• Aucun résultat trouvé

The Welfare Costs of Macroeconomic Fluctuations under Incomplete Markets: Evidence from State-Level Consumption Data

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "The Welfare Costs of Macroeconomic Fluctuations under Incomplete Markets: Evidence from State-Level Consumption Data"

Copied!
26
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)CIRPÉE Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l’emploi. Cahier de recherche/Working Paper 05-24. The Welfare Costs of Macroeconomic Fluctuations under Incomplete Markets: Evidence from State-Level Consumption Data. Kris Jacobs Stéphane Pallage Michel A. Robe. Juillet/July 2005. _______________________ Jacobs: CIRANO and Department of Finance, Faculty of Management, McGill University, 1001 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G5. Tel.: 514-398-4025 kris.jacobs@mcgill.ca Pallage: Department of Economics and CIRPEE, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8. Tel.: 514-987-3000 (ext. 8370) pallage.stephane@uqam.ca Robe (corresponding author): Kogod School of Business at American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016. Tel.: 202-885-1880 mrobe@american.edu We thank Gadi Barlevy, Augustine Duru, Satyajit Chatterjee, John Cochrane and Albert Marcet for very helpful suggestions. Thanks also to Bob Buckley, Kevin Carey, Ayhan Köse, Chris Otrok, Bent Sørensen, Chris Telmer, Christian Zimmerman, and seminar participants at Kogod, the IMF, the University of Connecticut, the Journées du CIRPEE, the Midwest Macro Conference, as well as meetings of the Society for Economic Dynamics, Econometric Society, Society for Computational Economics, and Canadian Macro Study Group, for useful comments. We thank the publishers of Sales and Marketing Management for permission to use their state-level retail sales data, and Marco del Negro for his help with these and state-level CPI data. Xinxin Wang provided valuable research assistance. Jacobs acknowledges FQRSC, SSHRC and IFM2 for financial support. Pallage’s research was financially supported by FCAR/FQRSC; Robe’s, by a Kogod endowed fellowship. The usual disclaimer applies..

(2) Abstract: Existing estimates of the welfare cost of business cycles suggest that it is quite low and might well be minuscule. Many of these estimates are based on aggregate U.S. consumption data. Arguably, because markets are incomplete and risk-sharing is imperfect, the welfare costs computed with aggregate consumption data are likely underestimates. Yet, incomplete-market models have not yielded significantly greater cost figures. Previous incomplete-market studies, however, have relied on modelgenerated consumption series that reflect optimal decisions in models calibrated using individual income data. In this paper, we maintain the assumption of incomplete markets but use observed consumption streams instead. Using state-level retail sales figures, we show that the welfare cost of macroeconomic volatility is in fact very substantial. In one half of the U.S. states, the welfare gain from the removal of business cycles can in fact exceed the gain from receiving an extra percentage point of consumption growth in perpetuity. In short, our results indicate that macroeconomic volatility has first-order welfare implications. Keywords: Incomplete markets, consumption volatility, growth, welfare JEL Classification: E32, E60.

(3)  

(4)   !"$#%&'&(*)+#,'#-,./.,'&("01#,!20*3'#4 56#, 78&(5)#9:85;<3.=!"..+9:>?9*%@".*ABC53(*)# DCEGFH9*.JI)"EK*LM%N'#4"0O#,!")CPQ"%;R')-9:56.4#JNS#,!/TJ@#4"0VU?#'#4".'#J27 W.9*%@+X?EYX6Z6[\5;]&(*)=7 "^# 9:56.78&#@56`_aFH9*."A "m bc6de EQfg9:56$#4)=.4#*AFh9*.K".4#7 '#4"0g#,'#K#,PK"%@;a')+9:56.4#<5;H3("!ij0!"@"0k56! &(*)=9:"$#'iC&(56^#5;G9:56.78&#56-i)=5lPC#,8j&(*)&(*#@#m> P<.nL*)>j%N')iQo-.4*L*)=%!,W0!)"0-#78".]%N')i*) #,`#,!89:56.4#+5;K9:56.7 &#@56VL56%'#%@#m>E/FH9*.&*)=;p5)=7 "0V,N.9*%9*%'#@56.JPq@#,Vr)*&)".4"$#'#@L 'i"$#K785?0!"%G9*%@3)='#4"0 #45j7 '#9s,2t*>k785678"$#.u5; #,!'ii)*i6'#4+&(*)Q9*'&@#-T/EvU(E^9:56.7 &#@56 .4*)s@".*E w ,!-785W0"%xP<.qL*)>O.=78&%@A3!#C#,!-)".%#.yPQ*)=-L*)>ON78&(5)#^#*E w ,*>g.=!ii".4#4"0`2.,@;p#*AG'#3(5#, #,! )=".4"')=9=,V0g#,! &(56%N9:>k%@*L"%."A!;p)567z#4)>WN!i#45 )"785{L/3.=!"..<9:>?9*%@".C#45 &)56785#!i8i)=5lPC#, E |}$>~.4#0". ,"L`9=,%%@"!i"0FH9*.*€Y.2)".%#.*EU?5678O)*#‚#,!},$>$&(5#,!".=.8#,'#r7 ')t*#.g') 9:5678&%*#4AW3G!#u9:56.N0!*)Q%@#4*)s'#@LJ&)*;R*)"9:".Q;p5)K#,!q)=*&)".4"$#'#@L'i"^#<5)<%@#4*)='#@L.4#45?9=,.#9 &)5?9:"..4".J#45S0!".9:)s@3( #,!'i"^#*€Y. 9:56.78&#56V.4#4)="7ƒ_ „3.4#4;R"%0 A "m bbM†!‡Hˆ "7/3(*)#456 A "m bb‰W‡Š 56%N7 .*A. m"bbcW‡xw. %%')=‹AŒ'XXX ‡ „J#4)5tAŒ'XX m ? AHŒ'XX m 3 ‡  %@LM')=*ŽjI6*)=7 xAŒ'XX †$e EU?*L*)=%H5;]#,".4-9:5678&G%@*#4:‘. 7 ')t*#8.4#0@". 53#’".4#7 '#4".j5;C#,!gPK"%@;a')k9:56.4#5;q'ii)=*i6'#4}9:56.7 &#@56“L56%'#%@#m>1#,'#8') 785)j#,`”5)=0!*)5;u7 'i6@#0!j,@i6,!*)J#,”#,!FH9*.J".4#72'#4".*E w ,!*>}%%9:569*%0!-%tjFh9*.*A ,!5{PQ*L*)"AW#,'#];R5)])".456'3G%@y&')=78*#4*)uLM%".]#,.n9:56.4#uN.]%@PKl>W.•;R')•3("%@5{P–#,!yPK"%@;R')=<9:56.#•5;%56.!i 8&(*)=9:"$#'i/&(56$#<5;hi)5{PC#,}Ng&*)=&*#@#—>E ;. T%N@t#,.<˜)=.#<.*#y5;h&'&(*)=."Ah™ 78)56,5)5i6š %1_ "m bcb6e )="9:5i6@Ž*".y"9:56!56729+'i"^#."€G'3G%@#m>8#458;R%N%@> .=!)'i6.4# 0@56.4>?9:)='#9-"78&%@5{>W7 "^# .,5W9=tW.*E2UW#N%%‹A .,!8)*&(5)#.3G.!".=.‘—9:>W9*%j9:56.4#./56%@>V#,!)* #45O˜L8#N78". ,@i6,*)+#,0!5W". FH9*.2_ "m bc6de E  #4t".56’ UW#45)".=%@*#4#4" A w "%78*)lAuŸžu')56 _‹Œ'XX lm e 0¡K"0!)=>’. ˆ ,!"%~_ "m bbM†$e A]›+)=.4"%%]œU?7 #,_ "m bbb6e A. ˆ 'i".V_‹Œ'XX lm e %.5”˜G0“.=7 %%K5) 785?0!*)='#4. 9:56.4#.q5;'ii)*i6'#4-9:#'#56.y0!*)y9:5678&%@*#4+7 ')t*#."EuS%%(#,!".4 9:5678&%@*#4:‘—7 ')=t*#.C785?0!"%.*A ,!5{PQ*L*)"A#,!`9:56.78&#@56~&)=5W9:"..r.k!5#k#'t".gi6@L"¢3!#kN.2.#4"0‚"05i"!56.%@>~0*)=@L"0 ;R)567\ji6@L"S9:5678&)=5W9:".."E•¡Q"9*.4 'i"^#.k#,!".4 785?0!"%.<.4#%N%#4)>k#45 .4"%@;p‘—.!)='i6.#<N9:5678 .,!5?9t?.*Ah#,!"@) 9:56.78&#@561.4#4)="7 ./') £W@#4 .=785$5#,01#,! ".#7 '#4"09:56.4#.-5;KL56%'#%@#m>V)="7  £W@#4 .7 %N%<¤ .*2¡<')=%@*LW>_‹Œ'XX †$e ;p5)-O.7 N%')&(56$#¥ E ¡K>”9:56$#4)=.4#*APK27 $#`#,! ..=78&#@56`5; 9:567 &%@*#47 ')t*#.*A!3#Q;R56%%@5{P¢#,Fh9*.K&)"7 N.4#,'#K#,7 5W0!"%.,!56%023(9*%@3)s'#4"02#45853.*)L"0 9:56.78&#@56S.4#4)="7 .y3("9*.4 #,*>r')/#,! 56!".y#,'#C)*"9:#C#, )=.4tr.,')=N!i89:#%%@>r#'tWN!i8&%9:E ¦1+&)5lL?0!J#,!˜)=.#Q*L?0!"9:#,'#*A!*L"}2#,T-EvUE!0g..7 !i"P<">g#,!+0!"%@*#4*)s@56.Q:§"9:#C5; L56%'#%N@#—>V561i)5lPq#,‚_aD•&%')=01. ˆ 567 78*)*#*AnŒ'XX6¨ ‡ ›+)*3.*AHŒ'XX6¨ ‡ ¡<')=%@*LW>AhŒ'XX †$e An#,!8PK"%@;a')i6. © ªH«Y«^¬ ­{®°¯‹±]¯a¬ ²'³l´Y±¯ µ¶®*·²{¯h®s¸J¬ ­M±]¹h¸M´º¬ ±4³»*¬—¼=¬ ±¯½¹h¯‹´¾¸{¿<¯‹±À:±mÁ—¼s«WÂy®"³l±«Y¯x¼s¸M³Á ±4¼s¯‹®s¸'¼=ÃM«Y±•Ä'¼=Á—¼=Ây±f¬ ±fÁ ´YÅ4¼¬ ´¾®s¸M¯Æ'Ç!¼s«Y«¾¼s¿°±QÈ É ®°Ã±CÊNËsÌsÌ°Í:ÎH´v³l±¸*¬ ´ºµÐÏ+¼<¯‹±mÁ ´¾±f¯n®sµG³{±fÀ:±«Y®°Ä{´¾¸{¿y·®°²{¸*¬‹Á ´¾±f¯´Y¸Ñx­M´Y·—­ ¬ ­{´Y¯h·®s¸M·«Y²{¯‹´¾®s¸ ´¾¯h®À:±fÁ‹¬ ²{Á ¸{±4³^½ Ò(­M®°¯‹±u·®s²M¸*¬‹Á ´Y±¯n¼Á ±K¼=«¾« ·—­'¼=Á—¼=·f¬ ±fÁ ´Yű4³Ã*ÏyÁ ±«¾¼¬ ´¾À°±«ºÏJ«Y®4є¿=Á ®4Ñ ¬ ­+¼s¸M³JÃ*ÏC­M´Y¿°­·f®°¸M¯‹²{ÂyÄ{¬ ´Y®°¸À:®°«¾¼¬ ´¾«Y´º¬RÏ®sÁH­{´¾¿s­¯‹­M®*·—ÓCıfÁ ¯‹´Y¯a¬ ±¸M·f±°½ Œ.

(5) ;R)567ƒ.4*"!i`7 9:)5W"9:56!567 9gL56%N'#%@#m>"%7 N'#4"09:56%N0“PK"%%K'&&)569s,5)8?9:*"0#,rPK"%@;a')ri6 ;R)567\)"9:"@L?!i88&(*)=72!"^#. m. [z9:)". g#,!+i)5{PC#,O)='#4/5;&(*)C9*'&# 9:56.7 &#@56 E. ¦1O9:5678&!#4r#,!".4gi6.jPq#,“.4*L*)s%y785W0"%./#,'#jPKg9*%@3)='#4r#451”&!"%K0'#`.4*#5;W% )*#%n.%".JNV#,8Z'XgT-EvUE .4#'#4".+;R5)#,!&*)s@5W0 "m b‰ XM‘ "m bb ZWE ˆ )*L?@56.J.4#0@".J5;u#,!jPQ"%;R')89:56.4#+5; 3.=!"..J9:>W9*%".#,'# ')89*%@3)s'#4"0V#45O9:#%]9:56.78&#@56`0'#S%%.480'#g;R5)+#,!8T#4"01U?#'#4". .J Pq,!56%EQ¦1j')i6!/#,'#*AG3("9*.4-^#4*)s.4#'#4-)s.4tg.,')=i .C78&(*);R"9:#*A " 9:56.=0!*)='3% !;R5)=7 '#@56. '3(56!#-9:56.78&#56L56%'#%N@#—>.-%@t"%@>1%@56.#/3W>'ii)*i6'#!i19:56.78&#@56˜i6!)".j9:)56..j%%<Z'XVT-EvUE .4#'#4".*E w ,!-.4#'#4:‘—%*L"%]0'#g.,!5lP #,'#J&(*)J9*'&G@#k9:56.78&#56V0!*"0O9:#'#4".7-9s,`785)j#, #,!KT/EvUE''ii)*i6'#4y˜i6)".xPK56%0-.!ii".4#*EK56."£$!"$#%@>AM#,!KPQ"%@;a')K9:56.4#h5;!3G.!".=.x9:>W9*%".h.,56%0 3( 7j9=,k%')i*)•#,k0N9*'#4"083$>j&)*L?@56.•".4#7 '#4".*EQ„+!)])".%#.•.!&&(5)#n#,N.•$#@#@56 Eh¦1q˜0#,'#*A )*i6')=0%@"..y5;n#,!/7 5W0!"%(#,'#qPK/.4+#45r9:5678&!#4/#*A!#,! PK"%@;R')=/9:56.4#q5;n7 9:)5W"9:56!567 N9 9:#'#@56. .].Ž*"'3%@C8%%GZ'X 0LW0%^.4#'#4"."E]f87 $>8.4#'#4".*AW#,!*)y!.4#])".56'3%@q.&"9*˜9*'#@56.n5;('i"^#."€ &)*;R*)"9:".h;R5)hPq,9=,/#,!Q7 'i6@#0!•5;#,.H9:56.#.h9:5678&')='3G%@u#45J#,!uPK"%@;a')K3"*˜#x5;. m. [ 9:)".4. g#,!-%@56!i'‘ #4*)=7\i)=5lPC#,})='#4 5;n9:56.78&#@56 E f$#@#@L"%>A!3"9*.4+#,! .% ..78&#@56r5;n9:567 &%@*#4 7 ')t*#..y!5#q}9*9*!)='#4-0".9:)=@&#56k5; ,!5{P9:56.7 &#@56”)=.4t”.+.,')="0 Ax56!)+)".=%@#.+.,!5{P #,'#/#N.L*)>”N78&(5)#^#+#45O7 5W0!"%].>W7 7 *#4)=9 "9:56!567 N9+.,!5?9t?.*E]m;7 ')t*#.qPQ*) 9:567 &%@*#4A!#,!"S%@5W5t?!i'#C#,!+%@56..<5;nj)*&)".4"$#'#@L/T-EvUE!'i"$# PK56%0g3( .29*"^#•3("9*./0LW0%9:56.=78&#@56SN.<&)5&(5)#@56%(#45k'ii)*i6'#489:56.78&#@56 A! 'ii)*i6'#4%@56..]0K#45-,@i6,!*)nL56%'#%N@#—>-PQ56%N0#4)=.%'#4CN-#,C.78C%@56..•;p5)•%%!'i"$#.*E 5lPK*L*)"AWPq@#, 9:567 &%@*#472')t*#.*A?#,.K.K!5#K.5!E]m;x7j9=,r5; #,!JL'')=9:.Q35)s!C3W> )".0"^#.K2.5678J')=".*A0 @;#,!".4j'i"^#.9*!5#:§"9:#L"%@>}.=!)#,!"@))=.4tA!#,!"O#,-'ii)*i6'#4 T-EvUEL56%'#N%@#—>S.!5#q2i5$5?0 &)"09:#45)u5; #,!%@56..Q9*!)=)"083W> '#K%@".#Q.45678'i"$#.*E w ,!q&)53%@"7Pq@#,23."..•9:>?9*%@".QN.•#,'#K#,! 0!"9:)".-ON9:5678/."A0!*"0xA!35)s! 7-9=,”785)/,!"lLWN%@>k3W>S#,! )=*i6@56.CP,!56.4/0.4#4)=".K.=?§*)#,! 7856.4#*E w ,.&)53%@"7. .+9:567 &560!"0`3W>”#,8;R9:#-#,'#*A0!*) 9:569*lLr!#N%@#—>V;R9:#@56.*Ah'i"^#.j'). 7j9=,SPK5)=.4/5'§”;a9*!i  %N')i %@56..<Pq#,S.7 %%(&)=53'3%#—> #,S2.7 %%@*)C%56..<Pq@#,S,i6,g&)53'3N%@#—>E K567-3!"0Pq@#,“9:5678&%*#4k7 ')t*#."A•#,!2PK"%@;a')g%@56..-$‘—$#4g5;q7 9:)5W"9:56!567 9rL56%'#N%@#—>N. #,W.. 7j9=,O%N')i*)q#,}@#yPQ56%0g3(NS785W0"%.yPq@#,S)=*&)".4"$#'#@L-T-EvUE'i"$#*E w ,!S&)"."^# &G'&*) N.8)"%'#4"0–#45#,!}%@#4*)s'#!)".856~N^#4*)4‘/0~$#4)=M‘—'#@56%C)=.4t’.,')=i!E~¡Q> @#. '#!)AK#,!O9:56.7 &#@56–0'#1PK}.O%@)"0!>’)*"9:#2%N%y#,!S)=.t“.,')s!i`#,'#29:#%N%@>“#'t". &%9:E  00@#@56%)=.tV.,')s!iS9:56%01&(5#4"$#%%@>V3( 9=,@*L"0xAh"@#,*) 9:)56..j.4#'#4". Pq#,”#,!2T-EvUE. »"±±°ÆW±°½ ¿{½Yƪh¯ ³"Á ²MÃ'¼=«Y´Æ!»l®=Á ±¸M¯‹±¸^Æ!È

(6) G®°¯‹­M¼-Ê °ÎmƱ¯‹¯uÈ~»l­{´Y¸rÊ °Îmƪ(¬ ­'¼s¸M¼s¯‹®s²M«Y´Y¯QȝÀs¼s¸S´Y¸M·®*®sÄgÊNËsÌsÌ 4ÎmƳ{±«. f± ¿sÁ ®+ÊNËsÌsÌ:ËsÎmÆ^¼s¸'³JÁ ±mµ¶±fÁ ±¸{·±¯h·´º¬ ±4³´Y¸¬ ­M®°¯‹±•ÄM¼sıfÁ ¯Æ'µÐ®sÁ±À"´v³l±¸M·f±•¬ ­M¼=¬h¼y«¾¼=Á ¿°±•µÐÁ—¼=·f¬ ´Y®°¸ ®sµ¬ ­{±•¼s¯aÏlÂyÂy±f¬‹Á ´Y·]¯‹­M®*·—Ó"¯H¬ ­M¼=¬ ­M´º¬x´Y¸'³l´YÀl´¾³l²'¼s«^¹Q½ »½{¯a¬—¼¬ ±¯h¼=Á ±]¸M®=¬H¯‹Ây®*®s¬ ­M±³®°²l¬H¼s·fÁ ®s¯‹¯h¯a¬—¼¬ ±¯½ . ¨.

(7) 5)8Pq@#,’;R5)"@i6–9:56$#4)=@"."Au0–7 $>“!#,5)=.8,"L}#4)=@"0’#4578".!)=r#,SPQ"%@;a')gi6.j;R)567. .9s,. 5&&(5)#@#@".*E ? „!)+'&&)569=,N.J0¶§*)="^#*E-f0@LWN0%.C%N@L8”56!5;<Z'XST-EvUE .4#'#4".*E w ,!56..#'#4". ?&*)s@"9: 'ii)*i6'#4.,!5?9t?.*E•¦1/7 ".!) #,+PQ"%@;a')/9:56.#C5;h#, )".%#!i9:56.78&#@56gL56%'#%#—>E. „J;y9:56!)=.4Ai6@L"#,'# 56!)-721534"9:#@LkN.+#45V.."../#,278&9:#/5;<72')t*#-9:5678&%@*#4"!".=.+56 #,!jPQ"%;R')89:56.4#5;u729:)5$"9:56567 9j9:#'#56.*A k'#!)=%n£$".4#@56”.qP,^>OPK89*%@3)s'#4-#,!785?0!"% "9:56!567 ".C#452.4#'#4:‘—%*L"%h0'# )='#,!*)C#,}0'#856O0@L?0%G9:56.78&#@56 E „!8)".456.#4"9=,9*%‹E8D !.4#ir0'#}.4*#.+560@L?0%x9:56.78&#56 Ax.9s,1.+#,! K  56.=78*) D ?&("0@#)U?)L*>}0`#,! ˆ !"%uU?#0!>O5;Kf9:5678 Š >?7 N9*.*Ax"@#,!*)+0!5O5#J&)5lL?0!8rL*)>”)*&!‘ )".4"$#'#@L/7 ".!)+5;&)=@L''#4+9:56.7 &#@56g5)q,lL/)"%'#L"%@>k%N7 @#4"0r#78:‘—.4*)s@".y078".@56k#,'# 7 't".#,!"7z%@".=.y#,}N0!"%%@>r.@#4"0g;R5)q#4".4#N!i )='#@56%¶‘ W&("9:#'#@56.C785?0!"%./_ <  ,7/3(*)=%N A " m bcM†$e E !)=#,!*)=785)Ax.56785;Q#,!9:#'#@56.`9:56.78&#@56V&)".4"$#+”#,!".480'#S.4*#./')80!j#45O78"M‘. .!)="78"^#y*)=)5)<ok>*#q#C.C!5#y53WLW56.C,!5{P #4529:5))="9:#C;p5)@#*E  .4"9:5602o27-9=,g785)78&(5)#$#•o8)".456SN.u#,'#*A!k5)=0!*)K#458.,!5{P¢#,'#<72')t*#y9:5678&%*#4"!".. 7 'i6˜".j#,!gPQ"%@;a')S9:56.4#5;q3G.!".=.-9:>?9*%@".*Au%N%QPKS!*"0’#45.,!5{Pz./#,'#*AQ'# .45678S%@*L"%K5;J0'# 0.='ii)*i6'#@56 AH729:)5$"9:56567 9j9:#'#56.J3"9:567 8L*)>V9:56.4#%>E/¦ ,'# 7 't".+56!))".=%@#..4#4)=@t?!i .<#,'#8L*)>S%@5lP %@*L"% 5;]0.'ii)=*i6'#@56O.k9:".y#452>?@"%0g%')i/PQ"%@;a') 9:56.4#q".4#7 '#4".*E <%@"')=%@>A S%')=i7 56^#5;<,!*#4*)5i"!"#—>`."L*)='i"056!#+Pq@#,”#,!89:56.4#4)s9:#@56”5;QP,'#+')Ax. :§("9:#*Ay)*&)".4"$#'#@L”9:56.78*)s. '#2#,!V%@*L"%C5;"9=,¢.4#'#4E w ,.8lL*)='i6!i!AC,5lPK*L*)"AC3.".8#,! )".%@#.+'i6.4#-.*E w ,'#/.*AH.#'#4k0'#O')=2785) L56%N'#%@ #,T/EvUEh0'#?Ah3G!# 9:56$#—>15)/9*@#m>10'# PK56%0`3(2785)8L56%N'#%@ >*#*An0,!56.4",!56%010'#}PQ56%0`3( 785) L56%'#N%@2.4#%N%‹E  ./56!2'ii)*i6'#4".*A 56!8!"9:"..=')=%@>Si*#. .=7 %%@*)J3("!*˜#.J#45g)=.4tO)="09:#@56 E w ,W.*A @;•$>W#,!i!A(#,!8%')iL56%'#N%@#—>V9:56.4# ".4#72'#4".q0!*)=L"0Sg#,! &)=".4"^#y&G'&*)')/9:56.4*)=LM'#@L-%@5lPK*)q3(560.*E w 5#,OW#4"$#2#,'#2@# .3."0–56‚.4#'#4:‘—%*L"%q0'#?A<#,!O˜G0!i”#,'#2729:)5$"9:56567 9SL56%'#N%@#—> ,.y˜)=.4#‘ 5)=0!*)yPK"%@;a')+:§("9:#.q,.y7 &5)=#^#C7 &%9*'#@56.u;R5)C.45678 t*>g..=!".yr"9:56!567 9*."A.9s,O. ˜.9*%G;R"0!*)=%.=70r3%9:"0?‘ 30!i*#K7 0'#4"."A?0kk˜9:AW.9=,g.K#,!J.=!3..#4"9:q5;x)=*i6@56% ˜9*%<7 ')t*#k.*i678"^#'#56~Pq@#,’#,!OT@#4"0‚UW#'#4".V_ <  5lL'%. |}56.4t5lP@#4ŽA "m bbbW‡ J  !3(*)=7  A. Œ'XX 'm ‡ fL$t5{LWN9k\¦1"N.43("!*)"AnŒ'XX6Z e EV|O5)=2i"!*)=%N%@>Ah#,.+˜0!iS,!"%@&. )"9:569*%@2#,! )".%@#.+;R)567 £W^##'#@L785?0!"%.g5;#,!9:56.4#V5;-"9:56567 919:#'#@56.SP@#, *LWN0!"9:1;R)567. .!)=L*>¢0'#~#,'#. "9:56!567 N9j'i"$#.+.4#4)56i6%@>}0.=%@t/7 9:)=5$"9:56!56729/L56%N'#%@#m>“_a0 w "%%?A(|}9<%%@5?9=, A \„.4P<%0 A Œ'XX6¨ ‡ ¦156%@;R*)=.*AGŒ'XX6Œ e E  »"±±°Æ±s½ ¿l½YÆ$Às¼s¸ S´Y¸M·®*®sÄ2Ê {Æ :Î h±¯‹¯nȓ»l­{´¾¸8ÊNË=Ì°ÌsÌ:Î GÁ ²M·´Y¸{´!È h±¯‹¯uÊNËsÌ°ÌsÌ:Î$ª(¬ ­'¼=¸'¼s¯‹®s²M«Y´Y¯]ÈÀ°¼=¸ S´Y¸M·®*®sÄ ÊNËsÌsÌ 4Ϊ(¬ ­'¼=¸'¼s¯‹®s²M«Y´Y¯È»"­M´Y«Y«Y±fÁuÊNËsÌ°Ì Î ]¼4Àl´Y¯Æ  ¼=«¾±mÑ ¼s´YÓÆÈ S´Y«Y«Y±¸ÊNË=Ì°Ì 4μ=¸'³Á ±fµÐ±fÁ ±¸{·±¯x·´º¬ ±4³J´Y¸J¬ ­{®°¯‹±]Ä'¼=ıfÁ ¯½. †.

(8) „!)•)".=%@#.•%.5/,!"%@&8)"9:569*%@C#,!q˜0i6.n5;#mPQ5j9:5678&G%@*#4:‘—7 ')t*#.K%@#4*)='#)".o-562#,!C"£W@#—> &)"727 &Ž*Ž"%@A$0k56k#,!qPK"%@;a')9:56.4#K5; 3.=!"..•9:>?9*%@".*E•TJ.i/0'#-56k0@L?0%W9:56.7 &#@56 A. J"9:Ž*>¢_‹Œ'XX6Œ e AK0. I69:53G.g_ "m bbb6e A<¡K)="LA K  56.4#^#N0!".*A]. K56.4#$#N0!".k_‹Œ'XX6Œ. e .,5lP. #,'##,!. %@>?..u5;hDQ%@*)u"£W'#@56.Q#,'#K,!56%N0k0!*)Q9:5678&%@*#4J7 ')t*#.<>?@"%0.Q%@5lP )='#4".K5;x)=N.4t "L*)=.=@56 A!. 5&&(56.4"0S#45k#,!-%N')i )='#4".5;n)=.4tg"L*)=.=@56}!*"0"0O#452?&%NS#,! "£W@#m>r&)"7 7\NS#,!/9:5678&G%@*#4:‘ 7 ')t*#.K;R)=78*PK5)t85;H|}",!)= ˆ )=".9:5#4# _ "m bc Z e Eu29:56$#4)=.4#*A!&)*L?@56.u.4#0@".u5; #,!JPQ"%@;a')J9:56.4#Q5;. 3.=!"..<9:>?9*%@".C0*)C9:5678&%*#472')t*#.q.ii".4#C#,'#C#,.y9:56.4#q.y£W@#4 .=7 %%]_ f™ 7 )56,!5)5i6š %xA "m bcbW‡.  #4t".456S ˆ ,!"%xA "m bbM†!‡ ›+)=."%% U!7 @#, A "m bbbW‡ U?#45)".%@*#4#4"k*#Q%‹E@A!Œ'XX 'm ‡ ¡K"0!)>  ˆ 'i"."AŒ'XX lm e E „!)C%@>W.=.y.,!5{Pq.y#,'#*A569:/9:#%x9:56.=78&#@56S0'# ')/."0 A!#,!+".4#72'#4".C5;#,! PK"%@;R')= 9:56.4#. 5;729:)5$"9:56567 9r9:#'#56.')gL*)>“%')=ir09:56.=.4#4"$#jP@#,“”&(56..3%@kN9:5678&%@*#4:‘—72')t*#. )".456%N!#@56g5;#,! "£W@#—>r&)"727. &!Ž*Ž"%@E. w ,!r)"7 0*)/5;C#,!g&'&(*).-5)i6@Ž*"0.j;p56%N%@5lPq."E1UW"9:#56ŒV0.=9*..4".j785?0!"%!i!E1UW"9:#@56–¨ 56!#%N!". #,!r78*#,!5?0./.4"0#45”9:5678&!#4r#,!kPQ"%@;a')r9:56.4#-5;y"9:56567 9k9:#'#@56./0“#,!2PK"%@;a') 3("!*˜#8;R)567. ,i6,!*)8i)5lPq#,‚–#,SLM')=56. 785?0!"%<"9:56!567 ".*E UW"9:#56 † 9*%3)='#4".8#,!".}785?0!"%.*E. UW"9:#@56VZ8.7 72')=@Ž*".<#,! )=".%@#.*EuUW"9:#56 ‰ 9:569*%0!".*E.    u -= 

(9) uJ „!);p5?9*.JS#,N.q&'&(*)J.C56”78".!)s!i #,!j9:56.4#.J5;u9:56.78&#@56SL56%N'#%@#m>Eq¦ ,'#4*L*)#,!-)=".456 ;R5) #,'#8L56%'#%N@#—>_R3(O@#8,@i6,–.4#'#4:‘—%@*L"%q56!#4&!#8L56%N'#%@#m>AQ%9=t’5;J)=.t“.,')s!i”#,!)56!i6,–˜G9*% 7 ')t*#."AH78&(*);R"9:#@56.q5) %9tV5;u)"0N.4#4)=@3#@L ;R"0!*)=%˜.9*%&(56%9*@"."A*#9'E e Ah9:56.78&#56}&'#4#4*)s. ')SPq,'#8"9:56!567 9S'i"$#. L'%!S'# #,!S"05;#,!O0">E q  "9:AK56) '&&)569s,~.#4578".)S#,! 9:56.4#.Q5; 3.N!"..•9:>?9*%@".•3W>8#'t?!i/#,56.4'i"$#.*€?9:56.78&#@56 .4#4)"72.Q.Qi6@L"r0 #45j9:5678&!#4#,!"@) ?&"9:#4"0k!#%#@".n;p)=567.7j%'#4"08.#4)"7 .QPq,!56.4q7 5678"^#.Q7 '#9=,k#,!56.45; 9:#%9:56.=78&#@5620'#?E. w ,!)56!i6,56!##,!8&'&(*)"A(PQ2PQ5)tVPq@#,NVS.N78&%@785?0!"%n`Pq,9s,`!˜#4"%@>^‘—%N@L"0O)*&)".4"$#'#@L 'i"$#. _R56!-;R5)J"9=,”5;•#,!8Z'XkT-EvUE.4#'#4". e ')j&)5lL?0!"0}Pq@#,V.4"£$"9:".J5;•9:56.78&#@56Oi"!*)s'#4"0 ;R)567œr.4#45?9=,.4#N9 &)5?9:"..J9*%@3)s'#4"0O#45g7 '#9=,Vt*>O"%@"78"$#.5;]#,!-.4#'#4:‘—%*L"%]0'#?Eq¡K>SPQ5)=tWi2'# O%@5{P%@*L"%]5;<0.='ii)*i6'#@56_R#,2.4#'#42%@*L"% e 0..=7 !ig"P<">&56.=.@3%@j9:56.4#.-)"%'#4"01#45}0.4#4)=¶‘ 3!#56%u.=.!". 5)#45`#,!g0!"%@*#4*)=56. :§("9:#85;q'ii)*i6'#4OL56%N'#%@#m>156i)5{PC#, A•PKr".!)k#,'#j56!) ".4#72'#4".C5;n#,!+PK"%@;R')= 9:56.4#q5;3.N!"..<9:>W9*%".q0*)C9:5678&%*#472')t*#.')= 9:56.4*)L''#@LE „!)3("9=,72')tO"9:56!567->1.J#,!8FH9*.2_ "m bc6de 785W0"%NVP,9=,”#,!)*&)".4"$#'#@L29:56.78*)+,. Z.

(10) .45W"%.4#N9&)*;p*)="9:".C5{L*)9:56.78&#@56. . ;     m  m _ mle  <

(11)  Pq,!*)= .q#,!/'i"$#*€Y.+0.9:56^#y;a9:#45)"A  N.C,.C9:5W29*@"$#q5;•9:56.4#^#)"%'#@L-)=.4tg"L*)s.@56 A0 . 0!"!5#4".],.n9:56.78&#@56-'#]#N78°Efj#,.3("9s,7 ')t "9:56567/>AW9:56.78&#@56.4#4)"7 .]')<i"!*)s'#4"0 3W>k#,!/&)5?9:"... m  W%x_ m  e  Œ  !" # " . %N. +. $" &%(' _aX*)  !" e. Pq#,. _‹Œ e. Pq,!*)= r.<#,!-78"Si)5{PC#,O)='#4/5;)="% &(*)C9*'&@# 9:56.=78&#@56xE ˆ )5?9:"..Q_‹Œ e .x#4)="0?‘—.4#'#@56')>AM EºE@AM78"j9:56.78&#@56+.H..78"0/#45q;R56%%@5{PC0!*#4*)=72.4#N9h#4)="0 E „J3.#4;p"%0’_ "m bbM†$e 0 Š 56%N7 .8_ "m bbc6e 9:56.0!*)%@#4*)='#@L-&)5W9:".=.4".J;p5)JPq,9s,}#,-#4)"0V9:5678&(56!"$# 5;]9:56.7 &#@56g.C@#."%@;h.4#45?9=,.4#9 . ,   _ m . - e _ m  e  - ,  ; #/  Pq@#,0/  %1' _aX*)  2" e _‹¨ e Pq,!*)= ,   43  ; N.(#,!]i)5lPq#, ;a9:#45)h0+.(#,!u7 "+i)5lPq#, )='#4•5;W)"%&(*)H9*'&G@#y9:56.7 &#@56 E  X?AH..N7 %')J#45 w ,N.  B &)=5W9:"..+N.#, .78 .#,'# 9:56.=0!*)"01 Š 56%7 . _ m"bbc6e 0 A Pq," -  #,!/72')#!i6%@)*&)".4"$#'#@56O&)=5&56."0g3$>O„J3.4#4;R"%0_ "m bbM†$e E f“56!)-."9:560“7 5W0!"%u"9:56!567->A•PQr)*##,! <  BqB . #%@#m>`.&"9*˜9*'#@56_ lm e A]3G!#-0!*&G')# ;R)567. #,!J3("9=,72')t83$> 9:56.0!*)=N!i &)5?9:".._‹¨ e .4#4"0k5;x&)5?9:".._‹Œ e E w ,N.u9=,!iP%%,!"%&r0"^#@;R>#,! 78&(5)#9:K5;#,!C9:56.=78&#@56&)5W9:".=.nPq,!"89:5678&#!iPQ"%;R')C9:56.#•".4#7 '#4"."E w ,'#].*A^#P%%$i6@L g0!"/5;H#,!JPQ"%;R')J:§("9:#K5;H)"785lL?!i%%9:56.7 &#@56 L56%N'#%@#m>A?N9*%0N!i+#,!JL56%'#%@#m>83)56!i6,$# '3(56!#y3W>r9s,!i".Jg#,!+i)5{PC#,O)='#4/5;n9:56.78&#56 E ¦¢,!"1.=.4"..ik#,!".8PQ"%@;a'):§("9:#.*AH#mPQ5S;a9:#45)=. ')8'#+PK5)tE-TJ0!*)=.4#0!ik#,! 'i"^#*€Y./'#4#¶‘ #0!2#45lP<')=0.j)=.4tAH56#,!256k,0xAh./t*>i6!i6N!iO#,!kPQ"%@;a')29:56.#-5;yL56%'#N%@#—>E w ,2'i"^#*€Y. Pq%N%!i6!".=.x#45/.3.4#@#!#4<5{L*)Q#7 A6568#,!y5#,!*)K,0 APK"@i6,.u,!""L?%@>-568#,!yPK"%@;R')=C9:56.4#u5;(9=,i". V9:56.78&#@56Oi)5{PC#, E w ,! <  BqB  !#%@#m>g&56.=@#4"0}V785?0!"%.. m. 0`Œ205$".J!5#%%@5lP .#45r0.4"?‘. #!i6%@#,!".4J#—PK5-:§("9:#.*E•2/#,@)=0 W&(*)=7 "^#*A$PQJ#,!*)*;R5)9:56.0!*)Kk%@#4*)s'#@L.&"9*˜9*'#@56 5; &)*;R*)"9:".#,'# %%@5lP.+S0!"9:56!&%N!i25;K)=.4tV"L*)=.56101$#4*)#4"78&(5)=%n.!3.#@#!#@56 EUW&("9*@˜9*%%@>A. 65(N`_ m"bcb6e. PK/.4+#,! #%@#m>k.4&("9*@˜9*'#56gtW!5{PqO.q#,! D•&.#4"O. Pq,!*)=. 9;.  87 ;:9  ¤   _4  ;; ;  e ¥ ©=©=<A<?@> B ©=<A© >. )"9*!)s.@56 . _ †$e. DCE  E. .•#,!J"%.4#N9*@#—>85;HN^#4*)#4"7 &5)s%.!3G.4#@#!#@56xEnUW&("9*@˜9*'#56V_ †$e )"09:".Q#45S_ lm e P,!" ‰.

(12)    8

(13) -(=     

(14) y Ÿ]   

(15) q 

(16) K2

(17) (

(18) 

(19) K J !56%%5lPqiFH9*.<_ "m bc6de A^PQ<0!*˜!Q#,!<9:56.4#n5;!3."..H9:>?9*%@"..h#,Q&(*)=9:"$#'iy9:56.78&#@56/9:)".4. . '#/%%]0'#4"./0N1%%].4#'#4".*A Ah#,'# PK56%0`)"0!*)+#,! )*&)".4"$#'#@L2'i"$#-0¶§*)="^#*A i6@L",. &)*;R*)"9:"."AQ3(*#—PK*"‚PQ5)=%N0–5;J9:*)#$#—> ¤ Pq@#,‚9:56.78&#@56;p56%N%@5lPqN!i~_‹Œ e 5)”_‹¨ e ¥0–56!O5; 9:*)#$#—>S¤ ‹EºE@A6P@#,j#,!y.78y%"P.n5;G785#@56j3#. m. 5;C“W#4)=. . [.  !" . X5).  2" ¢X?A^)".4&("9:#@L"%@>$¥ E. w ,!<PQ"%@;a')<3("!*˜#. 5;yi)5lPC#,xA GA]./#,!"“7 ".!)"0’./#,k9:)56..o^#,!°o^3(56')=0’&*)s9:"^#'ig9:56.7 &#@56. 9:)=".4#,'#KPK56%023(J!*"0"02;R5)<#,!J.=78+'i"^#y#45ji6@L+!&g/56!&(*)=9:"$#'i&56N^#K9:)".4k#,!.  . m. 78"Si)=5lPC#,})='#4k¤ ‹EºE@A. [-¥h;HL56%'#%N@#—>rPQ*)= t*&#q9:56.#^#*E. . f“#,!23("9s,7 ')t1"9:56567/> _ lm e ‘s_‹Œ e Au#,!kPQ"%@;a')r9:56.4#5;C9:56.78&#@56L56%'#N%@#—>A xA]0“#,'#-5;. m. 3("!ij0!*&)=@L"0krW#4)=. . [5;Hi)=5lPC#, A A!,"L+9*%@56.4"0!‘ ;p5)=7.   @   m    Œ !". . _‹Z e. © V ;1 W ©=<?@ #  "    ! m   V " ; ;%$>W V ;1W & . m. -. .456%N!#@56._aFH9*."A "m bc6d$‡ „3.4#4;R"%0 A "m bbM†$e. m. _ ‰6e. f89:56$#4)=.4#*A?%@".=..=,!5W9=tW.•#45 #,!C9:56.78&#@56ji)5{PC#, )='#4C,"Lq!5+&(*)=.=.4#4"9:y&)=5W9:"..C_‹¨ e _a EºE@A X e A6#,!yPK"%@;a')K9:56.#]5;3.=!"..9:>W9*%".]j"9:56!567 @".•ŒJ0 ¨J0!5W".n!5#•,"LC9*%@56."0;p5)=7 .456%N!#@56 E. '5#4A6#,!56!i6, A#,'#h56!)].4"9:560j7 5W0!"%$"9:56!567->jN.hJ.!3 9*.4K5;#,!K#,@)=0-Pq,!"   C!Eh¡<!#]/#,!<#,@)=0. "9:56!567->A PQ9*`7 't#,!-'i"$#*€Y. !#N%@#—>r)"9*!)s.@56”785)/#4)s9:#'3%@89:5678&!#'#56%%@>g3W>O9:567/3N!i &)5&(*)#".(5;W#,u!#%#—>.4&("9*@˜9*'#@56 _ †$e 0+5;?#,!Q.#45W9s,.4#9]&)5W9:".=.x;R5)H9:56.7 &#@562_‹¨ e E ˆ )"9*N.4"%@>A. 65(N_ m"bcb6e. #,!jD•&.4#4"N}. !#%@#m>k;a9:#56O.C%N!"')=%@>r,!56785i"!*56.0xAPq,!"V9:56.78&#@56gi)5lPq#,. ;R56%%@5lP.y .4#'#@56')=>  B-_ lm e &)5?9:"..*A9*S3(+)*Pq)=@#4#4"S.C#, ;p56%N%@5lPqN!ij¡K"%%N7 S"£W'#@56 . (r_ ) , e  ) _ , e  * m  _ r¤ ,,+ ) _ ,,+ e#- , ¥ ; e ©=©=<?<A@/> . ©=<?© > Pq,!*)= , + 0!"!5#4".! ?#C&(*)=@5?0 €Y.Ki)5lPC#,V;a9:#45)0};p56%%5lPq.<&)=5W9:"..j_‹¨ e EQ¦1j'&&)5 ?N7 '#4 #,.y%N"P 5; 785#@56}3$>S8˜G@#4:‘—.4#'#4|}')t5{LO9=,N A.N!i  78*#,!5?0O&)5&(56.4"0g3$> w 9=,"’_ m"bc‰6e 0}0'&#!i 9:5?0!+;p)=567\F!i6£$LW.#y U!')i"^#j_‹Œ'XXX e E  ;p#4*).456%@L?!ij;p5)C#,+LM%J;a9:#56 ) _10 e 3W>g@#4*)='#@56 A?PK 9:5678&#4 #,! 9:56.4#2O  .   5687 _ )4, e3 _ , e  m ) Pq,!*)= )43 .•#,J%;p*#7 C!#%@#m>;p)567 0!*#4*)=72.4#N9y9:56.78&#@56 i)5{PC#,g0 A? #,.4#45?9=,.#99*.4A . . . d.

(20) "9=,8.#'#4. ,. N.xPK"@i6,!"0-3$> #,Q9:560@#@56%6&)53'3N%@#—>J5;3("!i'##,'#.4#'#4A. ".)".<#,'#C56!)9:56.4#q".4#N7 '#4/.y0!*&("0!"$#Q5;n#,! @#%(.4#'#4E C. 7 _ , e E w ,.H"L*)='i6i. ¦19:567 &!#4J#,!qPK"%@;a')3("!*˜#•5;Hr00@#@56% m [ 5;x>"')=%@> 9:56.=78&#@562i)5lPq#,rN2"9:56!5672@". Œ80V¨S .72%')<;R.=,@56 E w ,! *P &)5?9:"..y;R5)q9:56.78&#@56gi)5{PC#,}9*O3+Pq)=@#4#4"O.. , +: _. m. .- e _ m  X0YX mle  - , #/. / %(' _aX*)  2" e. P@#,.  ;p#4*)2'&&)5 !7 '#N!i`#,.785?0@˜"0’&)5?9:"..3W>’`˜G@#4:‘—.4#'#4}|V')t5lL~9s, AQPQO.56%@LS;p5)8#,O9:5)4‘. ) " 0#,!29:560@#@56%h&)53'3%N@#—>}0.4#4)=@3G!#@56 7 " _ , e E 3("!*˜#y5;#,!/00@#@56%&(*)=9:"$#'i/&(56$#K5;ni)5{PC#, A A.<#,"O.78&G%@> D 5 5 686 7 7 " __ ,, ee )) " _ ,_ , e e  m 

(21) =   K

(22) (J )".4&(560!irLM%8;R9:#@56. w ,!8PK"%@;a'). . . . V5)s0!*)+#45S£$$#@;R>O#,!PK"%@;R')=9:56.#+3)56!i6,$#+'356#3W>V7 9:)=5$"9:56!567299:#'#56.}*L*)=>”T-EvUE .4#'#4AnPK27-.4# &')=7 *#4*)=@Ž* "9s,“785?0!"%]"9:56567/>A].456%@Lk@# $78*)=9*%%>AH09*'))=>”56# )53.#!".. 9=,"9t?.*ES¦1k;R5?9*. 56#,!rZ'XV.4#'#4".*An;p5)jPq,N9=,1&)s@LM'#4k9:56.78&#@5610'#”9*3(29:56.4#4)s9:#4"0 A]0 !9*%0!+"$#@#@".C.=9=,O.. ˆ !*)=#45 Bq9:585)#,! Š .4#4)=9:#y5;K56%N7/3G?E. !5)"9s,}5;]#,-Z'X2T-EvUEG.#'#4".0};p5)#,!/'ii)*i6'#48TJ@#4"0`UW#'#4".*APK/".#7 '#4-%N"Pq.q5;n7 5#@56. _‹Œ e 0_‹¨ e .!i )="%h&(*)J9*'&@#r&)=@L''#4-9:56.78&#56}0'#r5lL*)+#, "m b‰ X{o "m bb Zg&(*)=5W0 E')#4*)=%> .4#'#4g9:56.7 &#@56˜i6!)"./')=r!5#j"L'%'3%A.45VPQr)"%@>`56’W%u0'#?E`UW#'#4:‘—%@*L"%<9:56.7 &#@56 .4*)=".')=<9:56.4#4)=9:#4"0;R)567 &)5&)=@*#')>+)*#N%W.=%@".]0'#J5)=@i6%%@>&!3%N.,!"0+3W>U!%@".n08|}')t*#N!i. '. |V'i"78"$#J_ U! |”| e A6.!i&)=5W9:"0)".n0!".9:)=@3("080!"% *i)52_‹Œ'XX6Œ e E A w ,!56.4y)*#%!.=%@".•')y56%>. j&)5W>k;p5)y&)s@LM'#4+9:56.=78&#@56k3!#*A!.„+.4#4*)i6')=0 AUW5)=".4" A ž•56.,O_‹Œ'XX6Œ e &56N^#K56!#*A!#,!*>g') #,!3(".4#+0'#S"L'%'3G%@j'#+#, .4#'#4 %@*L"%‹E !5) !78&%@AhU!/|V|. !56?‘—0!)s'3%@/)=*#%n.%@".*Ax.7 78"0. !&O9:)56.=.q%%x.#'#4".*A')/ L*)>S9*%@56.4 .!3G.4#@#!#4+;R5)qT-EvUE!&)=@L''#4 9:56.78&#@56g?&("0@#!)=".Q56}!56?‘ 0!)s'3%@ji5$5?0.2_R#45V#,!8?9*%N.@56`5;<.4*)L?9:". e )*&(5)#4"03$>”#,! ¡<!)"15;yDQ9:56!567 9  %@>?..8_a¡<D  Œ'XX6Œ e E<¡Q*#mPQ*" "m b‰ XM‘ b ZWA(#,! 78"})='#@585;n#,!+#—PK5k.*)=@".C.. m. EYX6Œ20S#,!")C9:5))"%'#@56}.CX?E bb E. ¦1r;R5?9*.j56“#45#%<&)=@L''#4r9:56.=78&#@56xAn0“9:56.=0!*)!56?‘—0!)s'3%@k9:56.78&#56“)53.#!".. Ò ­{´Y¯Ây±f¬ ­{®"³Q´Y¯G¯‹´YÂy´Y«¾¼=Á´¾¸K¯‹ÄM´ºÁ ´º¬G¬ ®n¬ ­M¼=¬G²M¯‹±4³KÃ*Ï n®°«YÂC¼=¯HÊ :ÎG¼=¸'³6Æ:Ñx´º¬ ­<¬ ­M± ¯ ¼sÂy± ·¼s«Y´YÃ{Á—¼=¬ ´Y®s¸ Ã'¼=¯‹±4³<®°¸ "²M¼=Á‹¬ ±fÁ «ºÏ ( ¹Q½ »½*·®°¸{¯‹²MÂyÄl¬ ´¾®s¸C³M¼¬—¼

(23) Ïl´Y±«¾³{¯Gѱ«ºµ@¼Á ± *·®s¯a¬±f¯a¬ ´¾ÂC¼¬ ±¯±l¬‹Á ±fÂy±«ºÏ<·«Y®°¯‹±H¬ ®u¬ ­{®°¯‹±xÁ ±Ä®sÁ‹¬ ±³qÃ*ÏK¬ ­M¼=¬(¼s²{¬ ­{®sÁ4½{®sÁ ·®s²M¸*¬‹Á ´Y±¯ Ñx­M±mÁ  ± OÌ]´Y¸CÄ{Á ®*·±f¯‹¯nÊÍ:ÎmÆl¼•·«Y®°¯‹±4³ µ¶®sÁ ’¼sÄ{Ä{Á ® l´¾ÂC¼¬ ´Y®°¸C± l´Y¯a¬  ¯  ÃM¯a¬‹µÐ±«¾³/Ê  :Î M´º¬(ÂC¼¬ ·m­{±¯®s²{Á¸l²{Ây±fÁ ´Y·4¼s«{±¯a¬ ´YÂC¼=¬ ±¯½  j±H¼=Á ±H¿sÁ—¼=¬ ±mµ¶²M«{¬  ® ¼=Á ·®Q³{±«  ±¿=Á ®]µ¶®sÁÂC¼sÓ"´Y¸M¿]¼4Às¼s´Y«¾¼sÃ{«¾±H­M´Y¯G¯a¬—¼=¬ ± (Ç ±¯a¬ ´YÂC¼¬ ±¯¼=¸'³<­{´¾¯­M±f«¾Ä<Ñx´º¬ ­y¬ ­M±(Á ±m¬—¼s´Y«¯ ¼s«Y±¯ ³M¼¬—¼lÆM¼s¸M³¬ ­'¼=¸MÓ<¬ ­M±]Ä{²MÃ{«¾´Y¯‹­{±fÁ ¯ ®sµG»l¼s«Y±¯H¼s¸M! ³ ¼=Á Ó:±m¬ ´¾¸{" ¿ ¼s¸M¼s¿s±Ây±¸*¬ µ¶®=Án¼=²{¬ ­M®=Á ´YÅ´Y¸M¿<²{¯x¬ ®K²M¯‹±¬ ­{±´ºÁ³{¼=¬—¼"½ . c.

(24) #4".4#.*E _a e !5)"9s,`.4#'#4-0}#,!-TJ@#4"0”UW#'#4"..J8Pq,56%@APK-9*%9*%N'#4/#45#%h&)=@L''#4 9:56.7 &#@56 ;R5)qi6@L"/>"')n3W> 7-%@#@&%@>?!iK#,!Q)"%@*L'^#h)*#%W.%@".x3W>+#,!Q)='#@5q5;!#45#%?T-EvUEl&)=@L''#4u9:56.7 &#@56 _a¡<D  Œ'XX6Œ e #45q5lL*)s%%^T-EvUE")*#N%6.%@".K_ U! |”| e ;R5)x#,'#h>"')"E w ,.():‘—.=9*%!iy&)=".4"^#.H#,!u0!L'$#'i 5;x0 .4#i+56!)Q9:56.=78&#@562".4#7 '#4".Q;R5)u#,!J9:56.78&#@5685;x.4*)L?9:".K!5#QN9*%0!"08N8#,!q5)s@i6% )*#%<.%".j.*)=@".S_  .=0!)=!3%N]*# %‹E@A "m bb‰6e E¢_aN e 5) !56?‘—0!)s'3%@".*AnPKr0!51!5#j):‘—.9*%r#,OU |V| !56?‘—0!)='3%@)*#%.%@".y.4*)s@".<k.N7 %')Q;R.,@56”_a EºE@A!3$>k#,!JT-EvUE?)='#@55;!56?‘—0!)s'3%@C)*#N%.=%@". #45S!56?‘—0)='3%@-&)=@L''#4-9:56.=78&#@56 e E w ,!-)=".4561.#,'#*Ax@;•#,!8.%".‘ #45'‘—9:56.7 &#@56”)='#@5g.!5# #,!.78;R5)%N%h.4#'#4"."A #,!"”):‘—.9*%ik7 l>V$#4)5?09:-.5678-?#4)=!*56.+!56.4j^#45r#,!89:56.4#4)s9:#4"0 9:56.78&#@56.*)=@".*E2¡K"9*.k#,!2i5$5?0.‘ #45'‘—.4*)=LW9:".-)='#@5V. %')i*)-;p5)j!56Wo$0)='3%@".#,;p5)-#45#% 9:56.78&#@56 A$.9=,k?#4)=/!56N.4CPK56%02,"L/%')i*)<78&G9:#•56k56?‘—0!)='3G%@y9:56.78&#@56 ".4#N7 '#4".*E l ¦1-0*'#4 %% #,!"./9:56.7 &#@56g.4*)=@".q.!i#,!-T/EvUE . ˆ °E U. !" #458#,!+LM')s9:5;h#,J)=".0%N.u;R)567 )*i)" ".=.!i8%@5i)"%(&(*)  9*'&@#k&)=LM'#4/9:56.78&#56O56”#78E w '3%@ m &)5lL?0!".q)*i)"..56}".4#N7 '#4".J5; ! 0V5;]#,!" 78"  i)5{PC#,2)s'#4 j  ;R5)u"9s,25;(#,!Z'X/.4#'#4".K08;R5)u#,q'ii)*i6'#4+T@#4".KUW#'#4"."E•¡Q> 9:567 &!#!i  ! 0!*) !5)C&)5?9:".. _‹Œ e APK+&')=7 *#4*)=@Ž*. #,!..7 &#@56O#,'##,!j.,!5?9t?.“_‹Œ e ')‹EY‹EY0 E@AGPQj".) #,!0@)"9:#J9:5678&')='3G%@#m>r5;u56!)PK"%@;a') 9:56.4#y˜i6)".KPq@#,r.7 %N')Q9*%9*%N'#@56.<k5#,!*)y&'&(*)=.Q56g#,!+9:56.4#<5;H3.=!"..Q9:>W9*%@"."Eu¡K>k'3.4#4)s9:#!i. ;R)567z$>gN78&9:#y#,'#CL56%N'#%@#m>rg#, i)5lPq#,}9:5678&(56!"$#q9:56%0S,"L/56O#,! )*&)=".4"^#'#L/'i"^#*€Y. PK"%@;R')=A&')=7 *#4*)=@Ž"'#@56’_‹Œ e i6')s^#4*".J#,'#J9:56.4#9:5678&G!#'#@56.S56!)˜)=.4#q7 5W0!"%x"9:56!567/>S;R5?9*. &!)="%@>256S#,+PQ"%@;a')/9:56.#C5;]9:>W9*%N9*%(9:#'#@56.C0 A,!"9:A>W"%0g9:56.4*)L''#@L-9:56.#C".4#7 '#4"."E ¦¢@#,~&)5?9:"..O_‹¨ e A<PQO9*%3)='#4S#,!O785?0!"%K;R5) "9=,.4#'#4}0–;R5)8#,!}TJ@#4"0‚U?#'#4".8#457 '#9s, 785678"$#.-5;y#,!2)"%Q&(*)-9*'&#O&)=LM'#429:56.78&#561i)5lPq#,’.*)=@".*Eg¦1r53#“#,!k78"i)5lPq#,. +. 2" ;p)=567\j.#0')=0 _ mle ˜#*E]¦ ,!"  A.S!5#O.4#'#N.4#9*%%@>.@i6@˜G9*^#*AJPQ1)=:‘ ".4#7 '#41#,!15#,*)O&')=78*#4*)s.S3$>. )='#4 A!#,+&*)s..4#4"9:J&')=7 *#4*) #,!.%5&`9:5W29*@"$#*A. -. -. 0g#,J)=".0%GL'')=9:. )*i)".=.!i #,-9:56.78&#@56Si)=5lPC#,”)='#4".56Vk9:56.4#$#*E !5)#,!jT#4"0”UW#'#4".*A <  %;p5)=?A!f%N%!56.. '. 0 *P–ž•5)t.]PK"%%!.u|V..456!)s‹ABq,!5?0!<f.=%00 w "!"..4*A$  Bj_ lm e &)5?9:"..n&)=5lL?0!".#,!y3(".4#. '. ˜#*E !5) J*5)i6?A(|O56$#?A(0 *3)=.4t'?AG  Bj_ lm e ˜#9*!5#q3(+) 4"9:#4"0”'#q#,! %@*L"%‹E !5)2%%K#,!S5#,*) .4#'#4".*AK#,!S&(*)=..4#4"9:k&')s78*#4*) w '3%@/Œi6@L".C#,! )*i)".=.@56S".4#N7 '#4".*E. -. m. X^[œ.@i6@˜9*9:. N.8!5#8.@i6@˜G9*^#%@>“0¶§(*)"^#j;R)567. X?E. N%%@>A2UW"9:#56 ZWE¾¨WA^PKy".4#'3%.=,-#,y)53.4#"..5;G#,!C.#'#4:‘ 3$>$‘—.4#'#4%@>?..3$>-):‘ ".4#72'#!i. #,!-&')=78*#4*)=.5;]&)5?9:"..4"._‹Œ e 0’_‹¨ e ;R5)k&!"%x5;]#,jZ'XrT/EvUE.4#'#4".*E w '3%@¨ .7 7 ')=@Ž*".q#,! ;R56!)C&!"%()=*i)"..@56.*A!Pq@#,S0OPq@#,!56!#y.4#'#4-˜?"0S:§"9:#."E.  ¯a¬ ±mÁ ¿:¼°¼Á—³±f¬H¼s«@½WÊNËsÌ°Ì°Ë°Î ²M¯‹±n¬ ­{±n¯ ¼sÂy±nÄlÁ ®lÏCµÐ®sÁh¸M®°¸ p³{²{Á—¼=ÃM«Y±·f®°¸M¯‹²{ÂyÄ{¬ ´Y®°¸^½  ²lÁH·®°¸{·«Y²M¯‹´Y®°¸{¯n¼=Á ± *²'¼=«Y´Y¬—¼¬ ´YÀ:±«ºÏJÁ ®sÃM²M¯a¬x¬ ®y²{¯‹´¾¸{¿y´Y¸M¯a¬ ±4¼s³¯a¬—¼=¬ ± (Ç M ¿°²lÁ ±¯½ ±·¼s²M¯‹±•¬ ­M±]«¾¼¬‹¬ ±fÁn¼Á ±•¸M®s¬¼4À°¼=´Y«v¼=ÃM«Y± ñfµÐ®sÁ ± lÆ{Ñ(±]®s¸M«ºÏÁ ±fÄ®sÁ‹¬ ' ¿s²{Á ±¯ ·®sÂyÄM²l¬ ±4³qÑx´º¬ ­J¬ ­{±n¹Q½ »6½ (Çm½ b.

(25) w 5}9*%N@3)='#48#,!2&)*;R*)"9:8&')=7 *#4*)=./~_ lm e 0‚_ †$e APQ )="%@>V56&)*L?@56.".4#72'#4".*E !5)-#,! TJ@#4"0–UW#'#4".*A•#,!S0N.9:56$#/;a9:#45). #—>W&9*%%@>1..4*#j3(*#—PK*"–X?E b Z`0’X?E b6d ;p5)>"')=%@>“0'#?E1¦1. #,!*)*;R5)9=,!5W56.4X?E b‰ .k3.4-LM% /;R5)56!)9:5678&#'#@56.*E'"@#,!*)J#,!j9:5$29*"^#5;])"%'#L/)=.t "L*)s.@56  5)J#,j"%N.4#9*@#m>}5;QN^#4*)#4"7 &5)s%.=!3.4#@##@56 9 ; ,.+19*9:*&#4"0.4#0')s0`LM%E ¦1 .48#,8LM%".  m 0¾Z )=Œ )=Œ 0¾Z )=Z ) m X6AQPq,9=,1')8P@#,”#,'# &G')=78*#4*)"€Y.+)="9:5i6@Ž*"0)s!i}¤º|O",)=  ˆ )".9:5#4#_ m"bc Z e ¥ EyfS#, #,@)=0OW&(*)=7 "^#*A!PK/#'t-LM%".y;p5) C  m 0¾Z =) Œ =) Œ 0¾Z =) Z6AxPq,9s,O.CNO%!. Pq@#,g?#$#q&'&(*)=. ¤ Eºi!E@A „J3.4#4;R"%0_ "m bbM†$e A Š 56%N7 .-_ "m bbc6e ¥ E. .  

(26) 4. w ,N.."9:#@568.7 72')=@Ž*".56!)•7 j)".=%@#.*E n@)=.4#*A#,!<".4#N7 '#4y5;G#,KPK"%@;a')C%@56..".]0!K#45 7 9:)5W"9:5'‘ !567 N9C9:#'#@56.K.Q7j9s,r%N')i*)<Pq,!" #,J.4#45?9=,.4#9J&)5?9:"..4".<0!".9:)s@3!i+&(*)<9*'&@#j9:56.7 &#@56 ')S".4#N7 '#4"0–'#8#,!S%@*L"%<5;N0@L?0%uT/EvUE].4#'#4". #,Pq,!"’#,!S".4#N7 '#4".8')S53#"0’.!i 'ii)*i6'#4r0'#r;p5)+#,!8TJ@#4"0UW#'#4".*E Š *&"0!ir56`#,!8785?0!"%H"9:56567/>Ah#,!PQ"%@;a')89:56.4#+;R5)+#,! "L*)s'iJ.4#'#4J.n3(*#—PK*" #,!)=*q0˜LC#N78".]#,!CT-EvUE6".4#N7 '#4E]f89:56$#4)=.4#*AW#,!C3("!*˜#;R)567 ,@i6,!*) i)5{PC#,LM')s@".-%N@#4#%@2;R)567ƒ.4#'#4S#451.4#'#4S0.j9:5678&')='3G%@kP@#,&)*LW56. ".4#N7 '#4".*E“UW"9:560xA]56!) ".4#72'#4".<5;H#,!JPQ"%;R')9:56.4#y5;H9:56.78&#562L56%'#N%@#—>k')+,@i6,rk'3G.456%!#4J#4*)=7 .*EQ„+rlL*)='i 5{L*) #,!qZ'X T-EvUE6.4#'#4"."A^56!)u%5lPK*)o^3(560j".4#7 '#4j_R53#!"08#,y˜)=.4#]785?0!"%?"9:56!567-> e %@)"0!>-?9:*"0. X?E¾Z6[Ÿ5;•&(*)=7 "^#J9:56.78&#@56}'##,!785?0!*)='#4j)=.4t^o$"L*)=.=@56V%*L"%h5;.   Œ ¾0 ZWE. w ,!-7 "0”9:56.4#. ˜i6!)=". 1#,!k5#,!*)/#mPQ5`785?0!"%]"9:56!5672@"./')k56! 5)-#—PK5V5)=0*)=.+5;C7 'i6#0! ,@i6,*)"E w ,@)=0 A ;R5) )".456'3%@J&')=78*#4*)<L'%!".*AW#,!J3"*˜#Q;R)567. .,W!#4#!i-5'§”%%9:56.7 &#@56 L56%N'#%@#m> '&&)569s,!".<5). *L"`!9:*"0.+”7 ^>”.4#'#4".#,!PK"%@;R')=-3("!*˜#J5;u`?#4)=. m. [œ5;ui)5{PC#,1V&*)=&*#@#—>koO*L"1. #,! 3("9s,7 ')tr785?0!"%‹E.

(27)  !#"%$&(')#*%)'),+-/. w '3%@. m. i6@L".*AW;p5)Q#,!JZ'XjT-EvUE$.4#'#4".<02#,!'ii)=*i6'#4 T#4"0rUW#'#4".*AW#,!".4#7 '#4".K5; 9:56.7 &#@56. ! Au0–lL*)='i}9:56.78&#@56’i)5{PC#,)='#4A G E w ,!g#'3%g%N.45`)*&(5)#.j".4#7 '#4".85;#,!  PK"%@;R')=J9:56.4#<5;x3G.!".=.•9:>W9*%".*A  A!0k5;x#,!JPQ"%;R')Ji6k;p)=567 g9:)".4N2#,!78"ri)5{PC#,r)='#4 3W> m [ ;R5)*L*)"A E Š *&("0i-56S#,+&56.=@#4"0g%@*L"%(5;h)s.4tklL*)=.@56xA S)=i".y;p)=567\X?E m [ _   m 0¾Z e #45 X?E d [ _   m X e 5;K&(*)=7 !"$#+9:56.78&#@56”;p5)+#,! 'ii)=*i6'#4rTJ@#4"0UW#'#4"."E K5678&!#'#56.'# #,! L56%'#%N@#—>A. .4#'#4S%@*L"%‹A],!5{PQ*L*)lA]>W@"%N07j9=,’%')i*)j˜i6!)". j  #,k78"0N¢_alL*)='i e .4#'#4g".4#7 '#4r)=!i".-;R)567 X?E¾¨6[. _aX?E¾¨Z6[ e #45. m. Eb [. _‹ŒWE † [ e 5;#,! )=*&)".4"$#'#@L/'i"$#*€Y.q&(*)=72!"^#C9:56.78&#56 E. w ,!56.4r˜i6!)".7 i6,^#.4*"7ƒ&%@g’9:5678&')=N.456P@#,#,rPK"%@;a')ri6’;p)567. m X. &(*)=7 "^#%@>,@i6,!*).

(28) i)5{PC#, A!Pq,N9=,r)=!i".<;R)567\'3(56!#C¨WE ‰ [. _.  . m. _.   m ¾0 Z e E. X e #4585lL*)Œ'X^[. w ,!*>r')A,!5lPK*L*)"A%N7856.4#. . #78".H%')i*)x#, W#$#H".4#N7 '#4".Q¤ Eºi!E@A^„J3.#4;p"%0 _ "m bbM†$e ¥ Eu|}5)uN78&(5)#^#%>Al#,!*)Q')un.#'#4". Pq,!56.2)".N0!"^#."An;<.=29*@"$#%@>`)=.4t1lL*)=.4A•PK56%0“.4#4)=9:#%@>1&)*;p*)-#45”.*k3.!"../9:>W9*%@".j"%N7 '#4"0. m. #45O)"9:"LWiO1W#4)s. '. [. 5;Ki)5lPq#,`&(*)&(*#@#m>E w ,!".4 .#'#4".-')  %.tM?A K  56!"9:#9*#*A J  "P<‹A. |V...=.@&& A q*P J  78&.,)AMB,!5?0!•.%0 A]*)=7856$#]0-¦>567 N!i!A.hPK"%%$.n|V..9s,$.4*#4#.*E]¦ @#, #,!?9:*&#5625; #,!J%'#4#4*)"AW#,!56.4.4#'#4".<,"L.456785; #,!.=7 %%@".4#u&5&G%'#@56.]N #,!JT/EvUE!UW#%% A#,. )".%@#y7 '#4#4*)=.C3("9*.2_a e #,.y.<#,+˜)=.4#C.9=,g˜0!i ‡ _a e #,!+)".=%@#<PK.q53#!"0gP@#,g8785?0!"% "$LW@)=5678"$#C#,'#*A3W>S9:56.4#4)=9:#@56 A>?@"%0.y9:56.4*)L''#@L/L56%'#N%@#—>S9:56.4#".4#7 '#4". ‡ 0’_a e #,!*)j') 7 $>8785).#'#4".QP,!*)A$'#Q#,!q.7 q)=.tjlL*)=.@56r%@*L"%‹A$#,!9:56.4#Q5; 3.N!"..]9:>?9*%@".u0!5W".u5#u!9:*"0 3!#C*L*)#,!"%@"..q'&&)569s,!".C#,!+i6NS;p)=567z,@i6,!*)yi)=5lPC#, E w 5–&#S56!)S˜i6!)".SN &*)s.4&("9:#@LAJ#gN.gPQ5)#, 9:5678&')=i’56)}9:56.4#O".4#N7 '#4".S;R5)O#,!TJ@#4"0 UW#'#4".J.q8P,!56%@+#452#,56.4 53#"0OS&)=*LW@56.y.4#0@"."E w ,!+PK"%@;a') i6.q;p)=567z9:)".=!ii)5lPq#, )*&(5)#4"0` w '3G%@. m. ')80)"9:#%@>}9:5678&G')='3%@j#45g?.#!ir˜i6!)".*E/„)9:56.78&#56}L56%'#N%@#—>’_a0 A. ,!"9:A$9:56.4# e ".4#72'#4".*A$9:56$#4)=.4#*A?')C,@i6,*)#,&)*L?@56.%@>+)=*&5)=#4"0 E )=.4#*A#,!*>')C.@i6@˜9*$#%@> ,@i6,*)J#,`#,!8$7-3(*)=.”FH9*.2_ "m bc6de E w ,.0.9:)*&9:>}9:5678". 7856.#%@>};R)567. #,!;a9:#+#,'#+#,!. !" .<9*%3)='#4"0k#45j#,JL'')=9:5;x#,F 9:>?9*%9*%(9:5678&(56!"$#  )=".9:5#4#h˜G%@#4*)"0j%@5i6')=@#,72.x5;)"%$&(*)h9*'&#q&)s@LM'#4K9:56.7 &#@56 E „+!)hL56%N'#%@#m>+˜i6!). 5)=@i6N%G%@>W.=.u..=78".K&)5?9:"..+_‹Œ e 3!# 5;   5W0)=9t$‘ ˆ. ;R5) #,! #7 )*i)"..=@56 Ah¨WE d'‰ [rA].+%N.45}'&&)=5 !7 '#4"%@>. m. 9:56.78&#@568 w '3%@. m. E † #7 ".+#,!29:5))=".4&(560!ig˜i6)8;p5)/#45#%. E  5;x„J3.4#4;R"%0O_ "m bbM†$e AŒWE ‰‰ [rE w ,!y0@§*)"9:C#78y&(*)=@5?0..4"0 N-#,C#—PK5. .4#0@"._ "m b Z'XM‘ b X "m b‰ XM‘ b Z e. W&%N.•56%@>8-.72%%&')=#u5; #,.Q%')i0.9:)=*&9:>E. w ,!J7  )=".456. ;R5)q#,!j0¶§(*)"9:/.q#,'#q#, ˜i6!)".q;p5)J&(5&%'#56S0O;R5)'#@56?‘—0 .4#4"0g&)=@L''#4/9:56.7 &#@56 ?&"0@#!)".n)=*&5)=#4"022#,!. m"bbm. Du9:56!56729qBq*&5)=#•5; #,! ˆ )".0"^#*A$56 Pq,N9=, #,„J3.#4;p"%0O_ "m bbM†$e. .4#0>r)="%@".*AG>W@"%N0Ok7j9s,V%@".=.qL56%'#N%@/&(*)9*'&G@#k9:56.78&#56O.4*)=@".#,V#,!-9:5)=)".4&(560i 0'# )*&(5)#4"0’785)g)"9:"$#8..!".j5;C#,g.=78SBC*&(5)#S_R56!) "m b‰ MX ‘ m"bb Z0'#`')S0)"9:#%@>9:5678&')s'3%@. #45}#,56.42)*&(5)#4"0“1#,! "m bb ZO#,)56!i6,“Œ'XX6ŒVBC*&(5)#. e E  ./})".%#*AHPK2˜0#,'#/#,!kPQ"%;R')k9:56.4# 5;u3G.!".=.9:>?9*%@".;R5)J#, T#4"01U?#'#4".+. rPq,!56%@.%7856.4##mPq9:#,'#+&)*L?@56.=%@>g".4#7 '#4"0 E  # S)=N.4tVlL*)=.@56“%@*L"%.  . ŒWAh;p5) !78&%Ah9:56%72 †  w '3%@. m. .,5lPq./#,'# #,!8)*&)".4"$#'#@LkT-EvUE. 9:56.78*)uPK56%023Pq%%N!iJ#45-&')=#uPq@#,kX?E m:† [5;x9:56.78&#@56 ;R5)*L*)K#45-"%N7 '#4q%N%9:56.7 &#@56. 9:#'#@56.C')560S#,!/%56!i'‘ #4*)=7\#7 #4)"0 E w ,! 9:5678&')s'3%@ ˜i6) }„J3.#4;p"%0_ "m bbM†$e .yX?EYX d [gE 9:56$#4)=.4#*Au78"“i)5{PC#,’)='#4".')2)53G.4# #45”#,!g0'#})=*LW.=@56.*A0PKk˜G0PK"%@;a')2i6. ;R)567 9:)=".!ii)5{PC#,O3W>. m. [\;p5)=*L*)q#,'#q')= .7 %N')K#452#,!56.4 )*&(5)#4"0}}„J3.4#4;R"%01_ "m bbM†$e E. .  »"²M·—­¼=¸±¯a¬ ´YÂC¼=¬ ±y´Y¯uÃ"Ï/¸M¼=¬ ²{Á ±y¯‹ÂC¼=«Y«¾±mÁu¬ ­M¼s¸j¬ ­{±y·®sÁ‹Á ±f¯‹Ä®°¸'³l´Y¸M¿+±¯a¬ ´YÂC¼=¬ ±y®sÃ{¬—¼=´¾¸{±4³jÃ*Ï M¬‹¬ ´Y¸M¿¼¬ ´YÂy±<¬‹Á ±¸'³! ¯‹±±. n®s«¾ÂC¼=¯•Ê :Î(µ¶®=Á¼Q¯‹´¾Ây´Y«¾¼=ÁHÄ®s´¾¸*¬4ÆM¼s¸M³ $ ²{·4¼s¯•ÊNËsÌsÌ°Í°Î µÐ®sÁH²MÄ6³{¼=¬ ±4³q·®°¯a¬ '¿s²{Á ±¯x¯‹´YÂy´Y«¾¼=Áx¬ ®<®°²lÁ ¯½. . m8m.

(29)

(30) . . .   +  ('  )  . . . w '3%@SŒ}&)5lL?0!".*An;R5)"9=,~.4#'#4O0#,!STJ@#4"0–UW#'#4".*AQ#,!k&G')=78*#4*)=.".4#N7 '#4"03$>˜#4#!i”#,! !#45)*i)="..@Lr&)5?9:"..g_‹¨ e #45”#,!k&)=@L''#4k9:56.=78&#@56“0'#?A]&%./}72'#4)= #,'#ji6@L".j#,!k9:56.#j5;. . . 9:56.78&#@56”L56%'#%N@#—> ~_a%@*;R#+&!"% e 0`#,ji6N };R)567. 00@#@56%. m. [. i)5{PC#,1;R5)*L*)k_R)=@i6,$#.  00C!E. &!"% e ;p5)LM')s@56.C9:567-3'#56.y5;]#,! )=*&)".4"$#'#@L-'i"$#*€Y.J&)*;R*)"9: &G')=78*#4*)=.*A 0'i56%"%@"7 "^#.K5; "9=,S72'#4)= V_.   Ce. w ,!. ')J#,!JPQ"%;R')".4#7 '#4".<2#,! <  BqB  9*.4 _R"9:56!567/>gŒ e E. w ,!C78"0Nj9:56.#•˜i6!)".uj#,!".4C#mPQ5/7 5W0!"%?"9:56567 @".u')=y56!y5)•#—PK5/5)s0!*)=.n5;(7 'i6@#0<,@i6,!*) #,#,!56.4 )*&(5)#4"0 w '3G%@ ;R)567. m. Er|}5)r78&(5)#$#%@>AH'# #,!2)=.4t`"L*)=.=@56%@*L"%. .,W!#4#!ig5'§~%%n9:56.7 &#@56`L56%'#%N@#—>V?9:*"0./#,!8PK"%@;R')=j3("!*˜#J5;<1?#4)=. &*)=&*#@#—>`“Œ c .4#'#4".-o”)=*i6')=0%@"../5;y#,!r"%.4#9*@#m>`;p)567. m.  . m. X?A#,! 3("!*˜#. m. [. 5;Qi)5lPq#,. $#4*)#4"78&(5)=%Q.!3.4##!#@56 E E i6!). &)=5lL?0!". Si*5i)s'&,9 .=!)L*>”5;K#,".4kŒ c .4#'#4"."E w ,*>”')2#,!2.#'#4".-0"^#@˜"01 w '3G%@. '. m. _  %.4t'?AK56!"9:#9*!#*A   lPK AW|V..9=,W.4*#4#."A|}.=...&&‹A q*P   7 &.,@)=A^Bq,!5?0!y.%0xA ]*)=7856$# 0k¦>5672!i e A?&%.  )s@Ž*56?AK56%@5)=0!5!A Š "%"P<')A J*5)=i6?A?f0,5!A$%%56.*Af5lP<?A|}A?|}56^#?A. '5)#,k0gUW56#,. '. '. '. Š 't5#.*A *3)=.tM?A q*L'0?A *Pž•5)=tGA„Jt?%,!567 ?A„J)*i56xA w "!"..*A?T#,g0. ¦1".4# @)i6N?E1¦ ,%@r7 ^>’5;q#,".4O.4#'#4". ,lLO.7 %%K&(5&%N'#@56.-5) %07 ..*Au#45i*#,!*)2#,!*> 9*9:56$#4"0};R5)¨ † E m [z5;h#, &(5&%'#@56r5;#,!/TJ@#4"0}UW#'#4".J "m bb ZWE ;=<.

(31) . &+   /,+ (. . . .  ./S)53G.4#!"..?*)=9*.Ah;R5) "9=,“5;<56!) #mPQ5`9:56.7 &#@56`&)5?9:"..4"."AHPK &(*);p5)s78"01S&!"%u0'# ".4#72'#@56”5;u#,!)"%@*L'$#J&G')=78*#4*)=.+.=!i2#,j9:56.=78&#@56”.4*)=".;R5)+#,! Z'XgT/EvU(E(.#'#4".+.4"0` #,! %>W.N.*Eh¦1-9:56.0!*)="0rNk#)=r&!"%()*i)".=.@56.KPq@#,56!#y0rPq@#,g.4#'#4 ˜?"0g:§("9:#.*E w '3%@ ¨ )*&(5)#.y&G')=78*#4*)C".4#N7 '#4".q0OPQ"%@;a')/N78&%9*'#56.u;R5)q%%x#,!)* 785?0!"%("9:56!567 ".*E <%@"')=%@>Ah9*9:56^#N!iO;R5)/#,! ,!*#4*)=5i"!"@#—>9:)=56../T-EvUEH.4#'#4".j0`;R5)-9:5678&%@*#487 ')t*#.->?@"%0.. ¹ ¯‹´Y¸M¿ ¯a¬—¼=¬ ±N«Y±À:±f«·®s¸M¯‹²MÂyÄl¬ ´Y®°¸S³{¼=¬—¼lÆ GÁ ²M·f´¾¸{´nÈ ±¯‹¯-ÊNËsÌsÌ°Ì:Îq¼=Á ¿s²M± ¬ ­'¼=¬Ã±f¬‹¬ ±fÁq´Y¸*¬‹Á—¼s¸M¼=¬ ´Y®°¸M¼s«nÁ ´Y¯‹Ór¯‹­M¼=Á ´Y¸M¿ ·4¼=¸ h ¿°±f¸M±fÁ—¼¬ ±(¯‹´Yű4¼sÃ{«Y±(Ñ(±«ºµ@¼Á ± ¿:¼=´¾¸{¯½Ò(­M±f´YÁ!Á ±f¯‹²M«º¬!´Y¯³{±fÁ ´YÀ:±³u²{¸'³{±mÁ  ÉHÉ ª8Ä{Á ±mµ¶±fÁ ±¸{·±¯¼s¸M³n¬ ­M±(¼=¯‹¯‹²MÂyÄl¬ ´¾®s¸u¬ ­M¼=¬!·f®°¸M¯‹²{ÂyÄ{¬ ´Y®°¸ µ¶®s«Y«¾®4Ñx¯u¼qÁ—¼=¸'³l®°ÂÑ(¼s«YÓÆ6Ñx­M´Y·m­/Ây´Y¿°­*¬n¯‹±f±Â¬ ®ÂC¼sÓ:±•´º¬]·®sÂyÄ'¼=Á—¼=ÃM«Y±QÑx´º¬ ­-®°²{Á '¸M³{´Y¸M¿s¯µ¶®=Á•±·®°¸{®°ÂuÏ/Ë"½ h®Ñ±À:±fÁ4Æ6¬ ­{±fÁ ± ¼=Á ±KÓ:±fÏ ³l

(32) ´ 6±mÁ ±¸M·±f¯½ ?´ºÁ ¯a¬4Æ$¬ ­{±´ºÁnÁ ±¯‹²{«Y¬u³l±Ä±¸M³{¯n®s¸j¼qÄ'¼=Á‹¬ ´Y·²{«¾¼=Á•¯‹Ä±·´ M·4¼=¬ ´Y®°¸j®sµ¬ ­{±KıfÁ ÂC¼=¸M±¸*¬´¾¸{·®°Ây±QÄ{Á ®*·±f¯‹¯•¬ ­M¼=¬4Æ ¼s¯x¬ ­M±•¼=²{¬ ­{®sÁ ¯HÄ®°´Y¸*¬®s²{¬4Æ'·f®°²M«¾³Jñ•Ây´Y¯ N¯‹Ä±·´ '±³^½Ò(­M±•ÂC¼s´Y¸+³l

Références

Documents relatifs

regressors are clearly pre-determined and most are beyond human influence. Since these regressors are not our focus of interest, we need not discuss them any further. As before,

money growth shocks (rather than suitably parameterized persistent shocks) allows us to hold expected in‡ation constant, thereby making the second and third channels inoperative

The average welfare gain is twice as high in the European case (1.82%) as that found in the American case. Once again, ignoring business cycles leads to a decrease by half of

Later, these problems were studied for more complex market models and in different settings: in [14, 9,24] the authors considered maximization utility problems in

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

Together with the record of large theropod remains and footprints from Argentina, Brazil and Chile, our observations indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs, probably, were

 Le caractère complet de la résection avec des marges histologique saines (R0).  L’envahissement péri nerveux et le caractère indifférencié de la

Elle avait donc une chambre séparée, et c’était un luxe qu’elle n’avait pas toujours connu et qu’elle savourait.(Je vous entends vous demander en quoi cette digression peut