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Biodiversity and ecosystem services: think functional!

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Selection of mixtures

4 contrasting mixtures were

selected with very low, low, high and very high functional diversity.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services: think functional!

During the last years, several studies and reviews have considered the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning or the

provision of ecosystem services. Many studies found that plant functional traits and plant functional diversity (FD) are key drivers in this

relationship in terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to incorporate this way of thinking in ecosystem service research.

ULg thinks functional:

The AgricultureIsLife wildflower strips experiment @ Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech

A gradient in plant functional diversity to test the effect on ecosystem services

A B C E D B D A C E E C D B A C A E D B D E B A C Functional diversity A Control B Very low C Low D High E Very high Crop 25m 8m

Plant species and trait selection

We listed indigenous perennial herbaceous plant species frequently used in wildflower strips in Wallonia and available in the

market. From the TRY plant database and the flora, we selected a set of floral traits

important for pollinators and flower visiting pest control insects.

Functional diversity calculation

Functional diversity of all possible mixtures of 7 of these plant species was calculated with the Rao quadratic

entropy index for multiple traits. This results in 77520 possible mixtures with different functional diversity.

VER Y LO W LO W HI GH V ER Y HI GH Flower species B C D E Achillea millefolium x x x x Anthriscus sylvestris x x x Crepis biennis x Galium verum x x Geranium pyrenaicum x Heracleum sphondylium x Hypericum perforatum Hypochaeris radicata x Knautia arvensis x x Leontodon hispidus x x Leucanthemum vulgare x x Lotus corniculatus x Lythrum salicaria x x Malva moschata x Medicago lupulina x Origanum vulgare x Prunella vulgaris x x Ranunculus acris Silene latifolia Trifolium pratense x FD 0,08 0,11 0,15 0,19

Monitoring of ecosystem services:

During the following years, 4 ecosystem services will be monitored in the

wildflower strips and crops:

- Pollination

- Pest control

- Biodiversity support

- Valuable compound provisioning

References:

Botta-Dukát, Z., (2005). Rao’s quadratic entropy as a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16: 533-540.

Díaz, S., Symstad, A.J., Chapin III, F.S., Wardle, D.A. & Huenneke, L.F. (2003). Functional diversity revealed by removal experiments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18 (3): 140-146

Lavorel, S., Krigulis, K., McIntyre, S., Williams, N.S.G., Garden, D., Dorrough, G., Berman, S. Quétier, F., Thébault, A. & Bonis, A. (2008). Assessing functional diversity in the field – methodology matters! Functional Ecology, 22: 134-147. Petchey, O.L., & Gaston, K.J. (2006). Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters, 9: 741-758.

Petchey, O.L., O’Gorman, E.J. & Flynn, D.F.B. (2009). A functional guide to functional diversity measures. Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing: An ecological and economic perspective, 49-60. Tilman, D. (2001). Functional diversity. Ecyclopedia of Biodiversity, 3: 109-120.

UYTTENBROECK, Roel1,*; HATT, Séverin1; PAUL, Aman1; BOERAEVE, Fanny1; FRANCIS, Frédéric2; DANTHINE, Sabine3; FREDERICH, Michel4; DUFRÊNE, Marc5;

BODSON, Bernard6; MONTY, Arnaud5

1 AgricultureIsLife.be, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; 2 Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; 3 Department of Food Science, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; 4 Pharmacy department, University of Liège; 5 Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; 6 Unit of Crop Science in Temperate Regions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech

* Contact: roel.uyttenbroeck@ulg.ac.be

Defined as the ”value and range of those traits

that influence ecosystem functioning “ by

Tilman (2001), functional diversity is becoming

an alternative for classical species richness in

ecological studies. Functional diversity of a

vegetation can be seen as the diversity or

richness of functional traits.

Different methods have been developed to

measure or calculate plant functional

diversity. A frequently used example is functional group richness: the amount of functional groups present, after dividing plants into groups based on one functional trait (e.g. ‘life form).

More complicated measures make use of multiple traits, and calculate the functional distance or dissimilarity between species, or the branch length on a functional dendrogram. Some measures also consider the intraspecific variability for a trait, or directly measure traits in a vegetation, regardless of the species. Although these different measures can be useful in ecological research, in practice mostly simple measures like functional group richness are used.

Studies aiming to relate plant functional diversity to another response variable, usually ecosystem properties, processes or services, often make use of a functional

diversity gradient.

Depending on the research questions,

researchers choose for observational

monitoring of existing natural communities,

experimentally manipulating natural

communities by removing species to obtain a

certain functional diversity value, or assembling synthetic communities in the field or in microcosms in controlled lab conditions.

After establishment, researchers can choose to maintain the functional diversity level by species removal or planting if necessary, or to subject the vegetation to natural succession.

Functional diversity gradient

In 2013, wildflower strips were created with a functional diversity gradient by sowing the four mixtures in a field. After sowing, the strips are subjected to natural

succession and a regular mowing regime.

© kenjonbro © Ewok Jorduman

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Measuring plant FD

Functional diversity?

Creating plant FD gradient

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3

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