m rIs Appear-} .9 Byuenr-e :-

', !3"Y .

KI'nd•.

sex ·a.n,\A~"e .·

^...

F letro,~ ~

^{" ,"}

<

-s-eortee-, . : ~

1Sni'Edltlo n•••.•••••.•• ..••. ... ..•' 179"

:H'!7;5.Ed l t~on... , •.

'f

_-;'9 8 3.Ed l t lon".·•• : . /••••

by Ki nd ,Sex and.Age -All Genr es'.;..,

.

^{,'. ' , '}

: r;,.

^{19.75,Edltl ~n. ; :•.'(.:..•. ••.•}

. 19 83"'-Ed-'tIon

~

^{•••••}

: - ,' , ' '1jI' . ' ',;

Tobie 6.·t. oreerreuet o n of Mai n.Chara cters

171 17 2

177

1 18 " ^{.. ...}

lBO

lBl

' ,.

s.

1~83'Ed i tjon••..:••

1J :-:.,

· d1I s.t ri

bY_Kl

bu~:I .. .

nd,

~'n

-Sex

~f

,~ n

. M~fn

d^.Age

c~a

-

~acters

Non -F ict ion Stor: l~s"-

"

'; " :: : : :::;::: ^{/::: : ::: ::: :: : ::}

Ta ~I~

^{5;.3 '}O,! stl"'l b,u t',l o nC!f..Mal n-

c~~ re.cters ·

;':

Con t ent Analysis

-~ 12

by Ki nd, Sex andAge _Fan tasy Sto rres -

1975 Ed i tion •.

19 8.3 EditI o n•..

Distr Ibution ofMaincn e r ece er- e bl.Ki nd ,Sex an d Age - Biog ra p h i ca l St o rres -

."

^.

taa ta'

1975 Edi t io n ..

I

1983 'Ed l t l on...

tes .... .f 186 Table 6.0 .seeee nerr eyTral/: s.,ofHume n

cn a r-act e r e'0' 1ffe'rentI~t ed^bysex

Table 7.1

8r'd Ag e - ',' '.'

.19 75Ed i t ion·•• ••• •• • ••,••• • ••:..' •• .

.

,

1963Ed i t l on•• • ••• ••• •• • • •.• • • Ineld t; n.ts"OfFam l Il a 'lPhy sical

Affect i on aeewe e n Hum a n"Chara'cters· -.

Differ ent i a tedby sexandAge - 1975-et1l tJOn.• • ...• •'•.• •.•

19.8 3 .ecr etc n.• ••••• • •• •••• •••• ..•• . 1ncI dents.'ofINo n-FamI"IIa I Pliys teaI

Affect ionBetwe en '.Human Ch a r act e r s

•

Dlf~·er~ntlate,d

^{,b y}

s'~x.

^and

A9~. ~

1975.. EdrtIon••• • •• •• ••• •••.••.•• .-r-, lao t91

.

192 193

19:t 19'

v•

> ;

Table 8.0 Inclaents of

. ~rY l llg ( EXc l'~lng .

\ Cr yl 'ngfor joy-or Laughter) by

.

.

Human CharactersOlfferent la~ed by sexandAg«;-:

1975Edition. '96

Table 9.0

1983Edlt I.o n•.•'.'

rceeI0 I f'feren t Careersand rce eI '9 7

202 01ffere ntJ a 1;e dby sex c -

19 15

Edl·~'lon^...._.^;_<^{. . . ....-.'••'.;•••}

'19 8 3 Edltfon •.;'.•\.••.' .. '••• •• ••,~•••~. Total cr e s er ene Career s and.To t al

Care er.ROI~S-^{of'Ad u lt} Charac~e~ s

D lf!erentla~ed ~y

^{Se x'-}

,plre~

!n Old.ents -

1975 Edltlon. r: .. 204

Table9.1

Tabke 9.2

.

.

1983 Edition•. . • • • ••• ,.•..•'.. ... 2'i)5 ' Total 01 fferent Ca ree r s and lotaI

19 8 3 E"c:llt'lon•• •-.:•••••••• • • •••• •" . 207

h,~he

""?".

cll.reer~RO'lesof.,~Ult 206 1975'Edit Ion. ;•..; ••..• •••,..••. • • •• Career.ner es.e r Ad u l tCh a r lit:'t e rs -.Olff.erentlat~dby" Sex - IndIrec t

In c id e n ts..,

Table9.3

14

.-J "

ContentAnalysIe

214 208 1983 Edition..

1975Edi tio n ...

Characte rsDl ff ere,n tlat 'e d by Sex-

The Eth nrcOrIgins of Ba saICha r ac ters Ta bl e 10. 0 Dis t r i b uti on of Human Maincnarac eers

1983Edi ti o n ,. 226

.,,:a bre 10,1

by Ethni c Origin - Al l Genr'es -

. .

^\

.1.9 75 Edlt l o n : •.•: "

19 8 3 eeteton

t

_.

:

_..-.

.

oi str.1.butIon'(o. f.Human., Me.I n.Chll.r;acte rs

.

by Et h nIC,.crlgl.,- A-II Genres -

','Dl r e ct and l ndfrectlnc l den ~ s...

1975 Edft l ~ n•••;.•• • •'•••"' . 0 • • ••_•• 223

I 224

225

Tab l e·10.2 oterr.teu et cn of HumanMainCharacters by EthnicOl'"lgl n' -Flct lo n$t'ol""es- 19 7 6 Edi t i o n ••. .••. .••.••• •,.. . ... . . 227 1983"'Edit i on. :..• • • • • •.••.•• •';. . . .' 228

" Tabl e 10.3 Di st r ibu t I o n~fHuman:MalnChara c.ters

by EthnIcOrigin- Non- FIc tIo n StarIos-

.li37 5 Ed l t·l on.,.. ..

,

19 8 3"Ed Iti on:.••.. . .. . .••...:... . 230

!ft b l e:10. ~ DI stributi on of HumanMain'Cha rac t ers

•

248

G~oups_ Fi ct i o nStories_'

i975'Edl. t l.on.'•.:..; .

1983Edlt:IQn...• •. ••.• • • • • . ••• ••^{r• •}~

,C h a r a c ter~DI,ffere nt:la te ~by Ethnic Or~gln-

TheEth n icCompositionof sro rree wr.t h

'~ore Th l!ln,

^One

H~Il.n-

Ch a ract e r'

",n

' T~m~

^{0' :11"101e'}

~~~ M~

^{It:ro thn tc'}

Gro ups_ NOn-FlctIO,:,Storl es. ·-_·~

197.~_-EdIt:Ion: ."••...•" '," ;'••• •.••••

.

.

^~

1983 EdItIon.••. . •"••:..•.. • .•. •••. I"" T;r m s. ofSingl eandMu'ltlet~n^c·

/ . .

.Gr'"o u o s_ etear.ee n tee r:St o rI~_S- .Content:Ana ly si s

,.

· .

ro taI•Ca ree ;'_R~Iee.0·'.AduIt 1976 ECll tlo"•.• ••,. : ~.... .. •..

· . .

The Et..rmla CoinpC/sl t" l on'a! seo e ree

.. . . .

· 19 8 3Edltl on·•••• •. .• •• •_•••·•.•••~•••

~·' Tlh;;

^{Et h n i c}

A&,Po~ l t lon ~f ·~to

^..

ie ~ ·

··W!t.h Mor .c Thanonlf.H~m.anCharacter

t:

^{T.e.rms-"a' S I";g-le.eln d}MU.ltl.~tl'lnIC

•GrouP!'..:·'~~t llSY-~t.orles-'

·

.

• ·19 7 5 Edit ion. . . . ..•. •.•••'..• 19S-3'Ed Itlori•••• ••~••',..i... .

--- ^.

11."!i.

Ta ble t1.3

'Ta ble

\.::.

.. ...

ContentAna lysIs

257 17

256

byEth[llc O_r:Jgln',,:,.

'1975Edltlon...\'... 262 1983 EdUlon. ."..•-.••.;-••• .'•• ,:••.•...' 263

.

. ,

-

1983 Edlt 'leri:••'•••,. L•••

'197 5'ee^refon.: ;..~..^{j•• ••••}

EthniC.Or l g ln -

:'",,197 5 eetet-cn••."": ~":" " ~" " " "' .'

• f983E6JtIon.:. :'•.-..'..•• "':'.'•.':..

Total'C ar eer 'Role~'O f'^{Ad u l tFema le} ,

'~h'~ r~~ters : : 0

l'ff hr e !1tI a

ted" bY ' ~ '

^.

, ."

. '. .

Adu I t'Cha r ac te rs,0 1fferent

r'e

eec-

;rotat Differentcar-eer Rolesof'Ad U'lt :Ma.le

c~,~·ra~,~,e ~8 "c;.f(e~,~nt.l,afed ·

by"Et-hnleQrl ; l·n ..; . ' '.

: :::. ^{::::::~ : : .: : : .: : : : :} . :':c

•To't al Car eer" Ro les'ofAd u l t Mal e Cha r act e rs Olffe r.e n tlat e d by

12.3 Table12.1

279 260

28)Z 261

I..;

26 7 2,6 6

It

a~ dEt h n i c Or~gl.n-

19 ~ 5Ed I t i on.. .... 268

1983_·Ec;ll t,l ~n^{.•....••.·. : : ,•.·.. .•.}" . . .... 273

.",

19 7 5 eer^{elo n" " . ,}

19 8 3·EdltIon•••-::•• ,...-•••• • •••• •f•• by Eth n i c OrIg in-

Th e'SPe Cl fiC«;:aree r 'Roles'off'duI :t.

Characte rs ntrrer -entreteu by.Sex

Ge nr es,-

Sel e ct e d Cal'lb.dla n,Theme s - AU

'f975 ~d .ltIon: .~" .- .

, ^-

197 6_,Edltton..,", ,.'.,.' ••. 19 8 3Edl t I OD . ;. ,••.. •• •• • •;•••••••• • Te,bl e 14.0 .'To t'a l

~inber Of -S,t~r l.es'

A·f;_'.le ct l•.n g

reer e 12.6

cane eIan-c on te:4t . _ . '

.Ta bI e 13:'0 .Totti:I"",Nu mb e r of-ce^{ne e ran'and}N~n­

Cll:n adIan'1"lace NamesMen.tIo'ne d.

Cby•

G enre ::.- -

" ..1'975'Ed'itIo n.:. :::, •.•.•,.•,.',•..,

.

~ .

^{. .1983'}Edl t \ on . . . ... ;.,;" ... ..: ....

.·TabIe

:~-~ta

^I

~~mbe-r

^of

~.tor

^{I e5"I nWhI}

c~

^-.

-tanl!l.~,a n gn d Non- c a n adian.Plac e"

Namesar eMenttonedby ae nre -,

Ta bl e 14 .1 Tota l'Numberofstcr t ee nerte cet nc- -,SeIeceee'canaciIan Th eme s ~FIctto n

291 286 285

.292

·2 8 4 Content At;lalysts

't:~19

19 83 -zcrtton..

Stor les :::

.

1975'.Edl t l o n.••• • •..••••••

19.'Edl:" on 1; :..

se'rece ec._ca~adran,Th eme s .:.'Non-. FletIon.secr-Ies_

19 715EdItIo n', •••••••• •.•'...•'.,..• • •.• 289

·19 8 3,Edltlo n:••. •.;..••. .••.••• •••.• • 290'

,

19 83~~ ' t,l ~n•••• • ••••.• ••• •• •..•.••••

. ";97~05 Ed.l tIO·~

: -•.••••..

" ." .

Se I ect ec CanadI aQnneeee Blographlcll.l storles.~

Total'Numberof Stories Aeflec t l ng

;,

,

··'1975Edl ·t l on : : ',28 7

'J

19B3·Ed t

~';~n :' ..: :' ' . 1'..;::, '._ ..,.' _~88

Ta b l e 14.-?,

.~!oh .I · N-~nib.er :~ f

^Stor

I~s :~,e~ l ng

7:~~~--~-

-- -

-;"'---S 8I e.e\e d. can adl,a nTh eme s _Fa~tas~

St:or-Ies - . ,

Co nten t Ana lysis'

~.

niS^NumericalReprese~t a tl fn ^{andPortra yalof} the .20

Table 17; 0 .Th eportr:a yal,o fElder ry

?..

ner

ec

^{eer eII'}

...1;<-" -

Tab le18.0 Dlstrlbu tlol).of ,Elde rl y Main' cne rec ee_\ re'_.by aenre -_{I •}

19 7 5 'Edlt.lo n-••~;._••• . •• ••.•" ••". 302 'OJ

"

296 297'

.. \I ..

m strrcutron Of All E-I derly cnar-ece ersJ,Y Genr e - /

. I · .

19 75,~rIt~onl'^{..\ .. .••-_..-._.}

r

.~ 9B3

^{,Edl tl ,n\..-:".:}

^{-r :- -} - 'r:

Dlstrl~ut l o n~_i EI~er^..

v __ . ,L

::::.::~ . ::O:~\ .'~~.~ ~~~d ./:~:.~ . .. _~: : . : : . . , ^{i '}

1.9B3Ed't.t lo n••.,'.,,:•.••/ :"•..'.".~^{•.•••}

01etrIbutIon of £Id ertvc ner-eceere - _bY sex'-an d~er e-.Dlr~c~·^{and · .}

Indire ct-tnctce et s - . ,

1 9~5

^Edc^{i t}r:^{i o n •.1}I^{.......... ..... ..•,}

.198 3Edi tion••

! .

.·1 9 8 3.Edlt l o"n••~.••• . '•. : •• ;•.-••.•

.Dls tr lbu tlo n of Eld er ly MaI n cnerecee r-e~y sexandGenre-

't97 ~^{EdJt·lon •••.•.}~^{•.•.••,:." ', 304} 198 :3Edi ti on:•.• •...•, :.:.: . .. .. 305 Table'16.1

•

reere 15.1

'\

Table.15; 2

Elde r.ly. • Ta b l e115.0

ccncent Ana lysis 21

Terms of Sel e ctedCr",lterta by5e' - -'~75 ~dJtlon••••.... ... .••.:.•..' . ... 1983 Edltlon.• .•...•. ..:.~... : .

I.

. .

'

Table 18. 1'

;'1 9.75Edit ion.; : .

.1983. Edtetcn•• _.• •••

,

• •• •••.: •• •". ,_

Tabl e.18.2 !he.Olst rlbutlon ofAI~,:-:c nar a cte rs w'l tnDi sablll.t'l es

by

SeK: Age and

. i' . ' . .

.Genre-.Dlr e c t:'and In di rec t.

Gen re - "

. ,

197~

^{Editionand1983'Edltlo ".••}

". ~

^{-. :3 19}

Table 19.0 ;TheDt!l'~r.l.bu t l o'!..ofMa l n'ct'!ara.c t er:s·

Wi th~IS~.b·lltt: le!l~(;SelC'an'd^{Age ...}

.'~¹⁹⁷⁵E~i1,t"on:^{.. ';;:....• ;..;•......;. ... 320'}

.19~3Ed·ltlo~- '.••.• ::••.: 321-'

..

",

:.r nctee nee

r -

~\,

, .

",Th e-Nume rica l Rep re s en ta tio n of the Hand icapped and

H~!!d_lcapP l ng c.ondlti.pn~.

:".Table 1B.O .

r n / O l s ~rl'bu t ron-

^{of AI!}cnereceer-e"

Wl t'n.OI.sabl"l l.t lesbY_ Se x8,r'\d· A'g e.- 1ine,EdItion-.• •.

~'.

^{;'.." .•••:'••...•.;".}

'(I 9:B~

^"EdI

t IO~·._:

^{••','" .',\;:••••}

~

^••..

~

TheOls trIbu tlon'o fAIIcnareet er e.

. .

.,."\

. .

WithOlsabl"lltlesboY Sex , Ageand

:-i

Table 19.1

Conte.~tAna ly s i s

The.DI·:strl~ut lon ofMat n Characters

With Dis ab i l i t Ies bySex, Ag~an d Genr e -

19"'1!ijEd i t i o n' •• 1.96 3EllIttlo n.•.

322 323 Table 20.0 TheDl strl b ut. ~onof Disa bli n g

Co nd i t ions

of

Al l Characte r sby Sex'and'Age -

1975Ed i t ion..••• •••::'... .. . . •••• •.. 324 1.983Ed [t[on.'.'••.•••••• •• •••••••: 325

Tab le· ·2~.1

^.TheD[ str lbutl on' ? ,Disa b li ng ' Condit I on sof All Mai n Cha r a ct e r s by se»'an d Age _

1975ecttton. 1198 3Editi on•. :••.. ree t e :1:1.0 Spe cificOl~abll~ g Cond i t i o n s by

~a JorCa

'.'

te gor y - • 197. 5 and 1983eereree..••,'.

'T h e Depictionof.Reading

Table22..00 Distribution of CHaracters ":"h o Read by K I rod,Sexand.Ag,e -

19 7 5Ed'l tlorl'.••.:...

~

^{•.• •••.•..-.•.}

1983'EdIt I

on .'., . . :.'' j-. .

, .

"

32 6 327

328

.'3 3 4

.336.

'I

"

^{Conten t ~na.IYSIS}

1983 Edi tI on... ••. • .. ... 337· 'T1!lb le24.0 Ma terl.at s,Re a dbY,Cha r,lIctersDr e eer -.

ent.ja tecr~by Kln.d , .s e xan_~^{Age -} 1976 Edl-tlon-.;. ,•••••• • • •.• ••• •.,

n8

Table 23 . 0 LO<:lI tl on s Wh7^reIncidentsof Re<!ldlog by Characte rsDlffe r en t l a t.ed by

.Kl nd•.sex andAge "[alCe Place -

197 5 Edit Ion....••• •, ...••,••.

1983 Edl t 'lon•• •• ••••••• • • • • • • •.. 339

...

~.

CHAPT ERI'. IntroductIon

Introd uc t Ion tothe Problem

Accordl ng'to Rosenbl a t t (19 6 S) the tex t -en e e ctee verbal st i mu LI towarct•.a special kin d of In t e n s e and ord e r e d

exper l ence-s~ns.uou~.

^{'in tel l}ec t "u ll.I,.emoti on al -out of which eoctar Insightsmay arrse" (p . 31- 32).

,HUCk,(197 9 )'s t a ,t e:s ,thift,read,lng"get.t--~~^outof,our~

time and'pIace , out of cur eeI

v l!l

~ but In,the end I.t .1'0' 1 11re t u rnus··to ourse lves. a l I t tledifferent.a l i t tle"

ch an g'e d by this exc err enc e- (p. 702 ) .

Statements. si m i lar, to the two abo v e , may nav e 'fmpted Smith (19-4"8 ) toconc lude th4t the bet~l ef ^that p one! and so ci al va l u e s Il)ay becer-rveu. fro'llrea din g

( ,

ha alwa ys been acs:eptedwithout Qu e s t i o n" Sml t h ~recog-

""~I zed that so much credence- had been 'p faced In the ll.SSUTPt"lon ene t rea dI ng can I nfIuence personaIand socre I va l u e s, that few at tempts ha~ been made to probe "I t s . ccs sretrre r ee for statlst.loal eviden c e. sml t h'asked 502 fo'urth-, f Ifth-. and.sIxth-g ra de studen j:shawthey".wa r e ln f r uenc e c by'readlngl An.analysis of .the -e ec pn eee

~ ^{Indicated that atti t udes (I',e. ,.6 0.7 % of the cases),} eenevtcu r (I.e•• 9.!% of the total) and-Id ~ (I ." ,

',-:

/

ContentAnalysi s 25

30,l% 'Of thesample) haderIbe e naffec t e ~by readi ng .

Fu rt l1e r

.

evt eeee e of the Infl uence of reading was gathe red by WeIngarten (19 5 4) and Sh ir ley (19 6 9).

We I ngarte n's surv ey of 1256. Freshmen and soonomo r-e stud'e ~ t s In 17 col l e g e s and-uni ve rsities In th,e U.S .A.,

·r e v e a l e d.that In re a d in g,"'he~ st ud en t~f9 un d ~means for self_help I-n 'SOlvi ng theIr probl ems .Of.pe rsonal and SOCial adjl,js- tm e n t":j j,snt rrey,who used a. , question naire. and .lnter vTe w te.chn!Ql.ie'to In v e s t iga t e the effectof reading on

a i::lolescent~ ' S~Jf~ lm~

..ge'a n d conc e p t of se lf-wo rth"In thewo~,"lci IY's c h e me, re p o rt e dth a:t on ly

'16

of the 420 hig h

"s cnc ct

' stud~ ~t~

^Who

c..

^the

^{sUbJect~ ;}

^0/

^t~e'

^stUdy'

ad ml t t e d'noperson al In fluen ce from re adi ng ,

',

S~U~ I~S In~ol:Vlng:, pre~~hooler s '

^'and

ki .~der ~arten

s tucen ts have,sho wn t,Ha t ,even the pereo net and soc ial

. , ' ;. .

·,':~t

'" " - ' , . . _

veIuesof very young ehIi d ren . can bechan ged by IIste nrng

.~o,sto,.~ e s: ~Barclay (1974 ) t"o und.that the,a t tItu des.of

~Inderga rten chi l drenabou-t:"wome n In car eers were eaerrv Influenced.I?Y-h ea r I n g st:or,l-es _a bou,~ mothers. wh o

vior ,, _

Ber g-Cr o s s

ll.n~'

aern-cr ces ("9 7 6\ rep 0F-ted't h a t I.; s tenlng t9_p i c t u r e storybool(;:,' that 'e)(pre~'S ed ^vso crer values

.

.

result ed In sIgn IfI ca n t cnence e In...the at t i t udes' and ....ver u e e~f ⁰⁴' t6 S-"y e ar-o l d Chl:ldr.~n' ,

Some st udI ee na v e .e e en concerned wIth the eoee-

;.,"

Cont ent Anal ys Is 26'..

Ibl.llty Of mod i fyIn g ra c i al attitudes thro u g h rtl.!ldlng , Jackson (19 ,,\,4 ) expos e d a group of Wh Lte Junl6r high scncc r stud ents to fictIon whi c h prese n ted Blacks In a sympat het ic l ight. After encounterlng.the fic t i o n , the at t i tud e s of the e xpeclment e l~gr o u p.became more fa ,:~u r ­ able towards arecks.whl le the attitud es of the cont ro l.

group who di d not read the 's t o r y remaln.e d tt'Pe.eeme• LI't ch e r'a nd Johnson (1969) also

I nvestlg;~ed :the

'tl s s ump- .'tl o nth a t

r~a'd l ng 'COU l d h eI P 'Wh l t~

Ch lldr; 'n"deveIOP

m~re

fa v our ab l e att'ltu des'to BIIl.C;ks, 'Th e eue Iee ee Of. the

- - .

^.~

s.t udY we re66'seco n d -grade'student~w ho.att e n·ded schools In.tl.cl t y

w~;re

the

~I ack'

popu lation.accounted to r. t;;s th a n,O . 2 % of the to t a l'po p u la tl o n~f ElO-t ho us an d', T,,'8 chl'ld renIl.s~ I'gn~d t-o.t he cont r ol groupuse d.r-e aur erbOOk~

,

.

^{' . .}

for ~ea d l n g In struc t ion whi l e theex~erl m e n t al gro u p'use d mult l e thn l c ec o k s whi c h por tr ayed er ee e e 89 ~e ln g ha r~-

.

^{" "}

worki n g " nIcelyer ee s e e anc tlS ~lI.vl ng.ot her middl e-cras s, cherecter1st

rc's,

'A~.te r using the muttt e t tmrc re l:lldl ng cooke for '" mont hs. the e>lper' lm.en tl:lll.gro u p respon ded significan t ly '!lo re.r e v cu reervto' Bl a c k s'on fo u r te s t·s'c.f ra CI.I:II I.8ttl~udestha n'dl d th.e con trol group,

lJesPl tet'n e find i ngs ofLltc he r and Jcnne cn' (19 69 ), .'j'a ckso n (1

~~4

^{> .l:IInd'}

~t he·rs·..

^{some,Questions hav e been}

r:,aj.sed"c o nc er-n Ing the In f I ue nc e Of real:! Ing qnva I ues and

" ", ' 1.

'~.:.'

Co n ten t Ana lys is 27

at ertuceer fi rst, ther e-J.. sconcern thatascntroren and

~ ~d UI'ts ^{re sp on d to books In a hlg h ty} roejvr euerr e erc manner. ther e Is no way to pre~tc tthe exact Imp ac t that

e

^{book wil l 'h a ;--8 on It s r}e a d er s hip tacwar us , 1972;

Russell, 195 8: Tibbetts, 19 7 2): sec o n d IY " th er e ls conce r n tha t as the tll sk of;seoara t lng the effects of readi n g.from other 'environment al effect ~ Is al mo st tme e a etere, It .Isdifficult to definetheexact Imp a ctqf rell d:, ng on:a't t l,tu d esand vatues.(B ell c·h,,19 7 6 ; Ki ngston ! Lo v etec e, 1~77-7e l· .TI.bbet t s . 19 7 5,l.Zlqle t .'1976)'.•

Per s on a l te stimon y, how ever, coupl ed' With ttle find In.~s ^Of·r':.s,e~tcn ^{wnIcn I}~d^{tcate that} '~ad^{I ng does}

InfI~ence ^{va lues. neve I ed to cence rne about} Wh~t

.

Ch; ,~ren~ read.

^{'T h e s e}

c"i:inc~rAs

^{cont I n ue:to exIst}

d~$'P lte'"

'th e do u b t s..tnat ha ve been 'raised'as to the prec ise

effect ~

^of

~~dl ng

^.

.Stotement

~f the

P,ob'em "".

'~CIU·S'~d on base, ! rea de r s, the bo c k s used for re a din g Instru cti on; A~'tent l,on,h as:,b e en$lIven t.'othe content of basal readers tor-two r-eeeons • F.I,r st'" 'beca:~s'e ^of ~h~

wide and cepttve re~derShl P ^{of bas al re a ders.} Accor d i ng to Moore (198 ~ ). basal re ader s are Use d Inap p r,oxlmat~ ly,

Mu ch of.the what chi ld ren read ha-s

ContentAn a IveIs

2.

95% of ooerr c ecnc ots In the U,S'1" sec cnct-y, because of the yo u n g an d Imp r es sionab l e age of t-he ch l l dr-en far- who m mos t eee er s er I es a ...e Intend ed (.Ba sktn . 198 1;

Ste ff I ...e,,·19S9) . Rob i n (1977) eertevee .tha t many

"

with eeeeI,...eeee ...s pr ompt"e d,',8 rI t ton (19 7 5) to"ceec r1be .o a rttc utar ly

.

like l y 'to

,

be that You~g ch IId...en ar e

. "

.

the'bas ai.r-eeeer- as -e po wer f u l socfal l -::atll:?ntObl"~h'ICI') transmI t's many messages': (p. 5 2)~ .Th e re sent s Of many

r '.

analyses of rea~lng serl,es ha ve in etc eee e th a t some Of "

the me, sa ge s'c o nve y ed to ch i ldren't h rou g h bas a l reader s ar-e I essthan des I rabre• h r-epr;esent atIon o'fma I asand . chl l dr en .d er~ve the I r flr-st view of the world beyond tne r ... Immedlat"e env lronment frombasal r eXder s . Bo rd e l o n (198 5) and seertc;"Tl t t ; e and Jackl I n (19 7 3) mainta i n

Influen c e d by the wor-ld_. V'l.e wI:i...eaentec In _'b~sal ^{...eeeer e}_{.. I}

~ ^{, , '}

^{, ' b.ecou , e,.he y}p"',ce' ve

"::-"r '

^{belggbac Ked}

~y ~.he ·a.U.:.ho~I .~y

.".". . .•~f thesChOo~••', .. . " '

'.. ' , 'Trye,,f a c t.t hat so manjyo u n gcnrt e renccme.unco ntac t;

If e mal e s , In,eer eteur e ..., Fema I es ha ve,been found

ee ccns r cere e t e co n ce r n, a'be cor-trayed·In

.a' , n~me"l ca l l~ ~ /

I 1mIted\an'd rest'r Ict~d ^{ash I en, whIIe '}ster eotyped

.

. .

^\

depictionsof males have ~I SQbeen no t e d,.(B r l t to n. 19l 3i. FrashE!.~&Wa'jker , 1972:;~o':tme r &Lon g. 1979-80 :Marten

s.:.

Matlin. 1976). The ers cc ver y.cr Ina~ed':,lll,teportrt:.Y~lsof' l

....t':'

~'."~"

\

_{males and females has r esureee d~and}^{Conten t.}_{S by}

^-

_{educator s}^{Anal y s,.:}

^2.

^Is

^.

for mQre re a lls t l q cner eceeri.ee etene of the sexes. 1'1 eaae I r:eaders,

suporlorltY·'(P.382),·Lltoner anclJ~hnson (19 6 9) bel ieve (Bri t t on&LumPk.l n . 197 7 a;eceeererer e,Cemos•. Grant:MOY.

&~erez, 1979; Kyl e,'19 78;'McC u tc./'leo n, 19 7 9), :Ac c o r d ln g to'

Btitte~

^{leJl d et.er,'(}

'1 9~9t',' t~'e

^{-ee cr}-rep resen'tat

I ~n

^C;f

, '

The'fact tha~ sor:ne ethnicmlnprlt>: gr ou ps hav e been found to .ee under repr:,.s·ented both QuaIIt at1'101IY and' Qua n t a t l v ely In basal reade rs has also pr~pted concern

.that road l ~ g^{materials whichcontradict rl1cll1"1prej udice}

"

. ' \

^{' "}

' .

and st e reetypes' CQuid help chllClren In pre d Ol'Q l nan t l y

-.

^{. . " '}

\ .

'.

-wnteear ea s deve lop,posi t ive attitudestowardsSla cks .

.' "f • : . i"

Ana lyses qf b~S"al readers have ,dis co vere d';p oo r ee et e er ene of the el de rly: (Kingston ~··Dr-~tt e r . "98~.

Rlbo v!Ch,&

oe~Y . 1.~84 ) , Il.~d

^t,he

~r sab l ed , ( ~a~k l n': ;~81:' ,

~~Pkl~S.~1 982 ) a~ .,...el~r^{-, ,BIl.S'kln.'b e lrev el th at a'mo r e}

",i,de Qu:t e

po~ tra)'a l '~f th~ 'd l ~,ab l ed

^In

bas~l. rea~er~,W~U I~

^.

.oQiy be

Jl.!$t ~

con s ider i n g'the

pe~cDn;t~~

^of

Ch l 'l dre n ' ~ho

\ etl:\n l c.

mlrior,'I~les In basa l .re'ade·rs .~oans

't ha t,m l norl ty

gro.~~h"dren'~su.fier

^a

"~i!t l ~ '~.buse.

^{-:',t h OI'!}

~: I~e.

^and

dl.Qnlt~...w!) IIe using these materi als eecauee',t n.17Y are.• :' , taUgh t~ In~cc u r a t e or ,s'te.r·e~.:y~e~ In f o,r ma t l o n·.•_-wh l'l·e· .( .

n~r;lI;'Or lty. ,group 'c~ l i dre:n ·a r~·

given a'fa l s e sen;e,of

"

::', . "

"

nav e dl sabl)It le s. Fu r th e r mo re,

eee ereeorree wh i ch fe atur e the disa b led cou l d ai d th e Inte gr a tI on , of han dlcapp~d studen ts Int o the regu l ar Classroom by se nsI t Izin g me I ns t r-e am e euc e n e e•

·re QA,r dS to the elder l y, A mor e reertee tc depicti o n Is see n AS Impor t ant In o'rder to help ch i ldren form correct

.. ' # , .

ee-rlef sabo u t·.ere ag\" and understand thecha ,'l e ng esa~d problems of-toh e eld e rl y. The neeid'for',Imp roved POI".., er eve.r eof the.el der lyIn ba sa\'rell,de rS te see n by,se rr e

. ~nd · La:~b (:1 9~;4·~

^{'asbei n g}

p artl cula~'I Y " Irnpor t a~t

^In'anage

" ,' . " . , , ' '" If .'• .._•

•1.~.·Wh I Ch ,Ch l.ldr,e n.",r,e .blloc:omln g ~or:.~"tec t e r ec ,f rom;;,th,"_

elder l.y,l n're al l' l f·e•

.In

add ~tl on

ee t h e a t ten 't,IOn ,'g} v e n to__

s.ex-st:, r~eo~.

ty p J·ng-.-'a.nd,thepo", ~ raya l of minorit ygro up s•.some seueree haVe,examI ned the,ce eIC~^{Io n of readI ng In'basaf real:ler·s}

'. .

and 'f o u nd'few sncrce n ts 'o f Character s reading (Hal l

198 3 ;.Sn y d e r. 197 91. Ha.lI (19 8 3>,"

"'n,P'

~r.JYder ^{(197 9)}

beli e v e.t.n ee bai!la l 'rea d e r s Which PromInentlY ' fea t~re re~d ln g ^{sk t l l sIn}',use can help chl_dren to"U n de r s t a n d,th e·

purpps~~'

^{artd'Imp or tan ceof rea'd;na, 'rne}

~n~dlan ~o~:tent '~f" ~asa

^I

r~ad ers'

^ne.s a Is<:' beer"

~~arn,1 n~ '~ ,

^{ohd wn r t e,t.he}

""

ca~~~i1an. ~o~te~'t

^{O! some}

ba~al ·re·~d l n9: ~;er i es _,h~ s bee!,

..found:t o ja e ad e QU l l t e,.r Lortmer & Lorg; 197 9 - 80 ), the

canad'l,mconle'nt Of· ae r t es ,h as' to'be

ccer (LorIme r , Hark l e Y,'laong & rcc -err ,",197 8 ). Lor'lmer at a~~( 1g.7e).believ e that basals used In.'Canadlan SChoOlS should have.sult-at;lle'Canadian.content so that

....

^;

stu d e n ts e)(perle~ce ^{th e ir} anot h , .co unt ry••

that of

St atemen t

0 '

^t'he Pu rp o s e oftheAna1YsI~

As.eome of the-me s s a.ge s.In. bas al re ader s hilVe been

f ~U~d t~

^{b·e.:le.5s".}

t.~'i~ , d~"S" l rab

^{fe,:th ISIstU.d·yI}

~OUgti,~

^:.

t~

^.

exam ln~,

^{.t he}

c~~tent

^·Of

·th.e.' ~.oU~·~.h ; ·f. I ~~'h ~n'd '

s\ht h."grade.:.

eesere of«tne 1975 and 1983

edl~'lons ^{'0/ .} th~·.··Nel·~on

^.'.

to:;

, .'

... ' . . ^..

La n ~ u ~ g e OO.~ Ol o pm ent al Reading:pro gr am•.· !he speC.l f.IC

·~r~as , n...est , g~"teci

rn

_{~hI"S·a~a l )fs·I.,S were~'}the,depIctions

of

".ma l ~s

and !.":'Ull e s•.-

e;thn lc-~r~,:ps :

the elder'IY•.·,t he,

".•

Clisabl~d,

^and'

;~adl ng.

^{Th e analysis}

· a l ~o ·· SOU~h~

^.

^rc"

·

deter~;no

^··fhO"

e~ent

^of

. c"'~natp a~ c~'nte~t

^{'In'the' two}

~dl

^{..tlons•. -Th'e}

resu" I't'~-'O f

^{th e'}

~)(tm'l tna~'IO~$

^{of the}

.1 97~

an d 19 8 3

ed!\I~~.~ .w~~~~ ,.cOmpa~ed

^{.t·o.determl"ne}

Wh-et~'er

^or .:~9~,ch\.n·g~.$ .In th~;~or t r ayals,.Of:.~~. l es ah~" " " ' ":•t~el;.

·

v~r.IOU~~

^I

nO~.,I.~( " ~rQU~~ -' re~d

^I

~~ .:

^{,a.n d th e.de.gree of} ceneeren-e en ee n e had cccurree..

\ :

.

.

^"

" ^.,

Sl g n l f l c a n ce'o'th e Analys i s

Kyle

,( ~9~ 8 ) mll~n.t ll ins ^that eva l ullt l on s''-.of.n·~w,ba sal·· :

,

read l"i...se rt-ee.ar enece.s s a ry to determlnewhet~e r

o r not .

the concern's,and advice aenere tec"by.a naly s e s,of cide r bas al' reading se r i es have "ad any ecsre tve effects. Ac co r-cIng to arl"t t l1h and Lumpk In (19 77 a·) ccncer-ns. about.

thecontent. y ' basal r~aders ha ve le dso~epUb!r.sher s to for:mulate gUlde'"lnes tOo ellmlnate'bl~S•. ^A.nextlmlna tlon pre and post guIdeIjne readIng se e.t es', nowe v e r","

'pr.~p·ted.-B rltt~ n^{and LumpkLn to},co n'c'l u~et h a t ~PU b ll sh e r s aeem more lncflned.topiJb.I,1Sh".t 'he,gU laellnes,

:,~tia~ to .tak~

•·me aSu,ratSl e,.?b J ec t ,ve;'.~ct.fon~ to·en~orc~ them~ ' {~·.,4 ~n.

aeeause,.0-' the f-a1iureOf'pubItenere to act ucc n.:advIc e;' ."Br l t t o,n

'~~d ':L ump~ l n':'~~ 1 t~a: ~'~~d.log rte~·I~ i·s,.~q~t '~:b·~

monltor~d by pers ons withou t ves ted Intere~~ Inthe eue-, Il s hl n g business ," Rupley,'G~f~ l -a and',Longnlon' (19Sl), ar aue that bec a use of the"l e ~g t h of t.lme,t nv ot.vee In

: ' . . . r . . . . ' .'

pr:oduelng.areadlng.,serles, the tex ts that Bri t t o n and

.}

.

^{' ,}

!.umpkl n designated "as being "p o st -gu i d eli n e "

actua l,}Y

deve·l~ped

^{prror:to the}

~av~

^of

conce~n

^{fo r eQuai}

,. , ' " f ~ . . ."

" ~e p r e se r:' ta tI.on.,o f '~,~ex e ~.~ co n s equ en tIy ".Rupley,et

.IlI•"',.09 B 1).fee.l.that exemtria t.tdns,,'O fm~r~'c,yrrent,read Ing

\, 'sierles.,'a ~ e' warfan~ed ^{to see whether.} pUblishers '

:lOgU'de"ne. hav e Indaed taken effect.

·.C.. ··

i' .! . " , '. . ~ _,

Apa r t !~om.being e.,me an"h of ~xertlngp,r.e,ssure""""'0Jt:.

to r-en r eeentvcertetn sectorsof socl~t·Ywith ,,)

.

...

^,

. '"

33

read.lng

. i"

. .

----. -

g r.ea~A ce;;~'CY, 'a

^{conten t enervsre of a'ba s a l}

ContentAna l y s i s

.

: "

. .

the'pub lls h e r s of,.t he s~l"" les'h'a v e'tak e n'·not. Ice

' 0 : '

^fhe

"concer n s whi c hwou l d hav e been voiced be f o r e the tete sr

I . . "' -

edit ion had Its b~glnn l ng s• .:..In ed cttrcn, Jt Is ho pe d that t,~e'.rlndlngs ^{of,t h i s} st.Ud~ .W ll l ^act. a~,a g":ll d e l l n e 'f or.J:::lI~~speqt lv e;bUyers",o·f ^the'1'9 8 ~^{ecrtron 0''ttie'Nels o,n}

. " "

^{" "} , ' , ' .

l.anguage peve Iopme nt ~e"ad'ng'(Netwol"" ks)...prog-r:,am and·for' te achers In pr o v'lnoe s'whe r e Vte 1983 edition has been

!,H l.c l a l.ly,ado pt ed\ ,for CI\S'Sl""o Om use,by the,pt-ovt nclat aeueaetcn.

. .

.

'•.An,ana lys is ~C'the elementary grade beeers p,f the

., , '

.

^{- , ' .-}

1976.and \983.e dltl,o ns of the'Ne l ~ o n L a n 9 u a g e Deve lop..

~e'nt a

i

Read'ing prog'ram wou'ld seem'apprpprI~"te

.

to',see I f eert'es ca n'.act as'a.gu lde.fOI"" prpsp ectl"e bUyer's (Kyle, 19 78;'Lo--"an,'&ae rc re,'19$ 3).

Fur thel""l~.'?r e ,

^an

e~aml~k lon

_.,0.' the cont e n t of basal re ad er s can ,s.er v.e to al ft r t.

.teac he l""s, who are of f.ered I It t1eor .nc ene I

ee

as to the I""eadln g text S.,they,can us e; to Inad~qUaC!es th~t n!"ed to be coun te r ac t ed In th e cl a s sr o om (Bordelon, 1985;

HOPk_~.'I~S "'1982 ; SCh U"lw_\ ; tz, 19 7 6 ).. The nee d to analyze.ene•.

' ,

co ri t e.n t.o'f basal'r-eee ers ~sed"ln Canada.may b~ par t - .l c UJ'a r IY.l:!re Ssln g fo r, ,acc ol""dln g, ~o, LOrlmel"", et ' .a,l. .'<\977-78 )', I,' tt r e

att~n~ i on

^has'been

gl~~n

^{to.what Is'}

reec In CanadIan ~ChOOIs..

., Defin i t i onofTerms

In order for the analysis to be 'a s objective as

. .

ces tanec .ror cres s r ocm re adl n'g 'Inst r\l c- tlcn.

A eerr'ea'of~bas.aI re a d e r s , such as the Nelson La04JJage Developmenta l Re a d i ng

\ - I .

prog r,am.:$.ub l,l1ihedbya company for useat varrous9rad~ ^{le v els. ' •} '.Sto.rres about real people"e ,tther ;.l.v~ n.'l o~

dead,told by themselvesorothers. •

?

Athemewhich re f l ec t s the'peOP l ean d / or ser ies:

Canadia n: Bi o g ra ph y :

Conten t Analysis

, .

Adults:

\ 1'

Ba s al. re a d i n g

possible. the Investigato r predef inedall_the catea e rt ea that were to ee r ecorcec, The fOl4 1 o w i n g

li s t.of ee ern- 1\1005,

the.r~f~re .

^{Includes eecn category definition'a s}

wel l as other deflnf~lons ^{ut i}tfz ecI n th'l s stu·~y. rn dtvtduat s W\ O.a~pear.t.o be Inthp.r.,.lat e teenage yearsor 'Older.

"\8sa rre ad er; A boo k 'c o n t a;Jn l ng "c crl ecetcn of. artl'6 les. stor ies, pl ays..-a nd' p6;'m~';'

theme s: .la'nd of Ca~a.fla. Thespecificthemes that

.

^.

wererecor eec - wer- edef.1ned.as.f()Ilows:

(a)'MosalcCUlture: por t·r ~Y l ng.sOmeth.l ng·

of the.cUl tu ra l he rlt ~ g e O.f ca~adlan set tlers, Immi g r ant; or ,!.~orl glna r

. ..

;,:

...

01'""lndlr ec'tt y ,

Ch}l. l'"&c t e rI '

_ ...

A-human, an'lme-tror other beIng po~tr ay ed Ina baS~).e e teeetee•

35 Conte nt An a ly sis

Ivat e der ee a of cenece. Canadi anwinters .

Ce)WI~dll fe 'a n d wtteernee e • Conoe~ned wl,th Canadlan.wlldllfe ~,..n_d/o l'".uneult.- people.

(b) Cold winters and op en spa c.es.:

Refleet'rng 'I'"Ul'"a-1 Canada and/ ol'" harsh

phys,lcallyabu~.lngctnere•

,c omma n drn g , or,derI ng.

Abie to e~d~re ~ental or (c) Angry,:

,'orr

ttabr e,' 'Ftl sp I eaaed, -e ee ne -,

eut .

(d) Authol'"lty, Having o~clalm'ln'g powE'ir:

Aeu er~~y.eter tbueec:t(;01'" ~Isp layed'b y a

, .

-cnareccer _ The cnar-ee eer t raI ts that wer e .recordedwere_d e fIne da~foIlows:

(a) Acveneur ous• ,~~terprISlrig,^{wlJl lng: to}

try--someth l ~,g .~'ew

^01'"darln g.I

•.

\ .b)

~,ggress ~v~ : ' Dl s~~~ed" ~o

^{verb a l l y}

)

.

. " "

An,·oecl,lp.at lonthat'P~ ~V'ldes'.t hem,a (nmeans '\'J.Q.f..auooo rt for an adu l t , etttier d,lrectlS'

r:'

cer-eer•

Cha l'"actel'"

.tra l t,

ContentAnll~YS'IS

3.

PhYS I ~ 1

^{Plli n/'}

(f')

:c~peten t:

^f e ll Pe-b l e of car ryl ,ng out tasksima aeIeee e,

(g ) ccure cecus: Putt i ng cne eej e at per_

so naI 1"1sk for thEJl'good of another, (h)'Fea r fu l: Fr ighte ned,t im id:unw l i l ln g_.

to try somethln g, new for feAr: of , .earture.

(')Hb l ~'fU ' : Vo'untA rllY'a s S l s,t l n g ct ne rs: (J) incompetent: Notcapab le of carr'ylng ou t simpletasks wi t hout assistance.

,.. (k )Nurtu r i n g : Car·lng,fo r . I,o o kl n g after"

~ -e-o eeerIn g.

';( I) Passive : Sufferingaction, Watc htn'g other s-eeIng ec e I ve.

{-m) Persevering: Persisting In A of ac t io n de spl f~'dlff l c ult l e s , (Ii) Phys icallyexerttver Being ac tuvely

Inv o l v ed In sports or outdoor ettons•

(0) Prob lem solving: Pr oduci n g teees or ecruereee.

(p) Successf u l: Under takings tu rn ou t wel l.

."

Content Aneryets 31 let) Unsucce s sful : Undertakings turn ou t

Chlldrenl

ou-ece Incidents:

Disabled:'

Elderly characters.:

g~oups:..

"

.FantasYI

F.lctlon : IndIrect, .Incidents:

po orl yor fall ateoqetner".

IndIv IduaIs who appe ar to'r-e e ear Iy teen age yea rsor yo unger ..

Inc i d e n ts ce sc rteee In~t h e te xt s or the textan~e tceur-es.

Individual s who ha ve vIs ua l , audi to ry.

ment~·I·ormobilityha ndi ca p s .

Indlvldu ~I S·~hoappear tobeof.retir ement age or 0Ice r . Term s used to Iden tIf y the el der ly tner ue e -er c-", "g r a ndl;Ja r.e f1t" .

"s e ni o r crtt aen'".

aecret gr o u ps , 's pe clf lc a lly cauces t err ,

~8Iack/ASlan. Nltlv e 'Canadi a n ,' Inuit , .Chl nese andJap anese, Any human cne r ecter not belongin g to cne of the eboveime n -.

ttenee

g:ou~s

wee

~ategOr l

zed as "o t h e!r",

~ ,

Al l Imagi nati ve

'e

ecr t ee that gob.eYOl"ld'the Fo" exampl e , stories In.wh lch.Ch lrer en pilotatr c l ene s . Stories ~.hatare Inve:nted yet:pl a u s fbi e . Incidentsoccurring'o~I Y In ttuuse reer cne•

i '

,

^'

- _.,.:;

3 .

Main A charac t e r aro und whom th e ev e n t s of -a cha rac te r:' ba s a l selection re v o l ve . The ma i n cha r-

,

, _ ,

acter usuallyhas theprim a ryd,laloguean d tott'te t e s S"lgnl f lcanteve nts In a story.

M I nor A character wh o 1,5not'a~a^{In character:}

ch a rac ter.:

PhysteaI affec t ) o n:

Non -fI cti on: Factual stor ies,. Includi ng repott.s Int er v ie ws . that ar;not . biographica l, The commu n i c a t i o n

0'*

ccstetve feel i ng s'

. J .

bet w e en people by f!leans of body-.I a n g u o,ge

Readrng:

SUChas kIssIngand huggln-g.

. , ,

A Characte r Is assume d to be I"e a dIng when slhe 1$ deple te d as loo k in g at or Int er- actingwithany ty p e ofreadin g material . 1975 edition: 'All th e fourt h, f(fth:-'a n d sixt h grade

basal "'e ad~~ s of th e Nelson._Lan guage"

Developmen tal'Read ing prog r ampubl is hed by ~ Tho ma s Nel s o n a~d Sons (Canada) Limite d' betweenthe years1970and 19 7 7 . 19 83 edr etcm All 't h e ecuren, flft"h an d sbth gra de

. ,

basal r eeuere-of the Lan g u a ge De v el Op- men t al Rea ding (Networks) pro gram pub- lishe d 'bY

Nel$O~ '

^{(Canad a )_be twee n. th e}

ye ars198 2 and198 5 ,

Conten t Analysis 39

Limitation s ofthe StUd Y

Because of.thewi d e scopeof the

fl~a

^{IysIS'I n}

~:rms

.

^~

of th e numbe r 0 f categor I es examI ned. the study was

For exemnte, no. dl"ffer-

:C.4tegor.y I s not recorded.

l imit e d t

,

oan Inve s tigatI on of the 19 7 5and 1983edi tions of the''Ne l s on Languag e O.eveloeme nta l Rea d i ng pr o gr a m.

The,stud y , the ~e f or e., .do e snot,r~ lIe i!l l ho wthe~ontentof the Nel s on bas' f s c~mp~res.'wl t, h that of o ener canad~an reaa.ln.g.eerree WI.th.reae- cs '1;0,'a r'e.a ~of ccnercver ey• It .,-I S l"lo p.ed: ho we v er, tha t ex am'nat .lC?ns of other C8.nadIan rea d l,n g se r ies wl J I be,carried ,o u t . thu~ making a compar 'so n.''N t t l,theaetecnee rteetc ceer ete•'..' , '

• .•As,the'..193 ed'jt lon'o f

th'~ ~e IS~n 'Lan9U:ge D~~e~op- ^!

• me n t al'ReadIl'lg

'pr ogr~~

^{Is comp'rlsed}

~~' IY "~f "baSa l$

^for

t!~e .

^{·fou rth. ..}

i ,ii:"~ .

^{'a n d S,lxth;.sra des.}

~h'e anal~slS

I

I m ~ted

^{tobasf l're aders}

devel o~ed

'f.o...!".th.es e:gra d e s. rne fl n d in"ss af th '~ 's tUdY, t'he r e f o r e, can In no way be

. S

·gene r all z.e dto the.c o n t en t of.p ri ma ry grad e basal'readers pUbllsh.etlbY'Nel s o n ca na ce.

In eln att e mp t to,be as ob fe cel ve as po s si bl e . the

. \ '

.

InVest igato r evet ueeec thebasalrea der s by r eo or dl,n g the ,n u mb er of time s each pred efined'cat egory-c c c urree . Th e '

-~ Imper ~ectlon

^of

thl s - meth~d,' Of

^ane.lyzl n g basa l'"r-eee e-s lies In' th e fact th a t .:th'e .q u a l l ty gf ,II par t icula r

i..:.

'< ,;

Conte nt Analys is

entiatIon Is made betwee n the Int en se hu ggi n g of lon g separa ted tr-tencs a more ever yda y dIspIay of affect -Ion ceeweeo par ent and chi ld, Each occurr ence Is re c o r de das asing leIn st.an ceof cny sr ce

r

e

ee

ecttcn •

,AS· the.enetyets was to be subj e c t e d t'o a te s t of ra t er- r a ter'rel labil l t y, I t was ne ces s ar y 't o pre d efine and

\~her efore _.

^trmtt.'·the

n~mber

^of

'p,erson~ ll .

^{ty'tral ts that}

wer e to be rec ord e d. \Thus, the exemt ne eron-of the port r a y al of males and .eemejee In terms of Cha ra cter trai t sd.lsp la yedIs.o nrypartia l.

~_t

.mu st;"b"B poi nt ed

o~t'

that In

" t~ l ~ stu~¥.-

as.,In.

previous"eeu er ee , t~eexamin a tion of, the ethn l c.c.ontent of th e re ader s w'as"concern e dmorecwI th"recIaI ethn IcI ty thoo.rtnqutsere ,,, C"\ "01

~thn'C ItY .

^{:.,o, p·e , tnere-.}

fore. such as Ukran~an s , It a lians a'nd PO.I~S·who are thought of as mlnClr l ty ethni cgr oup s In Canad a< ere simp l y ca t'eg~rlzedasceucee tens I.n the analysl ~.

T~e test P' ,ra ter- ra t er reli abil i ty Inv ol v e,d thr,ee .eeee

ra\~rs

• .Each te st rater wa s assigned the'·ta s k of

a'na~~Zlng\~ "r~n .

^{dom. ,IYse.leeted s,tor..I:e s. 0.' the.}

s,am~' gra~e

,IBV",I , on e,

f~

^{eecnee1t Ionof}

~~e ~e

^{Iso n,eerI}

e~. Ther~

Is·a P?S SI bi tI ty , there fo re , eaeee I~I_IY co n s I,der -I ng the number. that not every ca t e g o r y of theana IysIs k i

t

u

"

... .

\

,' ;

',"T '

ContentAna ly sI s r

41

.""CHAPTERII Reviewof th eLit e r atur e

I

Introduct I on

"De s p i t e Smith's (1948) reco s.nlt l o n,of the lack' of

statlstlce;1 evidence tosu p p ort the argument th a t read ing effects veru es and attitudes, many analyses of basal rea d i n g series"(e.g•• Frasher &Walker. 1972; Ja c kli n&

Mischel, 1,973; Kyle. 1978;'O l ive r . 1974; "Schne l l. :&

,Swe e n e y. 1915),nevebee';U~de~ta'kensolelyon tne belief

t.hat re a d i n g Influences va lue s anda.tt'ltUde:;; , However"

rathe r th8n -c on tInue to re Iy on the eeeu mctIon that rea d i n g ha s' an Imp a c't on ~ttltudes 1'1.5·-a,reas on for Inves~ l ga t i n g"b,a sal r:.eader s, It wo uld seem pertine nt to ' fl r-s t r-evrew relev an t evjcence for and. against the

~ ffei::ts

^of

r~ad l n~,

^I,he

r~v'~e,w

^of'th6!

^rr

ee r e eur e , th e r-e - font, Is or~a nlzed,Into"t wo mal~pa.rts. ~he rtr'se par!

Influences-'a tt I tUd e s ~nd values Is 1'1.° vtill d rea s on for ,an~IYZlng b~sai r-eade,r-'s~and"demand,lng Cha~ge..."n con-

~t. -lnesecond P4r-t" deals withpr-ev-Ious anal Y s~s of basal .reece r-s , and Is' SUbdivided Into siX .e r-eee of concer'n. rrtese areasof_c~ncernar'e,

R~pr~sentat I.~n, _.

^••

M ) . . ~s- _a.nd ·~~~'a

^les

I

-. '

.

.

^" .

(b) .The",occunetJons

.Cont ent AnA 1'IsI s '..42

of MaleAnd Femal eChar a cter s : (c) Th eActiv i t i es ,cr ier- acter TraIts and EmotIon s

0·'

Ma I e and Fe ma leCh"arac te r s; (d) Eth n i c and cenecren Content:'( e).ecr er ey er.sof The

'1

Eld e !:l y and The Hand i c ap p e d; and Cf) The De pl,. ctlo n.of ReadIn g .

Part 1

Po sitions tak en on the que st ionof tfle eff ~c ts at' reading on attitudes,and va l u es .

Much of the're~earch Inti:.the ~ffec tsof rea d l.~g, as far as chi ldren ar e'conc er n ed , tre s ee er e Wi t h th e Impact of books on att i t u de s of raci al,creiuer ee• In II st u dy simi lar to tho s e of .Ja Ck SO

A

^{(19 44) and cttcner ,a n d}

JOh':!s o n (1969) , Ha ye s

( 1~70)

^{teve atrnetee}

t~ ef f~ct

^t·hat.

subj ec t i ng White'st Ude n ts to cc e eicte Ident i fica t i on at

,

. .

the fan ta s y le\l~1 might h~\l eon their ~t t l,tudes toward' Slacks. The sub Je cts of th e stu dy wer e 34 maI e and,23 ,e~al.e^{grade 11} S~Uden ts· .'enrO ll ed~^Incolleg", pr epar a ~ory' '.EngI 'bsh c Iasses.,;"t.an urba~;Ihig h ~ChOO1 'In the north eastern eec etcn o'f the U~l ted'St

.

at e s . Thest u d e n,ts wer e

"'

required t~ead nlne"'bOOk Sof mix ed ge n re eeeue"Bla cks ( " ',ever a

~

^wek,per i od. ".

C I As-:ro~,

discussi ons about'th';.

." . bOOk,:-'we r:een,c

rag'e~ as.dISCIJSSI,~n

wa s deemeduseful'

f~r

... In'cre aslng the.effects of the re~dlng: by providing