• Aucun résultat trouvé

تأثير المنظمات غير الحكومية في السياسة العامة العالمية

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "تأثير المنظمات غير الحكومية في السياسة العامة العالمية"

Copied!
317
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

ــ

ا

ــ

ج

ـ

ر

قو ا

و

ا

ـ

ا مو

ـ

م

ا مو ا

ا

ت

ا

ا

ا

ا

ل د ورطأ

رد

ا مو ا ! مو ا هارو د

رادإو

ت ظ :ص(

:ب ط ا داد*إ

فار,إ

و ن د

ا ن ز

ز 1 (/د.أ

,

ا

م ر ا

ب او م 4ا

ا ر ا

ا

ؤ ا

6( ا

01

يرد د.أ

ــ

ن

ا م

ا ذ

أ

ـ

ــــ

ـــ

02

(/د.أ

ـ

ز 1

ـ

ا م

ا ذ

أ

ــ

ــ

!ر,

ارر و

03

* ر! د.أ

ــ

ر

ا م

ا ذ

أ

ةرـــ

*

ــ

او

04

رو ا د * د.أ

ا م

ا ذ

أ

ـــ *

*

ــ

او

05

د ا رو ن د.د

ـ

ن

ر

ذ

أ

أ

ــ

ا

*

ــ

او

06

د

ن .د

ـ

دار

ر

ذ

أ

ــــ

*

ــ

او

ا

ـ

ا

ــ

:

2014

/

2015

(2)

(3)
(4)

.

(5)

.

.

(6)
(7)

ﺔـﻣﺪـﻘﻣ

(8)
(9)

ب

(10)

ج

(11)
(12)

‌ه

1

(13)

و

4

(14)

ز

(15)

ح

(16)

ط

2002

David Furth Saiz

9191

C. Esty, Danial. H. Ivanov, Maria ‘Globalisation and

Environmental Protection: a global governance perspective’.

(17)

ي

(18)

:لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا

ﻴﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﻊﻗاو

ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟود ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻛ

(19)
(20)

13 1

.

6161

La Société

des amis –Quakers

(2)

6161

3

6711

14

1 6

"

"

"

"

3

Geneviève Deville, ‘développement de la structure international’, Bulletin Ngo-Ong: N°6-7, 1952, p .250.

(21)

14 1

61

2 3 1

-

Geneviève Deville, op.cit, p. 256.

2

- C.F André Normandin, ‘du statut juridique des associations internationales’, Thèse pour le doctorat en sciences politiques, Paris: 1926, p .61.

3

-

6731

(22)

15 1 2 3 1

-

Dominique et Michèle Fremy, ‘Dans le Quid, il y a tout sur tout. Et un peu plus

que tout’, (Paris: ed Robert Laffont, 1998), p. 862.

2

Alain Piveteau, ‘pour une analyse économique des ONG’, (Paris: ed karthala, 1998), p. 273.

3

(23)

16 1

.

Normandin Reuter

8181

3 1

-

Borco Stosic, ‘les organisations non gouvernementales et les nations unies’, Thèse pour le doctorat d état, Genève: ed librairie droz, 1964, p. 24.

2

- C.F André Normandin, op cit, p. 18.

3

(24)

17 1 2 3 6

-

ibid, p.7.

6- Philippe Ryfman, Urgence et Développement ‘Spécificité Française et Préfiguration

d’une Communauté D’ong, , (Paris: ed Karthala, jac), p. 05.

3

(25)

18

Nathalie Affre

6

-

Nathalie Affre, ‘les ONG et l’Etat. L'exemple du Guatemala‘, (Paris: ed l’Harmattan, 2001), pp.11-12.

(26)

19

1

6771

64

(27)

20 2 1

Totalitarisme

6414

(Giovanni Gentile)

6764

Totalitarian

2

(28)

21 1

(Utopia)

.

5151

.

Utopia

(Ou-topos)

(eu-topos)

.

(29)

22

6

-Nathalie Affre, op.cit, p-p.71 -73.

6- ibid, p.9. 3

(30)

23

(Economie de la Charité)

Ronald Angelhrt

1

-

ibid, p.21. 2

- Nathalie Affre, op.cit, p.22.

2

(31)
(32)

25 1

64

-62

.

(33)

26

Brian Smith

61

64

2 1

64

2

.

(34)

27

Weisbord

Susan Rose

Han Smann

1

67

2

67

(35)

28

James Douglas

Lester Salamon

Salamon

-

14

1

2

-

James Douglas, ‘Political Theories of Non Profit Organisations’, (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1987), p.86.

3-Lester Salamon, ‘The Non Profit Sector And The Rise Of The Third-Party

(36)

29

Douglas

Salamon

1

62

(37)

30 1

1

(38)

31

1

-

Les ONG : Instruments du Néo-Libéralisme ou Alternatives Populaires ? , Le point de vue du sud, (Centre Tricontinentel Louvain- la-Neuve, Paris, Montréal, Juin 1992),

p.194.

2

-

62

(39)

32

1

C.M .EYA

NCHAMA

2

MERCEL MERLE

3

1

-

1

:

6222

2

- C. M. Eya Nchama, ‘Le rôle des ONG dans la Promotion et la Protection des Droits

de L’homme’, bulletin des droits de l’homme (New York: nations unies, 1992), p. 55.

3

(40)

33

OTLET

2

POLITIS

3

I. JOOG

4

-

1

6

6741

641

2

-

Paul Otlet, ‘Études des associations internationales’, Annuaires de la vie

internationale, 2eme série, vol 1, Bruxelles, 1908, p .37.

3

- Nicolas Politis, ‘la Condition Juridique des Associations Internationales’, Paris: Journal

de droit international, 1923, p. 46.

-

4

6

6773

74

(41)

34

Patrick Rambaud

1

(Transnationales)

2

Philippe Le Prester

3

Mario Bettati

4 1

- Patrick Rambaud, ‘Les Organisations Internationales’, Encyclopédie universalise, (France: Cdrom, 1997), p. 57.

2

- M. Merle, op.cit, p 360

3

-Philippe Le Prester, ‘Eco-politique Internationale’, (Canada: Editions Universitaires, 1997), p. 119.

4

- M. Bettati, ‘l’avenir Des Organisations Internationales’, (Paris: Economica, 1984), p. 11.

(42)

35

6771

1

Association Internationales

Organisations

des Sociétés civiles

J.F.Guilhaudis

2

Jaques Fontanel

-

1

6771

666

.

2

- J.F Guilhaudis, ‘Relations Internationales Contemporaines’, (Paris: litec, 2003) p. 339.

(43)

36

.

. 1

2

644

3

6671

4

6671

1

-

Jacques Fontanel, ‘Les Organisations non Gouvernementale’, (Alger: Office des publications universitaires, 2005) p. 9

.

-

2

)

6777

(

674

3

-

644

-

6671

6714

4

(44)

37 1

6742

2

Henry .G.S Chamcres

(INTERPOL

)

CICR

3 1

-

C.M.Eya Nchama, op.cit, p. 55.

2

- Mario Bettati, Pierre-marie Dupuy, ‘Les ONG et le Droit International’, (Paris: economica, 1986), p. 278.

3

- Henry G.S. Chameres, ‘Les Organisations Internationales’, (Paris: Edition Pedone, 6776), pp. 60-65.

(45)

38 1

.

2 (anti-gouvermentales) 1

- Patrik Daillier, Alain Pellet, ‘Droit International Public’, 6eme ed (Paris: ed: L.G.D.J, 6742), pp. 694-696.

2

- Yves Beigder, ‘Le rôle Internationale des Organisations non Gouvernementale’, (Paris: Bruylant, 1993), p. 9.

(46)

39

8811

1

2

1- Patrik Daillier, Alain Pellet .op.cit, p. 696.

6

-

http: //www.World bank-org

.

21

6

1

2011

(47)

40

TRANSNATIONAL 1

-

1

(48)

41 1

6762

1

)

6717

663

(49)

42

6741

6747

1

VON BAHR

6766

BASTID

6742

2

(

I.D.I

)

6763

6742

STRASBOURG

11

3 4 1

-

First Honduis, ‘La Reconnaissance et la Protection des ONG en Droit International’,

associations transnationales, 2000, pp. 2-4.

2-M. Bettati. op.cit, p. 13. 3

-Patrik Dailler, Alain Pellet, op.cit, p. 696.

(50)

43 1 2

.

3 4 5 1

- H. Patrik Glenn, ‘La Capacité de La Personne en Droit International privé français

et anglais’, (Paris: ed Dalloz, 1974), p. 55

.

24

26

21

6716

-

2

3

-

Jacques Ballaloud , ‘Droit de L’homme et Organisation International’, 2eme ed, (Paris: ed Montchrestien , , 2004) , p. 616.

4- H. Patrik Glenn, op.cit, p.53.

5- E.S.TEW, The Organizational World, in: Associations Internationales, N 12, 1960,

(51)

44

1

6746

6746

27

6746

64

6767

(CICR) 1

-

(52)

45 1 (

1

-

Christian Dominice, ‘l’ordre juridique international entre tradition et innovation’,

Recuel d’études, 1er

(53)

46 1 2

18

3

81

4 6

-

6712

137

.

2

-

Isaac Paenson , ‘Manuel of the Terminology of Public International law’, (Brussels: ed Bruylant , 1999), p. 88.

16

3

612

(54)

47

61

6714

1 2

66

24

27

66

3

61

62

6744

6776

4

74

1 2

-

Patrik Dailler, Alain Pellet, op.cit, p. 696.

3- George Phillip Speeckeart, ‘Les Racines Nationales de la Coopération Internationales’,

(Paris: ed L G D J, 1965), p. 378.

4

(55)

48

16

16

1

66

2

6716

6773

3

-

16

. 1

6

-66

-

6773

61

3

(56)

49

61

1 2 3

http//www.un-ong/ Arabic/brochar/htm.com 5

66

66

6266

2

-

Ibid. 3 - Ibid.

(57)

50

1

(1

*

-

6774

62

64

.

1

(58)

51

1

CARE

INTERNATIONL

THE SAVE CHILDREN

2

1- Jacques Ballaloud, op.cit, p. 134. 2

(59)

52

1

2

1 Charvin. R et Al hamdi.O, Les Ong instrument de Neo-libéralisme ou Alternative

Populaire. les cahiers Noord-Sud, (Maroc: la fondation de l édition et la création), p ..61

(60)

53 1

1

(61)

54 1

6772

L’actualité , Regard sur

Militants des ONG Humanitaires Les Johanna Simeant, -1 N°225, Novembre 1999, p. 24.

(62)

55

.

1 2 1

-

Philippe le. Prester, Ecopolitique Internationale, )Canada: Editions Universitaires, 1997(, p. 130.

2

-Nicolas Guilhot, ‘Les Institutions Financières Sous le Feu de la Critique’: d une vérité a l’autre, Les Politiques de la Banque Mondiale, le monde diplomatique, 2000, p. 20

.

(63)

56

1

2

1

- Johanna Simeant, op.cit, p. 20.

2

(64)

57 1 JEAN –CHRISTOPHE RUFIN 2 1

-

Johanna Simeant, op.cit, p. 20.

2

(65)

58

1

(66)

59

1

2

1

-

Broco Stosic, op.cit, p. 115.

2

- Geneviére Bockstael. ‘La Structure des Organisations Internationales non

Gouvernementales in Associations Internationales’, le monde diplomatique, 1958, N 4, p.251. et N5, p.308.

(67)

60

.

1

1

(68)

61

1

2

1

-

Yves Dezalay et Briant Garth, ‘L’Amérique dans les Tètes’: L’impérialisme de la Vertu,

Le Monde Diplomatique, mai 2000, pp. 8-9.

2

-John Clark, ‘Democratizing Développement: The Role of Voluntary Organizations’, (London: Kumarian Press, 1991), p. 5.

(69)

62

6771

1

322

1-Gérard Perroulaz , ‘Comparaison International des Flues d’aide Privée’: Faits et

(70)

63

6741

MADERA 1 IAN SMILLIE HENRY HELMICH 2 3 1

- Mission d’aide et Développement Rural en Afghanistan. http //www.reliefweb.int

2

- Ian Smillie et Henry Helmich, Non-Gouvernemental Organisation and Gouvernements, (Paris: Head of Publications Service, 1994), p. 332.

3-Philippe Leymarie, ‘Du Pacte Colonial au Choc des Ingérences’, Le monde

(71)

64 1 2 3 1

-

Yves Deralay et Briant Garth, op.cit, p. 9.

2

- Ibid, p. 9.

(72)

65 1

2

8– J. Kok, Partenaire Ocde: Les Systèmes de Cofinancement de la Communauté

Européenne, Association Transnationales, 1990, p-p.96-115

.

-

63

6771

2

(73)

66 1 2 1 - P. Le Prestre, op.cit, p. 120.

2-Fidh Ethrw, ‘Aucun Témoin ne Doit Survivre: Le Génocide au Rwanda', (Paris: ed

(74)

67 1 2 3 1

-

Egon Larsen, Une Flamme Derrière les Barbelés, (Paris: ed Albin Michel, 1979), p. 64.

-

8881

6774

661

2

3

(75)

68 1

2

1

-

Ian Smillie et Henry Helmich, op.cit, p.221.

2

(76)

69 1

6771

2

5

6747

61

8881

6771

34

2

(77)

70

6777

1

6717

2 3

16

1

6

3

4

64

3

6

6

(78)

71 1 2 3

6717

1

6

66

6

64

6771

47

2

661

3

(79)

72 1

6711

2 3 1

- Geneviére Bockstael, op.cit, p315.

2

- Laurie S.Wiseberg and Harry M, ‘The International League for Human Rights’, Georgia:

journal of International and Comparative law, vol 7, 1977, p 309.

-

6771

(80)

:ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا

جذﻮﻤﻨﻛ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا

ﻺﻟ

ةﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟا ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ةراد

(81)

74

.

''

''

(82)

75 1 2

1992

9

1

.

9

-10

2

(83)

76 1 L’état de nature Hobbs 2 3 1 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/defining-the-international-community-s-role-and-responsibility-by- michel-rocard/arabic.2012/01/26 : 2

Aron Raymond, ‘paix et guerre entre les nations’, (Paris: Claman- Lévy, 1962), p. 36.

3

(84)

77 pouvoir commun

R-ARON H.MORGEWTHAU J.BORDEAU 2 Interetatique Pouvoir Politique

-

1

2

(85)

78

1

Societies d’hommes

ANARCHIQUE

(86)

79 REUTER CAVAR

é

1

Merle

2

19

1 2

(87)

80 CHAMPS CLOS 1

.

2

19

19

22

1

1989

432

2

(88)

81 1

19

2 3

1984

25

1

-29

2

12

3

(89)

82 1 2

1969

140

1

27

2

(90)

83 1 2 3 3

(91)

84

Soroos

1991

Baltodano

1997

Evans

2004 1

LADI

2005 1

-

.

(92)

85

2004

Xu. Weller

Haas

2000

World Trade Organisation Bretton Woods Institutions

United Nations Agencies 1

1

-

Cerny Phil, ‘Plurality, Pluralism and Power: elements of Pluralist Analysis in an

Age of Globalization’ in Rainer Eisfeld (ed) Pluralism: Developments in the Theory and Practice of Democracy, (Opladen and Farmington Hill: Barbara Budrich Publishers.

(93)

86 1 2 3 1

Harry Arthur, ‘The re-constitution of the public domain’, in Daniel Drache : The

Market or the Public Domain, (London, ed Routledge. 2001), p. 97.

2

Ronit Karsten and Schneider Volker , Private Organization and Their Contribution

to Problem– Slaving in the Global Arena, in Karsten Ronit and Volker Schneider (eds), Private Organisations in Global Politics, (London: Routledge, 2000), p.33.

3

Patrizia Nanz and Jens Steffek, ‘Global Governance, ‘Participation and the Public Sphere’, Government and Opposition, International Journal of Comparative Politics, 2004, p. 315.

(94)

87

1

Reinicke

1998

Deacon

2007

Grugel.

Peruzzotti

2007

Held. Koeing

2004

2003 True

"

"

1 1

(95)

88 1 2 UNDP 3 UNIDO 1

-

Wimmer Glick Schiller, ‘Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State

Building, Migration and the Social Sciences’, Global Networks, 2(4), 2002, pp. 301-334.

2

- Reinicke Wolfgang and Deng Francis, ‘Critical Choices: The United Nations,

Networks and the Future of Global Governance, (Ottowa, International Development

Research Center, 2000).p.113.

3- Kaul Inge, ‘Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization’, (Oxford, Oxford

(96)

89 1 2 UNDP 3

2

4 1

-

Potsdam Center for Policy and Management. Master of global public

policy)MGPP(program. http://www.mgpp-potsdam.de/ 2012/04/21 :

2- Bourguignon Francois, Elkana Yehuda and Boris, Pleskovic. ‘ Capacity Building in

Economic Education and Research: Lessons Learned and Future Directions’. (Washington:

DC: The World Bank, 2007).

3

- Verheijen Tony and Connaughton Bernadette, ‘Public administration education and Europeanization: Prospects for the emancipation of a discipline’, Public Administration,

Article. N 81 (4), 2003, p. 833.

4

(97)

90

.

1 2 1

-

Soroos Marvin. S. ‘A Theoretical Framework for Global Policy Studies’, in Stuart S. Nagel (ed.) Global Policy Studies: International Interaction toward Improving Public

Policy, (New York: St Martin’s Press. 1991).p.251.

2

- Porter Tony and Ronit Karsten, ‘Self Regulation as policy process: The multiple and criss-crossing stages of private rule making’, Policy Sciences. Vol 39: 2006, p. 48.

(98)

91 1

2 3 1

-

Pielke Roger.A, ‘What Future for the Policy Sciences?’, Policy Sciences, Vol 37: 2006, p. 209.

2

- True Jacqueline, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy’, International

Feminist Journal of Politics, 5(3): 2003, p. 99

3

- Keck Margaret and Sikkink Kathryn, ‘Activists Beyond borders: Advocacy Networks

(99)

92 1

2

Palme , Brandt , Brundtland Function

1

.

2

-

Brütsch Christian and Lehmkuhl Dirk, ‘Law and Legalization in Transnational

(100)

93 1 ( 2 INECE 3

(GAVI) 1

- Thakur Ramesh, Andy coope And English, John. ‘International Commission and the

Power of Ideas’, (Tokyo: united nations University, Press, 2005), p.87.

2- Slaughter Anne Marie, ‘A New World Order’, (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

2004), p. 58. 3

-

INECE

:

.

(101)

94 1 OECD 2 1

Sinclair Timothy, ‘The New Masters of Capital: American Bond Rating Agencies

and the Politics of Creditworthiness’, (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 68.

2

-Brutsche Lehmkuhl, ‘Law and Organization in Transnational Relations’, (UK: Rutledge, 2007), p. 96.

(102)

95

.

1 2 3

3

1

Brutsche Lehmkuhl, op.cit, p.113.

2

- Tony Porter and Ronit Kirsten, Op.cit, p. 57.

3

- Daniel Drache, ‘The Return of the Public Domain after the Trump 2 of Markets’, (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 40.

(103)

96 1 2 3 4 1

-

David Held and Koeorig Mathias, ‘Introduction: Special Issue of Global Governance and Public Accountability’, International Journal of Comparative Politics, 39(2): 2004, p. 128.

2 -Ibid., p. 128. 3

- Thomas Weiss, ‘International Bureaucracy: The Meal and Reality of International Civiler Service’, International Affairs, 1982, p. 291.

4

- Xu Yi Chong and Weller Patrick, The Governance of World Trade: ‘International Civil Servants and the GATT/WTO’, (Cheltenham Edward Elgar publishing , 2004), p. 52.

(104)

97

4

1

1

(105)

98

1

Global Public Policy

International Politics International Relations Foreign Policy

International Politics

Robert D.Cantor 2

, Representation as Advocacy’, A Study of Democratic Deliberation

Urbinate, . Nadia

-1 Political Theory, 28 (6), 2000, p. 86. 2

-Robert D. Cantor, ‘Introduction to International Politics’, (Itasca: Illinois F.E Peacock Publishers INC, 1976), p. 3.

(106)

99

.

.

1 2 3 1

1

1975

28

29

29

2

1

1994

11

3

(107)

100 MCLUHAN 1 GLOBALIZATION 2 1

-

Anthony G.Mcgrew. ‘Conceptualizing Global Politics’. In: Anthony G.Mcgrew, Paul G. lewis, Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation State’, (Cambridge: polity Press, 1991), p. 1.

256

23

ا -2

2000

73

(108)

101 1

2 1

1

2000

16

17

-

1

2002

19

2

(109)

102 1 2 International Law 3

20

1 2

-1985

7

3

-

(110)

103 1

International Relation

2

-

29

1 2

11

1991

31

(111)

104 1 2 MERCIL MERLE 3 4

1971

4

1

2

1

1996

285

3

-

Mercel Merle, op.cit, p. 127.

1

1999

(112)

105

.Foreign Policy

1 2

International Actors 3 1

-

1988

341

342

-

12

2 3

-

1945

1982

1989

23

(113)

106 1

DEUTSCH 2 3 4 5 1

-

Kjell A. Eliassen , ‘Foreign and Security Policy in the European Union’, (London: Sage Publication, 1998), p. 1.

2

-- Kjell A. Eliassen , op.cit, p 2.

10

-

3 4

2008

339

5

1985

10

(114)

107

STATE 1 HEGEL 2 1

-Gregor McLennan, David Held and Stuart hall, ‘The Idea of the Modern State’, (UK and Philadelphia Open University Press, 1984), p 17

2

1

1997

64

66

.

(115)

108 1 2

-

69

1 2

2002

85

(116)

109 1

1945

51

2000

189

.

2 3

(

1

85

2

-

United Nations, ‘Basic Facts about the United Nations’, (New York: United Nations, 2000), pp. 289-293. 3

-

1987

101

107

(117)

110

(

(

(

1 1

-1

1982

70

76

(118)

111

100

25000

300000

50

10000

10

2000

5

1000

(119)

112 1 2

1

2

3

1

4

1985

94

98

2

-

115

119

(120)

113

4

(121)

114 FIRST WORLD 1

.

2

.

.

.

.

.

1

-Charles W.Kegley, JR .Eugene, R. Wittkopf, ‘World Politics Trend and

Transformation , (New York: main’s press, INC, 1995), p. 112

(122)

115

1

.

1

.

2

3

.

1

.

47

2

-

11

1975

278

3

85

86

(123)

116

37

1909

154

1960

272

1993

1 2

1945

1

-

Charles W.Kegley, JR .Eugene, R. Wittkopf, op.cit, p. 151.

(124)

117 1

2

Transnational Corporation 2 Multinational Corporations 1

18

197

1995

48

2

-10

1993

115

(125)

118 Home Base Host Countries 1 2 3 4 1

-

Joel Krieger, ‘The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World’, (Oxford Oxford University Press, Inc, 1993), pp. 606-608.

2

61

3

1991

125

4

217

(126)

119 1 2 3 1

1991

380

381

2

161

3

1985

81

(127)

120 1 2 3

3

1

116

.

2

-

381

109

3

(128)

121 1

71

2 3 1

20

71

2

3

(129)

122

4

1 2 3 4 1

-

71

2

95

3

120

4

121

122

(130)

123

1960

1 1

2625

1970

(131)

124 1 2 1

90

2

10

(132)

125

.

1 Augustine

.

2

-

1

2

2

-

Saint Augustine, ‘The City of God’, (book 10, chapter 12, everyman’s library, 1950), p. 249.

(133)

126

)

(

1 2

3

2002

53

.

1

-

2

54

(134)

127

.

ZENON 1 Weltaz 2 Stanley Hoffman 1

-

Philippe Braillard, ‘Théorie des Systèmes et relations International’, (Brucelles, 1977), p. 17.

-

2

35

(135)

128

.

1 Martin Kaplan 2 Morris Iset 3

-

1

3

1993

2

-

Morton Kaplan, ‘System and Process in International Relations’, (New York: western press, 1912), p. 115.

-

3

50

(136)

129 1 2

-

1

1992

54

56

3

23

2

1991

10

(137)

130

.

1991

1991

1 Sub-Systems Global

21

1991

2

-

1

1992

57

-

2

1988

101

(138)

131 1

1

1991

128

(139)

132 1

1

2 1

1984

47

52

2

94

1985

84

(140)

133 1 2 1

1992

112

1988

15

2

(141)

134 Domestic Jurisdiction Reserved Domain 1

1945

1

Joyce. J, The New Politics of Human Rights, (London: the Macmillan press, 1978), p.75.

(142)

135 1

1991

2

-

1

1984

40

48

17

2

(143)

136

2

CARPENTER 1 ROBERT TUCKER 1

Ted Galen Carpenter, ‘The New World Disorder’, Foreign Policy, No 8 fall, 1991, p. 76.

(144)

137 1 2 3 1

- Stanely Hoffman, ‘A New World And Its Troubles’, Foreign Affairs, Vol 69, No 4, 1990, p. 56.

2

- John Lewis Gaddis, ‘Toward the Tost- cold war world’, Foreign Affairs, Vol 70, No 2, 1991, p. 87.

3

(145)

138 1

1945

2 Millar 3 4 1

-

Stanely Hoffman, op cit, p. 64.

2

- William Pfaff, op cit, p. 49.

3

- J.B. Millar, ‘A New World Order, The World Today’, Foreign Affairs, Vol 69, 1992, p. 36.

4

(146)

139

Flemings and Walloons

1 2

3 1

-

.

2

-

Stanely Hoffman, op cit, p. 62.

3

- Penelop Hartland Thunberg, ‘A Capital Starved New World Order: Geopolitical Implications of a Global Capital Shortage in the 1990s’, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn, (14):4, 1991, p. 46.

(147)

140 Hoffmann

.

1 1

18

1992

33

(148)

141 1

.

2 1

33

2

(149)

142 1 2 3

-

1

170

1993

4

22

-

2

28

1992

26

-

3

14

1993

43

(150)

143 1

Rostow

2

-

28

1 2

Andrew Hurrell, ‘Latin America in the World Order, A Regional Blocof Americas’,

(151)

144 1 NYE 2 1

- Andrew Hurrell, op.cit, p. 89.

2

-

Joseph Nye, Peace in Parts: ‘Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization’, (Boston: Little Brown, 1971), p. 93.

(152)

145 1

1992

2 3 1

- Andrew Hurrell, op.cit, p. 98.

1

-35

35

(153)

146 1

2 1

- Theodore C.Sorenson, ‘America President’, Foreign Affairs, fall 1992, P.97.

(154)

147 1 2 3 1

-

Kennedy .P, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, (London: Unwin, 1988), p.123.

-

22

2

(155)

:ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏ تﺎﻤﻈﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

ﻢﺳر

ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻊﻨﺻو

(156)

149

(157)

150

1

- Danial C. Esty, Maria H. Ivanov, ‘Globalisation and Environmental Protection: a

global governance perspective’, (New Center for Environmental Law and Policy, 2003).

p.3.

2-Jobes Patrick,‘Globalization and Regional Renewal Revisted’, Australian Journal of

Social Issues, 38 (1), 2003, p. 57.

(158)

151

1

(

.

1

Dua Andre, Daniel C. Esty, ‘Sustaining the Asia Pacific Miracle: Economic

Integration and Environmental Protection’, (Washington: institute for international

economics, 1997) p.91.

2-Nordstrom. Hakan, Scott Vaughan, ‘Trade and Environment’, (Geneva: world trade

(159)

152

1-Panayoto Theodre, ‘Green Markets: The Economic of Sustainable Development’, (San

Francisco: ISC press,1993 (, p.103.

(160)

153

(

1-Selden Thomas, Mand Diging Song, ‘Environmental Quality and Development: is there a

Kuznets Curue for Air Pollution Emissions’, Journal of Environmental Economics and

(161)

154

2

(

(162)

155

(

55

1998

1-Zhao Jinhua, ‘Trade and Environment Distortions: Coordinated Intervention’, Environment

and Development Economics, 2000, (5), p.76.

2-Runge C. Ford, ‘A Global Environment Organisation (GEO) and the World Trading System,

(163)

156

1-United States Trade representative, ‘National Trade Estimate’, Report on Foreign Trade

Barrier’s, Executive Office of The President of the United States, 2003, p.129.

2

Bhagwati Jagdish, ‘On Thinking Clearly About The Linkage Between Trade and The Environment,

(164)

157

1-Jospin. Lionel, ‘French Prime Minister Calls for Creations of New World Environment

Organisation, International Environment Reporter, 2002, 25 (5), p.213.

2- Gordon A. Craig, Alexander L. George, ‘Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems

(165)

158

1

1991

12.9

407

63

1980

1990

62.5

2000

1980

1- Thomas Princen, Matthias Finger, ‘Environmental Ngos in World Politics. Linking

the Local and the Global’, (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), p.29.

2-Dichter TW, ‘The Changing World of Northern NCOs: Problems Paradoxes and Possibilities’,

(166)

159

10

15

1987

1 - 2

(167)

160

1

Net New, ‘Newsletter of Electronics Information Network’, (San Francisco: Institute for Global Communication, January 1992) , p.105.

2-Klaus Knorr, ‘The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations’,

(New York :basic books.1975), p.49

3-Hira Jhamatani, ‘The Imperialism of Northern NCOs’, (San Francisco: CA: Earth Island,

(168)

161

UNCED

1-Thomas Princen, Mattias Finger, op.cit, p.35.

2-Richard Elliot Benedick, ‘ Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet’,

(169)

162

PAN

PAN

1- Richard Elliot Benedick, op.cit, p.125.

2

-: Pesticides Action Network -: (PAN)

3-Karen Mingst, ‘Implementing International Environment treaties: The Role of NGO’, Paper

(170)

163

1

Thomas Princer, Mattias Finger, op.cit, p.36.

2-The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: ‘The International Monetary fund and

(171)

164

1 - 2

-PatAufderheide and Rich Bruce, ‘Environmental Reform and The Multilateral Banks’,

(172)

165

CITES

1

Thomas Pricer, Mattias Finger, op.cit, p.37.

2-Keith Bradsher, ‘Side Agreement to trade Accord Vary in Ambition’, (New York, 1993) ,

(173)

166

2

1-James Rosenau, ‘Turbulence in World Politics’, (Princeton: Princeton University

press.1990).p.95

2

(174)

167

1-Oran R.Young, ‘International Cooperation: Building Régimes for natural Resources

and the Environment’, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989) p. 113.

2

-

3-Matthias Finger, ‘Environmental Ngos in the Unced Process’, In: Thomas Princen,

(175)
(176)

169 ) 1 (

Climate Change

1

- Watson, R. T, "Summary for Policymakers – 2001 Synthesis Report", (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.12.

(177)

170 ( 1 ( ( 2 ) 1 53 55

-

2

(178)
(179)

172

10

1- Shepherd .W, "Energy Studies", 2nd

Ed, )UK: Imperial Collage Press , 2003(, p.68.

2

(180)

173

1

( 2 )

FAO

1999

3454

6

26

1493

1961

77،56

23

43

950

95 1

- 25 2

(181)

174

60

7

1980

8

1

1994

،

65

.

2

69

.

3

،

2010 www.globalcanopy.org/main.php

:

16 / 03 / 2 201

(182)

175

2

2

8 2

2

2

2

30

O3

130

660

(183)

176

3

61

- 27

.

1 2 - www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/en

:

20 / 06 / 2012

(184)

177 ( 1 )

61

.

( 2 ) 1 - UN-RED . www.un-redd.org

:

21 / 06 / 2012

.

2 -

،

2009 . : www.unep.org/vitalforest

:

21 / 6 0 / 2 201

(185)

178

2

6991

3

-

30

.

1

2 2 2003 255 3 http://www.feedo.net/ListDocs.asp From=Environment/Biodiversit 22 06 2012

(186)

179

Biodiversity

2 1

-

255 2 http://www.khayma.com/madina/beaa1.htm 25 06 2012

(187)

180

4000

3600

7200

2

800

1 2007 ) 416 2

GEF

UNDP

http://www.sgpgefegypt.org/mogaz_1.htm : 12 / 04 / 2013

(188)

181

13

500

811

331

388

92

11167

3521

1932

5714

24

12

1 421 2 424

(189)

182

Productivity

1

1992

2000

2 1 255 - 257 2 2004 ) 142 - 143

(190)

183

8

1

4

8

1 GEF UNDP 2 140 -141

(191)

184

GIEC

1-Commission Européenne, ‘Combattre le Changement Climatique’, l’union européenne

ouvre la voie, 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/publication/booklets- move /70 /fr.pdf :

: 04 / 01 / 2013 .

2-Giec, ‘Changement climatiques 2007’, Rapport de Synthèse, 2007.

http//www.ipcc.chlpdflassmentreport/ar4/syr/ar4.fr.pdf : 04 / 01 / 2013

(192)

185

0.8

150

1850

1995

2006

Green

Peace-EU

CAN-E

WWF

1

(193)

186

100

25

1

-

Site Officiel de Greenpeace - l'Union européenne. : unit -http://www.greenpeace.org/eu 08 / 01 / 2013 2

- Site Web de l'Organisation des Climate Action - européenne. : http://www.climnet.org/index.htm 08 / 01 / 2013 .

(194)

187

2

15

%

1

Bureau de la Politique Européenne de l'Organisation Nationale pour la Protection de l'environnement.

http://www.panda.org/aboutwwf/where we work/europe/what we do/ wwf europe : environment/index.cfm. 20 / 01 / 2013 2

-World Wide Fund for Nature, le rapport des activités de l'Organisation nationale pour la protection de l'environnement 2005 - France, 2006, p.113

http ://www.wwf.fr/documents/rapport.d’ activités.2006.du.wwf.france 20 / 01 / 2013 .

(195)

188

2015

30

%

2020

2050

80

%

CAN-E

1-

Site Officiel de Greenpeace - l'Union européenne, op.cit.

2-Can-EU, New Statutes, 2003, p.1.

http ://www.climnet.org/pubs/statutes cane.0305.pdf.

25 / 01 / 2013 .

(196)

189

1

1

- Site Officiel de Greenpeace - l'Union Européenne, op.cit.

2 22 http://www.greenpeace.org/eu.unit/press.center/policy-papers.brien fings. 28 / 01 / 2013 .

(197)

190

Site du Parlement Européen.

1 http://www.europarl.europa.ev/praliamet/ archive/pdf.

10 / 02 / 2013 . 2

-

Site de Greenpeace: Greenpeace et l'Union Européenne. http ://www.cafegeo.net/article.php.1044. 10 / 02 / 2013 .

(198)

191

1

Action de Greenpeace a Washington. http://www.greenpeace.org/international.

15 / 02 / 2013 .

2-Climate Action Network.

http://www.climnet.org/publicawareness/50.tips.htm. 20 / 02 / 2013 .

(199)

192

2

1-European Renewable Energy Council .Green Peace, Energy Evolution, 2007.

http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/report/energy/evolutions summary.pdf. 20 / 02 / 2013 . 2

- Site D’Observatoire National Française des Effets du Réchauffement Climatique (onerc). http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/rubique.php.639. : 05 / 03 / 2013 .

(200)

193

3

1

Site du WWF-France, voire les engagement du protocol de Kyoto. www .wwwf-france.org/index.htm : 05 / 03 / 2013 .

2- Peter Newell, ‘Climate For Change, Non –State Actors and Global Politics of the

Références

Documents relatifs

Depuis plusieurs années la révolution numérique conduit à une multiplicité des écrans dans les foyers et donc à une exposition aux écrans de plus en plus variée et importante

Dans le premier chapitre, nous donnons un aperçu du domaine de l’éducation muséale et nous présentons les constats théoriques et empiriques qui ont amené à

This paper describes how the ImpulseC C-to-hardware compiler tool has been used to develop efficient hardware for a known genomic sequence alignment algorithms and re- ports HLL

Dans la suite de cet article, nous montrons comment nous avons ´etendu les concepts principaux du niveau interm´ediaire de l’ontologie g´en´erique O’COP afin de repr´esenter

The view articulated by this speaker is that, even if Juba Arabic clearly derives from (Sudanese) Arabic, it is a distinct language to such an extent that “Arabs do not understand

78 - ةيباقنلا ةكرحلا فاعضإ : ةحفاكم ميعدت ىلإ مويفملا اذيب نيطوتلا ةداعإ ةسايس تدأ قمغب تاديديت وجاوت تحبصأ ام اريثك يتلا ،تاباقنلا عم تاضوافملا يف

Very surprisingly, the fiber-type shift mediated by muscle PGC-1α was not linked to an increase in SC numbers, as would be expected from more oxidative or endurance-trained muscle

Specifi- cally, for the Stochastic Block Model in the moderately sparse regime, we prove that popular semi-supervised clustering methods like Label Spreading achieve